Arrowstreet U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL and Core Concepts of the LEED Rating System

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U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCILand Core Concepts of the LEED Rating System

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1. Why Build Green2. Environmental Impacts of buildings3. USGBC and the LEED Rating System4. LEED Core Concepts5. Costs of Sustainable Design6. Contract Issues

Outline:

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What is Sustainable Design…?Design that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Brundtland Commission United Nations on March 20,1987

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Sustainable Design…Why?

Section 1

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Sustainable Design…Why?Global Warming

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World Crude Oil Production Energy Fuels 2010, 24, 1788–1800 : DOI:10.1021/ef901240p

Peak Oil

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Landfills

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Great Pacific Trash Vortex

• an area of marine litter in the central

North Pacific Ocean • at least the size of the state of

Texas• high concentrations of

plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre


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De-forestationLoss of Habitat

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Sustainable Design…Why?Transportation Issues

© The British Library Board 11

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What do buildings have to do with these issues?

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• Comparative Impacts

• Potential Savings with Green Design

EnvironmentalImpacts of Buildings

Section 2

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MA Green Building Initiatives:• Art. 37: Green

Buildings Boston Zoning Code

• New Energy Code• Green Communities

Act, enables Stretch Code adopted by over 100 cities and towns in MA

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Federal Initiatives:

• Department of Agriculture• Department of Energy• Department of Health and

Human Services• Department of Interior• Department of State• Department of Veterans

Affairs• Environmental Protection

Agency• General Services

Administration• National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

• Smithsonian Institution• Department of Defense - U. S. Air Force - U. S. Army - U.S. Navy

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Section 3

U. S. Green Building Council

LEED Rating Systems

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- STAKEHOLDERS

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Leadership in Energyand Environmental Design

• Defines “green” by providing a uniform standard of measurement

• Prevents “greenwashing”• Establish market value with

recognizable national “brand”

• Raise consumer awareness and appreciation

• Transforms the marketplace!32

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Triple Bottom Line*

ECONOMIC PROSPER

ITY

PLA

NET

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L

STEW

ARD

SH

IP PEO

PLE

SO

CIA

LRESPO

NSIB

ILI

TY

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PEOPLE– Social Equity– Health– Well being

PLANET– Reduced environmental impact– Reduced energy consumption– Reduced carbon footprint– Reduced waste production– Reduced water consumption

PROSPERITY– Increased return on investment– Reduced operating costs– Reduced absenteeism– Improved productivity

*term coined by John Elkington, 1994

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LEED Core Concepts

Section 4

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FIVE BROAD CATEGORIES OF CONCERN

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Sustainable Sites (SS)

Energy and Atmosphere (EA)

Water Efficiency (WE)

Materials and Resources (MR)

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

Five Main Categories of Credits

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100 point scaleprojects attaining these total points achieve these levels of certification.

40+ 50+ 60+ 80+ Points

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Sustainable Sites

Site SelectionConstruction

ActivitiesDevelopment

DensityAlternative

TransportationPreserve Open

SpaceStorm water Management

Heat Island EffectLight Pollution

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Increased Density

Choose Re-Development

Community Connectivity

Site Selection

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Habitat Preservation

GOAL: Channel

development to areas with

existing infrastructure

and community support, and

away from virgin farm

land, wildlife habitat, park

land, wetlands

Sustainable Sites

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Alternative Transportation

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Mass Transit Access

Bicycling and Walking

Carpooling

Low Emitting and Fuel Efficient

Vehicles

GOAL: Reduce pollution

and development

impacts of automobile use

Sustainable Sites

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Captured Rainwater

Stormwater Management

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Sustainable Sites

• Limit impervious cover

• Rainwater capture, detention and re-use or re-introduction to ground

GOAL: Limit the

disruption of the natural

hydrology, and reduce pollution

due to stormwater

runoff

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Reduced Heat Island Effect

• Use light colored site materials - (high Solar Reflectance Index)

• Concrete or pavers rather than asphalt

• White roof, ‘green’ roof or EPA Energy Star roof rather than black roof

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Sustainable Sites

GOAL: Minimize impacts of

‘Heat Islands’ on microclimates and

human and wildlife habitats

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Water Use Reduction

Water Efficient Landscaping

Innovative Waste Water

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Water Efficiency

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Water Use Reduction

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Water Efficiency

Low - flow water fixtures

• Lavatories• Water

closets• Urinals• Shower

heads• Janitor

sinks

GOAL: Increase water

efficiency to reduce the burden on

municipal water infrastructure

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Water Efficient Landscaping

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Water Efficiency

• Irrigation efficiency• Recycled gray water• Xeriscape or native vegetation

GOAL: Reduce or

eliminate the use of potable

water for landscape irrigation

• Use captured rainwater

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CommissioningRefrigerant

ManagementEnergy Performance

Renewable EnergyRefrigerant

ManagementMeasurement &

VerificationGreen Power

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Energy and Atmosphere

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Commissioning


GOAL:To verify that the project’s energy related systems

are installed, calibrated and

performing according to the owner’s project

requirements • Designate an

independent Commissioning Agent early in the design process

• Complete commissioning process for HVAC, lighting and daylight controls, domestic hot water, and renewable energy systems

