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CHAPTER 15

STEEL STRUCTURES1

FOREWORD

Part 1 through Part 4, Part 6, and Part 7 formulate specific and detailed recommendations for the design, fabrication, erection, maintenance, inspection, and rating of steel railway bridges for:

• Spans up to 400 feet,

• Standard gage track,

• Normal North American passenger and freight equipment, and

• Speeds of freight trains up to 80 mph and passenger trains up to 90 mph.

The requirements, however, apply to spans of any length, but special provisions for spans longer than 400 feet should be added by the company as may be required. Part 5, Bearing Design and Construction, formulates specific and detailed recommendations for the design and construction of bearings for nonmovable railway bridges. Recommendations for the design and construction of special bearings for movable railway bridges are included in Part 6, Movable Bridges. Part 8 covers miscellaneous items. Part 9 is a commentary, including references, for explanation of various articles in the other parts.

This chapter is presented as a consensus document by a committee composed of railroad engineers, engineers in private practice, engineers involved in research and teaching, and other industry professionals having substantial and broad-based experience designing, evaluating, and investigating steel structures used by railroads. The recommendations contained herein are based upon past successful usage, advances in the state of knowledge, and changes in design and maintenance practices.These recommendations have been developed and are intended for routine use and may not provide sufficient criteria for infrequently encountered conditions. Therefore, professional judgment must be exercised when applying the recommendations of this chapter as part of an overall solution to any particular issue.

In general, this chapter is revised and published anew on an annual basis. The latest published edition of the chapter should beused, regardless of the age of an existing structure. For purposes of determining historical recommendations under which an existing structure may have been built and maintained, it can prove useful to examine previously published editions of the chapter. However, when historical recommendations differ from the recommendations contained in the latest published edition of the chapter, the recommendations of the latest published edition of the chapter shall govern.

1 The material in this and other chapters in the AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering is published as recommended practice to railroads and others concerned with the engineering, design and construction of railroad fixed properties (except signals and communications), and allied services and facilities (Reference 18). For the purpose of this Manual, RECOMMENDED PRACTICE is defined as a material, device, design, plan, specification, principle or practice recommended to the railways for use as required, either exactly as presented or with such modifications as may be necessary or desirable to meet the needs of individual railways, but in either event, with a view to promoting efficiency and economy in the location, construction, operation or maintenance of railways. It is not intended to imply that other practices may not be equally acceptable.

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Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the American Welding Society for having made available their Bridge Welding Code (AWS D1.5) for use by reference in these recommended practices. In applying AWS D1.5, the term “allowable stresses” is to be construed as those allowed herein. Certain other modifications and exceptions to the Code are also recommended.

Grateful acknowledgement is also made to the Society of Protective Coating (SSPC) for use of their publications by reference in the recommendations cited in Part 8, Section 8.7, regarding the cleaning and painting of existing steel railway bridges.

Part 2, Design – High Strength Steels was combined with Part 1, Design in 1993.

Part 5, Special Types of Construction was combined with Part 1, Design in 2008.

Part 10, Bearing Design, and Part 11, Bearing Construction, were combined into a new Part 5, Bearing Design and Construction in 2013.

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Part/Section Description PageSpecial Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-vi

1 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-11.1 Proposals and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-51.2 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-71.3 Loads, Forces and Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-141.4 Basic Allowable Stresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-401.5 General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-451.6 Members Stressed Primarily in Axial Tension or Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-501.7 Members Stressed Primarily in Bending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-551.8 Floor Members and Floorbeam Hangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-661.9 Riveted and Bolted Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-671.10 Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-681.11 Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-701.12 Pins and Pin-Connected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-721.13 Continuous and Cantilever Steel Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-731.14 Fracture Critical Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-761.15 Live Load Moments, Shears and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1-78

3 Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-13.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-33.2 Riveted and Bolted Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-103.3 Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-213.4 Shop Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-213.5 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-223.6 Shipment and Pay Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-3-23

