Archaeological Report - Stagpark 3, Co. Cork (Ireland)

Issue 10 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

04E1119 - Stagpark 3, Co. Cork

Two Fulachta fiadh

Eachtra Journal

The Forge,Innishannon, Co. Cork.Tel.: 021 470 16 16Fax: 021 470 16 28E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Contact details:

July 2006

Client:

Final Excavcation Report of two Fulachta fiadh at Stagpark, N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road,Co. Cork

Cork County Council,National Roads Office,Richmond,Glanmire,Co. Cork

04E1119

Bruce Sutton

Licence No.:

Licensee:

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Stagpark 3, Co. Cork - N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road04E1119 ISSUE 10: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

Table of Contents

i Project details .................................................................................................... iv

ii Non-Technical Summary ....................................................................................v

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1

1.1 Site location ..................................................................................................1

1.2 Scope of the Project ......................................................................................1

1.3 Circumstances of discovery ..........................................................................1

1.4 Date and duration of excavation works .........................................................1

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation team ................................................2

2 Receiving Environment ......................................................................................2

2.1 The Natural Landscape ................................................................................2

2.2 The Human Landscape ................................................................................3

3 Research Framework ...........................................................................................7

4 Interim Findings .................................................................................................7

4.1 Excavation Methodology ..............................................................................7

4.2 Full Stratigraphic Report ..............................................................................7

4.3 Radiocarbon results .....................................................................................10

4.4 Plant remains report ....................................................................................11

5 Discussion and Interpretation ............................................................................ 11

6 Assessment of archaeological and significance .................................................... 11

7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 11

8 Bibliography ......................................................................................................12

9 Figures ...............................................................................................................14

10 Plates .................................................................................................................24

11 Appendices ........................................................................................................27

11.1 Appendix 1: Matrices ..................................................................................27

11.2 Appendix 2: Context Register .....................................................................30

11.3 Appendix 3: Context Register .....................................................................47

11.4 Appendix 4: Charred plant remains from Stagpark 3, Co. Cork (04E1119) 47

11.5 Appendix 5: Summary account of site archive .............................................48

11.6 Appendix 6: Dissemination Strategy ............................................................49

11.7 Appendix 7: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries .................................49

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List of FiguresFigure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. ...........................14

Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. .. ..............................................................................................................................................15

Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road. ..................................................................................................................16

Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites. .......17

Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of 04E1119. ...................18

Figure 6: Plan of extent of fulachta fiadh C.3 and C.4. ........................................................................19

Figure 7: Plan of extent of mound C.4. ............................................................................................... 20

Figure 8: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough C.45 and pits C.8 and C.17. ..............................21

Figure 9: Plan of extent of mound C.3. ................................................................................................22

Figure 10: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough C.88 and pit C.80. ..........................................23

List of PlatesPlate 1: View of trough C.45 and pit C.8 and C.17 from north. ........................................................... 24

Plate 2: View of stakeholes on northern side of pit C.17 from west. ...................................................... 24

Plate 3: View of trough C.45 from east. ................................................................................................25

Plate 4: View of area of mound C.3 post-excavation from south-west. ..................................................25

Plate 5: View of section of trough C.88 from east. ................................................................................26

Plate 6: View of pit C.80 and stakeholes C.118-C.122 from southeast. .................................................26

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Project details

Project N8 Mitchelstown Relief RoadSite Name Stagpark 3Site Type Fulachta FiadhLicence No. 04E1119Ministerial Order No. A012/001Licensee Bruce Sutton

Townland StagparkNat. Grid Ref. 180275 111397

Report Type Excavation ReportReport Status Final Report

Date of Submission July 2006Distribution Ken Hanley, Project Archaeologist Cork County Council, Dept. of the En-vironment, Heritage and Local Government, National Museum of Ireland and Cork Archaeological Survey Office.

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Non-Technical SummaryThis report details the results of an archaeological excavation undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects of a site on the route of the proposed N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road, on behalf of Cork County Council. The proposed bypass involves the construction of 4.5km of the N8 from Cloonlough, south of Mitchelstown, to the junction of the R513 and the N8, north of Mitchelstown.

Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing.

Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.

One of these sites, Stagpark 3 is the subject of this report. It was identified in the testing in the town-land of Stagpark, at chainage 800 of the proposed road scheme and excavated under Licence Number 04E1119 and Ministerial Order Number A012/001. The site comprised two fulachta fiadh.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Site locationThis report details the results of the archaeological excavation of a site on N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road (MRR), County Cork (National Grid Co-ordinates 180275 111397). The site is located c.1 km to the southwest of Mitchelstown and less than 1km east of the N8 (Figure 1). It is located in the townland of Stagpark, the Parish of Brigown and barony of Condons and Clangibbon.

1.2 Scope of the ProjectThis Archaeological Services Project was carried out on behalf of Cork County Council, National Roads Design Office, Richmond, Glanmire, Co. Cork. This project was funded by the Irish Govern-ment under the National Development Plan, 2000-2006. The purpose of the Project was to conduct Archaeological Site Investigations within the lands made available for the scheme and to assess the nature and extent of any new or potential archaeological sites uncovered. Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing. Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.Following completion of fieldwork a dissemination strategy was undertaken and submitted to the project archaeologist. A programme of post-excavation analysis was agreed and commenced. A lecture on the preliminary findings was given to Mitchelstown Historical Society in May 2005 by the project and senior archaeologists. It is envisaged that a second lecture will be given to Mitchelstown Historical Society during their autumn/winter programme 2006-07.

1.3 Circumstances of discoveryPrehistoric archaeological material was discovered at Mitchelstown 2 during archaeological test trench-ing undertaken in June 2004 under licence 04E0890. Topsoil in the vicinity of the sites was subse-quently stripped by tracked machine using a flat bucket under the direction of the licensed director. When the limits of the site had been determined, full excavation of the site commenced under license 04E1119.

1.4 Date and duration of excavation worksThe excavation commenced on 13th September 2004 under licence 04E1119. The work was suspended



on October 14th 2004 as it was necessary to apply for a Ministerial Order under the National Monu-ments Amendment Act 2004. The Ministerial Order, A012/000, was granted in November 2004 and excavation recommenced on 29th November 2004 and finished on 8th December 2004 under licence 04E1119 and Ministerial Order A012/001.

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation teamThe archaeological excavation team consisted of the licence holder, one supervisor, three site assistants and one general operative.

2 Receiving Environment

2.1 The Natural Landscape

2.1.1 Geology

The topography of East Cork and Waterford consists of east-west orientated valleys separated by in-tervening ridges. The ridges consist of sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Period (Old Red Sandstone) laid down 355-410 million years ago and the valleys of Carboniferous limestones laid down 290-355 million years ago. The sediments covering many of the rocks are mainly of glacial origin deposited by glacial ice or meltwater (Sleeman et al. 1995, 1). Major earth movements have resulted in the uplifting and folding of the rock units. Anticlines occur when local uplift results in a convex upward fold. Synclines occur when local uplift results in a concave upward fold (ibid. 3). The Mitchelstown Syncline is composed of a variety of Carboniferous Formations. Three of these for-mations are located in the area of the route of the N8 MRR. The Croane Formation is composed of a mixture of mudstones and cherts and is estimated to be about 300m thick (ibid. 31). The Rathronan Formation is composed of micrites, wackestones and cherts (ibid. 32). The O’Mahony’s Rock Forma-tion consists of micrites, packstones, wackestones and grainstones and is estimated to be about 100m thick. The type area is between Mitchelstown Castle and Killee House to the west (ibid.).

2.1.2 Soils and their uses

The soils to the north of the Gradoge River to the west of Mitchelstown are characterised by a mix of acid brown earths, gleys and grey brown podzolics, which are derived from mixed sandstone and limestone glacial till while the underlying rock is Carboniferous limestone. The acid brown earths and gleys occur in the gently rolling valleys of Cork and Waterford mainly at altitudes of 0-75m (Gardiner 1980, 61). The soils have a wide use range and are suitable for tillage and grass production. The soils to the south of the Gradoge River are characterized by a mix of gleys and peaty gleys which are derived from glacial till of mixed sandstone-shale composition with a small admixture of limestone in places. They occur mostly at altitudes of 76m to 152m. The soils have a limited use range as they are poorly drained even on good slopes. They are best suited to grassland (ibid. 77-79)

2.1.3 Topography

The route of the N8 Mitchelstown relief road (MRR) traverses the townlands of Cloonlough, Stag



Park and Mitchelstown on the western side of the town of Mitchelstown. The route extends from the N8 c. 1km south of Mitchelstown, crosses the N73 Mitchelstown/Mallow road, the Gradoge River Valley and traverses the ridge on the northern side of the river valley to the junction of the R513 Mitch-elstown/Ballylanders road and rejoins the N8. The northern half of the route traverses Mitchelstown Demesne, breaching the estate wall at the junction with the N73 and the R513. The southern half of the route climbs from c. 120m OD to 130m OD before descending to the banks of the Gradoge River, 80m OD and climbing northwards to the apex of the limestone ridge 110m OD.

The land is for the most part under pasture and is located at an altitude of between 80-130m OD. The landscape of the Mitchelstown area is dominated by the Galtee Mountains to the north, the Bal-lyhoura Mountains to the west and the Kilworth Mountains (the foothills of the Knockmealdown Mountains) to the south. The Gradoge River is a tributary of the Funshion River. It rises south of Mitchelstown on the southern slopes of the Kilworth Mountains and drains into the Funshion to the immediate west of the route of the N8 MRR. The River Funshion drains into the River Blackwater south of Kilworth.

The site of Stagpark 3 was located in low-lying pasture to the southeast and downslope of Stagpark 1 (04E1120) and 800m west of the N8.

