ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED PROSPECTING … · Approximately 950 archaeological sites have been recorded on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2 and Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn

ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED PROSPECTING IN THE COASTAL

SETBACK ZONE AT NAMAKWA SANDS, MATZIKAMA MUNICIPALITY, WESTERN CAPE

(In terms of Section 38(8) of the NHRA of 1999)

Prepared for

SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd

Albion Spring 183 Main Road

Rondebosch 7700 Tel: 021 659 3060

On behalf of

Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd

May 2019

Prepared by

David Halkett ACO Associates cc

Physical: Unit C26, Prime Park, Mocke Rd, Diep River

Postal: 8 Jacobs Ladder, St James, 7945 [email protected]

Tel: 021 7064104 Cell: 0721796219

Fax to e-mail: 086 603 7195

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Prospecting in the Setback area The original proposal was for 301 RDD sites. Archaeological and Botanical sensitivities however required the positions and numbers of drilling sites to be reviewed and after re-assessment of the RDD positions, a total of 233 RDD sites will now be investigated. These holes will be drilled using an LDV mounted rig with one LDV vehicle carrying equipment. A third vehicle will be used for moving personnel and samples. Once a track to a drill site is established, the same track will be used until completion. Key Findings Approximately 950 archaeological sites have been recorded on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2 and Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn 1 during the three surveys between 2014 and 2018. Refer to Appendix B for descriptions, co-ordinates and site names of all archaeological occurrences located in the three field surveys. The majority of observations are of Later Stone Age sites, most often marked by accumulations (in varying densities and extent) of discarded marine shell and associated with varying amounts of stone artefacts, or other artefactual material such as ostrich eggshell, bone and/or pottery. Previous archaeological work has demonstrated that surface sites sometimes lie on top of buried shell lenses indicating occupation continuity over time. Other resources include occasional surface exposures of MSA sites, which resemble LSA sites except they are often focussed on shallow pans, and stone artefacts are distinctly different from LSA. Shellfish may be present on such sites but in small numbers. MSA is known to be buried and has on occasion been identified in spoil heaps related to old diamond mining activities, particularly to the south of Brand Se Baai. These MSA sites appear to have consisted of relatively dense shell accumulations associated with stone artefacts and quantities of bone (some mineralized) and ostrich eggshell (often in large quantities), and probably accumulated in much the same way as LSA ones many thousands of years later. The precise age of these sites is enigmatic as there are no typical tools of the distinctive techno complexes such as “Still Bay” or “Howiesons’s Poort”. Earlier Stone Age material is found in deflated areas and occasionally as isolated finds in sections of deeper trenches, or in eroded areas. The material is most commonly found as isolated items or concentrations of material deflated onto the hard dorbank surface that underlies most of the surface sands of the area. Distinctive tools are bifacially worked “handaxes”, and while some of the scattered stone flakes and other waste will be of similar age, it is not always easily identified as coming specifically from the ESA. We have not found any indications of in situ ESA in the Setback area. Impact assessment Potential Impact: damage to archaeological resources by vehicles when accessing actual prospecting locations Without mitigation, the impact significance is assessed to be medium (-ve). With the implementation of mitigation measures, impact is assessed to be Very low (-ve). Potential Impact: loss of archaeological resources at actual prospecting location Without mitigation, the impact significance is assessed to be medium (-ve). With the implementation of mitigation measures, impact is assessed to be very low (-ve). Mitigation Physical assessment of many of the RDD sites on the ground, along with desktop assessment of RDD sites located in areas where archaeological resources have been shown to be scarce, indicated where there was an overlap of archaeological resources with either RDD access routes to the sites,

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and/or the RDD sites themselves. Although Tronox NS has amended the project description / prospecting layout to avoid all areas identified to be of archaeological value, it is inevitable that some impact will occur in some sections of the setback due to the widespread nature of archaeological resources here. Many of these resources are of low scientific value however, and some impact is considered to be sustainable. Proposed mitigation is achievable through avoidance of identified high sensitivity archaeological areas, as is proposed by Tronox. Therefore, physical sampling and/or excavation of archaeological resources during prospecting is not necessary (unless significant archaeological resources are identified during the drilling program (e.g. human burial). The information regarding high sensitivity areas/sites to be avoided has been provided to Tronox in the form of a kml file to be included in the RDD EMP. Environmental acceptability Following the an archaeological assessment of the initially proposed RDD layout, it was suggested that a number of higher sensitivity areas of archaeological material be excluded from the drilling program. No drilling or vehicle movement will occur in those identified areas. Having assessed the proposed prospecting activity superimposed on the available archaeological data, we are satisfied that the prospecting activity is acceptable and will only result in a sustainable low level of impact of archaeological resources if the suggested mitigation is followed.

