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Online Supplementary Material for Seasonality, the Latitudinal Gradient of Diversity, and Eocene Insects S. Bruce Archibald, William H. Bossert, David. R. Greenwood, and Brian D. Farrell Online material includes: Analysis of ichneumon wasp specimens Online Figure 1 Online Table 1 Analysis of Plecia specimens Online Figure 2 Comparisons of climatic estimation methods Online Table 2 Online Table 3: General compositions of McAbee, Harvard Forest and La Selva samples Online literature cited Online Table 4: Specimen / species compositions of samples 1

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Page 1: Archibald online material

Online Supplementary Material for Seasonality, the Latitudinal Gradient of Diversity, and Eocene Insects

S. Bruce Archibald, William H. Bossert, David. R. Greenwood, and Brian D. Farrell

Online material includes:

Analysis of ichneumon wasp specimens Online Figure 1 Online Table 1

Analysis of Plecia specimens Online Figure 2

Comparisons of climatic estimation methods Online Table 2

Online Table 3: General compositions of McAbee, Harvard Forest and La Selva samples Online literature cited Online Table 4: Specimen / species compositions of samples

1

Page 2: Archibald online material

Analysis of ichneumon Wasp Specimens Size was not used in determination of ichneumonid wings to species due to its range within individuals of a species and sexual dimorphism, except in the extreme case of specimen 1988. Wings were grouped into six major groups (A-F) based on the shape of the “areolet”, the first Rs cell, a small cell in the centre of the forewing (online fig. 1). They were then categorized within each of these groups by combinations of three wing characters, and then further separated by comparisons of ratios of character measurements between the fossil specimens and in known, extant species.

Separation to groups

Abscissa numbers refer to those defined in online fig. 1D. Group A: areolet triangular, or sub-triangular; abscissa 1 meets abscissa 3 (no or

very short abscissa 2); abscissa 3 meets abscissa 5 (no abscissa 4); Group B: areolet as in Group A, but open, i.e., abscissa 3 space empty or very

weak; Group C: areolet sub-triangular; but abscissa 4 present (Group A: absent), short

relative to length of abscissa 3; abscissa 4 parallel or subparallel with abscissa 1; abscissa 1 meets abscissa 3 (no or very short abscissa 2);

Group D: as in Group C, but areolet open, i.e., abscissa 3 space empty or very weak;

Group E: areolet diamond-shaped: four-sided or slightly five-sided (if a short length of abscissa 2 present between abscissa 1 and abscissa 3), no side less than half length of other (other than brief length of abscissa 2, if present, as above);

Group F: areolet distinctly pentagonal: all five abscissae distinctly present (two abutting sides may be aligned).

Within these “areolet groups”, specimens were separated to subgroups by differing combinations of states of the following characters.

Character 1: 2m-cu: A) distinctly curved or B) rather straight; Character 2: crossvein cu-a: joins Cu: A) at, or B) distad branching of M+Cu to

M and Cu; Character 3: cu-a joins A: A) at a distinct angle, or B) perpendicular or closely so

to A.

Separation to species Within subgroups, specimens that shared the same states of characters 1-3 were

evaluated further with ratios of measurements of wing characters. Twelve measurements (A-L) of forewing characters were taken from camera lucida drawings of each fossil. Ratios of pairs of the measurements were used to control for intra-specific size differences (individual and by sexual dimorphism). These were compared with inter- and intra-specific variation in known species, taken from photographs of forewings of 96 specimens of 9 extant species (pinned specimens, MCZ) in three genera of three subfamilies. These were: Pterocormus annulatorius (n = 9), P. bucculentus (n = 4), P. centrator (n = 10); Compsocrypyus texensis (n = 7), C. resolutus (n = 6), C. melanostigmus (n = 18); Coccygomimus semirufus (n = 8), C. sumichrasti (n = 21), C. tomyris (n = 23).

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Page 3: Archibald online material

Within extant species, the average value of each ratio within that species was taken, and its standard deviation within the species was determined. Within each species, no specimens were separated by more than two standard deviations, and all individuals species differed by more than two standard deviations between them. For a given ratio, the coefficient of variation, the ratio of standard deviation divided by the mean was constant within and differed consistently between species over all species examined.