2.2 The Human Landscape

2.2.1 Archaeological Background

There is a paucity of known archaeological sites within a 2 km radius of the route of the N8 MRR. Three prehistoric sites, fulachta fiadh (CO019-019, -020,-021) are recorded in Stagpark and Ballykear-ney between 100-500m of the route corridor. The site of Mitchelstown Castle (CO019-026), the as-sociated demesne and the historic town of Mitchelstown (CO019-149) are the principle medieval and post-medieval sites in the vicinity of the route corridor (Figures 2 and 3).

2.2.2 Mesolithic 7000 BC - 4000 BC

The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c. 7000 BC - 4000 BC). In Munster, the majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Mesolithic occupation has ‘come from the Blackwater valley in Co. Cork’ (Woodman 1989, 116). Flint scatters were recorded in the townlands of Ballynamona (CO018-099) and Wallstown (CO018-100) on the northern and southern sides of the Awbeg river respectively c. 15km to the west of the route of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 2).

2.2.3 Neolithic 4000 BC -2500 BC

The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the beginnings of the clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more sedentary in nature. Sub-stantial Neolithic settlement sites have been recorded at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick and Cloghers, Co. Kerry. The material culture includes the manufacture of pottery, flint and stone arrowheads, scrapers,



axes etc. The range of monuments types includes Megalithic tombs (court tombs, portal tombs, pas-sage tombs and wedge tombs), single burial graves and stone circles.There is a paucity of evidence for Neolithic settlement sites in the south-west of Ireland. Recent infrastructural development has increased the amount of Neolithic sites in County Cork. The nearest known Neolithic house was excavated on the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy in the townland of Gor-tore. The structure was dated to the Early Neolithic cal BC 3928-3655 (UB 6769). Further evidence of the Neolithic was recorded at Fermoy and Curraghprevin (NRA N8 Rathcormac Fermoy).

2.2.4 Bronze Age 2000 BC -500 BC

The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy, the mining of copper ores and manufacture of copper, bronze and gold items. The range of burial site types includes, cist graves, pit and urn burials, cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and standing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites are known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh; over 2,000 examples have been recorded in County Cork alone. These monuments survive as low mounds of charcoal rich black silt packed with heat-shattered stones and are generally situated close to a water source. In many cases, however, all that survives to the present day are black spreads with fragments of shattered stones visible in ploughed fields. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby stones were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food was cooked within the hot water. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed and formed the basis of the familiar mound. The absence of animal remains and the scarcity of associated hearths have fuelled the debate in relation to the func-tion of the sites. Other theories on their interpretation include bathing and dyeing textiles together with the production of hot water and steam for curative purposes and sweat houses (Kelly 1989, 225). Waddell (1998, 177) suggests the semi-industrial purpose of using the boiling water for dipping hides as part of the preparation of the leather, while Dunne (pers. comm.) suggests a relationship between burnt mounds and Bronze Age funerary rites and burial practices.

There are few wedge tombs or stone circles known from north or east Cork. Two of the exceptions are wedge tombs located at Labbacallee (CO027-086) and at Manning (CO027-091) both located c. 8 km south of the N8 MRR. Labbacallee is one of the largest wedge tombs in the country.

The cemetery of Mitchelstowndown West contains 53 small barrows. Four of this group were selected for excavation by the Discovery Programme (Daly et. al. 1992, 44). The site of the cemetery is located 16 km to the north of the N8 MRR.

Until recently Bronze Age settlement sites were a rarity in North Cork. A Bronze Age occupation site was recorded underlying the medieval ringfort Lisleagh I (CO027-158) c.3.5km to the south of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 210). A house site was excavated at Killydonoghoe on the route of the N8 Glanmire-Watergrasshill Bypass (NRA N8 Watergrasshill). A large Bronze Age settlement site consist-



ing of four enclosures and three circular houses was excavated in 2003 at Ballybrowney on the route of the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy (Cotter 2005, 38). A Middle Bronze Age settlement site was excavated in Mitchelstown (04E1072), a complex of Early and Late Bronze Age pits were excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) and three fulachta fiadh were excavated in Stagpark (04E1121 & 04E1119) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. In addition a rare and important hoard of Early Bronze Age pottery was excavated on the banks of the Gradoge River (04E1071).

2.2.5 Iron Age 500 BC – 400 AD

At present, there is little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in the Cork region. Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify (Woodman, 2000) while the material cul-ture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks, which are believed to have marked tribal boundaries, are one of the most visible monuments of the period. Three separate stretches of one such boundary, the Claidh Dubh, have been recorded in County Cork. The longest stretch, c. 24 km extends from the Nagle Mountains, across the Blackwater valley and into the Ballyhoura Hills. The Claidh Dubh crosses the N73 c. 12km west of the N8 MRR. Radiocarbon dating following excavation of a section of it revealed it dated to some time before 100AD (Doody 1995, 23).

Three of the five hillfort sites in Cork are located in North Cork (Power et al, 2000, 205). Caherdrinny is located at the western end of the Kilworth Mountains, c. 3 km to the south of the N8 MRR and Corrin is located at the eastern end of the Nagle Mountains c. 15 km to the south of the N8 MRR.

A complex of monuments in Conva townland (c. 15 km to the southwest of the N8 MRR) was identi-fied by aerial photography in the Blackwater Valley. Crop marks indicated three enclosures (CO034-7201, -7202, -7203) and a number of large pits (CO034-7204) possibly comprising a rectangular enclosure. The site was investigated in 1992 by Martin Doody of the Discovery Programme which involved geophysical prospection, topographic survey and trial excavation. Sections were dug through the three enclosures and through four of the large pits. Metal debris was discovered and radiocarbon dates indicated that the complex dated to the Iron Age/Early Medieval period.

A complex of pits, dating to the Iron Age, cal BC 346-45 (UB6719) was excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

2.2.6 Early Medieval 400 AD – 1000 AD

The Early Medieval Period/Early Christian Period is characterised by the arrival of Christianity to Ireland. Early ecclesiastical sites are located at Brigown (CO019-030) on the southeastern side of Mitchelstown and to the west of the N8 MRR at Aghacross (CO019-002), Leabba Molagga and Mar-shalstown. The monastery of Brigown founded in the 7th century gives its name to the modern parish (Power 1996, 3).



The characteristic monument type of the period was the ringfort. Ringforts are the most numerous archaeological monument found in Ireland, with estimates of between 30 and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6” maps of the 1840’s (Barry, 1987). As a result of continued research these monuments have a narrow date range during the Early Christian period between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. Although there are some very elaborate examples of ringforts they often take the form of a simple earth or stone enclosure and functioned as settlements for all classes of secular society (Stout, 1997). A major research excavation of two ringfort was undertaken at Lisleagh c. 3.5km to the south of the route of the N8 MRR. Structural, domestic and industrial evidence was recorded at both sites. A number of stake and wattle round houses, and iron working were recorded in Lisleagh I. Two phases of occupation were recorded at Lisleagh I. The Lisleagh I was constructed in the early seventh century and was occupied into the ninth century AD (Monk 1995, 105-116).

2.2.7 Medieval 1000 AD – 1300 AD & Late Medieval 1300 AD -1500 AD

The period is characterized by the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. Mitchelstown was formerly known as Brigown / Mitchelstown (CO019-149). It was listed as a market town in 1299 and was located on the southern bank of the Gradoge River, to the east of Mitchelstown Castle (Power, D. et al. 2000, 595). The town developed under the patronage of the House of Desmond. It passed into the hands of the Earls of Kingston in the 17th century (Power 1996, 23).Mitchelstown Castle was located on a limestone ridge on the southern bank of the Gradoge River. The first settlers, the Anglo-Norman FitzGibbons, held the title of White Knights. Their territory extended from Mitchelstown to Kilmallock (Power 2000, 1) and they built a tower house on the ridge. The White Knight lineage ended in the 17th century and the estate passed through marriage into the hands of the Fenton family (ibid. 3) and ultimately to the Kingstons. The earlier castle was destroyed in the wars of 1641.

A corn-drying kiln dating to the Later Medieval Period cal AD 1310-1434 (UB 6833) was excavated in Stagpark 2 (04E1121).

2.2.8 Post-Medieval 1500 AD – 1800 AD

In 1776 Lord Kingsborough, the 2nd earl of Kingston, created the new town of Mitchelstown. He demolished the old town between Kingston College and the Castle. Kingston College developed into a Georgian square. The new town was centred between the two parallel main streets of George Street and Cork Street. King Square and New Market Square became the focal points of the town (ibid.). St George’s Church, built in 1801, was located at the southern end of George Street and King Square at the northern end. New Market Square was located midway and on the western side of Cork Street. The new town was built on 138 acres.

Lord Kingsborough, the second earl of Kingston, built a new mansion on the site of the White Knights castle and a demesne around the mansion in the 18th century. A demesne wall was constructed around the parkland of some 1240 acres. The wall was ‘six-and-a-quarter-mile long…between eight and ten feet



in height’ (Power 1996, 24). All public roads that were located within the area of the demesne were closed and rerouted on the periphery of the wall. Entry to the demesne was gained through Mallow Gate also known as White Gate, Limerick Gate and the main entrance was at King Square. Extensive works were undertaken within the area of the demesne which resulted in ‘a quadrangle of buildings, a garden of five English acres surrounded by a wall, large conservatories and lavishly arranged gardens became part of the scene. Two artificial lakes were developed beneath the rockface on which the castle stood ’ (ibid., 24). Several hundred acres of woodland comprising of oak, ash, larch, beech and alder were planted within the demesne. In 1823 the third earl of Kingston demolished the Georgian house and built a new castle on the same site. The architects James and George Pain designed and built this neo-Gothic castellated mansion. The limestone buildings formed three sides of a courtyard (Power 1996, 42).

