Architectural Styles In California Diane Kane, PH.D.

California Preservation Foundation

December 12, 2011

California Mission 1769-1834

California Mission 1769-1834

Mission San Luis Rey, 1798-1811 Father Antonio Peyri

Character Defining Features Adobe Walls (24” thick, minimum) • Handmade sundried bricks • Battered toward top • Rubble or stone foundations • Limestone Plastered Walls Tile Roofs • Handmade Tapered Tiles • Extended eaves • Wooden Beams extend through walls (vigas) • Lashed together with rawhide Tiered & Domed Bell Tower Heavy Wooden Doors Small, deep set windows with wood lintels

Classical details • Arched wall niches for sculpture • Espadana Pediment • supported on engaged pilasters • Oculus window • Classical door surround • Weak Classical detailing from Spain & Mexico • Mudjar, Classical & Plateresque Baroque

Church Narrow Single Nave Church Raised sanctuary Sacristy next to altar Painted wooden reredos Choir Loft over Narthex Flat Wood Ceiling with carved wooden corbels Painted plaster walls Stenciled Folk art motifs from Mexico Rammed earth or tile floors

Quadrangle

•Convento (Monk’s Quarters) •Infirmary •Refectory •Women’s Quarters (monjerio) •Store Rooms (meats, hides, grain, fruit & veggies) •Work Rooms (weaving, pottery) •Courtyard (tannery, soap, dried fruit & veggies) •Church (NE Corner) •Gardens: Flowers, Vegetables •Orchards, Vineyards, Field Crops

Public Private

Atrio

1830

Well or fountain

Cemetery

Lavanderia

5. Arch & Steps 6. Wash Basin 7. Charcoal Filter 8. Kiln 9. Twin Springs 10. Sunken Garden

9 9

10

Rancho Guajome Lt. Cave Couts c. 1851 Recorded by HABS, 1936

Hollow Square Plan • Defensive fortress •Carriage Court •Patio Dependencies • Chapel • Sheds

Rancho (1835-1870)

Territorial;

Transitional

Adobe Walls Tile Roof Deep Overhangs Mixture of Handmade & Industrial Elements Sheet Glass Cast Metal Milled Boards

Rancho Guajome, 1851 Patio

• Square, L or U shaped plans • Enclosed patios rare • All interior rooms exit to patio • Normally circulation & work

spaces • Some herbs & flowers for

cutting garden

• One and/or Two stories • Thick battered walls • Shaded arcades (often later additions) • Handmade tile roofs • Double hung windows with Industrial plate glass • Machine milled wood • Paneled wooden doors • Exterior porches later additions— latent Greek Revival & Monterey Revival

Character Defining Features

Greek (Monterey) Revival

1840-1860

Character Defining Features • Low pitch gable roof with wood shingles • Symmetrical plan with • Balanced window & door disposition • Wide entablatures • Gable ends form classical triangular pediment • Doric & Ionic columns • Flat or pedimented windows & doors • Entrances with sidelights & transom windows • Narrow wood porches • Second floor balconies

California State Capital, Benecia, 1852

Casa Amesti, Monterey,

Larkin Building, Monterey, Merritt House, Monterey

Board & Batten

Single Wall Construction (1800-1900)

Bodie Mining Camp State Park (1860-1880)

Board & Batten

Single Wall Construction (1800-1900)

Ceiling to Wall joinery Floor to wall joinery

Countries Influenced by English Culture

Victorian Styles 1850-1915

British Empire c. 1915 Light Pink: former colonies

1810 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1820

Gothic Revival

Queen Victoria

San Diego

Picturesque Early Victorian

Gothic Arts & Crafts

Aesthetic Movement

1837-1901

American Period Spanish Period (1769-1850)

Railroad 1885

Horton’s Addition 1867

Railroad 1821

Victoria’s First Train Ride 1840

High Victorian Gothic

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Railroad 1869

Railroad 1876

Spanish Period (1771-1850)

Spanish Period (1776-1850)

Victorian Era Styles 1. Gothic Revival 2. Italianate 3. Second Empire 4. Folk Victorian 5. Stick Style 6. Queen Anne 7. Shingle Style

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2

3

4

5

6

7

1810 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1820

Gothic Revival

France

San Diego

Picturesque Early Victorian

Gothic Arts & Crafts

Aesthetic Movement

American Period Spanish Period (1769-1850)

