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Messrs. W. H. Schieffelin and Co., of New York, show atalmost empty case, having lost their exhibit in the Britannic,Their speciality is sugar-coated pills.

Several preparations of extract of malt and of maltine ar(exhibited, the most noticeable being those whose merits areadvocated by the Maltine Company, and by Me8sr8 ff. an6Leopold Hoff. They are all good and deserve a trial. Themalto-yerbine is said to have been found useful in the treat-ment of consumption.The Oheseb}’ough Manufacturing Company’s vaseline is

so well-known that it would be superfluous to dwell on itsmerits. It has steadily made its way in the estimation ofthe profession, and has almost entirely replaced lard as abasis for ointments.The exhibition of foods is not a large one, but many of the

preparations are of high value, and will repay a carefulexamination.

Me88r8. Savory and Moore exhibit several varieties offood for infants and invalids. Darby’s peptonized meat iswell adapted for those who from worry or anxiety or over-work are unable to digest solid food. It is of great value asa restorative agent, especially when given in the form ofgravy soup. The food for infants is also an excellent pre-paration, and is a decided improvement on Liebig’s. Itis difficult to say whether the pancreatic emulsion shouldbe regarded as a food or as a medicine, but that is a matterof very little importance ; it is undoubtedly useful in manycases of dyspepsia and in some forms of phthisis. Thepatient should be ordered a teaspoonful or more twice a dayin a tumblerful of milk with a tablespoonful of brandy init. It should be taken an hour or two after meals, and forthose who dine in the middle of the day it may be given at11 and 4, so as to replace early luncheon and tea.Mr. Borcthrora, of Regent-street, exhibits specimens of

diabetic bread and biscuits. There are several varieties,some being made from bran, some from gluten, and othersfrom almonds. In addition there is a diabetic powder, which,as it bus already been thoroughly cooked, may be at onceapplied to thickening gravies, soups, and other food.The preparations associated with the name of Van Abbott,

of Princes-street, Cavendish-square, are so well knownthat they need no detailed notice. The bran powder, thebran biscuits, the gluten bread, and the diabetic cocoa areexcellent, and are a great boon to those who have to live ona restricted diet. The acorn coffee, for children and invalidssuffering from indigestion and "torpidity of the liver," issometimes used with advantage. The hypophosphite oflime biscuits are frequently recommended for weak andrickety children.The Aylesbury Dairy Company shows specimens of

koumiss, whey, peptunised milk, and artificial human milk,and opportunities are afforded of tasting all four preparations.The koumiss is an excellent drink, and has been extensivelypatronised by visitors during the week. It is agreeableand refreshing, and has been found of value in cases ofchronic vomiting, dyspepsia., and gastric pain and irritation.It is readily digested, and is well adapted for those whosuffer from biliousness. The artificial human milk is pre-pared by a special process, and will undoubtedly be foundof value in the nursery. It should be remembered that itwill not keep sweet longer than ordinary milk-that is tosay, from twelve to twenty’four hours, according to thestate of the atmosphere and the care bestowed upon it.

1lless7s. Chctpmalt and Co. call attention to their koumiss orspark!iug miik wine, of which there are five varieties or modi-fications. These are "full" koumiss, "medium" koumiss," whey

" koumiss, " diabetic " koumiss, made with or with-

out glycerine, "sparkling bland," and "koumiss extract."The first, second, and third varieties are further divided intothree states or periods, which refer to the age of the prepa-ration. The ordinary dose is a tumblerful three or fourtimes a day, but there seems to be no limit to the quantitythat may be taken.