Mitchelstown Castle was burnt by Republican forces in 1922. The stone was bought by the Cistercian Monks of Mount Melleray and reused to build a church. Few traces of the castle are visible today. At present, Dairygold occupies the site of the former castle. The 1240 acres of parkland was divided into farms, the town park and a golf course.

3 Research FrameworkThe following issues will be addressed in this report.The construction date or date of initial site activity and the date of abandonment.The absolute / relative chronology of site use in terms of phases and events.The location of known contemporaneous and comparable sites.The extent of the viable economic catchment area in terms of sources of water, food, raw materials,

transportation routes etc

4 Interim Findings

4.1 Excavation MethodologyA total area of 32m N-S by 32m E-W were excavated under license 04E1119 at Stagpark 3 (figure 5) (Grid coordinates 180182, 113286). A grid was established and the ground within the grid was cleaned by hand to locate and identify all archaeological features. Each identified feature was exca-vated, planned, photographed and recorded, with every fill and cut being assigned a context number. Charcoal and soil samples were taken from appropriate fills where necessary. All artefacts were re-trieved, registered, bagged and labelled.

4.2 Full Stratigraphic ReportSee Appendix 1 for the full stratigraphic matrix.

4.2.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing

4.2.1.1 Bronze Age

The archaeology at Stagpark 3 consisted of two separate fulachta fiadh distanced by less than 6m (Fig-



ure 6). The burnt mound C.4 located in the southeast area of the site measured 19.2m by 15.4m and was the larger of the two. It was composed of grey-black clay silt and included frequent heat-shattered sandstone. The mound was very shallow being on average 0.1m-0.2m in depth. In total 33 stakeholes, three postholes, two pits (C8 and C.17) and a rectangular trough C.45 were located beneath the burnt mound C.4 (Figure 7, plate 1).

Pit C.17 measured 4.15m by 1.45m by 0.57m deep and was roughly orientated northwest-southeast. It contained four fills (C.13, C.14, C.15 and C.16) and was truncated by the pit C.8. Although C.17 was located under burnt mound material C.4, the in-filled material contained no burnt stone inclusions, suggesting it had in-filled prior to the build-up of the mound. C.8 measured 1.9m by 1.55m by 0.35m and contained three fills (C.9, C.12 and C.18) with burnt stone inclusions. Pit C.17 was surrounded by 25 stakeholes (C.11, C.49, C.53, C.51, C.33, C.34, C.41, C.63, C.60, C.141, C.39, C.103, C.102, C.37, C.31, C.101, C.100, C.27, C.25, C.29, C.35, C.58, C.62, C.65 and C.67) and three postholes (C.20, C.23 and C.71), all of which contained single fills (Figure 8, Plate 2). The majority of the stake-holes and postholes were located to the southwest and northeast of C.17, placing them along the sides of the pit. Only seven of the features (C.60, C.62, C.11, C.49, C.20, C.23 and C.67) were located at the northwestern and southeastern ends. Charcoal from the fill of stakehole C.51 was identified as hazel and/or alder. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 2122-1828 (UB-6718) was returned from charcoal from the stakehole. The stakeholes surrounding the pit did not form any discernible pattern or structure; it is likely that they formed a windbreak, spit or fire-side furniture, open to the northwest, associated with the pit.

The trough C.45 was located under the northern portion of the mound C.4, c. 2.3m north of the pit C.17. It was rectangular in shape and measured 2.02m by 1.45m by 0.65m deep (Figure 8, Plate 3). It contained four fills (C.42, C.43, C.44 and C.87), the main peat fill (C.44) accumulated after the abandonment of the area. The basal fill (C.87) was the remains of a waterlogged and badly degraded piece of timber, which lay flat in the base and was possibly the remains of a lining. Eight stakeholes (C.90, C.92, C.127 C.129, C.128, C.130, C131 and C.132) were located in the corners of the trough. These all contained similar grey-black silty sand fills which suggested the timber posts had degraded in situ. The presence of the stakeholes further confirms that the trough may have been timber lined.

The mound C.3 was located c. 6m to the northwest of mound C.4 (Figure 6). It measured 15.4m by 14m, making it the smaller of the two mounds. It was composed of grey-black clay silt and included frequent heat-shattered sandstone. The mound was very shallow being 0.1m-0.2m deep on average. The charcoal was identified as hazel and/or alder. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 2023-1773 (UB-6744) was returned from charcoal from the mound. The mound covered a trough, C.88 and two large pits C.80, C.110 and C.115, two small pits C.110 and C.74 and a number of stakeholes (Figure 9, plate 4).

The trough C.88 measured 2.75m by 2m by 0.8m in depth. It contained six fills (C.133, C.134, C.135,



C.136, C.137, C.138 and C.139) (Figure 10, Plate 5). The fills were a mix of sand and silty clays. The upper fill C.133 and fill C.136 included 50% heat-shattered stone. The basal fills were sandy. Six stakeholes (C.148, C.150, C.152, C.154, C.156, C.158) were recorded on the edge of the trough and four (C. 81, C.85, C.142, C.146) on the western perimeter. The largest of the stakeholes (C.156) mea-sured 0.13m by 0.1m by 0.24m in depth. The smallest stakehole (C.148) measured 0.07m by 0.09m by 0.02m in depth. The stakeholes within the trough were located, with the exception of C.158, to the northern section of the trough. The stakeholes on the perimeter were confined to the western edge. The stakeholes may have formed a windbreak, spit or fire-side furniture, open to the east.

The pit C.80 was located c.1.9m south-west of trough C.88 (Figure 10). It was truncated by a field drain on the southeastern side. It was rectangular in plan and measured 1.3m by 1.1m by 0.3m. Four fills (C.79, C.93, C.94 and C.95) were recorded in the pit. The fills were silty and clay sands with inclusions of heat-shattered stone. The basal fill C.95 was coarse sand. Five stakeholes (C.118, C.119, C.120, C.121 and C.122) were located on the northern and western edges of the pit (Plate 6). They were located within 0.2m-0.25m of each other. They measured on average 0.06m by 0.05 and varied in depth from 0.05m-0.12m. The stakeholes may have formed a windbreak, spit or fire-side furniture, and in a manner similar to those associated with the trough C.88 the apparatus was open to the east.

The pit C.115 was located 5.5m west of trough C.88. It was rectangular in plan and measured 2.6m by 1.1m by 0.35m in depth. The single clay silt fill included heat-shattered stones. The pit truncated a posthole C.117 to the west. It measured 0.35m in diameter by 0.3m in depth.

An semi-circular arc of three pits (C.68, C.74 and C.110) three postholes (C.75, C.113 and C.125) and five stakeholes (C.105, C.106, C.107, C.108 and C.109) were located c. 3.6m northeast of pit C.115 and c. 2.5m northwest of trough C.88. The arc measured c. 6m and the possible entrance was to the southwest. The pits varied in size, the smaller two (C.68 and C.74) measured 0.48m by 0.4m and 0.32 by 0.31m respectively. The larger pit C.110 measured 1m by 0.5m. All of the pits were shallow being c. 0.2m in depth. The smaller postholes (C.113 and C.125) measured c. 0.18m in diameter by 0.2m in depth. The larger C.75 was cut by the pit C.74 to the east. The stakeholes measured on average 0.14m by 0.13m and varied in depth from 0.1m-0.15m. All of the features were filled with a grey-black silty clay with inclusions of pebbles and occasional charcoal.

A large cut C.5 was located on the northern edge of the area of excavation. It measured 5.5m by 3m by a minimum of 1.4m in depth. The full depth of the cut could not be realised as it kept filling with rising water. It extended beyond the area of the excavation to the north. It is possible that the cut maybe a pit or the terminal of a ditch. The upper fill was a silty clay, similar to the natural sub-soil, the underlying fill was a peat deposit and the basal fill was a silty sand with inclusions of heat-shattered stone. It is possible that the feature is associated with modern drainage features.



4.2.2 Stratigraphic Discussion

Two fulachta fiadh were located within 5m of one another at Stagpark. The monuments survive as very low mounds of black silt with inclusions of heat-shattered stones and are generally situated close to a water source. No water source was recorded within the field and no water source is indicated on the 1st edition OS map sheet CO019. The underlying clay subsoil is impermeable and land drains were recorded in the field. Each of the two mounds overlay a trough, pits, postholes and stakeholes. No evidence of a hearth was recorded. No stratigraphic evidence was recorded to sug-gest which of the mounds and associated features predated the other or if they were in use simultane-ously. The radiocarbon dates returned for the sites would suggest that the mound C.4, in the southeast, predated the mound C.3 to the northwest.

The mound C.4 overlay a pit and a rectangular trough. 25 stakeholes were located on the perimeter of the pit C.17. The stakeholes are likely to have formed a temporary structure in the vicinity of the pit. This may have been used for shelter or may have been linked to a structure associated with the pit. The trough was probably timber lined as stakeholes recorded in the corners of the rectangular trough would have formed part of the structure of a timber lining. The basal fills of the trough were sandy and may have accumulated from deposition of sand from the repeated use of heated sandstone in the trough.

The mound C.3 overlay a trough, 2 large pits and a possible wooden structure. The trough was deeper than either of the large pits. A number of stakeholes were recorded on the upper side of the northern portion of the trough C.88 but there was no evidence to suggest that the trough was timber lined. Stakeholes in a similar and compatible position were recorded on the upper side of pit C.80. These stakeholes may have been linked to a similar structure associated with the trough and pit. A possible semi-circular structure was located to the northwest of the trough. The structure would have been constructed of wooden stakes with the entrance to the southwest. Alternatively the structure may have formed a shelter belt for the pit C.115 to the southwest.