Three ratios, together, separated all extant species, and were compared in the fossil specimens: L/C, D/C, and J/K. These ratios in part describe the shapes of cells 2R1 and 2M.

Specimens were grouped for a given ratio-character if they did not differ by more than three times the coefficient of variation for that ratio times their mean value, and were considered to have a species-level difference for that character if the difference between their values was greater than that amount. All those specimens were included in the same species that are within three standard deviations of any member of the species group, i.e., two may differ by more, but a third that is intermediate and differs from neither by more than three the set amount bound those two together.

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Page 4: Archibald online material

Online Figure 1: Forewing of Pterocormus centrator with characters of Ichneumonidae mentioned in the text. (A), (B) measurements taken. (C) cells Ar (areolet), 2M, and 2R1 in italics; veins M+Cu, Cu and A; crossveins cu-a and 2m-cu. (D) veins and crossveins surrounding the areolet; circled numbers, see text. (A)–(C) to scale, 5 mm; (D) to scale, 1 mm.

Online Table 1 WING CHARACTER DATA USED FOR ICHNEUMONID SPECIES DEFINITIONS

4

Page 5: Archibald online material

C

har.

C

har.

C

har.

L

/C

D

/C

J/

K

num

ber

Gro

up S

peci

es

1 2

3 G

roup

L

/C

min

m

ax

Gro

up

D/C

m

in

max

G

roup

J/

K

min

m

ax

2107

A

sp

. 1

A

? ?

AA

1 0.

82

0.77

0.

87

AA

1 0.

44

0.34

0.

54

AA

1 2.

13

1.72

2.

54

1927

A

sp

. 1

A

? ?

AA

1 0.

82

0.76

0.

87

AA

1 0.

53

0.4

0.66

A

A1

2.77

2.

24

3.31

66

8 A

sp

. 1

A

A

A

AA

1 0.

8 0.

75

0.85

A

A1

0.6

0.46

0.

74

AA

1 2.

57

2.08

3.

07

2433

A

sp

. 2

A

A

A

AA

2 0.

89

0.83

0.

95

AA

1 0.

57

0.44

0.

71

AA

1 2.

8 2.

26

3.34

28

20

A

sp. 3

A

A

B

A

A3

0.97

0.

91

1.03

A

A1

0.45

0.

34

0.55

A

A2

3.69

2.

98

4.4

2023

A

sp

. 4

A

B

B

AA

3 1.

03

0.96

1.

1 A

A1

0.42

0.

32

0.52

A

A3

4.54

3.

67

5.42

14

6 A

sp

. 5

B

A

A

AB

1 0.

85

0.79

0.

9 A

B1

0.45

0.

34

0.55

A

B1

2.73

2.

2 3.

25

2200

A

sp

. 6

B

A

A

AB

2 0.

92

0.86

0.

99

AB

1 0.

62

0.48

0.

77

AB

1 2.

26

1.82

2.

69

2848

A

sp

. 7

B

A

A

AB

3 0.

98

0.91

1.

04

AB

1 0.

55

0.42

0.

68

AB

2 4.

04

3.26

4.

82

2416

B

sp

. 1

A

? ?

B1

0.95

0.

89

1.02

B

1 0.

57

0.43

0.

7 B

1 2.

65

2.14

3.

16

2859

B

sp

. 2

A

A

A

? ?

? ?

B2

3.9

378

B

sp. 3

B

B

B

B

2 0.

86

0.81

0.

92

B1

0.62

0.

47

0.77

B

1 2.

29

1.85

2.

73

684

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.79

0.

74

0.84

C

AA

A1

0.67

0.

51

0.83

C

AA

A1

2.31

1.

87

2.76

56

3 C

sp

. 1

A

A

A

CA

AA

1 0.

85

0.79

0.

91

CA

AA

1 0.

57

0.43

0.

7 C

AA

A1

2.65

2.

14

3.16

21

55

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.83

0.

78

0.89

C

AA

A1

0.54

0.

41

0.67

C

AA

A1

2.65

2.

14

3.16

27

83

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.8

0.75

0.

86

CA

AA

1 0.

54

0.41

0.

67

CA

AA

1 2.

67

2.15

3.

18

2106

C

sp

. 1

A

A

A

CA

AA

1 0.

8 0.

75

0.85

C

AA

A1

0.54

0.