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GLOSSARY

Archaeology: Remains resulting from human activity which is in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures. Dorbank: “These are mostly coarse sandsheet accumulations, but locally dune lenses with slipface bedding are included. Ephemeral small pan lenses of brown mud are interbedded and occasionally pan carbonates formed in large pans occur” (Pether 2013) Early Stone Age: The archaeology of the Stone Age between 700 000 and 2 500 000 years ago. Fossil: Mineralised bones of animals, shellfish, plants and marine animals. A trace fossil is the track or footprint of a fossil animal that is preserved in stone or consolidated sediment. Heritage: That which is inherited and forms part of the National Estate (historical places, objects, fossils as defined by the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999). In Situ: Archaeological material found in original or primary context. Holocene: The geological epoch spanning the last 10 000 years. Later Stone Age: The archaeology of the last 20 000 years associated with fully modern people. Middle Stone Age: The archaeology of the Stone Age between 20-300 000 years ago associated with early modern humans. National Estate: The collective heritage assets of the Nation Palaeontology: Any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace. Pleistocene: Geological period from some 1.7 million years ago to 10 000 B.P Quaternary: The current period, from 2.6 million years ago to the present, in the Cenozoic era. The Quaternary includes both the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Structure (historic): Any building, works, device or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land, and includes any fixtures, fittings and equipment associated therewith. Protected structures are those which are over 60 years old. Shell Midden: Refuse dumps of discarded shell relating to human settlement and exploitation of coastal resources.

Acronyms DEA&DP Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning BP Before the Present (Years before 1950) CRM Cultural Resource Management ESA Early Stone Age GPS Global Positioning System HIA Heritage Impact Assessment HWC Heritage Western Cape Ka Thousand years LSA Later Stone Age MSA Middle Stone Age NHRA National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999 SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SAHRIS South African Heritage Resources Information Systems SRK SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd

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1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 7

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Project background ..................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Description of the proposed Resource Definition Drilling operation ........................................... 10

2.3 Terms of reference ................................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Scope and purpose of the report .............................................................................................. 12

2.5 The author ................................................................................................................................ 12

2.6 Declaration of independence .................................................................................................... 13

3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Field survey .............................................................................................................................. 13

3.3 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................. 14

3.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 14

3.5 Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 15

3.6 Impact assessment ................................................................................................................... 15

4. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION ......................................................................................................... 16

4.1 General legislative protections applying to heritage resources.................................................. 17

4.2 Specific heritage process for the Tronox Setback prospecting .................................................. 18

5. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT .................................................................................... 18

5.1 Site context............................................................................................................................... 18

5.2 Site description ......................................................................................................................... 18

6. FINDINGS OF THE HERITAGE STUDY ........................................................................................ 22

6.1 Summary of the baseline findings ............................................................................................. 22

6.1.1 Earlier Stone Age ............................................................................................................... 22

6.1.2 Middle Stone Age ............................................................................................................... 23

6.1.3 Later Stone Age ................................................................................................................. 24

6.2 Graves ...................................................................................................................................... 25

7. DISTRIBUTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE SETBACK AREA ...................... 25

8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................................ 37

8.1 Potential impacts of prospecting on archaeological resources .................................................. 37

8.1.1 Potential Impact: damage to archaeological resources by vehicles when accessing actual prospecting locations .................................................................................................................. 37

8.1.2 Potential Impact: loss of archaeological resources at actual prospecting location .............. 37

8.2 Cumulative impacts .................................................................................................................. 38

8.3 Completion of drilling ................................................................................................................ 38

8.4 No Go option ............................................................................................................................ 38

8.5 Mitigation .................................................................................................................................. 39

9. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 44

9.1 Prospecting in the Setback area ............................................................................................... 44

9.2 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................. 44

9.3 Mitigation .................................................................................................................................. 44

9.4 Environmental acceptability ...................................................................................................... 44

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10. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 45

Appendix A: Specialist’s CV ............................................................................................................... 48

Appendix B: Archaeological resources in the Setback area ............................................................... 53

Appendix C: Assessment of all initially proposed RDD sites in relation to archaeological resources in the Setback area ............................................................................................................................. 82

Appendix D: Summary of RDD mitigation with respect to heritage resources ..................................... 90

Appendix E: HWC comment on the NID submission .......................................................................... 93