4 Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-14.1 General (1992) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-24.2 Definitions of Terms (2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-24.3 Work to be Done (2002) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-34.4 Drawings or Special Provisions to Govern (1992) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-34.5 Plant (1992) R(2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-34.6 Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-34.7 Delivery of Materials (1992) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-34.8 Handling and Storing Materials (1992) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-44.9 Establishment of Lines and Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-44.10 Bearings and Anchorage (2002) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-44.11 Erection Procedure (1992) R(2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-44.12 Reinforcement of Members (1992) R(2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-54.13 Falsework (1991) R(2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-54.14 Allowable Stresses During Erection (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-54.15 Drift or Traffic Pins (1991) R(2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-54.16 Field Assembly of Members (1991) R(2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-64.17 Fitting-up of Field Connections (1991) R(2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-64.18 Riveted Field Connections (1991) R(2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-64.19 High-Strength Bolted Field Connections (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-74.20 Field Welding (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-74.21 Field Connections Using Pins (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-74.22 Field Inspection (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-7

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4.23 Misfits (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-74.24 Field Cleaning and Painting (2002) R(2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-84.25 Deck (1991) R(2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-84.26 Removal of Old Structure and Falsework, and Cleanup (1991) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-84.27 Interference with Traffic (1983) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-94.28 Company Equipment (1983) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-94.29 Work Train Service (1983) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-94.30 Risk (1983) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-94.31 Laws and Permits (1983) R(2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-94.32 Patents (1983) R(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-4-10

5 Bearing Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-15.1 Bearing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-45.2 Basic Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-115.3 Steel Bearing Component Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-125.4 Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-185.5 PTFE Sliding Bearing Surface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-195.6 Elastomeric Bearing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-225.7 Multi-Rotational Bearing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-335.8 Bearing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-385.9 Steel Bearing Component Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-395.10 Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearing Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-435.11 PTFE Sliding Bearing Surface Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-445.12 Elastomeric Bearing Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-475.13 Multi-Rotational Bearing Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5-51

6 Movable Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-16.1 Proposals and General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-56.2 General Features of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-136.3 Loads, Forces and Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-176.4 Basic Allowable Stresses and Hydraulic Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-276.5 General Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-336.6 Wire Ropes and Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-686.7 Power Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-726.8 Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-946.9 Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-6-99

7 Existing Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-17.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-27.2 Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-47.3 Rating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-137.4 Repair, Strengthening and Retrofitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-247.5 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-7-31

8 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-18.1 Turntables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-38.2 Method of Shortening Eyebars to Equalize the Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-118.3 Anchorage of Decks and Rails on Steel Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-158.4 Unloading Pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-198.5 Walkways, Handrails, and Fixed Ladders on Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-278.6 Guidelines for Evaluating Fire Damaged Steel Railway Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8-30

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Part/Section Description Page

8.7 Guide to the Preparation of a Specification for the Cleaning and Coating of Existing Steel Railway Bridges15-8-32

9 Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-1Part 1 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-6Part 3 Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-46Part 5 Bearing Design and Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-50Part 6 Movable Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-56Part 7 Existing Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-61Part 8 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-9-69

Chapter 15 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-G-1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-R-1

INTRODUCTION

The Chapters of the AREMA Manual are divided into numbered Parts, each comprised of related documents (specifications, recommended practices, plans, etc.). Individual Parts are divided into Sections by centered headings set in capital letters andidentified by a Section number. These Sections are subdivided into Articles designated by numbered side headings.

Page Numbers – In the page numbering of the Manual (15-3-1, for example) the first numeral designates the Chapter number, the second denotes the Part number in the Chapter, and the third numeral designates the page number in the Part. Thus, 15-3-1 means Chapter 15, Part 3, page 1.

In the Glossary and References, the Part number is replaced by either a “G” for Glossary or “R” for References.

Document Dates – The bold type date (Document Date) at the beginning of each document (Part) applies to the document as a whole and designates the year in which revisions were last published somewhere in the document, unless an attached footnote indicates that the document was adopted, reapproved, or rewritten in that year.

Article Dates – Each Article shows the date (in parenthesis) of the last publication of revisions to that Article.

Reaffirmed Dates - Each Article is being reviewed and reaffirmed every 6 years beginning with the year 2002. If no technical changes are made, the publication date of the last reaffirmation is shown following the title of the Article and the Article Date.