4.3 Radiocarbon resultsRadiocarbon dates were returned from the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Queens University Belfast. The two Early Bronze Age dates returned from Queens were accelerator dates obtained from samples of charcoal.

Table 1Lab. Code Sample Mate-

rialContext No. Yrs BP Calibrated Dates

2 sigmaUB-6744 Charcoal 3 3561+/-38 cal BC 2023-1773UB-6718 Charcoal 50 3599+/-38 cal BC 2122-1828



4.4 Plant remains reportThe plant remains were examined by A. Brewer and P. Johnston (Appendix 4). Although all the sam-ples contained charcoal no charred seeds were recovered from the site. Charred seeds are consistently absent from burnt mound deposits.

5 Discussion and InterpretationThe site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 500m of the site, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project; Stagpark 2 (04E1121) was 800m away to the north and Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071) was 2km to the north. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. The lower heavier wet-ter ground in the area was used for sites such as these. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The archaeo-logical evidence indicates that contemporary Early Bronze Age occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 600m to the north. An extensive occupation site, dating to the Middle Bronze Age, was located on a limestone ridge on the northern bank of the Gradoge River at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072) 2.8km to the north.

6 Assessment of archaeological and significanceViewed in tandem with the archaeological evidence from all of the sites on the route of the Mitch-elstown Relief Road, the site at Stagpark 3 is of archaeological significance as it provides additional evidence of Bronze Age activity in the Mitchelstown area.

7 ConclusionThe fulachta fiadh at Stagpark 3 was contemporaneous with the Early Bronze Age activity at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) and with the ritual deposition of three pottery vessels on the northern bank of the Gra-doge River at Mitchelstown 2 (04E1071).



8 BibliographyBarry, T.B. 1987 The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Routledge, London and New York.

Cotter, E. (2005) Bronze Age Ballybrowney County Cork in Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004 NRA.

Doody, M. (1995) The Clight Dubh in Discovery Programme Reports 2 Project Results 1993. Royal Irish Academy / Discovery Programme Dublin 1995.

Doody, M. (1999), ‘Ballyhoura Hills project’, Discovery Programme Reports 5, 97-110. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin.

Daly, A., Grogan, E. (1992) Excavation of Four Barrows in Mitchelstowndown West, Knocklong, County Limerick. Discovery Programme Reports 1 pp44-60. Royal Irish Academy.

Gardiner, M.J., Radford, T. 1980 Soil Associations of Ireland and Their Land Use Potential. An Foras Talúntais.

Kelly, M. (1989) Early Ireland, An Introduction to Irish Prehistory. Cambridge University Press.

Monk, M. (1995) A Tale of Two Ringforts: Lisleagh I and II in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society Vol. 100

Power, B (1996) From the Danes to Dairygold A History of Mitchelstown. Mount Cashell Books.

Power , B. 2000 White Knights, Dark Earls The Rise and Fall of an Anglo-Irish Dynasty. The Collins Press.

Power, D., Lane, S., Egan, U., Byrne, E., Egan, U., Sleeman, M., with Cotter, E., Monk, J. (2000) Archaeological Inventory of County Cork Volume 4: North Cork Parts 1 and 2. The Stationery Office.

Sleeman, D.G., McConnell, B. 1995 Geology of East Cork-Waterford Geological Survey of Ireland.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Watergrasshill Bypass.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.

Stout, M. (2000) The Irish Ringfort Four Courts Press Dublin.

Waddell, J. (1998) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Galway University Press.

Woodman, P.C. (1989) ‘The mesolithic in Munster: a preliminary assessment’, in Bonsall, C (ed), The Mesolithic in Europe, 116-24. John Donald. Edinburgh.



Woodman, P.C. (2000) ‘Hammers and Shoeboxes: New Agendas for Prehistory’ in New Agendas in Irish Prehistory. Papers in commemoration of Liz Anderson. Wordwell, 1-10.



9 Figures

Figure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Bronze Age

Medieval

Post-medieval

Legend

04E1071Mitchelstown 2

04E1072Mitchelstown 1

04E1121 Stagpark 2

04E1120Stagpark 1

04E1119Spagpark 3



Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Well Field

Ballyarthur Field

Clyroe Field

Glen Field

Yeomens Field

Parkanimrish

Limekiln Field

GarraneDeer Park

Warren Field

High Field

Brick Field

Turnpike Field

Milk Field

Sund

ay W

ellSandpit Field

Donnellys Field

New Orchard Park

Fishpond

Laknock Field

Mitchelstown Castle

C

B

D

I

J

G

F

E

H

A

Extent of Mitchelstown Demense Line of N8, Mitchelstown Relief RoadA Barrett's GroveB Old PheasantryC Farm YardD Kiltaunave Old Grave YardE Carriganoura WoodF Whitegate GroveG Orchard GroveH Troopers LoughI Site of Church & GraveyardJ Parkaphuca

Reference



Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road.

Area A

Area B



Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites.



Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of 04E1119.

0 5 m1 m

X = 180277 Y = 111381

X = 180277Y = 111401

17

8

45

Extent of mound C.4

14139

103

60 102 37 31

101100

27

25

11 49 20

23

715351

33

343541

58

63

128129

13092

131

90

132

127



Figure 6: Plan of extent of mound C.4.

N

A

A1

B

B1

A A1 B B1

0 1 m50 cm

17

8

45

128

129

13092

131

90

132

141

39103

60102

3731

101

100

27

25

11

49 20

23

71

53

51

33

3455

4198

63

127

4243

4345

17

91318 1215

14

16 8



Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough C.45 and pits C.8 and C.17.



Figure 8: Plan of extent of mound C.3.

N

05,20

05,29

A

A1

A A1

0 1 m50 cm

B B1

B

B1

88

80

84

146

142

8581

154156

152

150148

158

122121

120

119

118

139138137

136

135134

133

88

7993 95

9480



Figure 9: Post-excavation plan and sections of trough C.88 and pit C.80.



10 Plates

Plate 1: View of trough C.45 and pit C.8 and C.17 from north.

Plate 2: View of stakeholes on northern side of pit C.17 from west.



Plate 3: View of trough C.45 from east.

Plate 4: View of area of mound C.3 post-excavation from south-west.



Plate 5: View of section of trough C.88 from east.

Plate 6: View of pit C.80 and stakeholes C.118-C.122 from southeast.



1

47

46

4

9 10 19 22 24 26 28 30 32 36

12 11 20 23 25 27 29 31 3733 34 35

18

21

8

13

14

15

16

17

2

11 Appendices

11.1 Appendix 1: Matrices



1 47

46 4

38

40

48

50

52

57

59

61

64

66

70

99

140

39

41

49

51

53

60

62

65

67

71

58

63

100

101

102

103

141

2



1

97

3

69 72 81 83 85 93 116 124

68 74 82 84 86 79 115 125

73 95 112 111

75 94 117 114

123113 110

118 119 120 121 122

80

2

1

97

3 133

104 134

135105 106 107 108 109

136

137

139

159 157 155 153 151 149

158 156 154 152 150 148

88

2

1

44 54 143 147

42 55 142 146

43 56

87 5

89 91 126

90 92127 128 129 130 131 132

45

2



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

1A

llA

llTo

psoi

l4

Loos

e br

own

silty

cla

y to

psoi

l with

oc

casio

nal s

tone

incl

usio

ns 0

.35m

de

ep2

All

All

Nat

ural

1Fi

rm li

ght g

rey/

whi

te c

laye

y sil

t w

ith o

rang

e m

ottli

ng a

nd fr

eque

nt

stone

incl

usio

ns

3N

W c

orne

r of

site

Num

ber g

iven

to m

ater

ial f

rom

smal

ler

nort

hwes

tern

bur

nt m

ound

. Sha

l-lo

w n

atur

e of

the

mou

nd c

ompa

red

to tr

ough

size

wou

ld in

dica

te th

at th

e m

ound

was

orig

inal

ly m

ore

subs

tant

ial

2Lo

ose

dark

gre

y/bl

ack

clay

ey si

lt w

ith fr

eque

nt h

eat s

hatt

ered

ston

e in

clus

ions

. 15.

4m x

14m

4E

side

of si

teN

umbe

r giv

en to

mat

eria

l fro

m th

e la

rger

sout

heas

tern

bur

nt m

ound

. Sha

l-lo

w n

atur

e of

the

mou

nd c

ompa

red

to tr

ough

size

wou

ld in

dica

te th

at th

e m

ound

was

orig

inal

ly m

ore

subs

tant

ial

2Lo

ose

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

with

freq

uent

in

clus

ions

of h

eat s

hatt

ered

ston

e.

19.2

m x

15.

4m

55E

25N

54,5

5,56

256

Larg

e pi

t in

edge

of e

xcav

atio

n. T

he

uppe

r fill

s app

eare

d to

be

mod

ern

but

the

low

er o

nes w

ere

of ri

ch b

lack

bur

nt

mou

nd m

ater

ial.

Wet

con

ditio

ns a

nd

risin

g w

ater

leve

l mea

nt th

at fe

atur

e co

uld

not b

e fu

lly e

xcav

ated

. No

finds

re

cove

red

and

unsu

re a

s to

date

of p

it

?Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it 5.

5m x

3m

x 1

.4m

w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

top

and

conc

ave

and

conv

ex si

des

6C

ance

lled

cont

ext

7C

ance

lled

cont

ext

820

E9N

9,12

,18

1321

Pit c

onta

inin

g he

at sh

atte

red

stone

th

at c

uts t

hrou

gh e

arlie

r pit

C.1

7. W

as

loca

ted

unde

r the

mou

nd, s

ugge

stin

g tw

o ph

ases

of s

ite u

se.