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1. INTRODUCTION ACO Associates cc was appointed by SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (SRK), on behalf of Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd (Tronox) to undertake a Heritage Baseline and Impact Assessment for prospecting along an ~13 km long and ~300 m wide stretch of the coastline. The site is some 50 km north-west of Lutzville adjacent to, and seaward of the Tronox Namakwa Sand’s existing mining operations at Brand se Baai (the Mine - Figure 1). ACO Associates had previously undertaken a screening study of an Aquaculture facility (Abalone) on the same area of land in 2014 (Webley and Halkett 2015), and a field work in that year in addition to further fieldwork in 2015, provided a good platform for both the Baseline and Heritage Impact Assessment of the proposed prospecting activities in the area which is known as the “coastal setback zone”.

Figure 1: Regional location of the Coastal setback prospecting area (red) in regional context.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Project background Tronox Namakwa Sands (Tronox) was issued with two New Order Mining Rights in August 2008, which are valid until August 2038. One of these mining rights, Mining Right WC30/5/1/2/2/113 MR, includes the farms Rietfontein Extension 151/2 and Graauw Duinen 152/1. The farm portions are shown on Figure 2, while the coastal setback zone, the subject of this report, is indicated on Figure 3. The Coastal Setback stretches from the high water mark on the sea shore inland to the farm boundaries. The existing EMPr includes the right to mine and prospect within portions of the Mining Rights Area, but excludes these activities in the setback, amongst other areas. The exercising of these rights has further been approved through amongst others, the following Environmental Management Programmes (EMPs): • Namakwa Sands Rehabilitation Programme – 1992; • Revised Environmental Management Programme – 2002; • Environmental Management Programme Amendment: Namakwa Sands Proposed Mine Plan

Expansion and Resource Definition Drilling Programme – 2012; • Expansion to the Satellite Deposits – 2015; Tronox is planning to undertake a Resource Definition Drilling (RDD) programme, i.e. prospecting, in the “coastal setback zone” (the Setback – see Figure 3) at the Namakwa Sands Mine. The Setback is

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a ~300 m wide zone extending inland of the High Water Mark extending parallel to the coast for a distance of ~13km, and totalling ~500 ha in extent, and is located within the Mining Right Area (MRA).

Figure 2: Cadastral map showing affected farm portions Rietfontuyn Extension 151/2 and Graauw Duinen 152/1 (orange labels). The narrow red cadastral areas denote the admiralty zone and is outside the survey area. The existing heavy mineral sand mining is clearly visible inland of the coastal strip on 152/1.

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Figure 3: The setback polygon (black) in relation to cadastral boundaries (orange and red)

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2.2 Description of the proposed Resource Definition Drilling operation Resource definition drilling is planned to be conducted over the setback zone area as indicated in Figure 4. A total of 301 boreholes have were identified for drilling in the Setback zone arranged on an e-w oriented 125m x 125m (or 125m x 250m) grid interval. Following archaeological and botanical assessments, mitigation required the drilling sites to be reduced to 233 (and some remaining sites have been micro-sited, or emain as is where no impact is anticipated). The planned drill sites will first be marked in field with the use of flags by the mine’s Survey department. Access to the area and grid locations is planned and executed through:

• Accessing central points within the general area with a 4x4 LDV using existing routes; • Accessing grid points from the central points with the use of a four-wheeler that assists with

carrying equipment and markers (flags) by following the grid on a route that is safe and that will ensure that the entrance off the existing roads takes place only once and that back tracking on the same route is minimised (i.e. only one track in one direction).

Once the drill sites have been marked, drilling will start. Drilling to the depth of the impermeable hard layer beneath the cover sands is achieved using a 4x4 LDV mounted auger (and two support vehicles) and will be carried out in three phases over a six month period. Three 4x4 LDV vehicles are required to service each drill site (one vehicle carries the mounted auger drill, one carries equipment needed for the drilling process, and one carries drill samples and any other additional equipment and supplies). Access to the area and grid locations is planned and executed through accessing central points within the general area using existing routes and then accessing the grid points from the central points by following the grid (and where possible the four wheeler track) on a route that is safe and that will ensure that the entrance, off the existing roads, takes place only once and that back tracking on the same route is minimised (i.e. only one track in one direction). The three vehicles follow each other on the same path to the drill site. On arrival at a drill site, one LDV will stay in the path, while the other 2 will park perpendicular to the path, resulting that an area of approximately 5m2 at each drill site will be disturbed. Drilling and sampling will then be done to depth. Once sampling at a drill site has been completed, the borehole will be marked and the remaining soil not collected into the sample will be placed back into the drilled borehole. Any excess material will be flattened around the borehole;