41

0.67

C

AA

A1

2.6

2.1

3.11

30

04

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.82

0.

76

0.87

C

AA

A1

0.51

0.

39

0.63

C

AA

A1

2.24

1.

81

2.68

25

58

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.83

0.

78

0.89

C

AA

A1

0.57

0.

43

0.7

CA

AA

1 2.

46

1.99

2.

93

2097

C

sp

. 1

A

A

A

CA

AA

1 0.

86

0.8

0.91

C

AA

A1

0.51

0.

39

0.63

C

AA

A1

2.63

2.

12

3.14

21

56

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.86

0.

8 0.

92

CA

AA

1 0.

45

0.35

0.

56

CA

AA

1 3.

22

2.6

3.84

11

39

C

sp. 1

A

A

A

C

AA

A1

0.9

0.84

0.

96

CA

AA

1 0.

58

0.44

0.

71

CA

AA

1 2.

73

2.2

3.25

22

58

C

sp. 1

?

A

A

CA

AA

1 0.

77

0.72

0.

82

CA

AA

1 0.

54

0.41

0.

67

CA

AA

1 2.

3 1.

85

2.74

22

14

C

sp. 2

A

A

B

C

AA

B1

0.93

0.

87

0.99

C

AA

B1

0.47

0.

36

0.58

C

AA

B1

2.4

1.94

2.

86

138

C

sp. 3

A

A

B

C

AA

B2

0.98

0.

92

1.05

C

AA

B1

0.48

0.

37

0.6

CA

AB

2 3

2.42

3.

58

110

C

sp. 4

A

B

B

C

AB

B1

0.8

0.74

0.

85

CA

BB

1 0.

52

0.39

0.

64

? ?

2263

C

sp

. 5

A

B

B

CA

BB

2 0.

94

0.88

1

CA

BB

1 0.

48

0.37

0.

6 C

AB

B1

2.55

2.

06

3.04

39

4 C

sp

. 6

B

A

A

CB

AA

1 0.

84

0.79

0.

9 C

BA

A1

0.44

0.

33

0.54

C

BA

A1

2.75

2.

22

3.28

24

44

C

sp. 7

B

A

A

C

BA

A1

0.85

0.

79

0.91

C

BA

A1

0.48

0.

37

0.59

C

BA

A2

2.18

1.

76

2.6

638

C

sp. 8

B

A

B

C

BA

B1

0.87

0.

81

0.93

C

BA

B1

0.46

0.

35

0.57

C

BA

B1

3 2.

42

3.58

5

Page 6: Archibald online material

2839

C

sp

. 9

B

A

B

CB

AB

1 0.

87

0.81

0.

92

CB

AB

1 0.

5 0.

38

0.62

C

BA

B2

3.47

2.

8 4.

14

2953

C

sp

. 9

B

A

B

? ?

? ?

CB

AB

2 3.

06

2.47

3.

66

3001

C

sp

. 10

B

B

A

0.

91

0.85

0.

97

0.

6 0.

46

0.74

2.46

1.

99

2.94

76

7 D

sp

. 1

A

A

B

DA

AB

1 0.

82

0.76

0.

87

DA

AB

1 0.

52

0.4

0.65

D

AA

B1

2.56

2.

07

3.05

20

96

D

sp. 1

A

A

B

D

AA

B1

0.82

0.

76

0.87

D

AA

B1

0.48

0.

37

0.6

DA

AB

1 2.

74

2.21

3.

27

412

D

sp. 2

A

A

B

D

AA

B2

0.91

0.

85

0.97

D

AA

B1

0.55

0.

42

0.67

D

AA

B1

2.96

2.

39

3.53

19

88

D

sp. 3

B

A

A

D

BA

A1

0.87

0.

81

0.93

D

BA

A1

0.42

0.

32

0.52

D

BA

A1

2.29

1.

85

2.73

27

10

D

sp. 4

B

A

A

? D

BA

A1

0.82

0.

76

0.87

D

BA

A1

0.48

0.

36

0.59

D

BA

A1

2.3

1.85

2.

74

2110

D

sp

. 5

B

A

A

DB

AA

1 0.

81

0.75

0.

86

DB

AA

2 0.

62

0.47

0.

76

DB

AA

1 2.

42

1.96

2.