Revision Marks – All current year revisions (changes and additions) which have been incorporated into the document are identified by a vertical line along the outside margin of the page, directly beside the modified information.

Proceedings Footnote – The Proceedings footnote on the first page of each document gives references to all Association action with respect to the document.

Annual Updates – New manuals, as well as revision sets, will be printed and issued yearly.

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Special Index

This special index is provided for assistance in the preparation of plans and other contract papers for the construction of newbridges. It covers Part 1, Design and Part 3, Fabrication, with limited references to other chapters and parts.

Subject Article Number

Abutting joints 3.1.13Accessibility of parts 1.5.5Advance material 3.6.2Alignment of finished holes 3.2.12Allowable bearing pressure on concrete Part 5Allowable bearing pressures, masonry 1.4.4 & Part 5Allowable fatigue stress range 1.3.13Allowable load, HS bolts, special surface treatment Table 15-9-2Allowable stresses, basic Part 1, Section 1.4Allowable stresses, cast steel 1.4.3Allowable stresses, end floorbeams 1.8.1Allowable stresses, structural steel, rivets, bolts and pins 1.4.1Allowable stresses, weld metal 1.4.2Anchor bolts Part 5Angles or tees, effective section 1.6.5Angles, size of fasteners 1.9.5Assembly 3.2.10Attachments, welded 1.10.4Authority of inspector 3.5.2AWS Structural Welding Code application 1.2.2Ballasted deck structures, distribution of live load 1.3.4.2Base and cap plates, fitting 3.1.16Base plates Part 5Bearing area effective for rivets and pins 1.5.3Bearing plates and pedestals, surfaces Part 5Bearing stiffeners 1.7.7Bearings, end Part 5Bearings inclined Part 5Bent bracing 1.11.5Bolts, high-strength, installation 3.2.3Bolts, nuts and washers, high-strength 3.2.2Box members, drainage 1.5.15Bracing between compression members 1.3.11Bracing of top flange of through girders 1.11.1Bracing of viaduct towers and bents 1.11.5

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Bracing, lateral 1.11.2Bracing, portal and sway 1.11.3Built-up member, connection of components 1.5.14Butt joints, width or thickness transition for welding 1.10.1Camber 1.2.10Cambering of girder webs 3.1.6Cantilever spans Part 1, Section 1.13Cast steel, allowable stresses 1.4.3Categories for fatigue stresses, examples Table 15-1-9Categories of stress for fatigue consideration Table 15-1-9Centrifugal force 1.3.6Clearance diagram Figure 15-1-1Clearances 1.2.6Clearances for electrified operation 1.2.6Clearances for pins 3.1.14Combinations of welds, high-strength bolts, rivets 1.5.12Combined axial compression and bending, allowable stresses 1.3.14.1Combined axial tension and bending, allowable stresses 1.3.14.2Composite steel and concrete spans 1.7.9Compression members 1.6.1Compression members, bracing between 1.3.11Compression members, forked ends 1.12.4Concrete deck design 1.3.4.2.2dConcrete, allowable bearing pressures Part 5Conflict between drawings and specifications 1.1.4Connections and splices 1.5.9Connections of components of built-up members 1.5.14Connections, field 1.5.10Consultant use on public works projects 1.1.8Contact surfaces not to be painted 3.4.1cContinuous spans Part 1, Section 1.13Cooper E series live load 1.3.3Cover plates on rolled beams 1.7.2.2Cross frames for deck spans 1.11.4Cycles of stress for fatigue considerations Table 15-1-7Dead load 1.3.2Deck design, concrete 1.3.4.2.2dDeck design, timber 1.3.4.2.2dDeck spans, cross frames and diaphragms 1.11.4