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it 1.

9m x

1.5

5m x

0.

35m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, st

eep

sides

, sha

rp b

reak

of

slope

bas

e an

d fla

t bas

e.9

20E9

N8

124

Fill

of la

ter p

it cu

t C.8

. Con

tain

s hea

t sh

atte

red

stone

2Lo

ose

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

with

freq

uent

in

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal a

nd h

eat s

hat-

tere

d sto

ne.

1020

E9N

1111

4St

akeh

ole

fill,

no st

ake

pres

ent s

o re

mov

ed p

rior t

o in

fillin

g2

Firm

dar

k br

owni

sh g

rey

sand

y cl

ay

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns

11.2

A

ppen

dix

2: C

onte

xt R

egis

ter



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

1120

E9N

102

10O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of s

take

and

pos

t ho

les s

urro

undi

ng in

terc

uttin

g pi

ts C

. 8

and

C.1

7

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

m x

0.0

7m

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

st

raig

ht/c

onca

ve si

des,

grad

ual

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se a

nd ro

unde

d ba

se12

20E9

N8

189

Re-

depo

sited

nat

ural

fill

of p

it C

.82

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ora

nge/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

erat

e sm

all

stone

incl

usio

ns 1

.1m

x 0

.85m

x

0.25

m d

eep

1320

E9N

1714

8Tr

unca

ted

fill o

f C.1

72

Soft

mid

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

usio

ns.

0.81

m x

0.7

1m x

0.1

6m d

eep

1420

E9N

1715

13Tr

unca

ted

fill o

f C.1

72

Com

pact

yel

low

ish o

rang

e cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns.

0.84

m x

0.7

2m x

0.2

4m d

eep

1520

E9N

1716

14Tr

unca

ted

fill o

f C.1

72

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

oc-

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne a

nd c

harc

oal

incl

usio

ns. 0

.93m

x 0

.84m

x 0

.14m

de

ep16

20E9

N17

1716

Trun

cate

d fil

l of C

.17

2So

ft ye

llow

ish o

rang

e sa

ndy

clay

w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns.

0.3m

x 0

.09m

dee

p17

20E9

N13

, 14,

15,

16

216

Cut

of l

arge

dom

estic

pit,

or p

ossib

le

earli

er p

hase

trou

gh. I

nfill

ed p

rior t

o th

e bu

ild u

p of

mou

nd m

ater

ial a

s no

heat

shat

tere

d sto

ne is

pre

sent

in th

e fil

l.

2Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r in

shap

e, 4

.15m

x

1.45

m x

0.5

7m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se a

nd fl

at

base

1820

E9N

821

9Fi

ll of

late

r pit

cut C

.8.

2Lo

ose

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

with

freq

uent

ch

arco

al a

nd sm

all t

o m

ediu

m st

one

incl

usio

ns 1

.75m

x 1

.1m

x 0

.32m

de

ep19

20E9

N20

204

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h po

stho

le fi

ll2

Firm

dar

k gr

ey/b

lack

sand

y sil

t w

ith m

oder

ate

stone

and

freq

uent

ch

arco

al in

clus

ions



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

2020

E9N

192

19T

he b

ase

of a

driv

en p

ost c

ut. A

ppea

rs

to h

ave

infil

led

prio

r to

build

-up

of

mou

nd

2C

ircul

ar p

ost c

ut 0

.12m

x 0

.1m

x

0.15

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

con

cave

side

s, gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, rou

nded

poi

nt

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

2120

E9N

88

18R

edep

osite

d na

tura

l fill

of l

ater

pit

cut

C.8

.2

Loos

e or

ange

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

0.

9m x

0.1

2m d

eep

2220

E9N

2323

4C

harc

oal r

ich

post

hole

fill

2Fi

rm d

ark

grey

/bla

ck sa

ndy

silt w

ith

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l and

occ

asio

nal

burn

t sto

ne in

clus

ions

2320

E9N

222

22C

ut o

f driv

en p

ost,

one

of a

gro

up o

f po

st a

nd st

akes

surr

ound

ing

pits

C.8

an

d C

.17

2O

val c

ut 0

.15m

x 0

.13m

x 0

.19m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p,

conc

ave

sides

, gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

, rou

nded

poi

nt a

nd v

ertic

al

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

2420

E9N

2525

4N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e.2

Soft

dark

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

tone

incl

usio

ns25

20E9

N24

224

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a g

roup

of

stak

e an

d po

sts s

urro

undi

ng2

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

07m

x 0

.06m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, po

inte

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s26

20E9

N27

274

Fill

of st

akeh

ole

2Lo

ose

med

ium

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

2720

E9N

262

26C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

One

of a

gro

up o

f st

ake

and

post

s sur

roun

ding

pits

C.8

an

d C

.17

2O

val c

ut 0

.1m

x 0

.08m

x 0

.12m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p,

vert

ical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

i-na

tion

of a

xis

2820

E9N

2929

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Loos

e gr

ey/b

lack

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

freq

uent

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

2920

E9N

282

28C

ut o

f pos

sible

stak

e. O

ne o

f a g

roup

of

stak

e an

d po

sts s

urro

undi

ng p

its C

.8

and

C.1

7

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.05m

x 0

.05m

x

0.04

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, c

onca

ve b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

3020

E9N

3131

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Loos

e da

rk b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

no

incl

usio

ns31

20E9

N30

230

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a g

roup

of

stak

e an

d po

sts s

urro

undi

ng p

its C

.8

and

C.1

7

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.06m

x 0

.06m

x

0.11

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

3220

E9N

33,3

4,35

33,3

4,35

4In

fillin

g of

thre

e cl

osel

y gr

oupe

d st

akeh

oles

2So

ft da

rk g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l cha

rcoa

l and

smal

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns33

20E9

N32

232

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a g

roup

of

stak

e an

d po

sts s

urro

undi

ng. F

illed

w

ith th

e sa

me

mat

eria

l as c

lose

ly

grou

ped

stak

es C

.34

and

C.3

5

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.07m

x 0

.065

m x

0.

11m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s34

20E9

N32

232

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a g

roup

of

stak

e an

d po

sts s

urro

undi

ng p

its C

.8

and

C.1

7. F

illed

with

the

sam

e m

ate-

rial a

s clo

sely

gro

uped

stak

es C

.33

and

C.3

5

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.1m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.2m

de

ep w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

to

p, st

eep

and

vert

ical

side

s, gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, tap

ered

blu

nt

base

and

ver

tical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

3520

E9N

322

32C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

One

of a

gro

up o

f st

ake

and

post

s sur

roun

ding

pits

C.8

an

d C

.17.

Fill

ed w

ith th

e sa

me

mat

e-ria

l as c

lose

ly g

roup

ed st

akes

C.3

3 an

d C

.34

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.095

m x

0.0

9m x

0.

06m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al a

nd

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e,

roun

ded

poin

t bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

3620

E9N

3737

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Loos

e gr

ey/b

lack

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l dec

ayed

ston

e in

clus

ions

3720

E9N

362

36C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

One

of a

gro

up o

f st

akeh

oles

surr

ound

ing

pits

C.8

and

C

.17.

2C

ircul

ar c

ut 0

.05m

x 0

.05m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

3820

E9N

3838

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Loos

e gr

ey/b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

no

incl

usio

ns



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

3920

E9N

382

38C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake.

One

of a

gro

up o

f st

ake

and

post

s sur

roun

ding

pits

C.8

an

d C

.17.

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut 0

.1m

x 0

.1m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis.

4020

E9N

4141

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Soft

blac

k sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

and

sub

angu

lar p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

4120

E9N

402

40D

riven

stak

e cu

t. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

stak

es a

nd p

osts

surr

ound

ing

pits

C.8

an

d C

.17

2O

val c

ut 0

.075

m x

0.0

7m x

0.0

8m

deep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ve

rtic

al si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se a

nd ro

unde

d po

int

4220

E14N

4543

44In

fill o

f tro

ugh

C.4

5. T

his a

ppea

rs to

be

nat

ural

mat

eria

l tha

t has

slum

ped

in

to th

e cu

t, al

terin

g th

e or

igin

al sh

ape

of

the

sides

3M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct li

ght b

row

n/or

ange

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l m

ediu

m si

zed

stone

incl

usio

ns

4320

E14N

4587

42Bu

rnt m

ound

mat

eria

l loc

ated

in

the

base

of t

roug

h C

.45.

The

smal

l am

ount

in th

e ba

se w

ould

seem

to

have

acc

umul

ated

shor

tly a

fter u

se a

s it

lay

unde

rnea

th th

e slu

mpe

d na

tura

l m

ater

ial C

.42

3Lo

ose

blac

k sa

ndy

clay

with

med

i-um

hea

t sha

tter

ed st

one

incl

usio

ns.

4420

E14N

4542

4Pe

at la

yer t

hat h

ad a

ccum

ulat

ed in

the

trou

gh a

fter u

se a

nd su

bseq

uent

slum

p-in

g of

nat

ural

mat

eria

l

3M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct d

ark

brow

n-ish

bla

ck o

rgan

ic p

eat w

ith v

ery

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

and

freq

uent

or

gani

c in

clus

ions

4520

E14N

42,4

3,44

,87

287

Cut

of r

ecta

ngul

ar tr

ough

loca

ted

at

the

nort

hern

edg

e of

mou

nd C

. 4. C

on-

tain

ed p

ost a

nd st

akeh

oles

in th

e fo

ur

corn

ers.

The

re w

as a

ver

y th

in a

nd fr

ag-

ile p

ossib

le w

oode

n pl

ank

loca

ted

in th

e ba

se, s

ugge

stin

g a

timbe

r lin

ing.