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Optimizing Energy Performance

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• ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007

• ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guidelines

GOAL:Increased level

of energy performance to

reduce environmental and economic

impacts • Whole building energy model as compared to baseline design

• Prescriptive Compliance path for smaller projects

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On-Site Renewable Energy

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GOAL: Encourage increased

levels of on-site renewable energy

generation to reduce the

environmental and economic

impacts of fossil fuel use

• Photo-voltaic systems

• Wind Energy Systems

• Solar Thermal Systems

• Bio-fuel Systems• Geothermal

Systems• Low Impact Hydro

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Green Power

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GOAL: Encourage

development and use of grid-

source, renewable

energy technologies

• 2-year renewable energy contract for 35% of the building’s electricity from renewable sources

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Collection of Recyclables

Building Re-UseConstruction Waste

Recycled ContentRegional MaterialsRapidly Renewable

Certified Wood

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Materials and Resources

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Storage and Collection of Recyclables

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xxx

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GOAL: To reduce the

amount of waste generated by

building occupants that is

disposed of in landfills

Provide a dedicated area for the collection and storage of recyclable for the building. • Paper• Corrugated

cardboard• Glass• Plastic • Metals

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Recycled Content

Pre-consumer :Material left over from the manufacturing process• Fly ash• Sawdust• Walnut shells• Trimmings

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Post-consumer :Products salvaged at the end of their useful life• Glass bottles• Clothing• Cardboard• Paper • Aluminum cans• Plastic containers

GOAL: Increase demand for building products

that use recycled content materials, reducing the impacts of the extraction and processing of virgin materials

Use materials with recycled content at least 10% of the total value of the project materials

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Rapidly Renewable Materials

• Agricultural products (fiber or animal) that are grown or raised for harvest and can be rapidly replenished

• For LEED - defined as materials that can be harvested in less than 10 years

Rapidly Renewable:

• Bamboo flooring• Wool carpet• Cotton

insulation, • Linoleum flooring

• Wheatboard cabinets • Strawboard sheathing• Cork flooring• Bio-based paints


GOAL: Reduce the depletion of finite raw

materials by replacing them with rapidly renewable materials

Non- Rapidly Renewable:

• Oak flooring• Polyester carpet• Plywood sheathing• Vinyl flooring58

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Indoor Air QualityEnvironmental Tobacco

SmokeLow Emitting Materials

Limit Chemical PollutionOccupant Control of

Systems• Lighting • Thermal ComfortDaylight and Views

Acoustical Performance

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Indoor Environmental Quality

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Productivity Benefits

Improved Occupant Performance – Potential for estimated $29 - $168

billion in national productivity gains per year.1

– Student performance is better in day lit schools.2, 3

Reduce Absenteeism and Turnover – Providing a healthy workplace improves

employee satisfaction.

Increase Retail Sales with Daylighting4

– Studies have shown ~40% improvement.Footnotes:

1. Fisk and Rosenfeld, 1998, “Improved Indoor Environment Could Save Billions of Dollars”2. Nicklas and Bailey, “Analysis of the Performance of Students in Daylit Schools,” Innovative Design, Raleigh, NC, www.innovativedesign.net.3. Hathaway, Hargreaves, Thompson, and Novitsky, 1992, “A Study Into the Effects of Light on Children of Elementary School Age - A Case of Daylight Robbery,” Policy and Planning Branch, Planning and Information Services Division, Alberta Education, Canada.4. Heschong, 1999, “Skylighting and Retail Sales: An Investigation into the Relationship Between Daylighting and Human Performance,” www.h-m-g.com/Daylighting.60


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In the U.S. people spend, on average,

90% or more of their time indoors*

* EPA Green Building Workgroup, http://www.ea.gov/greenbuilding//

Dust and mites

Cleaning products

Tobacco Smoke

Mold, Mildew Pollen, Spores

Carbon MonoxideCarbon Dioxide Formaldehyde VOCsRadon Pesticides Asbestos Heavy metals

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• Prohibit smoking in the building or property

or• Prohibit smoking except in

designated areas that are designed to contain, capture and remove ETS from the building


Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control

GOAL: Protect building occupants from

undesired Tobacco smoke exposure

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Low emitting materials standards include:• Low VOC adhesives and sealants

- SCAQMD VOC Limits - Jan 2007• Low VOC paints and coatings

- Green Seal Standard GS-11• Carpets and rugs - Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label Plus • Hard Surface Flooring systems

- Floor Score standard• Composite wood and agrifiber

- no added urea formaldehyde


Low emitting Materials

GOAL: Reduce the quantity of indoor

contaminants that are odorous, irritating and/or harmful to the comfort and wellbeing of installers and occupants

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• Provide occupant control of temperature and air movement

• Thermostats, ceiling fans, operable windows, all provide some level of temperature , air movement or humidity controls

• Air movement can greatly influence the temperature that is considered comfortable.