Messrs. Corbyn, Stacey, and Co. are the London agents forValentine’s meat juice. This preparation has now been inuse for nearly ten years, so that ample opportunities havebeen afforded of testing its merits. It is the real juice ofmeat expressed by powerful hydraulic machinery. The two-ounce bottle contains the concentrated essence of four poundsof the best beef, exclusive of fat. The dose is from half ateaspoonful to two teaspoonfuls, diluted with cold or tepid

1 water. It may be iced, but it is better not to warm it. It. may be used in all cases of severe illness where ordinary

food cannot be taken, and is equally useful for adults and, children. Stale bread crumbled into the meat juice forms: a savoury diet, which may safely be given to convalescentsfrom typhoid fever.! The preparations of 1llessrs. Brand and Co., of Stanhope., street, Mayfair, are always good. The essence of beef is best

known, but the essences of mutton, veal, and chicken are allgood. The turtle soup and turtle jelly are capital for achange. The savoury meat lozenges contain a great deal ofnourishment, and are by no means unpalatable.Delacc’s Extract of Beef is another candidate for public

favour, and is used ior making gravies, sauces, soups, and avariety of dishes, and for similar purposes. It is prepared inSouth America; and especial care, it is said, is taken in theselection of the materials. Every visitor to the Exhibitionis presented with a sample, with full instructions for use, inorder that an opportunity may be afforded of testing itsmerits. ’

Lloyd’s" Universal" Food is recommended for infautq,children, and adults, both in health aud sickness, and maybe taken either for breakfast, dinner, or supper. It is saidto consist of the finest selected grains and pulse combinedwith the active constituents of pure fresh malt meal. Amore extended trial will serve to develop its capabilities.

Lactrose is a preparation of wheaten grain, so modified asto form a substitute for human milk. To a tablespoonfulofthe powder is added gradually, whilst stirring, half a pint ofboiling water, or enough to make the mixture of the desiredconsistence. Lactrose No. 2 possesses the same generalcharacters, but is intended for adults. It is recommendedfor mothers while nursing, for young people of delicate con.stitution, for convalescents from fevers, and for childrensuffering from rickets or scrofula.The B?tr2-oitghs’ Beef and Iron Wine is a food and medicine

combined. A tablespoonful in a little water is an excellenttonic for town dwellers and those of weak digestion.Lactopeptin is a digestive agent containing, it is said,

pepsine, pancreatine, diastase, lactin, and lactic and hydro.chloric acids. It is a popular preparation, and numeroustestimonials are advanced in proof of its efficacy.We are unable in this part of our report to notice the

various mineral waters and non-alcoholic beverages whichare largely represented in the Exhibition. These must form,the subject of a future report.

ARCHITECTURAL PLANS.

t The plans of hospitals, either constructed or projected, areof considerable interest. That which will attract most noticefrom its novelty is the plan exhibited by Mr. Saxon Snellfor a hospital for 700 patients, constructed with circular

, wards, according to the suggestion put forward by Prof. John, Marshall a year or two since. The general plan of Mr. Snell’s.

hospital is a semicircle with seven rays projecting from itscircumference. At the end of each ray is a ward tower,each tower containing three circular wards capable of ac-commodating thirty-two patients each. Mr. Snell gives noelevation ; but from the plan of the building we questionwhether the ventilation of the six areas enclosed by the raysand administrative semicircle would be at all efficient. Itis essential that the whole of a hospital area should be sweptby the wind, and we doubt whether this end would beattained by Mr. Snell’s plan. Each ward is 70 ft. in diameter,and rather more than 210 ft. in circumference ; so that eachbed has about 62 ft. of circumferential wall, and allowing3 ft. for the width of the bed, only ? ; ft. remain as the averagedistance between the heads of the beds, and this distance isoften much less owing to the fact that from architecturalnecessities the beds are not equidistant. Now, the area ofone of Mr. Snell’s wards amounts to about 3748 ft. ; so thateach patient has about 117 square feetof area, which in anordi-nary oblong ward would be ample,and inalongward of averagewidth, say 25 ft., would allow a length of some 9 ft. of wallfor each bed. It comes to this, therefore, that with equalareas you can easily give nearly twice as much spacebetween the heads of the beds in a long ward for thirty-twopatients as you can in a ci1cular ward with the same accom-modation. If we remember rightly, Mr. Marshall insistedthat circular wards were not adapted for more than abouteighteen patients, and Mr. Saxon Snell is, we think, ill