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Deck thickness, minimum for various materials 1.3.4.2.2cDefinitions, FCM provisions 1.14.2Definitions, general 1.1.1Deflection 1.2.5Detail categories for fatigue consideration Table 15-1-9Development of fillers 1.5.11Diaphragms for deck spans 1.11.4Dimensional tolerances 3.1.7Dimensional tolerances for truss and viaduct tower members 3.1.7.2Dimension for stress calculations 1.2.7Direct tension indicators for use with high-strength bolts 3.2.3Dissimilar fasteners in a connection 1.5.12Distribution of live load 1.3.4Distribution of live load, ballasted deck structures 1.3.4Distribution of live load, open deck structures 1.3.4Drainage of pockets 1.5.6Drawings 1.1.3Drawings govern over specifications 1.1.4Drifting during assembly 3.2.13Earthquake forces 1.3.17Eccentric connections 1.5.7Edge distance, base and masonry plates Part 5Edge distance, fasteners 1.9.4Effective diameter of fasteners 1.5.2Effective dimensions of base and masonry plates Part 5Effective dimensions of rollers and rockers Part 5Effective dimensions of shoes and pedestals Part 5Effective dimensions, base and masonry plates Part 5Effective section of angles or tees 1.6.5End bearings Part 5End floorbeams 1.8.1Erection Part 4Existing bridges Part 7Expansion 1.2.13Fabricated material, marking, shipping and loading 3.6.1Fabricator qualification 3.1.1Fabricator qualification, fracture control plan 1.14.4Facilities for inspection 3.5.1Facing floorbeams, stringers and girders 3.1.12

Subject Article Number

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Fastener sizes in angles 1.9.5Fasteners for field use, quantity to be supplied 3.2.4Fasteners in indirect splices 1.9.6Fasteners, dissimilar types in a connection 1.5.12Fasteners, edge distance 1.9.4Fasteners, effective diameter 1.5.2Fasteners, minimum number per connection plane 1.5.9Fasteners, pitch and gage defined 1.9.1Fasteners, spacing 1.9.3Fatigue loading on high-strength bolts 1.3.13.1Fatigue, classification of members for E80 loading Table 15-1-7Fatigue, dissimilar fasteners in a connection 1.5.12Fatigue, general 1.3.13Fatigue, stress categories Table 15-1-9Fatigue, stress ranges allowed Table 15-1-10Field connections 1.5.10Field welds for live load stress prohibited 1.5.10Fillers, development 1.5.11Fillet welds 1.10.3Fit of stiffeners 3.1.10Fitting for shop riveting or bolting 3.2.13Fitting of base and cap plates 3.1.16Flange sections of girders 1.7.2Flanges splices, girders 1.7.5Flange-to-web connection, girders 1.7.4Flange-to-web welds 3.3.3Floor members, end connections 1.8.3Floorbeam reactions for E80 live load Part 9Floorbeams and Floorbeam hangers 1.8.2Floorbeams, end 1.8.1Floorbeams, end connections 1.8.3Forked ends of compression members 1.12.4Fracture control plan 1.14.1Fracture critical members or member components definitions 1.14.2Fracture critical members, design responsibilities 1.14.3Fracture critical members Part 1, Section 1.14General rules Part 1, Section 1.5Girder flanges, riveted or bolted construction 1.7.2.1Girder flanges, welded construction 1.7.2.2

Subject Article Number

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Girders and beams, proportioning 1.7.1Girders, through, bracing of top flanges 1.11.1Guard (inner) rails, steel 1.2.12Guard timbers 1.2.12Gusset plates of trusses, minimum thickness 1.5.4Height of rail 1.2.6High-strength bolted joints, inspection 3.5.4High-strength bolts fatigue tension loading on 1.3.13.1High-strength bolts, installation 3.2.3High-strength bolts, installation tension required Table 15-1-12High-strength bolts, nuts and washers 3.2.2High-strength bolts, re-use 3.2.3(3)High-strength bolts, special surface treatment Part 9, Section 9.1.4High-strength structural steel Table 15-1-1Hole Alignment 3.2.12Holes for field fasteners 3.2.7Holes for shop fasteners 3.2.6Holes, oversize, short slotted, long slotted 9.3.2.6Holes, size and workmanship 3.2.5Impact load 1.3.5Impact load, girder flange-to-web connections 1.7.4Impact tests, FCM material 1.14.5Impact test, non-FCM material Table 15-1-14Impact test, non-FCM material Table 15-1-2Inclined bearings Part 5Indirect splices, fasteners 1.9.6Inspection facilities 3.5.1Inspection of high-strength bolted joints 3.5.4Inspection of welded fabrication 3.5.5Inspector authority 3.5.2Installation of high-strength bolts 3.2.3Interaction formula for combined compression and bending 1.3.14.1Intermediate stiffeners 1.7.8Intermittent field welds prohibited 1.10.2Jacking provisions applied to end floorbeams 1.8.1Lacing 1.6.4.2Lacing bars, round ends required 3.1.9Lacing, shear force 1.6.4.1Lateral bracing 1.11.2