Controllability of Systems

GOAL: Provide a high level of thermal

comfort control by individual occupants or groups to promote their productivity, comfort and well-being

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Daylight and Views

GOAL: Provide occupants

with a visual connection to the outdoors through introduction of daylight and views• Provide 25 fc of

daylight through windows or skylights in at least 75% of regularly occupied spaces

• Provide a direct line of site to the outdoors for at least 90% of regularly occupied spaces

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100 point scaleprojects attaining these total points achieve these levels of certification.

40+ 50+ 60+ 80+ Points

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Costs ofSustainable Development

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Impacts on:

• Fees for Design Services

• Registration and Certification Fees

• Construction Costs

• Incentives and long term benefits

Section 5

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Fees for Design Services:

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• LEED Design and Documentation Services

• Energy Modeling Services

• Commissioning Fees

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• Third Party Engineering Service

• Costs are based on the size of the project and the complexity of energy related systems

• Costs can range from $0.50-$2.00 / sf

Commissioning Fees:

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Registration and Certification Fees

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USGBC LEED REGISTRATION FEES

USGBC Members: $900Non-Members: $1200

CERTIFICATION FEES Combined Design & Construction Review

Less than 50,000 sf 50,000- 500,000 sf More Than 500,000 sf

USGBC Members $2,250 $0.045/sf $22,500Non-Members $2,750

$0.055/sf $27,500

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Construction Costs:

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Perception:Often based on the view of Sustainability as an added feature

Life-cycle approach:Costs optimized over the life of the project Consideration for the productivity of the occupants and the environmental costs.

ArrowstreetCredit: Davis Langdon, “Cost of Green Revisited”, July 2007

Analyzing the Data

Cost Analysis of Academic Buildings

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Cost Analysis of Laboratory Buildings

Analyzing the Data

Credit: Davis Langdon, “Cost of Green Revisited”, July 2007

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Lifecycle of Built Environments

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Credit: BOMA US Averages over 30 year period

Life Cycle Cost Analysis First Costs vs. Life Cycle Costs

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Credit: BOMA US Averages over 30 year period

Life Cycle Cost Analysis First Costs vs. Life Cycle Costs

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Incentives and Long Term Benefits

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Incentives:

Expedited Permitting Process

www.DSIREUSA.orgDatabase of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency

•Utility Rebates, Incentives and Loans

•State and Federal Tax Incentives, Credits and Deductions

•Financing Options•Grant and Loan Programs

Utility Costs Savings

Productivity Benefits

Fulfillment of Corporate Mission

Increased Property Values

Reduced Cost of Infrastructure• Reduced taxes for all

http://www.dsireusa.org/

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Contracts and LEED

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Section 6

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Contracting for LEED Design Services

Example Green contract clauses: • The LEED Rating System utilizes certain design and usability

recommendations on a project in order to promote an environmentally friendly and energy efficient facility. In addressing these guidelines, the Design Professional shall perform its services consistent with the professional skill and care ordinarily provided by design professionals practicing in the same or similar locality under the same or similar circumstances.

• The Owner acknowledges and understands, however, that LEED is subject to various and possibly contradictory interpretations. Furthermore, compliance may involve factors beyond the control of the Design Professional including, but not limited to, the Owner’s use and operation of the completed project.

• It is recognized that neither the Architect nor the Owner has control over the USGBC and GBCI review and evaluation of the Project’s LEED Certification Application. Accordingly, the Architect cannot and does not warrant or represent that the LEED Certification Application will be approved by the USGBC and shall not be liable for consequential damages from the USGBC’s decision not to award Certification.

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Energy Design Goals vs. Actual Energy Usage

•If the Owner’s program (Basis of Design) includes requirements for Project energy usage, the Owner MUST confirm the energy goals and usage in writing to the Design Professional. •The Owner must recognize that the achievement of such goals or requirements is subject to operational, maintenance activities and other factors and decisions over which the Design Professional has no control. •Therefore, the Design Professional shall use reasonable care in its design to achieve the energy usage goals or requirements but can make no warranty or guarantee regarding actual energy usage.

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Agreements Required for LEED Registration and Certification

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LEED 2009 Minimum Program Requirements

6. MUST COMMIT TO SHARING WHOLE-BUILDING ENERGY AND WATER USEAGE DATAAll Rating SystemsAll Certified projects must commit to sharing with USGBC and/or GBCI all available actual whole-project energy and water usage data for a period of at least 5 years. This period starts on the date that the LEED project begins typical physical occupancy….or the date that the building is awarded certification. Sharing this data includes supplying information on a regular basis in a free, accessible, and secure online tool * or, if necessary, taking any action to authorize the collection of information directly from service or utility providers. This commitment must carry forward if the building or space changes ownership or lessee.

* EPA Energy Star Building Portfolio Manager

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Documents

Arrowstreet U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL and Core Concepts of the LEED Rating System