The

siz

e of

the

trou

gh w

ould

indi

cate

that

th

e m

ound

was

muc

h m

ore

subs

tant

ial

orig

inal

ly. h

igh

wat

er ta

ble

mea

nt th

at

the

trou

gh fi

lled

with

wat

er n

atur

ally

2Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r cut

2.0

2m x

1.4

5m

x 0.

65m

dee

p w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, c

onca

ve

sides

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e an

d fla

t bas

e.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

4620

E14N

41

Thi

s lay

er re

pres

ents

the

build

up

of

peat

afte

r the

on-

site

bron

ze a

ge a

ctiv

ity

and

is sit

uate

d ac

ross

the

nort

hwes

tern

po

rtio

n of

the

mou

nd

3M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct d

ark

brow

n/bl

ack

peat

with

freq

uent

org

anic

in

clus

ions

4720

E14N

4N

umbe

r giv

en to

mod

ern

field

dra

in4

Line

ar S

E-N

W o

rient

ated

fiel

d dr

ain

runn

ing

acro

ss si

te48

20E9

N49

494

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct m

id g

rey/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l sto

ne a

nd c

harc

oal i

nclu

sions

4920

E9N

482

48C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

to th

e so

uth

of p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17.

One

of a

num

ber

of p

osts

and

stak

es su

rrou

ndin

g th

ese

pits

2O

val c

ut 0

.06m

x 0

.03m

x 0

.07m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p,

conv

ex si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se, r

ound

ed b

ase

and

a so

uth

to

nort

h in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s50

20E9

N51

514

Stak

ehol

e fil

l 2

Soft

light

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s51

20E9

N50

250

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

stak

es a

nd p

osts

that

surr

ound

pits

C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.07

5m x

0.

07m

x 0

.14m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, v

ertic

al si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e, p

oint

ed

base

and

ver

tical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

5220

E9N

5353

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e ar

ound

pits

C. 8

an

d C

.17

2So

ft da

rk g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

5320

E9N

522

52C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

to th

e so

uth

of p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17.

One

of a

num

ber

of p

osts

and

stak

es su

rrou

ndin

g th

ese

pits

2O

val s

take

hole

0.0

65m

x 0

.09m

x

0.06

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak

of sl

ope

base

, rou

nded

blu

nt p

oint

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s54

5E25

N5

551

Upp

er fi

ll of

larg

e w

ater

logg

ed p

it C

.5.

?M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct li

ght o

rang

e br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l or

gani

c in

clus

ions

. 0.2

5m d

eep

555E

25N

556

54Pe

at li

ke d

epos

it in

pit

C.5

. Thi

s was

th

e m

ost s

ubst

antia

l dep

osit

in th

e se

ctio

n.

?Fi

rm/w

et g

rey/

brow

n or

gani

c m

ate-

rial l

ike

not f

ully

form

ed p

eat w

ith

orga

nic

incl

usio

ns. 0

.5m

dee

p.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

565E

25N

55

55Lo

wer

fill

of p

it C

.5. T

his w

as m

ound

m

ater

ial.

Dep

th w

as u

nkno

wn

as

even

with

pum

p w

ater

rose

too

fast

to

exca

vate

.

?So

ft lo

ose

wat

erlo

gged

bla

ck si

lty

coar

se sa

nd a

nd h

eat s

hatt

ered

sto

ne. D

epth

unk

now

n

5720

E9N

58,6

358

,63

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

ing

and

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

5820

E9N

572

57C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole.

One

of a

nu

mbe

r of s

take

hole

s sur

roun

ding

pits

C

. 8 a

nd C

.17

2Su

b-ov

al st

akeh

ole

cut 0

.145

m

x 0.

115m

x 0

.22m

dee

p w

ith

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e,

roun

ded

poin

t and

ver

tical

incl

ina-

tion

of a

xis

5910

E9N

6060

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e.2

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

6059

259

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

stak

es a

nd p

osts

that

surr

ound

pits

C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

m sq

uare

x

0.13

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

6162

624

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct b

row

nish

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

6261

261

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

stak

es a

nd p

osts

that

surr

ound

pits

C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

m x

0.0

7m

x 0.

07m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s63

20E9

N57

257

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

stak

es su

rrou

ndin

g pi

ts C

.8 a

nd

C.1

7

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.1m

squa

re

x 0.

13m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

grad

ual

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, r

ound

ed p

oint

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s64

6565

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Soft

dark

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

usio

ns



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

6564

264

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e lo

cate

d to

the

wes

t of

pits

C.8

and

C.1

7. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of

pos

ts a

nd st

akes

surr

ound

ing

thes

e pi

ts

2O

val s

take

hole

0.1

m x

0.0

85m

x

0.07

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak

of sl

ope

base

, rou

nded

blu

nt p

oint

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s66

6767

4In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Soft

mid

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

usio

ns67

662

66C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

to th

e so

uth

of p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17.

One

of a

num

ber

of p

osts

and

stak

es su

rrou

ndin

g th

ese

pits

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.11

5m x

0.

1m x

0.1

6m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, rou

nded

poi

nt

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

6869

269

Cut

of s

mal

l sha

llow

pit

with

no

dis-

cern

ible

func

tion

2O

val p

it cu

t 0.4

8m x

0.4

1m x

0.2

m

deep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope,

ve

rtic

al c

onca

ve si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

and

flat

bas

e69

6868

3N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

smal

l sha

llow

pit

3M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct d

ark

brow

n-ish

gre

y sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l de

caye

d sto

ne in

clus

ions

7071

714

Infil

ling

of d

riven

pos

t2

Mod

erat

ely

hard

mid

gre

y cl

ayey

sil

t with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l and

oc

casio

nal b

urnt

ston

e in

clus

ions

. C

harc

oal l

ocat

ed m

ainl

y in

the

cent

re o

f the

cut

7170

270

Cut

of d

riven

pos

t loc

ated

to th

e so

uth

of p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17.

One

of a

num

ber

of st

akes

and

pos

ts th

at su

rrou

nd th

ese

two

pits

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

osth

ole

0.15

m x

0.

14m

x 0

.22m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, c

onca

ve si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, V-s

hape

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s72

7474

1In

fillin

g of

shal

low

pit

2So

ft bl

ack

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt

burn

t sto

ne in

clus

ions

7375

7574

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole.

Tru

ncat

ed b

y pi

t C

.74

2So

ft da

rk g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sm

all s

tone

and

cha

rcoa

l in

clus

ions

. 0.9

3m x

0.8

4m x

0.1

4m

deep



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

7472

7372

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

it of

unk

now

n pu

r-po

se. T

runc

ates

pos

thol

e C

.75

2C

ircul

ar p

it 0.

32m

x 0

.31m

x 0

.2m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp,

gra

dual

and

im-

perc

eptib

le b

reak

of s

lope

top,

stee

p sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e an

d fla

t bas

e75

732

73C

ut o

f pos

thol

e in

clo

se p

roxi

mity

to a

nu

mbe

r of s

take

hole

s. C

ut b

y sh

allo

w

pit C

.74

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it 0.

66m

x 0

.45m

x

0.41

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

stee

p an

d ve

rtic

al si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e an

d ro

unde

d po

int

76C

ance

lled

cont

ext

77C

ance

lled

cont

ext

78C

ance

lled

cont

ext

7980

9593

Infil

ling

of d

omes

tic p

it3

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

dar

k gr

ey

sand

y sil

t with

dec

ayed

ston

e an

d ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

8079

,93,

94,9

52

94C

ut o

f pos

sible

dom

estic

pit.

Tru

ncat

ed

on th

e so

uthe

rn si

de b

y a

mod

ern

field

dr

ain.

The

nor

ther

n sid

e co

ntai

ned

five

equa

lly sp

aced

stak

ehol

es in

the

base

. T

hese

are

ass

umed

to b

e as

soci

ated

w

ith th

e pi

t som

ehow

2R

ecta

ngul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s1.3

5m x

1.1

m x

0.3

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

ti-ca

l con

cave

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

flat r

ecta

ngul

ar b

ase

8182

823

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole.

3So

ft m

id b

row

nish

gre

y cl

ayey

sand

w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

8281

281

Driv

en st

akeh

ole

on th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of tr

ough

62

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

11m

squa

re

x 0.

19m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, v-s

hape

d ba

se a

nd e

ast

to w

est i

nclin

atio

n of

axi

s83

8484

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

Soft

light

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

no

incl

usio

ns84

832

83C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

loca

ted

unde

r m

ound

C.3

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.11

m x

0.

1m x

0.15

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

8586

863

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

on n

orth

ern

edge

of

trou

gh 6

. Loc

ated

und

er m

ound

C.3

2C

ompa

ct d

ark

grey

fine

sand

with

no

incl

usio

ns86

852

85C

ut o

f sta

keho

le o

n no

rthe

rn e

dge

of

trou

gh C

.62

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.13m

x 0

.08m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, u

neve

n ba

se a

nd w

est-

east

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

8745

4543

Poss

ible

pat

chy

rem

ains

of t

imbe

r sur

-fa

ce in

trou

gh C

.45.

The

woo

d w

as so

de

caye

d th

at it

rem

aine

d on

ly a

s a th

in

piec

e of

alm

ost b

row

n st

aini

ng a

t the

ba

se o

f the

trou

gh

2M

ostly

ora

nge/

brow

n. F

airly

flat

in

plan

. V w

et a

nd b

rittle

, com

plet

ely

satu

rate

d. 1

.27m

x 0

.45m

x 0

.02m

de

ep

8813

3, 1

34,

135,

136

, 13

7, 1

38, 1

39

213

9C

ut o

f ova

l tro

ugh

for m

ound

C.3

. Lo-

cate

d on

the

east

ern

edge

of t

he m

ound

2O

val t

roug

h 2.