Once the drilling campaign is complete, the Survey department will return to each drill site to survey actual drill hole position. Access will be in the same manner as described above for marking the drill sites. In total, the off-road tracks are crossed three times, twice by a four-wheeler, and once with three 4x4 bakkies. The results of the sample analysis would be used to delineate the area of interest in terms of possible mining. Based on the information derived from several archaeological assessments, the layout of the RDD holes has been modified to address concerns of archaeology and botany. A number of holes have been excluded from the program, while others have been moved. A number of holes where there were no issues identified, have remained in the original positions. The amended layout is presented and discussed in Section 8.

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Figure 4: Detail of the setback area (black) in relation to cadastral portions (orange and red). Originally proposed 301 prospecting sites shown by white dots on an east-west grid (prospect holes not to scale - for illustrative purposes only). This layout has been modified following suggested mitigation (see Figures 14 -17).

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2.3 Terms of reference The generic ToR and principal objectives for each specialist study are to:

• Describe the existing baseline characteristics of the study area and place this in a regional

context; • Identify and assess potential impacts of the project (both prospecting and mining) and the

alternatives (if any are presented to the specialist), using SRK’s prescribed impact rating methodology (Annexure A);

• Indicate the acceptability of alternatives and recommend a preferred alternative; • Identify and describe potential cumulative impacts of the proposed development in relation to

proposed and existing developments in the surrounding area, especially mining; • Recommend mitigation measures to avoid and/or minimise impacts and/or optimise benefits

associated with both prospecting and mining; and Recommend and draft a monitoring campaign, if applicable. Specific Terms of Reference: Heritage Impact Assessment - Archaeology and general

• Submit a Notice of Intent to Develop for prospecting only in the setback to Heritage Western Cape (HWC);

• Undertake a desktop study and field survey to build on the archaeological baseline developed by ACO during the archaeological assessment for the “Abalone Project” to add sufficient detail to the baseline to eventually allow HWC to take a decision on prospecting and mining the Setback without additional specialist field work;

• Compile a baseline which, inter alia, determines the importance, sensitivity and irreplaceability of identified archaeological resources in the Setback;

• Separately assess the pre- and post-mitigation impact of a) prospecting, and b) mining in the setback on archaeological resources;

• Recommend mitigation measures (including the possible identification of well-motivated exclusion areas) to minimise impacts and/or optimise benefits associated with a) prospecting, and b) mining;

• Recommend and draft a monitoring campaign to ensure the correct implementation and adequacy of recommenced mitigation measures;

• Make recommendations for rehabilitation and closure planning; • Produce an electronic database and georeferenced spatial data of sensitive sites / areas

identified in a template provided by Tronox; • Compile integrated HIAs (including the conclusions of this study, visual comments provided by

SRK and a palaeontological impact assessment) for prospecting and mining; • Submit the HIA for prospecting to HWC.

2.4 Scope and purpose of the report This report is prepared in terms of S38 (8) of the NHRA of 1999 as required in the response to the “Notice of intent to develop” (NID) submission to HWC. It is an archaeological impact assessment of proposed prospecting of the so-called “coastal setback area” at the Namakwa Sands Mine, and seeks to identify and mitigate the impacts of the activities on heritage resources, primarily archaeological in nature. 2.5 The author David began studying archaeology in 1977 and participated actively in the fieldwork program of the Department of archaeology at UCT, participating in numerous excavations and Cederberg rock art surveys under Prof John Parkington and Prof Andrew Smith. After graduating with an MA (Archaeology), David co-directed the Archaeology Contracts Office at the University of Cape Town (one of the first heritage resource management companies in South Africa) for 24 years before establishing and becoming a director of the recently established ACO Associates cc in 2008.