89

349

D

sp. 6

B

A

A

D

BA

A1

0.87

0.

82

0.93

D

BA

A1

0.44

0.

34

0.55

D

BA

A2

3.03

2.

45

3.61

24

17

D

sp. 7

B

A

B

D

BA

B1

0.95

0.

89

1.02

D

BA

B1

0.45

0.

35

0.56

?

?

2499

E

sp. 1

A

B

B

1 0.

93

1.07

0.44

0.

34

0.55

3.39

2.

74

4.05

14

0 E

sp. 2

B

B

B

1.06

0.

99

1.13

0.58

0.

44

0.72

?

60

5 F

sp. 1

A

A

A

0.76

0.

71

0.81

0.56

0.

42

0.69

?

29

75

F sp

. 2

A

A

B

FAA

B1

0.98

0.

92

1.05

FA

AB

1 0.

46

0.35

0.

57

FAA

B1

3.1

2.5

3.69

21

09

F sp

. 3

A

A

B

FAA

B2

0.85

0.

8 0.

91

FAA

B1

0.56

0.

43

0.7

FAA

B2

2.12

1.

71

2.53

24

28

F sp

. 4

B

A

A

0.

84

0.78

0.

89

0.

52

0.39

0.

64

2.

31

1.86

2.

75

2551

F

sp. 5

?

B

B

? ?

? ?

?

6

Page 7: Archibald online material

Analysis of Plecia Specimens

March flies, species of the genus Plecia (Diptera: Bibionidae: Pleciinae), are the most common insects at most Okanagan Highlands localities, and comprise about a quarter of this fossil assemblage. Handlirsch (1910) defined twenty species in the British Columbia Eocene, a number Cockerell (1925: p. 12) called “scandalous”. Rice (1959) revised these, added another two species, and placed two in Penthetria, the sister taxon to Plecia, which has very similar wings.

Unfortunately, none of these authors provided diagnoses for these species, as was the custom then. Intraspecific variation in wing morphology as illustrated by Rice appears larger than differences between many species pairs. Although they are common fossils, no species determinations for Okanagan Highlands Plecia (or Penthetria) specimens have been subsequently published. Wilson (1977: p. 1146) noted that assignment of these bibionid specimens to species is “extremely difficult”, and suggested that further revision of the Okanagan Highlands Bibionidae is necessary.

The approach taken here was similar to that taken for the Ichneumonidae. Twenty-three characters were measured on each wing (A-W, online fig. 2) of 129 well-preserved specimens out of 335 total. To control for size differences in intra-specific variation and sexual dimorphism, only ratios of these were used, yielding 23*22/2 = 253 possible distinct ratios. Unfortunately, many fossil specimens are incomplete in some portion, precluding some measurements.

To establish intra- and inter-specific variation in these ratios to compare among the fossils, 53 specimens of 5 extant species of Plecia were examined and measured (males and females): P. nearctica (n = 20), P. americana (n = 4), P. ephippium (n = 8), P. plagiata (n = 13), and P. collaris (n = 8); and 18 further specimens of the pleciine Penthetria heteroptera.

To establish if there was sexual dimorphism in the ratios themselves, which would hinder their use in species identification, the sum of squares of a ratio about its mean was partitioned into the between sex and within sex components, as in an analysis of variance. A ratio was rejected if the between sex component was more than 20% of the total.

Of the 253 possible measurement ratios, only 69 were sufficiently non-dimorphic to appear useful. Of these 69, many were highly correlated; hence, using all of them added nothing to our discrimination that a much smaller subset could achieve. A set of ratios were identified, which were not sexually dimorphic, which were not significantly correlated, which had a relatively small variance within an extant species, yet which had a much larger variance over the fossil specimens. They are: A/W, E/U, C/P, K/M, B/J, N/Q, T/W, R/U, I/O, Q/V, and A/F.

These ratios are highly diagnostic for the modern species. Linear Discriminant analysis using them split individual pairs of the 5 extant species perfectly, with Mahalonobis D2 values all in excess of 18. This is not helpful with regards to the fossils specimens, as the goal is not to assign them to modern species. It does suggest, however, that the ratios could be useful, with the caveat that only a subset are available in many due to partial preservation. No small subset of these ten ratios (two or three) reliably separates all of the extant species.