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advised in trying to place nearly twice that number in hiswards. It is certain that a 3-foot interval between the bedsis far too little. Area in the abstract is not all that is wantedto make a bed wholesome. The area must be of the rightshape also.The advantage claimed for circular wards is that the

greatest area is in this way enclosed by the least amount ofwall. But is this an advantage ? We think not, and are ofopinion that what is wanted in a hospital is something likethe reverse of this-viz., the enclosure of the smallest areaby the greatest amount of outside wall, so that when thewindow is opened the outside air may most readily reachevery part of the enclosed area. It is, we think, tolerablycertain that it must be easier to change the air in a ward25 ft. wide than in one having a diameter of nearly threetimes this amount. The cost of a building is in proportionto its cubic contents, and circular buildings are acknow-ledged to be the most eXpensive of any, so that each cubicfoot contained in a circular building would cost more thanthat contained in a rectangular building. Mr. Snell’s wardshave a central shaft for fireplaces and flues, the sanitary,offices project from one side, and they are connected on theother side by a corridor with the administrative semicircle.These projections from the towers would necessarily checkthe rush of wind; and it is obvious that, even without theseprojections, the direct impact of the wind upon any part ofthe circular ward must at all times be a minimum, and eventhe Dblique impact of the wind would be less in extenton the circular than on the rectangular building. The valueof direct impact of the wind on ventilating inlets for air-flushing purposes is not to be despised. It is evident thatthe necessity of a central shaft in these wards wouldseriously interfere with their adequate supervision by thenurses in charge. Again, every patient’s face as he lies inbed would be about 30 ft. from the radiating stoves ; and asthe heat obtained from a radiating source is inversely as thesquare of the distance, the warmth which would reach thepatients would be a quantity capable of appealing to theimai"ination mrrp,hr.There has of late years been a most encouraging concur-

rence of opinion as to the best shape for a hospital ward. MissNightingale, Parkes, Capt. Douglas Galton, and the buildersof the modern French hospitals, as well as Dr. Billings, theadviser of the Johns Hopkins trustees, at Baltimore, haveall given in their adhesion to the rectangular form with awidth of from 25 to 30 ft. We do not think that this designof Mr. Saxon Snell’s will materially affect the fixity ofopinion on the proper shape of hospital wards which, priorto the suggestion of circular wards, we were apparently ap-proaching.Mr. Francis E. Jones has sent us a description of drawings

of a hospital on the circular ward system, by which heclaims to show the superiority of this system for hospitalson a confined and enclosed site. We have not found theplans in the Exhibition, but they have been more carefullyconsidered than the one last referred to. The ward towersplaced in the four angles of site fall beyond a line drawnfrom angle to angle of the cross-shaped administrative block,so that the wards are less obstructed as regards light and airthan they would have been had they beenencl’jsed as it were orembraced by the arms of the administrative block. In additionit is claimed that only one point in circumference of wall ofward tower is as near the houses on the opposite side of thestreet as the whole side of an oblong ward would be through-out its entire length. The wards are 60 ft. in diameter, with188 fr. of wall space, so that each bed has 9 ft. of wall, 3 ft.for the head and 6 ft. for the interval. The area of such award would be about 2828 square feet, or a little more than134 square feet per bed, while the cubic contents of the ward{15 ft. high) would be 42,420 cubic feet, or about 2020 ft. perbed. Mr. Jones claims that a "similar oblong wardwould be about 85 ft. by 28 ft., or length of wall 226 ft., floorspace per bed 119 tt., and air space per bed 1785 cubic feet,or, in spite of the 38ft. additional length of wall, 15ft. 6 in.less floor space per bed, and 232 cubic feet less air