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ACO Associates provides specialist Heritage and Archaeological Impact Assessment services to a wide range of clients in order for them to comply with National Environmental and Heritage Legislation. The company currently employs 4 permanent staff. David is a long standing member of the Association of Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) and is an accredited member of the Cultural Resource Management (CRM) section of the association, accredited as a Principal Investigator to work on Stone Age sites, especially coastal shell middens, rock painting sites and colonial period sites, and Industrial structures and sites. He also has experience in dealing with scavenger bone accumulations. With 31 years of working experience in heritage impact assessments, conservation and archaeological research, he has worked in a wide variety of contexts and participated in over a thousand heritage projects ranging from heritage and archaeological impact assessments, to mitigation of archaeological sites in suburban, rural and industrial (mining) situations. David’s broad experience in heritage management has led to his serving as an advisor to the National Monuments Council up until 2000, and more recently as a member of two regulatory committees of the Provincial Heritage Resources Authority, Heritage Western Cape, Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport until the end of his term in 2013 (Impact Assessment Review Committee (IACOM) and the Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites Committee (APM)). He served on occasion as a forensic consultant to the Missing Persons Unit of the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) in 2007. He has led field research projects on behalf of both local and overseas research organisations, and continues to participate in archaeological research on an ad hoc basis. Research interests include aspects of the Middle Stone Age, Later Stone Age and Colonial era of southern Africa. He has co-authored a number of peer reviewed journal articles on these topics. David recently won the award for the best Heritage Impact assessment in the Western Cape for 2013/2014 presented by the Provincial Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport of the Western Cape. 2.6 Declaration of independence ACO Associates cc and its consultants have no financial or other interest in the proposed activities and will derive no benefit other than fair remuneration for the consulting services provided in the assessment. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Literature review A survey of available literature has been carried out to assess the general heritage context of the area. A background search of other Cultural Resource Management (CRM) projects in the area was made via the South African Heritage Resources Information Systems (SAHRIS) database and reports available in the ACO’s own archives. Some of the earlier surveys were undertaken as far back as the early 1990’s (e.g. Parkington & Poggengoel 1991) and reports and excavations have been undertaken by the ACO over a number of years (see References). The draft report by Patrick & Manhire (2014) for the proposed expansion of the Namakwa Sands Mine (then owned by Exxaro Resources Limited) included the southern portions of Graauw Duinen which although outside our immediate study area, is of relevance given its coastal location. That study was rushed and failed to document more than a few sites. This area has subsequently been re-surveyed by Jayson Orton (Orton 2017) resulting in a more comprehensive record of the archaeology. The Archaeology Contracts Office at the University of Cape Town, and subsequently ACO Associates cc, since 1993, has been involved in a number of heritage surveys along this section of the coastline as far down as the Olifants River. They have also excavated at least 11 archaeological sites along the coast and in the area currently mined by Tronox Namakwa Sands. ACO is therefore familiar with the heritage and particularly the archaeology of the study area. This background information has informed our survey and this report. 3.2 Field survey

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As mentioned earlier, ACO had previously undertaken a survey of the same piece of land in 2014/2015 in order to screen the site for an abalone facility. To do this, two successive field surveys were conducted by Lita Webley and David Halkett from 3-7 September 2014 and again from 3-5 November 2015. All tracks were recorded by means of Garmin GPS devices and all heritage sites were digitally recorded and described. A photographic record of the survey was maintained although not every site was photographed. During the first survey, the area along the local coastal gravel roads was accessed by vehicle and transects were walked across the study area. During the second survey, the area inside the boundary fence of Tronox Namakwa Sands was surveyed. More recently, 6-9 November 2018, another intense period of fieldwork was undertaken by D. Halkett and J. Gribble, to assess the proposed prospecting of the “Setback” area. This survey was primarily to fill in gaps with respect to the prospecting grid and proposed RDD holes. The combined input of all the fieldwork (tracks and sites) are indicated in Figures 5-13. Field experience has shown that pre-colonial people chose to live in fairly predictable parts of the landscape such as:

• Any natural rock outcrop that might have provided shelter from sun or wind or at, or close to hollows in rocks where water may collect after the rains (“waterbakke”);

• Stone outcrops which may have been used for stone tool manufacture; • The banks of rivers or stream channels; • Areas near to rocky intertidal shores where shellfish colonies are abundant; • Dune crests (where there is a slight hollow or deflation on the top of the dune ridge) – often in

recent red or white Aeolian sands; and • Deflation hollows in sandy or semi-sandy areas.

The following areas where archaeological material is often found, were also surveyed:

• Flat areas with slightly deflated patches on a hard substrate (often Dorbank); and • Eroded gravel and bedrock exposures.