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Page 8: Archibald online material

A Principal Components Analysis was done on the ten ratios over the extant species sample. The first two principal components explained about 90% of the total variance over the extant species. Unfortunately, projecting the data matrix for the extant species on these two main components did not separate the species.

Returning to the full set of 69 non-dimorphic ratios, variance of individual ratios between species was examined. Between each pair of extant species, with one notable exception, there was no overlap in ratio values for at least five of the ratios and at least one ratio in which the mean difference between the species was at least 0.33 times the average mean over the two species. This compares to the within species coefficient of variation, in which the standard deviation in any ratio was never more than about 17% of the mean, usually less than 10%. The exception to this result is the comparison of P. nearctica and P. collaris, which had overlap in all 69 of the non-dimorphic ratios. Despite this one failure, it seemed that a possible rule for grouping specimens into species was to pair specimens that did not differ in any one ratio by more than 30% of the mean value for that ratio in the two species. When this rule is applied to the aggregate 56 specimens of the five extant species, only 32/56 = .57% were assigned to their known species group correctly. A major error was assigning five of the P. collaris to the P. nearctica group. The number of specimens assigned to a single specimen group was 18/56, yielding a total of 22 “species” groups instead of the known 5 species. This increased the logarithmic Shannon species diversity index from 1.49 to 2.17, an error that seems intolerable. This amounts to an increase in the number of “effective” species taking relative abundance into consideration from 4.44 to 8.76. When this rule was applied to the fossil Plecia specimens 128 of the unknown specimens were assigned to 1 species and 1 specimen to a second species.

A rather arbitrary examination was done on the effect of reducing the difference required in any one ratio for separating a pair of specimens into two species, while adding a requirement that the average difference between the specimens over all of the ratios for which they have data in common. When two specimens were considered conspecific that do not differ by more than 34% of the mean of any one ratio, but split when the average relative difference (difference divided by the mean for the two specimens) over all ratios in common, the Shannon’s species diversity index was 1.49, exactly the known value. However, about 40% of the specimens were categorized incorrectly as to known species. Applying this mixed rule to the fossil specimens changed nothing. The result was two species with nearly all of the specimens in one species. Of course, this could be the correct categorization of the fossils, but the method for achieving it is very ad hoc, and cannot be accepted.

By the inability to obtain reliable species determinations for these fossil Plecia on the basis of these wing measurements, they were excluded.

8

Page 9: Archibald online material

Online Figure 2: Plecia nearctica wing, female. (A) habitus, (B) measurements taken on Plecia and Penthetria specimens; both to scale, 2 mm.

9

Page 10: Archibald online material

Comparison of Climatic Estimation Methods Online Table 2

COMPARISONS OF WEATHER STATION DATA AND PALEOCLIMATE EVALUATION METHODS. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– site N LMP MAT(obs) MAT(LMA) error N MAT(NLR) error LS 40 75% 25.8 21.6 2.0 28 20.7 ±3.3 HF 27 16.7% 7.2 7.3 1.8 33 9.1 ±3.6 Mc 21 29.2% – 10.7 2.5 34 13.5 ±2.5

site N CMMT(obs) CMMT(NLR) error LS 28 24.7 16.7 ±4.7 HF 33 -7.4 -1.4 ±9.1 Mc 35 – 5.8 ±2.0

site N MAP(obs) MAP(NLR) error LS 29 396 126 ±34 HF 33 107 111 ±45 Mc 35 – 108 ±36 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– NOTE. —Abbreviations: mean annual temperature (MAT), coldest month mean temperature (CMMT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), observed weather station data (obs) and nearest living relative (NLR) and leaf margin analysis (LMA). Data from La Selva (LS), Costa Rica; Harvard Forest (HF), Massachusetts, USA; Eocene McAbee (Mc), British Columbia, Canada. N is the number of leaves (LMA) or taxa (NLR) used; LMP is the percent entire margined (non-toothed) woody dicot leaves. MAT and CMMT in °C and MAP in cm/year.

For comparative value, the paleoclimatic estimation methods employed to evaluate

McAbee climate (LMA and NLR) were done for Harvard Forest and La Selva, and results were compared with observed on-site weather station data. Harvard Forest LMA was calculated based on LMP data from Royer et al. (Royer et al. 2005), and La Selva on a new leaf collection. NLR was based on Harvard Forest online taxon lists (Harvard Forest 2006), and La Selva on determinations of the leaf collection by Orlando Vargas and Jose Gonzalez.