space per bed, in the case of the oblong ward." Thisis true enough, but the value of air space per bed islargely in proportion to the readiness with which the air inthat space is renewable, and we think it is tolerably certainthat the air would be more easily renewable in a building28ft. (or, as we should prefer to say, 25ft.) in width thanin a circle 60 ft. in diameter. There is yet another way oflooking at the matter. The cost of a ward is proportionate(other things being equal) to its cubic contents, and we are,

we think, safe in saying that the circular wards would bemore expensive than the oblong wards. Now, a wtrd tocontain 42,420 cubic feet of the "regulation " pattern-i. e.,12 ft. high and 25ft,. wide, would have to be 141’4 ft. inlength, so that (if it were to contain twenty-one beds) therewould be on an average about 14ft. of side wall space foreach bed, or an interval of 11 ft. between each bed. Now,we hold that one of the chief things to strive after is toincrease the interval between the beds, and we think it isclear that given twenty-one patients they could be housedmost economically and most wholesomely in a rectangularward.There are many plans exhibited for the construction of

hospitals on the pavilion system, or upon a modification ofthe system. Captain Douglas Galton exhibits the originalplans of the Herbert Hospital at Woolwich, plans whichhave been the parents, so to speak, of many imitations andadaptations.

A large plan is shownby Mr. Lawrence Booth, F.R.I.B.A.,of the Salford Pauper Hospital, for 880 beds, and which is tobe constructed by contract at a cost of JE63 per bed. Thehospital occupies a space of 310 yds. by 85 yds., and theaverage area ior each bed is only 8ufc., and in some wards,which only have windows on one side, it seems to us to beeven less. We think it would have been wels to have spentmore money and to have given a greater area per bed. Thegeneral arrangement of pavilions (three storeys) and theconnecting corridor do not materially differ from that em-ployed in many similar buildings. There are two doublepavilions, each floor containing two wards, back to back,with windows only on one side. This, to say the least, isan undesirable arrangement. The drainage appears tohave been designed with care ; all waste pipes are " cut off,"and there is no drain under the building.

Messrs. Ede and Robin show the plan and elevation forthe South Devon and East Cornwall Hospital. The paviliontype is here adhered to. The pavilions are two storeys high,excepting the "accident" pavilion, which is only one storeyhigh. The wards have the sanitary otlices in turrets, andthe ward .kitchens and nurses’ rooms on either side of theentrance to the ward. The staircases are contained in thepavilions themselves.The plan for the reconstruction of University College

Hospital on its present site by Dr. Poore and Mr. A. Water-house, A.R.A., is also on the pavilion type, but shows someimportant departures from the ordinary mode of construc-tion. The plan is an attempt to provide, on the actual siteat present occupied, for the work as at present carried onin every particular. " The main principle of the scheme,"says the printed description, "is that each pavilion shouldbe a building complete in itself, and that at all times itshould be impossible to pass from one pavilion to another,from one storey to another, or from one ward to another.without going into the open corridor. It might be objectedthat great inconvenience would be thus caused to those whohave to visit the wards, but a doctor visiting the wards of ahospital should regard himself rather as walking from houseto house than from room to room, and should be clothedaccordingly." The basement storey, which is 16 ft.high, covers the whole of the area, with the excep-tion of a space 36 ft. by 36 ft., to be used as a backyard. Here is found room for a spacious out-patientdepartment and dispensary, having an area of 6400 squarefeet (more than twice the area of the out-patient departmentin the present hospital), together with baths, administrativeoffice, and cellarage, having an area even greater than the out-patient department. The ventilation of the out-patient de-partment would be assisted by means of exhaust-flues runningtothebathfurnace. Above the basemeatarcthreefour-storeyedpavilions running east and west, united at their west end by aconnecting open corridor, and having the sanitary offices andward kitchens in turrets at the east end. " The W.C.s andsculleries are purposely made as small as possible. If theybe La°ge enough that is sufficient. Exces::! of cubic space inthese apartments is mere waste, adds greatly to the expenseof the building, and tends to encourage untidiness and dirt.A kitchen with a large kitchen range, &c., attached to award is quite unnecessary, a few gas-jets sufficient to cooka chop and heat water or liquid food are all that is required."The staircases and lifts are in separate buildings on theeastern side of the connecting open corridor, and thus isprevented the drifting of foul air from one ward to another,or from one storey to another. This is one of the most im-portant features of the plan. The kitchen is placed in the