In order to prevent any bias in the recording of sites, it must be stressed that land portions were for the most part blanket searched including relatively featureless parts of the coastal landscape. Where it was obvious that there was only a very low density of archaeological material visible on surface, the search intensity was reduced in order to devote more time to areas where archaeology was present in greater density. Archaeological tracks and sites were plotted using GIS methods and these underpin Figures 2-6 which have been produced to indicate areas where archaeology is abundant, and areas where surface archaeology is more limited. 3.3 Assumptions It is assumed that the prospecting will take place in the manner described above earlier, although in terms of the heritage, there are some modifications that may be suggested to the process that would mitigate unnecessary impact to surface archaeological materials. We assume our recommendations will be carried through. 3.4 Limitations • It was not possible to locate archaeological sites which had been identified by Parkington &

Poggenpoel in 1991 because the pre-GPS geographic co-ordinates they supplied in their report were not sufficiently accurate for today’s purpose, but we are confident that the majority of their sites in the area overlapping with the current survey have been documented. Given the intervening time since their initial survey, changes to the landscape will have occurred that include both natural

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and man-made phenomena. Revegetation of old diamond mining areas, and Aeolian sand erosion and deposition are significant factors as these can obscure or expose archaeological materials on an ongoing basis;

• Detailed coverage of the study area has been reasonably achieved in the total of 12 days of

fieldwork over the period 2014-2018. We are confident that we have obtained good coverage of the surface archaeology of the study area and are satisfied with the results. Although we know that there will be buried archaeological sites, we are unable to comment on positions, content and extent of buried sites for obvious reasons. We do however achieve occasional glimpses of the buried resource where it appears in disturbances;

• Heritage significance gradings have been allocated to sites identified as being potentially of Grade

III or higher significance in order to identify high sensitivity. All other sites are “ungraded” as there is not enough of the resource present on the surface on which to make an assessment. These are termed “not conservation worthy (NCW)” and individually have reduced scientific value when compared to Grade III sites. However, this does not mean that these sites are of no significance. While they may not have the range of artefacts or food remains as other sites, they may be associated with areas/sites of higher significance and form part of the broader picture of coastal settlement/use in the past;

• It is important to emphasise that archaeological survey is generally only able to identify above

ground heritage resources, and occasionally sub-surface remains where they are exposed by disturbance. It is an incontrovertible fact that many archaeological sites (as well as human remains) lie buried beneath the topsoil and will remain undetected until there is a concerted excavation campaign to uncover them, or until interventions such as mining occur. Where mining or excavations have taken place along the coast, they have invariably uncovered archaeological remains. These usually include older archaeological traces from the Earlier or Middle Stone Ages, but can also consist of buried lenses of material from the Later Stone Age;

• A common problem with near shoreline surveys is the generally high density of sites which makes

it difficult to distinguish discrete sites from one another. This was largely due to the repeated exploitation of the abundant marine resources in the near shore zone over thousands of years, and the subsequent obscuring of the archaeology by natural erosion and deposition, and plant and animal bioturbation. Add to this the significant disturbances by man and one is presented with an imperfect record of the past that must be picked apart from the associated artefactual and food remains to unravel origin and extent;

• Surface sites are usually those from the most recent past, such as the Colonial period, or from the

Later Stone Age (LSA). Based on observations from disturbed areas, it is well documented that both Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites are relatively abundant along this section of coast. Due to their age, they are most frequently buried. Sand erosion and movement in the intervening time since these sites were laid down, often sees the earlier materials deflate as the cover sand is eroded until they finally come to rest on the surface of the durable “Dorbank” layer that occurs extensively in Namaqualand.

3.5 Analysis A list of all archaeological resources located during the survey is shown in the Appendix B. Each of the identified resources assigned a name that takes account of the cadastral location as well as the date and organisation/individual responsible for the recording. Each site is rated for significance in terms of HWC’s guidelines (see Table 4.1 below) and these gradings largely determine which sites would require mitigation prior to physical disturbance. Grading of an archaeological site is based on surface observations of density, content and depth/stratification and they represent a most likely grading. 3.6 Impact assessment Potential impacts of the proposed project were identified by evaluating project description/activity viewed against the baseline archaeological data, review of other studies for similar projects and