75m

x 2

m x

0.8

m

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p,

stee

p sid

es, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

and

flat

bas

e

Sing

le

piec

e of

w

orke

d fli

nt89

9090

,45

87In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e3

Loos

e w

et g

reyi

sh b

lack

fine

silty

sa

nd

9089

4589

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e/po

st in

nor

thw

est

corn

er o

f tro

ugh

C.4

5. S

imila

r fea

ture

s ar

e lo

cate

d in

the

othe

r thr

ee c

orne

rs o

f th

e tr

ough

sugg

estin

g th

ey su

ppor

ted

som

e fo

rm o

f str

uctu

re

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.13

m sq

uare

x

0.22

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

stee

p sid

es, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase,

v-s

hape

d ba

se a

nd v

erti-

cal i

nclin

atio

n of

axi

s91

9292

87In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e3

Loos

e w

et g

reyi

sh b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

with

no

incl

usio

ns92

9145

91C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

in so

uthw

est c

orne

r of

trou

gh C

.45.

Sim

ilar f

eatu

res l

ocat

ed

in th

e ot

her t

hree

cor

ners

wou

ld su

g-ge

st a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut 0

.09m

x

0.07

m x

0.1

8m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, r

ound

ed

poin

t and

slig

ht so

uth-

nort

h in

cli-

natio

n of

axi

s93

8079

3In

fill o

f dom

estic

pit

C.8

0.3

Firm

bla

ck si

lty sa

nd 0

.4m

dee

p w

ith b

urnt

ston

e in

clus

ions

9480

123

95In

fill o

f dom

estic

pit

C.8

0.3

Soft

mid

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

ston

e in

clus

ions

0.0

9m d

eep



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

9580

9479

Infil

l of d

omes

tic p

it C

.80.

3Lo

ose

mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

coar

se

sand

with

dec

ayed

ston

e in

clus

ions

0.

3m d

eep

96C

ance

lled

cont

ext

9798

31

Num

ber g

iven

to p

loug

h fu

rrow

. Cut

s th

roug

h m

ound

C.3

and

sout

hern

edg

e of

dom

estic

pit

C.8

0

4Li

near

plo

ugh

furr

ow 0

.12m

wid

e x

0.1m

dee

p fil

led

with

sub

angu

lar

stone

s98

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t99

100,

101

, 10

2, 1

03,

141

100,

101

, 10

2, 1

03,

141

4Fi

ll of

four

clo

sely

gro

uped

stak

ehol

es

on th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of p

it C

.17

2Lo

ose

mid

gre

y sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne a

nd c

harc

oal

incl

usio

ns10

099

299

Stak

ehol

e cu

t to

the

nort

h of

pit

C.1

7.

One

of a

num

ber o

f pos

ts a

nd st

akes

th

at su

rrou

nd p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2Ir

regu

lar s

take

hole

cut

0.1

m x

0.1

m

x 0.

09m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, st

eep

and

vert

ical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

roun

ded

base

101

992

99St

akeh

ole

cut t

o th

e no

rth

of p

it C

.17.

O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of p

osts

and

stak

es

that

surr

ound

pits

C.8

and

C.1

7

2O

val s

take

hole

0.0

8m x

0.0

6m x

0.

12m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s10

299

299

Stak

ehol

e cu

t to

the

nort

h of

pit

C.1

7.

One

of a

num

ber o

f pos

ts a

nd st

akes

th

at su

rrou

nd p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.07

m x

0.0

7m

x 0.

16m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s10

399

299

Stak

ehol

e cu

t to

the

nort

h of

pit

C.1

7.

One

of a

num

ber o

f pos

ts a

nd st

akes

th

at su

rrou

nd p

its C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.05

m x

0.0

5m

x 0.

09m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s10

410

5, 1

06,

107,

108

, 10

9

105,

106

, 10

7, 1

08,

109

3In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e a

num

ber o

f cl

osel

y gr

oupe

d st

akeh

oles

2So

ft gr

eyish

bla

ck si

lty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal p

ebbl

e an

d ch

arco

al

incl

usio

ns



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

105

104

210

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

r wha

t wou

ld

have

bee

n th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f mou

nd

C.3

. One

of a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

is ar

ea

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.11

m x

0.1

1m

x 0.

12m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

grad

ual

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

106

104

210

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

r wha

t wou

ld

have

bee

n th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f mou

nd

C.3

. One

of a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

is ar

ea

2O

val s

take

hole

0.1

6m x

0.1

2m x

0.

1m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase,

roun

ded

poin

t and

ver

ti-ca

l inc

linat

ion

of a

xis

107

104

210

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

r wha

t wou

ld

have

bee

n th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f mou

nd

C.3

. One

of a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

is ar

ea

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.12

m x

0.

12m

x 0

.14m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e,

roun

ded

poin

t and

ver

tical

incl

ina-

tion

of a

xis

108

104

210

4C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

r wha

t wou

ld

have

bee

n th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f mou

nd

C.3

. One

of a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

is ar

ea

2C

ut o

f ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.14m

x

0.12

5m x

0.15

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase,

ro

unde

d po

int a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

a-tio

n of

axi

s10

910

42

104

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e un

der w

hat w

ould

ha

ve b

een

the

east

ern

edge

of m

ound

C

.3. O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of s

take

hole

s in

this

area

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

with

gra

dual

br

eak

of sl

ope

top

and

base

, ver

tical

sid

es, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s11

011

1, 1

142

114

Cut

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it. C

ut b

y po

stho

le C

.125

2Su

b-ov

al p

it 1.

02m

x 0

.5m

x 0

.24m

de

ep w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

top

and

base

, gra

dual

and

stee

p sid

es

and

flat b

ase

111

110,

113

114

125

Infil

ling

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it an

d po

stho

le. I

nfill

ed p

rior t

o on

-site

act

iv-

ity a

s cut

by

post

hole

C.1

25

2So

ft bl

ack

clay

ey si

lt 0.

14m

dee

p w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

sand

stone

in

clus

ions

112

117

117

115

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole,

cut

by

pit C

.115

2U

nkno

wn



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

113

111,

114

211

4Po

stho

le c

ut in

clo

se p

roxi

mity

to a

nu

mbe

r of o

ther

stak

ehol

es2

Sub-

circ

ular

pos

thol

e 0.

21m

x 0

.2m

x

0.23

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, rou

nded

blu

nt

poin

t and

ver

tical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

Flin

t Fl

ake

114

110,

113

110,

113

111

Infil

ling

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it an

d po

stho

le. I

nfill

ed p

rior t

o on

-site

act

iv-

ity a

s cut

by

post

hole

C.1

25

2So

ft m

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

0.1m

dee

p w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

ble

and

char

coal

fle

ck in

clus

ions

115

116

112

116

Cut

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it. T

runc

ates

po

stho

le C

.117

2Su

b-ov

al p

it 2.

6m x

1.1

m x

0.3

5m

deep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se, g

ently

slop

ing

sides

and

fla

t bas

e11

611

511

53

Infil

ling

of p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it 2

Firm

bla

ck c

laye

y sil

t with

bur

nt

stone

and

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns11

711

22

112

Driv

en p

osth

ole

cut t

runc

ated

by

pit

C.1

152

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e 0.

35m

x 0

.35m

x

0.31

m d

eep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak

of sl

ope

top

and

base

, ver

tical

side

s an

d ro

unde

d bl

unt p

oint

118

123

8012

3O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of e

qual

ly sp

aced

st

akeh

oles

with

in th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of

pit C

.80

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.05

m x

0.0

5m

x 0.

09m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

and

ver

tical

incl

ina-

tion

of a

xis

119

123

8012

3O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of e

qual

ly sp

aced

st

akeh

oles

with

in th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of

pit C

.80

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.06

m x

0.0

6m

x 0.

13m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

and

ver

tical

incl

ina-

tion

of a

xis

120

123

8012

3O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of e

qual

ly sp

aced

st

akeh

oles

with

in th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of

pit C

.80

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.05

m x

0.0

5m

x 0.

06m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s12

112

380

123

One

of a

num

ber o

f equ

ally

spac

ed

stak

ehol

es w

ithin

the

nort

hern

edg

e of

pi

t C.8

0

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.07

m x

0.0

7m

x 0.

12m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

122

123

8012

3O

ne o

f a n

umbe

r of e

qual

ly sp

aced

st

akeh

oles

with

in th

e no

rthe

rn e

dge

of

pit C

.80

2O

val s

take

hole

0.0

6m x

0.0

4m x

0.

05m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s12

311

8, 1

19,

130,

121

, 12

2

118,

119

, 13

0, 1

21,

122

94In

fillin

g of

a n

umbe

r of s

take

hole

s lo

cate

d al

ong

the

base

of p

it C

.80

2So

ft lig

ht b

row

nish

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

no

incl

usio

ns

124

125

125

3In

fillin

g of

driv

en p

osth

ole

2So

ft da

rk g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns12

512

42

111

Cut

of d

riven

pos

thol

e th

at tr

unca

tes

earli

er p

it C

.110

2C

ircul

ar p

osth

ole

0.17

m x

0.15

m x

0.

2m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

roun

ded

poin

t12

612

7, 1

2812

743

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

oles

with

in th

e ba

se

of tr

ough

C.4

52

Soft

wet

bla

ck sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sto

ne a

nd fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

incl

usio

ns12

712

645

126

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

in so

uthe

ast

corn

er o

f tro

ugh

C.4

5. S

imila

r fea

ture

s in

the

othe

r cor

ners

wou

ld su

gges

t a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

kind

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

m x

0.0

8m

x 0.