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top storey of the south pavilion. The operating theatres areplaced in the top storey of the middle pavilion, while thedead-house, pathological department, and the clinicallecture theatre are placed in the top storey of the northpavilion. These apartments cannot be overlooked in thissituation, and they obtain a maximum of light and air,and are less likely to affect other parts of the hospitalthan if they were placed in any other position. Thepost-mortem room has a special lift, used for no other pur-pose, communicating with the back yard, into which thehearses drive for the removal of the dead. On the west sideof the connecting open corridor is a building containingprivate wards and rooms for the residents, and on the top ofthis building, forming an extra storey, over part of it arethe separation wards. "No nurses’ rooms have been pro-vided anywhere, because it is believed that when a nurse ison d1dy her proper place is in the ward, and that when sheis oifduty she is better out of the hospital altogether. Theywould live, as at present, in a separate house." The hos-pital would afford accommodation for 198 beds. The 174beds in the general wards have an area of z6 ft. each,while those in the private wards (twenty-four) have morethan double this amount. The estimated cost is 55,000 to;B60,OOO.We must not omit to mention in this notice the very

admirahle plans of Hastings and St. Leonards. This is theonly watering-place which has done itself full justice in thisexhibition. At a glance the intelligent observer can takein the aspect and general appearance of the place with theheight above sea-level of different parts of the town, and theamount of shelter from sites, &c. Manv important factsare also printed alongside the plans. We hope that otherwatering-places will not be backward in following this goodexample.

SANITARY SECTION.[SECOND NOTICE.]

On examining more minutely the various exhibits it isimpossible to avoid being impressed by the unanimity withwhich certain principles have been accepted. To mentionbut a few names-Messrs. Banner, Doulton, Buchan, Stiff,Potts, Weaver-all have ventilating intercepter traps whichventilate the sewer and the house. The principle in each isthe same. A syphon trap is placed outside the house.Between the water seal and the sewer there is an openingby which the sewer air may be conveyed direct from thesewer to the roof of the house. This, it is needless to say,should not be required, for the public sewer ought to beventilated by the local authorities, and not by the individualhouseholders. Unfortunately, this is so often either not doneor so inefficiently managed, that both patentees and manu-facturers have found it necessary to produce contrivanceswhich will enable individuals by their private initiation tosupplement and perfect what the public bodies too readilyneglect. On the house side of the water seal, and generallyimmediately above the point where the house drain dips toform the syphon, there is an opening which should be aslarge as the drain pipe itself. This opening is carried upwardsto the ground level, while the drain pipe with which itcommunicates passes under and through the house to theroof. It is maintained that the fresh air will naturally rushdown from the ground to the intercepter, which must beburied some feet below ; then, meeting the water seal thatseparates the house from the sewer, the air current will turnthe angle, pass under the house and up behind it, follow-ing the course of the drain pipe till it reaches the roof.Probably the difference of temperature within the housecauses the inward suction. Dr. C. W. Philpois, acting inhis capacity as medical officer of health at Croydon, statesthat he has frequently examined about a hundred Weaverintercepters, and always found the current of air flowing in-wards.