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Lateral forces from equipment 1.3.9Live load 1.3.3Live load distribution, ballasted deck structures 1.2.3Live load distribution, open deck structures 1.3.4Load, live 1.3.3Loads and forces 1.3.1Longitudinal beams or girders, design 1.3.4.2.4Longitudinal force 1.3.12Machined surfaces, shop painting 3.4.2Map for service temperature, Canada Figure 15-9-2Map for service temperatures, USA Figure 15-9-1Marking fabricated material 3.6.1Masonry plates Part 5Masonry allowable bearing pressures 1.4.4 & Part 5Match marking 3.2.11Material orders and shipping statements 3.1.2Material storage 3.1.4Material weldability 1.10.6Materials 1.2.1Moment, shear, pier reaction table, E80 Part 9Movable bridges Part 6Multiple tracks, live load 1.3.3Nameplates 1.2.11Net section 1.5.8Non-destructive testing personnel qualification, FCM work 1.14.1Notch toughness for weld metal, fracture control plan 1.14.1Notch toughness, FCM material 1.14.5 & Table 15-1-14Notch toughness, other than FCM material Table 15-1-2Notice of beginning fabrication 3.1.3Notice to Engineer 1.1.6Open deck structures, distribution of live load 1.3.4.1Oversize holes 9.3.2.6Painting of interiors of closed box members not required 1.5.15Patented devices 1.1.5Pay weight 3.6.3Pedestals Part 5Perforated cover plates 1.6.4.3Perforated cover plates, shear force 1.6.4.1Permits 1.1.7

Subject Article Number

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Pier reactions for E80 live load Part 9Pin clearance 3.1.14Pin holes, reinforcing plates 1.12.3Pin holes, section 1.12.2Pins 1.12.1Pins and rollers 3.1.15 & Part 5Planing sheared edges 3.1.8Plug and slot welds prohibited 1.10.2Portal bracing 1.11.3Preferred types of bridges 1.2.3Preparation of material for welding 3.3.2Prohibited types of joints and welds 1.10.2Prohibited weld, tack welding on tension flanges 3.3.3Proportioning girders and beams 1.7.1Proportioning truss web members 1.3.16Proposals 1.1.2Prying action on high-strength bolts 1.3.13.1Public works projects 1.1.8Qualification of fabricator, fracture critical members 1.14.1 & 3.1.1Qualification of fabricators 3.1.1Qualification of welders and welding operators 3.3.5Qualification of welders, fracture critical members 1.14.1Quality control and assurance, fracture critical members 1.14.1Quantity of field fasteners 3.2.4Radial force from welded rail Part 8, Section 8.3Rail height 1.2.6Re-entrant corners, thermal cutting 3.1.6Reaming and drilling after assembly 3.2.10Reaming and drilling templates 3.2.8Reaming and drilling through templates 3.2.9Reinforcing plates at pin holes 1.12.3Rejection of shop fabrication 3.5.3Reuse of high-strength bolts 3.2.3(3)Rigid frame structures 1.7.10Rivet grip, taper and extra rivet requirements 1.9.2Riveting requirements and riveting 3.2.1Rivets and pins, effective bearing area 1.5.3Rockers Part 5Rocking effect 1.3.5