Railroad 1885

Horton’s Addition 1867

High Victorian Gothic

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Railroad 1869

Railroad 1876

Spanish Period (1771-1850)

Spanish Period (1776-1850)

Second Empire

Beaux Arts Classicism

Neo-Grec

Romanesque, Baroque, Ren. Rev. Greek Revival

Italianate Villa

• Blocky, irregular massing • Low pitched roofs • Square towers • Cornice with brackets • Corbel detailing • Arched Loggias & porches • Round headed windows

1850

Bidwell Mansion, Chico, Ca, 1868

Italianate

(1860-1870)

Italianate Commercial Block Character Defining Features

• Vertical format • Regular bays

• Heavy projecting cornice • With sculptural brackets

• 1:1 double hung arched windows • Window pediments

• Angular bays • Quoined corners

Backesto Block, San Diego,

Belli Building 1851

Hotaling Building, SF, 1866

IOOF Hall, Redbluff, 1882

Second Empire

(1870-1880)

• Vertical orientation; elongated proportions • Regular or irregular massing • Projecting porches

• Square tower pavilions: corner or central • High mansard roof with convex or concave sides • Flat roof with heavy cornice & cast iron railing • Domes

• Dormers • Circular windows with cartouche frame (oeil de boef)

• Classical detailing: entablatures, cornices, pediments • Single pane double hung windows

• Rusticated corner quoins, lower floors or basement • Thick, turned porch balustrades

Second Empire

Audiffred Building, SF, 1889 2417 Franklin St., SF 1875

Eastlake/Stick Style

1870-1880

• Thin, tenuous vertical volumes • Exposure of structural members • Surface divided into panels • Lap, T & G, diagonal, vertical, horizontal siding or shingles • Jigsaw & lath work in wood with Sharp edges • Cut out ornament & drill holes • Spindle work railings & support posts • Ornamental projecting turned knobs

Sherman-Gilbert House, San Diego, 1887

Menlo Park Train Station 1867

Long-Waterman House, San Diego, 1889

Character Defining Features • Asymmetrical Massing with porches • Steeply pitched roofs • Projecting Oriels; • Bay Windows • Towers, turrets • Classical elements (Pedimented gables, Columns, Palladian Windows) • Ornate Bargeboards & Gables • Wood, Brick, Plaster • Tall sash windows; small paned transoms • Patterned Shingles • Tall chimneys

Queen Anne Revival 1885-1900

Hotel Del Coronado, Coronado, 1888

Richie Block, St. Helena, 1892

Queen Anne Row Houses, San Francisco

Shingle Style/Bay Area Tradition (1890-present)

St. John’s Episcopal Church, Monterey, 1890-91 Ernest Coxhead

Character Defining Features • Wall cladding and roofing of continuous wood shingle • Rusticated stone foundations, lower stories or porch supports • Asymmetrical massing & facades • Steeply pitch roof • Cross gables & multi-level eaves • Curvilinear overhanging eaves • Eyebrow dormer windows

Julian Waybur House, 1901, SF

Cedar Gables Inn, 1892, Napa

Ernest Coxhead House, 1893, San Francisco

Shingle Style (1890-1915)

Marguerite Cottage La Jolla, 1890

The Gamble House, Pasadena, CA 1906 Charles & Henry Greene

Craftsman (1905-1930)

Character Defining Features

• Low Horizontal Proportions • Asymmetrical massing • Low Pitched Front Gable Roof • Wide Open Eaves & Exposed Rafters • Decorative Beams & Brackets • Full or Partial Width Porch • Porches Supported by piers & columns • Rustic Materials: brick, stucco, cobblestone, wood shingles • Large tripartite windows with ornate

transoms • Broad doors with sidelights • Decorative metal hardware

Bungalow Heaven Historic District, Pasadena

First Church of Christ Scientists, Bernard Maybeck, Berkeley, 1910

St. John’s Presbyterian Church, Julia Morgan, Berkeley, 1910

San Francisco City Hall, Bakewell & Brown, 1915

Palace of Fine Arts, SF Bernard Maybeck

Banco Popular, Fugazi Building SF, 1916

Beaux Arts Classicism (1890-1930)

“American Renaissance” Associated with City Beautiful

• Grand architectural statements • Mixture of classical styles • Roman Imperial to Parisian Neo-Baroque • Columns, pilasters, pediments, arches • Heavy cornices & entablatures • Decorative frieze bands • Rusticated plinths & quoins • Sculpture & inscriptions • Civic buildings, banks, libraries, post offices