The LMA MAT for Harvard Forest, Massachusetts was accurate, with the mean value within 0.4º C of the observed weather station value. The mean value of the NLR estimate of MAT for Harvard Forest was about two degrees high, but with error values accurately reflected observed MAT. CMMT (NLR only) gave the Harvard Forest observed value, but only within the large error values. At La Selva, however, CMMT was underestimated, slightly inflating its prediction of seasonality there. MAP by NLR (only) gave a quite accurate prediction of the observed annual precipitation at Harvard Forest, but was less successful at La Selva, where it was underestimated by more than a third. CMMT and MAP are difficult to estimate using either proxy, with large errors and under-estimation a common outcome when calibrated using modern sites. The lower than

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observed MAT and CMMT NLR estimates for La Selva are due in part to the inclusion in the calculation of genera of Lauraceae and some other taxa (e.g., Aquifoliaceae, Clethraceae, and Symplocaceae) that are typical of higher elevation forests. The presence of tree taxa in the La Selva forests that are typical of cooler upland forests is thought to be due to the ever-wet and cloudy character of the climate (Gentry 1990; Hammel 1990). The inconsistencies reported here between observed and estimated MAP are similar to those reported in other studies, and may reflect many plant taxa responding to precipitation as a threshold or stepped response, rather than as a linear response (Greenwood 2001; Burnham et al. 2005).

Online Table 3

GENERAL COMPOSITIONS OF MCABEE, LA SELVA, AND HARVARD FOREST SAMPLES

Taxon total total to spp __spp._________ McAbee Sample

Fossil insects 1417 – – Identifiable to order 1286 390 279 Diptera 487 45 38 Nematocera 463 27 23 Mycetophilidae 28 11 10 Tipulomorpha 40 14 11 Bibionidae (Plecia) 335 – – Trichoseridae? 2 2 2 incertae sedis 58 – – Brachycera 20 14 12 Syrphidae 8 7 6 incertae sedis 12 7 6 incertae sedis 4 4 3 Hemiptera 403 128 74

Auchenorrhyncha 306 90 55 Heteroptera 91 35 16 Sternorrhyncha 6 3 3

Hymenoptera 194 99 83 Symphyta 34 27 25 Siricidae 1 1 1 Cimbicidae 6 5 4 Tenthredinidae 26 21 20 Apocrita 160 72 58 Diapriidae 1 1 1 Proctotrupidae 2 2 2 Proctotrupoidea in. sed. 1 1 1 Ichneumonidae 86 48 34 Braconidae 6 2 2 Figitidae 2 1 1 Chrysidoidea in. sed. 1 1 1

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Vespidae 2 2 2 Formicidae 13 6 6 Sphecidae (s.l.) 3 3 3 Apocrita in. sed. 44 5 5 Coleoptera 86 54 49 Mecoptera 23 19 8 Bittacidae 6 5 4 Dinopanorpidae 7 6 2 Unnamed fam. 7 7 1 Panorpidae 1 1 1 incertae sedis 2 – – Trichoptera 21 18 7 Blattodea 19 – – Neuroptera 17 15 11 Osmylidae 5 4 3 Hemerobiidae 3 3 3 Chrysopidae 8 7 4 incertae sedis 1 1 1 Ephemeroptera 14 – – Orthoptera 10 6 5 Ensifera 5 4 3 Prophalangopsidae 3 2 2

Tettigoniidae 2 2 1 Caelifera 3 2 2

incerate sedis 3 2 2 incerate sedis 2 – – Isoptera 6 3 1 Hodotermitidae 3 3 1 incerate sedis 3 – – Dermaptera 3 – – Odonata 3 3 3 Zygoptera 2 2 2 Megapodagrionidae 1 1 1 incertae sedis 1 1 1 Anisoptera 1 1 1 Aeshnidae 1 1 1

La Selva Sample Total 3717 1110 Diptera 981 245

Nematocera 253 72 Brachycera 728 173 Hemiptera 705 176 Sternorrhyncha 6 3 Auchenorrhyncha 618 136

