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Architecture
Cathedrals
• Tall, grand stone church
• France- Gothic style (1200)
• Built in the shape of a cross
Cathedrals
• Main church of a diocese
• Bishops, nobles, and townspeople contributed money
• Often took 30 years or more to build
Romanesque
• Started around 1000
• Large stone churches
• Influence of Roman architecture (round arches, pillars..)
Stained Glass
• Highly skilled and expensive art
• Usually depicted scenes of Christ or of Saints
Innovations
• Read “Cathedrals of Light” on page 323 and answer the following question in a small paragraph
• Explain how Gothic builders were able to construct tall cathedrals that appeared light and bright inside.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra2t3S8jp8w
The Medieval Castle
• Built for protection rather than comfort
• Early castles were simple (two rooms- a lower hall and a private chamber)
• In the great hall, the king or lord received guests-food and entertainment
Not so great…
• The stone walls were thick and damp
• No windows, but narrow slits let in light
• No chimneys, so the air always had smoke in it
• Crowded
Late Middle Ages
• Castles were built with many rooms
• Because of trade increase
• Then viewed more as homes than strongholds
• More luxury was added
Innovations
• Page 311
• Read the purple box (The Medieval Castle) and answer the questions asked at the beginning of the reading
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6Fn2WtXfis
The End of Feudalism
• The Hundred Years’ War
• France- the king had greater control
• England- faced a civil war
Civil War
• Two noble families
• The House of York (white rose) and the House of Lancaster (red rose)
• 30 year conflict called the War of the Roses
The Tutors
• 1485, Henry VII of Lancaster defeated the king of York
• He took a York noblewoman as his wife
• Began the dynasty of the Tutors
Results
• England grew strong again
• Parliament was created
• People changed their allegiance to the king rather than their lords
• Development of nations (common government, language, culture, and set of ideas
• Military innovations: gunpowder, longbow
Discussion Questions
• What are the characteristics of a nation? How does a nation develop? Do you think the power of force is necessary in developing a nation?
• Why was the longbow such an effective weapon against knights on horseback?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oOEW-r0Ac0