18m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des

and

poin

ted

base

, with

ver

tical

in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s12

812

645

126

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

in so

uthe

ast

corn

er o

f tro

ugh

C.4

5. S

imila

r fea

ture

s in

the

othe

r cor

ners

wou

ld su

gges

t a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

kind

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

cut 0

.06m

x

0.06

m x

0.1

6m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top

and

base

, ver

tical

sid

es, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s12

912

645

126

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

in n

orth

east

co

rner

of t

roug

h C

.45.

Sim

ilar f

eatu

res

in th

e ot

her c

orne

rs w

ould

sugg

est a

su

ppor

ted

stru

ctur

e of

som

e ki

nd

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

m x

0.

07m

x 0

.16m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, a

nd b

ase,

ver

tical

sid

es, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

near

ly v

erti-

cal i

nclin

atio

n of

axi

s13

012

645

126

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

in so

uthe

ast

corn

er o

f tro

ugh

C.4

5. S

imila

r fea

ture

s in

the

othe

r cor

ners

wou

ld su

gges

t a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

kind

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.04

m x

0.0

4m

x 0.

11m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

131

126

4512

6C

ut o

f sta

keho

le lo

cate

d in

sout

heas

t co

rner

of t

roug

h C

.45.

Sim

ilar f

eatu

res

in th

e ot

her c

orne

rs w

ould

sugg

est a

su

ppor

ted

stru

ctur

e of

som

e ki

nd

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.05

m x

0.

04m

x 0

.1m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al

sides

, poi

nted

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

132

126

4512

6C

ut o

f sta

keho

le lo

cate

d in

sout

heas

t co

rner

of t

roug

h C

.45.

Sim

ilar f

eatu

res

in th

e ot

her c

orne

rs w

ould

sugg

est a

su

ppor

ted

stru

ctur

e of

som

e ki

nd

2C

ircul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.06

m x

0.0

6m

x 0.

14m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

and

ver

tical

incl

ina-

tion

of a

xis

133

8813

42

Upp

er fi

ll of

trou

gh C

.88.

Loc

ated

to

the

east

of m

ound

. Alth

ough

doe

s not

lie

und

er th

e m

ound

it d

oes c

onta

in

hest

shat

tere

d sto

ne

3Lo

ose

dark

bro

wn

/bla

ck sa

nd c

lay

with

50%

hea

t sha

tter

ed st

one

incl

usio

ns 0

.3m

dee

p

Sing

le

piec

e of

w

orke

d fli

nt13

488

135

133

Fill

of tr

ough

C.8

83

Fria

ble

grey

sand

y sil

t with

cha

rcoa

l an

d sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns 0

.19m

de

ep13

588

136

134

Fill

of tr

ough

C.8

83

Loos

e re

d/bl

ack

gritt

y sa

nd w

ith

iron

pann

ing

and

smal

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns 0

.04m

dee

p13

688

137

135

Fill

of tr

ough

C.8

83

Loos

e m

ediu

m to

dar

k gr

ey si

lty

clay

with

bur

nt st

one

and

char

coal

in

clus

ions

0.2

2m d

eep

137

8813

813

6Fi

ll of

trou

gh C

.88

3Lo

ose

wet

bro

wn

orga

nic

laye

r w

ith c

harc

oal a

nd w

ood

incl

usio

ns

0.04

m d

eep

138

8813

913

7Fi

ll of

trou

gh C

.88

3Lo

ose

grey

/red

gritt

y sa

ndy

laye

r w

ith 9

0% la

rge

stone

incl

usio

ns

0.18

m d

eep

139

8888

138

Fill

of tr

ough

C.8

83

Loos

e gr

ey b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

0.1

2m d

eep

140

24

Mat

eria

l loc

ated

in sh

allo

w d

epre

ssio

n al

ong

nort

hwes

tern

edg

e of

mou

nd C

.42

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

dar

k gr

ey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

and

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns.

1.45

m x

1.3

m x

0.2

m d

eep



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

Art

efac

ts

141

992

99C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

on th

e no

rthe

rn si

de o

f pit

C.1

7. O

ne o

f a

num

ber o

f sta

kes a

nd p

osts

surr

ound

-in

g pi

ts C

.8 a

nd C

.17

2O

val c

ut 0

.08m

x 0

.06m

x 0

.12m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed

base

.14

214

32

143

Cut

of p

osth

ole

loca

ted

in c

lose

pr

oxim

ity a

nd p

ossib

ly a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

trou

gh C

. 88

2C

ircul

ar p

osth

ole

0.12

m x

0.1

m x

0.

4m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

, ver

tical

side

s and

poi

nted

bas

e.

Sout

h to

nor

th in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s14

314

214

21

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

3Li

ght b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

no

incl

usio

ns14

4C

ance

lled

cont

ext

145

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t14

614

72

147

Cut

of p

osth

ole

loca

ted

in c

lose

pr

oxim

ity a

nd p

ossib

ly a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

trou

gh C

.88

2C

ircul

ar p

osth

ole

0.1m

x 0

.1m

x

0.24

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s and

poi

nted

ba

se14

714

614

61

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

3M

alle

able

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith v

ery

occa

siona

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns14

814

988

149

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

with

in to

p of

cu

t for

trou

gh C

.88,

sugg

estin

g a

sup-

port

ed st

ruct

ure

of so

me

kind

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.07

m x

0.

05m

x 0

.2m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd fl

at

base

149

148

148

139

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

3Fr

iabl

e br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

150

151

8815

1C

ut o

f sta

keho

le lo

cate

d w

ithin

top

of

cut f

or tr

ough

C.8

8, su

gges

ting

a su

p-po

rted

stru

ctur

e of

som

e ki

nd

2O

val s

take

hole

cut

0.1

3m x

0.1

m

x 0.

24m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, st

eep

sides

and

roun

ded

poin

t, w

ith v

ertic

al in

clin

atio

n of

ax

is15

115

015

013

9In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e3

Ligh

t gre

y sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l pe

bble

incl

usio

ns15

215

388

153

Cut

of s

take

hole

loca

ted

with

in to

p of

cu

t for

trou

gh C

.88,

sugg

estin

g a

sup-

port

ed st

ruct

ure

of so

me

kind

2Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.07

m x

0.

06m

x 0

.07m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, st

raig

ht si

des a

nd

poin

ted

base



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Phas

eB

asic

des

crip

tion

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11.3 Appendix 3: Context Register

Find number Period Artefact type04E1119:113:01 prehistoric Flint flake

11.4 Appendix 4: Charred plant remains from Stagpark 3, Co. Cork (04E1119)

By Abigail Brewer

11.4.1 Introduction

This report details the analysis of charred seeds and plant remains from samples taken during excava-tion of a burnt mound, pit and stakeholes excavated at Stagpark 3, Co. Cork.

11.4.2 Methodology

The samples were collected on site as bulk soil and were processed using a simple flotation method. Each sample was saturated in water to allow carbonised plant material to float; this “flot” (the floating material) was then poured into a stack of geological sieves and trapped in the sieve meshes (the small-est measured 250µm). When all the carbonised material was collected the flot was then air-dried in paper-lined drying trays prior to storage in airtight plastic bags. All the samples were initially scanned under low magnification (using a binocular microscope with magnification x10 to x40) to identify the samples with most potential for analysis, the scanning results are listed in Table 1. None of the samples contained the remains of charred seeds.

11.4.3 Results

Four samples were scanned for charred plant remains. Although all the samples contained charcoal no charred seeds were recovered from the site. Charred seeds are consistently absent from burnt mound deposits; several burnt mounds excavated by Eachtra Archaeological Projects have produced little or no macro-plant remains, for example at three burnt mounds excavated in advance of works on the N22 in Co. Kerry (04E0646, 04E0647 and 04E0647ext), all of which produced only negative results. While the debate rages regarding the function of burnt mounds, plant remains studies can only contribute a negative; they were evidently never involved in the processing of cereal foods.



11.4.4 Non-Technical Summary

This report examined the plant remains taken from a burnt mound excavated at Stagpark 3, Co. Cork. There were no charred seeds in the samples, an absence that is consistent in samples of charred remains from burnt mounds.

Table 1: Scanning results from Stagpark 3, Co. Cork (04E1119)

Context S.S. No. Cereals Weeds Charcoal Comments

3 1 **** 17g

3 2 **** 9g

50 3 **** 17g

55 6 **** 20g

Appendix 5: Summary account of site archive

Stagpark 3 04E1119Type Description Quantity NotesContexts Validated contexts from excavation 159

Plans 1:100 plan (sheets) 4 1:50 plan (sheets) 61:20 plan (sheets) 0

Sections 1:20 sections and profiles (Sheets) 5

Matrices 1 Full site matrix Photographs 51 Two rolls of filmRegisters Context 1

Photograph 1Drawing 1Finds 1Samples 1



11.6 Appendix 6: Dissemination Strategy

PublicationsExcavations 2004 Text submitted January 2004 Publication pendingNRA publication Text submitted February 2006 Publication pendingPresentation Lecture given to Mitchelstown and Mallow Historical Societies May & October 2005

Overview of the Scheme was given to the IAI conference in Cork April 2005

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated publication requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide, and that copyright is aggisned to the Council in order that it may make such information available to the public.

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated presentation requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide.

11.7 Appendix 7: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries

Phase 1 testing June 2004Phase 2 resolution Duration of excavation 13th Sept-14th Oct & 29th Nov-8th Dec 2004Phase 3 post-excavationPostex Assessment & Stragegy Document submitted to Cork County Council March 2005Interim Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council August 2005Final Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council March 2006Publications Excavations 2004 Summary submitted January 2005NRA Monography Summary submitted to Cork County Council February 2006

Documents

Archaeological Report - Stagpark 3, Co. Cork (Ireland)