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Sealing 1.5.13Secondary stress 1.3.15Secondary stress floorbeam hangers, subverticals 9.1.3.15Service temperature map, Canada Figure 15-9-2Service temperature map, USA Figure 15-9-1Shear force in lacing or perforated cover plates 1.6.4.1Sheared edges, planing 3.1.8Shears for E80 live load Part 9Shipping fabricated material 3.6.1Shoes Part 5Shop drawings 1.1.3Shop painting 3.4.1Shop painting of machined surfaces 3.4.2Size and workmanship of holes 3.2.5Skew bridges 1.2.8Slenderness ratio 1.5.1Slotted holes 9.3.2.6Spacing of fasteners 1.9.3Spacing of trusses, girders, and stringers 1.2.4Specifications governed by drawings 1.1.4Splices, abutting joints 3.1.13Splices, girder flanges 1.7.5Splices, girder webs 1.7.6Splicing compression members 1.5.9Squaring up bridge ends 1.2.8Stability of spans and towers 1.3.10Stay plates 1.6.3Steel, structural Table 15-1-1Stiffener fit 3.1.10Stiffeners, bearing 1.7.7Stiffeners, intermediate 1.7.8Stiffeners, intermediate, welded to girder webs 1.10.4Storage of material 3.1.4Straightening material 3.1.5Stress categories for fatigue consideration Table 15-1-9Stresses allowed, basic Part 1, Section 1.4Stringers, end connections 1.8.3Structural steel Table 15-1-1Structural steel, high-strength Table 15-1-1

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Surfaces of bearing plates and pedestals Part 5Sway bracing 1.11.3Tack welding, prohibited on tension flanges 3.3.4Templates for reaming and drilling 3.2.8Tension required in installed high-strength bolts Table 15-1-12Thickness of compression members elements 1.6.1Thickness of girder web plates 1.7.3Thickness of metal 1.5.4Thickness outstanding elements of compression members 1.6.2Through girders, bracing of top flanges 1.11.1Ties for open deck bridges 1.2.9Timber bridge tie requirements Chapter 6Timber deck design 1.3.4.2.2dTimber guards 1.2.12Thermal cutting 3.1.6Tolerances of dimensions 3.1.7Tolerances of dimensions, truss and viaduct tower members 3.1.7.2Tolerances, sweep and camber 3.1.7.1e paragraph (2)Tower and span stability 1.3.10Transition of thickness or width in welded butt joints 1.10.1Transverse beams without stringers, diaphragm requirements 1.11.4hTransverse beams, design 1.3.4.2.3Turn-of-nut method for installing HS bolts, nut rotation Table 15-3-3Turn-of-nut method of installing high-strength bolts 3.2.3dTurntables Part 8, Section 8.1Types of bridges preferred 1.2.3Unloading pits Part 8, Section 8.4Uplift on anchor bolts Part 5Viaduct tower bracing 1.11.5Walkways and handrails on bridges Part 8, Section 8.5Web members of trusses, proportioning 1.3.16Web plate thickness, girders 1.7.3Web splices, girders 1.7.6Webs of riveted or bolted girders, control of edge position 3.1.11Weight of fabricated material for payment purposes 3.6.3Weights of material shipped 3.1.2Weld metal, allowable stresses 1.4.2Weldability of material 1.10.6Welded attachments 1.10.4

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Welded butt joints 1.10.1Welded closed box members 1.5.15Welded fabrication Part 3, Section 3.3Welded fabrication, inspection 3.5.5Welded rail on bridges Part 8, Section 8.3Welders and welding operators, qualification 3.3.5Welding index Part 9Welding requirements, fracture critical members 1.14.1Welding requirements, general 1.2.2Welding, general 3.3.1Welds and joints, prohibited types 1.10.2Welds, fillet 1.10.3Welds, intermediate stiffeners to girder webs 1.10.4Width of outstanding elements of compression members 1.6.2Wind combined with other loads, allowable stresses 1.3.14.3Wind force on loaded bridge 1.3.7Wind force on unloaded bridge 1.3.8Wind force only, allowable stresses 1.3.14.3

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