Messrs. Verity l3rotlaers base their system for ventilatinghouse drains on this supposition. They insist that heavysewer gases will not rise without applying great force toinduce a current, and that sewer gas does sometimes comeout by the aperture which should only allow the fresh air togo in. This, they urge with some reason, is especiallylikely to occur when the closets are used, as the fall of thewater would determine a downward course of the gas.These are knotty points, difficult to prove one way or theother without repeated and varied experiments. At thesame time, there is no doubt that Messrs. Verity Brothera’

method of ventilating the house drains offers the greatestsecurity. They place their inlet of air on the roof and theoutlet also on the roof; the one, if possible, at the back andthe other at the front of the house. Then, so as to beindependent of atmospheric changes, they introduce withinthe drain pipe, and at the base of the house, their patent airpropeller, which, being worked by water power, is in.dependent of changes of temperature and propels the gasesupwards, whether light or heavy. The principal objection tothis system is the extra expense involved. Considering theimportance of the object attained, this should not stand inthe way ; but practically any extra cost is a great bar to thegeneral application of a system, however good in itself.To return to the various intercepting and ventilating

traps. The newest and perhaps the most important one isthe "Weatherly" disconnecting and ventilating sewer airtrap. This intercepter is manufactured by Ilessrs. J. Stiffand Sons, and has been registered only during the course ofthe present month of July. It has, therefore, and in anycase, the advantage of being a thorough novelty in themarket. It is about the same size as the "Weaver" inter.cepter, and yet it contains a double syphon or two waterseals, which are entirely separate. The first bend or syphonis on a higher level; here is the inlet for the house drains,and above it an inlet for the fresh air, which is perhaps some-what small. A division or water seal guards the housedrain. On the other side of this division there is a largechamber, in the centre of which the first syphon ends ; thewater falls over to the lower curve of the second syphon, theseal being formed by the outer wall of the apparatus, thesyphon terminating in the commencement of the exit ordrain pipe. Two openings have been made above this largechamber, the one with a tight removable cover for inspection,.the other communicating with a ventilator, which can becarried above the roof and would relieve the first seal fromall pressure. This trap does not therefore provide for thedirect ventilation of the public sewer, but ventilates thespace between the first and the second water seal, so that anysewer gas which may have forced the first trap would becarried away before it could attack the second trap. Apartfrom the security thus offered, the great advantage of thistrap is the fact that it is made in a single piece ; there are no-diaphragms to intercept the passage of the soil, the curvesbeing carefully rounded off and the water channel beingeverywhere of equal width and depth. Further, the traphas a solid foothold, so that it cannot get out of positionwhen once it is set on a proper ground. The "Weaver"trap retains, however, one special advantage over this newerrival. The bend that forms the syphon is more gradual, thesweep greater, so that where the water-supply is insufficientor the fall of the drain very slight, the trap would be moreeasily cleared and flushed than most of the other and similarcontrivances. While mentioning the "Weatherly" sewerair trap we should not omit to mention the "Weatherly"disconnector waste-water trap, which, though not so recentan invention, may still claim to be a novelty. It is, inshape, a deep square stoneware box covered with a grating.A twisted pipe forms a syphon which opens into the trapnearly on a level with the grating, and the outlet is largerthanthe inlet, so as to minimise the danger of stoppages. Theoutlet pipe on the opposite side commences very near thebottom of the box or receptacle, and does not find its waythrough the side till it is more than half way to the top; sothat the receptacle itself forms a deep and large water seal.

Illless2-s. Thomas Smith and Co. have rome very good im-proved street gullies that would also serve for waste water.One model has a very small exit, and beyond it an iron flapto prevent a back current, and an inspection aperture above.This firm has also introduced perforated discs between itsgullies and the pipe leading to the sewer, so that the gullyalso acts as a sieve to stop all solid matter.The Patent Edinburgh Air-Chambered Sewer Trap is an

intercepter, by which Messrs. J. Cliff and Sons seek to carryout the principle of drain ventilation to which we havealluded. In this case there is but one water seal, with anopening beyond it to ventilate the public sewer. A largepiece of pottery is placed between the syphon trap and thehouse. The bottom resembles a drain pipe, the upper portionis like a box. The box is divided in two, and covered by a,

grating. The half nearest to the syphon is supposed to admitthe escape of any sewer air that may have passed the trap;but there is nothing to prevent this same sewer air enteringthe second chamber, where the fresh air is supposed to rush