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Heteroptera 81 37 Hymenoptera 1203 320 Symphyta 18 5 Apocrtia 1185 315 Coleoptera 751 328 Trichoptera 3 3 Blattodea 1 1 Neuroptera 3 2 Ephemeroptera 1 1 Psocoptera 15 7 Orthoptera 48 23 Caelifera 23 10 Ensifera 25 13 Isoptera 1 1 Mantodea 4 2 Dermaptera 1 1

Harvard Forest Sample

Total 1938 660 Diptera 771 178 Nematocera 257 49 Brachycera 514 129 Hemiptera 76 28 Sternorrhyncha 5 2 Auchenorrhyncha 67 22 Heteroptera 4 4 Hymenoptera 745 373 Symphyta 31 8 Apocrtia 714 365 Coleoptera 262 54 Trichoptera 41 12 Blattodea 1 1 Neuroptera 5 2 Psocoptera 6 4 Orthoptera 17 1 Caelifera 17 1 Odonata 14 7 Note: —For details of sample compositions, see online Table 4. See Archibald (2007) for photographs and / or drawings of all McAbee specimens.

Online literature cited Archibald, S. B. 2007. Climate and species diversity: The Eocene Okanagan Highlands

insect view, vol. 1. PhD thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Burnham, R. J., B. Ellis and K. R. Johnson. 2005. Modern tropical forest taphonomy:

does high biodiversity affect paleoclimatic interpretations? Palaios 20:439–451.

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Cockerell, T. D. A. 1925. Tertiary insects from Kudia River, Maritime province, Siberia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 68(2606), article 5.

Gentry, A. H. 1990. Floristic similarities and differences between Southern Central America and Upper and Central Amazonia. Pp. 141–160 in A. H. Gentry, ed. Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Greenwood, D. R. 2001. Climate - wood and leaves. Pp. 480–483 in D. E. G. Briggs and P. R. Crowther, eds. Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Scientific, London.

Hammel, B. 1990. The distribution of diversity among families, genera and habitat types in the La Selva flora. Pp. 75–84 in A. H. Gentry, ed. Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Handlirsch, A. 1910. Canadian Fossil Insects. Contributions to Canadian paleontology Vol. II, Part III. Memoir 12-P, Geological Survey Branch, Canada Department of Mines, Ottawa, Ontario.

Rice, H. M. A. 1959. Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 55.

Royer, D. L., P. Wilf, D. A. Janesko, E. A. Kowalski and D. L. Dilcher. 2005. Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record. American Journal of Botany 92:1141–1151.

Wilson, M. V. H. 1977. New records of insect families from the freshwater middle Eocene of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 14:1139–1155.