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professional experience. Archaeological resources that cannot be avoided during prospecting would experience some direct surface damage from the drilling itself, or through four wheel drive vehicles moving over them. Subsurface archaeological resources could experience small impacts from being drilled through. The significance of the impacts has been assessed using the prescribed SRK impact rating methodology provided in the ToR. The significance of an impact is defined as a combination of the consequence of the impact occurring and the probability that the impact will occur. Practical mitigation and optimisation measures that can be implemented effectively to reduce or enhance the significance of impacts were identified. The impact significance was re-rated assuming the effective implementation of mitigation measures. In the course of the project, we have identified areas of high sensitivity, and the RDD program has been modified to avoid those areas. The mitigation is discussed in Section 8. 4. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION While the National Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) is the decision making authority with respect to the project, they must ensure that the evaluation of the statutorily defined broad range of heritage resources fulfils the requirements of the relevant heritage resources authority in terms of Section 38 (3) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) (NHRA) and that any comments and recommendations of the relevant heritage resources authority with regard to proposed development have been taken into account prior to the granting of the consent. Heritage Western Cape (HWC)1 is the relevant Provincial Heritage Resources Authority (PHRA) and is a commenting authority in the process. They have a defined process in order to achieve a final comment with respect to heritage resources. In terms of Section 38 (1) (e) of the NHRA, the appointed Heritage Practitioner must submit a “Notice of Intent to Develop” (NID) form to the PHRA for initial adjudication of the project and to determine the need for, and scope of further specialist heritage studies. If it is clear from the NID that no significant heritage resources will be impacted, no further action in terms of heritage will be requested. The comment is submitted to the EAP for inclusion in the Environmental process. If the decision is that further studies are required, the PHRA will request that the additional specialist studies are done as part of an Integrated Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA). The integration is to ensure that there is a recommendation that takes into account the findings of the various requested specialist Heritage studies. The specialist studies may include studies undertaken routinely as part of the EIA process e.g. a Visual Impact Assessment (VIA), but often include Archaeological and/or Palaeontological Impact Assessments. If there is significant Built Environment heritage at the affected site, a study of the buildings and their significance could be requested. The specific heritage process for the Tronox Setback prospecting is discussed in section 4.2 below. South African heritage resources management is based on grading, which provides for assigning the appropriate level of management responsibility to a heritage resource. Table 4 provides a summary of grading categories applicable to Grading heritage resources and possible management strategies.

Table 4.1: Guide to Grading of Built Environment Resources (Heritage Western Cape, 2016)2

Grading Description of resource Examples of possible Management Strategies Cultural Significance

I Heritage resources with qualities so exceptional that they are of special national significance. Current examples: Robben Island

May be declared as a National Heritage Site managed by SAHRA.

Highest Significance

II

Heritage resources with special qualities which make them significant in the context of a province or region, but do not fulfil the criteria for Grade I status. Current examples: St George’s Cathedral, Community House

May be declared as a Provincial Heritage Site managed by HWC.

Exceptionally High Significance

III Such a resource contributes to the environmental quality or cultural significance of a larger area and fulfils one of the criteria set out in section 3(3) of the Act but that does not fulfil the criteria for Grade II status. Grade III sites may be formally protected by placement on the Heritage Register. These resources are currently managed by HWC unless the local authority has been found competent and has been granted delegated authority.

1 The National Department for Heritage management is the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). They are responsible for management of Heritage resources all provinces except the western Cape and KwaZulu Natal. The submission process to SAHRA differs from that of HWC. 2 Grading: Purpose and Management Implications, Heritage Western Cape, 16th March 2016

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III A Such a resource must be an excellent example of its kind or must be sufficiently rare. These are heritage resources which are significant in the context of an area.

This grading is applied to buildings and sites that have sufficient intrinsic significance to be regarded as local heritage resources; and are significant enough to warrant that any alteration, both internal and external, is regulated. Such buildings and sites may be representative, being excellent examples of their kind, or may be rare. In either case, they should receive maximum protection at local level.

High Significance

III B Such a resource might have similar significances to those of a Grade III A resource, but to a lesser degree.

These are heritage resources which are significant in the context of a townscape, neighbourhood, settlement or community. Like Grade IIIA buildings and sites, such buildings and sites may be representative, being excellent examples of their kind, or may be rare, but less so than Grade IIIA examples. They would receive less stringent protection than Grade IIIA buildings and sites at local level.

Medium Significance

III C Such a resource is of contributing significance to the environs. These are heritage resources which are significant in the context of a streetscape or direct neighbourhood.

This grading is applied to buildings and/or sites whose significance is contextual, i.e. in large part due to its contribution to the character or significance of the environs. These buildings and sites should, as a consequence, only be regulated if the significance of the environs is sufficient to warrant protective measures, regardless of whether the site falls within a Conservation or Heritage Area. Internal alterations should not necessarily be regulated.

Low Significance

NCW A resource that, after appropriate investigation, has been determined to not have enough heritage significance to be retained as part of the National Estate.

No further actions under the NHRA are required. This must be motivated by the applicant and approved by the authority. Section 34 can even be lifted by HWC for structures in this category if they are older than 60 years.