Balboa Park 1915 Exposition Plan Bertram Goodhue

Beaux Arts Site Plan • Formal Geometry •Symmetrical Design around grand axis •Enclosed Courtyards •Cross axial circulation •Directed Long Views •Focal Points

Water Features • Oblong Reflecting Pools • Water Chains & Fountains Classically inspired furnishings • Pedestals, Urns, Sculpture • Bridges, Balustrades • Columns, arcades

Pasadena City Hall Bakewell & Brown 1927

Pasadena Library, 1925 Myron Hunt, & H. C. Chambers

YMCA, Arthur B. Benton, 1910

Pasadena Civic Auditorium, 1932 Bergstrom, Bennett & Haskell

Pasadena Post Office, 1927 Myron Hunt & H. C. Chambers

Colorado Street Bridge, 1913

“City Beautiful” Downtown Pasadena 1910-1932

Mission Revival (1890-1920) • Simple Boxy Forms

• Heavy proportions (simulate adobe)

• Symmetrical massing

• Espadana or Gabled Roof Parapet

• Smooth Stucco Cladding

• Arched Porch supported by

heavy square piers

• Quatrefoil windows

• Paired Bell Towers

Santa Barbara Train Station, 1905

Mission Inn Riverside, 1902-1935 Frank Miller

Mission San Antonio de Padua 1781 Photograph of 1870

La Jolla Women’s Club La Jolla, CA 1913-14 Irving Gill

La Jolla Women’s Club Irving Gill, 1913

Spanish Eclectic & Spanish Colonial

Revival Styles (1915-1940)

Character Defining Features

• Asymmetrical massing

• Low Pitched Red Tiled Roof

• Little or no eave overhang

• Smooth Stucco cladding

• Arches & columns

• Decorative tile & ironwork

• Turned wooden window grills

• Heavy wooden doors, shutters, gates

Santa Barbara Courthouse, 1929 William Mooser & Co.

Museum of Man, San Diego, 1915 Bertram Goodhue

El Paseo, “Street in Spain” Santa Barbara, 1922-23 James Osborne Craig, Mary Craig & Carleton Winslow

De La Guerra Adobe, 1819-26 Casa la Aguirre & Orena Adobes

Casa del Herrero, 1925 George Washington Smith Santa Barbara

Monterey Revival (1930-1945)

• Two story

• Asymmetrical Massing

• Low pitch tile or shake roof

• Overhanging 2nd floor balcony

• Deep set windows & doors to mimic adobe

• False shutters & other machine milled wooden trim

• Multi-paned French doors, double hung, casement & bay windows

• Stucco cladding, brick or stone skirts &

trim

Eva K. Fudger House Roland Coate, 1926 Hancock Park

Colonial Revival (1930-1945)

• Simple rectangular volumes

covered by gabled or hipped roofs

• Symmetrical, balanced fenestration

• Pedimented front door or porch

framed by pilasters or columns

• Paneled doors with fanlights and sidelights

• Multi paned, double hung windows

• Narrow clapboard siding, false shutters

• Inspired by Williamsburg restoration &

Depression Era patriotism

Culver Studios, Culver City Thomas Ince, 1919

MCA/Litton Industries Building, 1936 Paul Williams, Los Angeles

Tudor Revival (1890-1945)

• Tall proportions

• Irregular massing

• Steep, overlapping gables

• Cross-gabled facades

• Decorative Half timbering

infilled with stucco or brick

• Tall narrow windows with

multiple lights

• Tall brick chimneys

• Catslide roofs

French Eclectic (1915-1945)

• Tall, steeply pitched hipped Doors set in arched openings

or mansard roof Flared eaves at roof/wall junctions

• Arched, circular, hipped or Round entry towers with

• gabled dormers steeply pitched conical roofs

• Brick, stone or stucco walls Dovecotes

• Half timbering

William Goetz House, Bel-Air, 1931 Wallace Neff

Robert Garner Jr. House, San Marino, 1938 Wallace Neff

Art Deco (1920-1930)

• Stepped massing with central tower • Windows arranged in sunken vertical panels • Flat roof with parapet top • Smooth, shiny surfaces • Stylized bas relief ornament set in panels • Geometric designs: chevrons, sunbursts, spirals • Silhouetted animals & plants • “Skyscraper Style” • Elegant boutiques, restaurants, theaters, apartments