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Onl

ine

Tabl

e 4

Sam

ple

Com

posi

tions

McA

bee

Sam

ple

Col

eopt

era

num

ber

Supe

rfam

ilyFa

mily

Gro

upSp

ecie

sQ

uant

.28

29in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 1

216

6in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 1

164

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Asp

. 22

2266

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Asp

. 220

25in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 3

112

51in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 4

120

20in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 5

124

56in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sA

sp. 6

113

0in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sB

sp. 1

112

46in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sB

sp. 2

117

46C

hrys

omel

oide

aCer

amby

cida

eC

sp. 1

198

2Te

nebr

iono

idea

Mor

delli

dae

Dsp

. 11

2400

Ela

tero

idea

cf.C

anth

arid

ae

Esp

. 11

2076

Sca

raba

eoid

eaP

assa

lidae

Fsp

. 11

2707

Ela

tero

idea

cf. E

late

ridae

Gsp

. 11

181

Ela

tero

idea

cf. E

late

ridae

Gsp

. 21

2963

Ela

tero

idea

cf. E

late

ridae

Gsp

. 31

2235

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 11

2280

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 21

249

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 31

600

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 41

1150

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 51

332

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 61

1902

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 71

77in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 8

129

57in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 9

1

15

Page 16: Archibald online material

2650

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 10

1N

Nin

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 1

11

562

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 12

178

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 13

115

13in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 1

41

2230

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 15

161

5in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 1

61

2446

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 17

125

39in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 1

81

2719

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 19

126

53in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 2

01

405

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 21

121

91in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 2

21

2652

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 23

115

16in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 2

41

1327

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Hsp

. 25

127

5in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sH

sp. 2

61

100

ince

rtae

sedi

sin

certa

e se

dis

Isp

. 11

83in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sI

sp. 2

117

87in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sI

sp. 3

123

83in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sI

sp. 4

134

7in

certa

e se

dis

ince

rtae

sedi

sI

sp. 5

155

2C

uped

oide

aC

uped

idae

Jsp

. 11

418

Chr

ysom

eloi

deaC

hrys

omel

idae

Ksp

. 12

637

Chr

ysom

eloi

deaC

hrys

omel

idae

Ksp

. 159

6C

urcu

liono

idea

Cur

culio

nida

eL

sp. 1

1

16

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La S

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Sam

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Col

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Trap

Supe

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Spec

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T1M

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W2

T2W

2T3W

2T4

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T5W

2T6

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HTW

2A

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tota

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arab

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aC

arab

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sp.1

11

Car

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dea

Car

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aesp

.21

1C

arab

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aC

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sp.3

11

2C

arab

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aC

arab

idae

sp.4

11

Car

aboi

dea

Cic

inde

lidae

sp. 1

11

13

Car

aboi

dea

Cic

inde

lidae

sp. 2

33

Car

aboi

dea

Dyt

isci

dae

sp. 1

66

Car

aboi

dea

Dyt

isci

dae

sp. 2

11

Hyd

roph

iloid

eaH

ydro

phili

dae

sp. 1

11

22

6S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

11

11

4S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 2

22

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 31

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 4

31

4S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 5

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 61

12

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 71

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 8

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 91

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

01

11

3S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

11

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

21

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

31

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

41

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

51

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

61

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 1

71

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

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sp. 1

81

12

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 19

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 20

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 21

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 22

11

17

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Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 23

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 24

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 25

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 26

11

Sta

phyl

inoi

dea

Sta

phyl

inid

aesp

. 27

11

2S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 2

81

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 2

91

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

01

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

11

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

21

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

33

3S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

41

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

51

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

61

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

taph

ylin

idae

sp. 3

71

1S

taph

ylin

oide

aS

caph

idiid

aesp

. 11

1S

cara

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Sca

raba

eida

esp

. 11

1S

cara

baeo

idea

Sca

raba

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esp

. 21

1S

cara

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Cer

atoc

anth

idaes

p. 1

12

3S

cara

baeo

idea

Cer

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p. 2

11

Bup

rest

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12

Bup

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1B

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sp. 3

11

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sp. 5

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Ela

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Page 22: Archibald online material

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22

Page 23: Archibald online material

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Page 25: Archibald online material

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Page 26: Archibald online material

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Page 35: Archibald online material

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Page 37: Archibald online material

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Page 38: Archibald online material

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Page 39: Archibald online material

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Page 40: Archibald online material

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Sym

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128

28S

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. 14

128

31S

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aeN

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inae

sp. 1

51

1966

Sym

phyt

aTe

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Nem

atin

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. 16

125

59S

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sp. 1

71

108

Sym

phyt

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120

00S

ymph

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dis

sp. 1

91

2374

Sym

phyt

aTe

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rtae

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119

75S

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111

39S

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124

18S

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Cor

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153

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. 42

2990

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40

Page 41: Archibald online material

2107

Apo

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2820

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. 41

146

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2848

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124

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2859

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137

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684

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97A

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56A

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14A

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Csp

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138

Apo

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111

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Csp

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2263

Apo

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139

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Csp

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2444

Apo

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163

8A

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Csp

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2839

Apo

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229

53A

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176

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2096

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412

Apo

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1

41

Page 42: Archibald online material

1988

Apo

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127

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2417

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140

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2975

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2428

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141

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376

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42

Page 43: Archibald online material

La S

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43

Page 44: Archibald online material

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44

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46

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47

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49

Page 50: Archibald online material

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50

Page 51: Archibald online material

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Page 52: Archibald online material

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2323

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inae

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inae

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01

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inae

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Rog

adin

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61

Page 62: Archibald online material

Apo

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ogon

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62

Page 63: Archibald online material

Apo

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tinae

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post

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sp. 1

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lictu

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63

Page 64: Archibald online material

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Page 65: Archibald online material

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65

Page 66: Archibald online material

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66

Page 67: Archibald online material

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Libe

llulid

aesp

. 10

11

86