Bullock’s Wilshire, 1929 John & Donald Parkinson Los Angeles

Paramount Theater, Oakland Timothy Pfleuger, 1925

Streamline Modern (1930-1941)

• Stucco box with rounded corners • Horizontal bands & windows • Curved projecting wings • Glass block windows • Porthole windows • Tubular ships railing • Brightly colored vitrelight • Neon

Maritime Museum/ Bath House Building, 1939 San Francisco Works Progress Administration

WPA Moderne (1930-1941)

• “Starved” Classicism • Transitional style to Modernism • Balanced and symmetrical form • Classical horizontal proportions • Fluted piers: no capitals or bases • Windows in recessed vertical panels • Smooth, polished surfaces • Bas relief sculpture with patriotic themes • Post Offices, Government Buildings, Schools

St. Helena Post Office, 1940

Minimal Traditional (1935-1955)

Character Defining Features

• Transitional to modernism

• Cost conscious construction & materials

• Emphasis on horizontal massing

• Low pitched hip or side gabled roof

• Closed eaves

• Half porches or Porch Hood

• Minimal Detailing

(chimneys, porch railings & shutters

• Large windows

• Asbestos shingles or stucco siding

•Informal Living •Family Emphasis •Large Suburban Lot •Sprawling Floor Plan •Single Room Deep •Enfilade & Outdoor Access •Outdoor Rooms •Accommodates Auto

California

Ranch 1930-

Cliff May Home, West Los Angeles, 1939

1939 Rear Patio • Multi paned windows & doors • No direct patio access from living room • Smaller outdoor living area

1949 Rear Patio • Sliding glass doors • Extended hardscape

International Style (1930-)

•Machine Aesthetic •Simplification of form • Complete rejection of ornament • Square and rectangular building forms •Flat roofs •Simple cubic or extruded rectangular forms •Horizontal bands of windows •Strong right angles • Concrete •Smooth stucco, brick, and glass

Lovell Health House, 1929 Richard Neutra, Los Angeles

Futurist, Googie (1947-1965)

• Car oriented commercial architecture

• Exaggerated roof forms

• Building as billboard

• Expansive use of plate glass

• Space age or futurist themes

• Exposed steel structural elements

• Large rotating or blinking signage

LAX Theme Building Paul Williams, 1961

Anaheim Convention Center, 1967

Tiki/Polynesian (1955-1965)

• Prominent roof forms

• Horizontal massing

• Pitched or upswept roof beams

• Natural finishes

• Exposed heavy timber roof

framing

• Porte-coucheres & covered

patios

• Lush tropical landscaping

• Tropical accents (tikis, torches,

boulders, waterfalls)

• Neon signage

Post and Beam (1950-

• Direct expression of structural

System

• Horizontal massing

• Flat or shallow pitched roof

• Floor-to-ceiling glass

• Repetitive geometry

• Minimal use of solid load bearing walls

• Absence of applied decoration

• Indoor/outdoor connections

• Open floor plans

• Wood, steel & glass exteriors

• Standardized units & mass produced products

• Experimental Materials

• Familiar materials used in new ways

• Grid/Modular Design

• Hard Edges

• Outriggers, balconies, terraces, lanais

• Irregular forms & asymmetry

• from Japanese gardening to soften edges

Triad (1959-1960) Case Study House(s) No. 23 Rue de Anna, La Jolla Killingsworth, Brady & Smith

House A

S House B, looking west across shared courtyard to House C

A

B C

House C House B

Brutalism (1955-1965)

•Exposed, expressive structural system

•Monumental massing

•Angular & rectilinear forms

•Exposed concrete

•Repetitive patterns

•Avoidance of ornament

Giesel Library, UCSD William Pereira, 1970

Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 1963 La Jolla, Louis Kahn

Organic Free-Form (1955-present)

Chart House, Rancho Mirage Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, 1981

•Curvilinear organic forms or sharp angular massing

•Natural materials (wood, brick, stone, adobe)

•Integration with topography & site

•Asymmetrical façade

•Complex roof forms

•Handcrafted details

Organic Geometric (1955-1975)

• Exposed structure & materials

• Square, diamond and polygon

design motifs

• Natural materials

(wood, stone, glass)

• Sharp, angular massing

• Asymmetrical facades

• Complex roof forms

• Site specific designs Wayfayers Chapel, Palos Verdes, CA Lloyd Wright 1949-51

Charles Moore Home, Sea Ranch, 1966 Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove Philip Johnson, 1981

Third Bay Area Tradition