No research potential or other significance

In terms of the EIA process, all heritage related comments submitted as part of the Public Participation Process (PPP) must also be addressed by the relevant heritage specialist at both scoping and EIA stages. The requested specialist reports will be included as appendices of the integrated HIA. The NHRA provides general protection for the following categories of heritage resources:

▪ Landscapes, cultural or natural (Section 3 (3)) • Buildings or structures older than 60 years (Section 34); • Archaeological Sites, palaeontological material and meteorites (Section 35); • Burial grounds and graves (Section 36); • Public monuments and memorials (Section 37); • Living heritage (defined in the Act as including cultural tradition, oral history, performance,

ritual, popular memory, skills and techniques, indigenous knowledge systems and the holistic approach to nature, society and social relationships) (Section 2 (d) (xxi)).

4.1 General legislative protections applying to heritage resources Structures (Section 34(1)) No person may alter or demolish any structure part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by Heritage Western Cape (HWC), the responsible provincial heritage resources authority. Archaeology & Palaeontology (Section 35(4)) No person may, without a permit issued by HWC, destroy, damage, excavate, alter, deface or otherwise disturb any archaeological or palaeontological site or any meteorite. Burial grounds and graves (Section 36(3)) No person may, without a permit issued by the South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA), destroy, damage, alter, exhume or remove from its original position or otherwise disturb any grave or

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burial ground older than 60 years, which is situated outside a formal cemetery administered by a local authority. 4.2 Specific heritage process for the Tronox Setback prospecting Although numerous heritage applications have been submitted for different parts of the mine, this is the first formal application for work in the so-called Setback area. The prospecting will take place in the same area as was proposed for an Abalone Farm that ACO and Mr John Pether had assessed in 20153, and which meant that ACO had high level information on which to base the NID application (Webley and Halkett 2015, Pether 2015). A Notice of Intent to Develop application (NID) was submitted to Heritage Western Cape (HWC) on the 5th February 2019 and a response was received back from HWC on the 19th February 2019 requesting an integrated HIA with specific reference to impacts on archaeological and palaeontological heritage resources (Appendix E). In addition, the comments of any relevant registered conservation bodies and relevant municipality on the development should be requested and included in the report. Palaeontological and Archaeological Impact assessments are included as Appendices 4 and 5 of the integrated HIA. There are no registered heritage conservation bodies with an interest in the relevant area listed on the HWC website (www.hwc.org.za). As such, only the Matzikama Municipality can provide comment on the activity once the reports have been submitted to them. Comments received during the commenting period will be included in submission to HWC. 5. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 5.1 Site context The surveyed area (setback) lies partially on the western periphery of the well-established Tronox Nakamwa Sands heavy mineral mining area (Figures 1 and 2) that has been in operation since the mid-1990’s. The vast majority of infrastructure in the area, including the main access road, relates to mining, current and historical. While the predominant mining is now heavy minerals, in the past, smaller scale mining was focussed on diamonds, and coastal roads and old prospecting and mining from that period mark the landscape today. Other land uses in the area include small stock grazing, dryland agriculture (wheat) and a salt production facility at the mouth of the Sout River (of which the Groot Goerap and Klein Goerap Rivers are tributaries). 5.2 Site description Despite the presence of the fairly substantial Nakamwa Sands Mine, the landscape around Brand se Baai is somewhat desolate and semi-arid with sparse human settlement beyond the mine. The prevailing rumble of mining machinery and plant is noticeable with certain prevailing winds. The few farm werfs tend to be located inland of the coastal zone and are thus not readily noticed. The nearest town, Lutzville, lies some 50 km to the south east. There is a broad coastal plain which extends some 16 km inland towards the Groot Goerap River then rising towards the Namaqualand granites, at which point the landscape becomes more undulating. The coastal landscape is characterised by rocky shorelines in the north and south, and well as sheltered bays and coastal dunes. The predominant vegetation type is Arid Succulent Karoo which grows on the red feldspathic sands. Prior to commencement of mining operations the area was virtually devoid of habitation or infrastructure. The coastal strip has been popular for many years among Namaqualand farmers and residents of the area who informally camp at the coast particularly over the Christmas season.

3 Although baseline reports for archaeology and paleontology were submitted, the project was discontinued and was never formally submitted for au thorisation.

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The detailed description of the regional archaeological background of the study area in presented in Appendix 1.

Plate 1: View northward to the estuary of the Sout Rivier, the northern border of the study area.

Plate 2: View southward from the estuary; the residue storage facilities of Tronox Namakwa Sands mine

encircled in red.

Plate 3: View of the grey-white Holocene dune cordon to the north of the mine, with residue storage facilities of the mine seen in the background.

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Plate 4: The camp site and buildings at the embayment known as Brand se Baai

Plate 5: The coastline to the south of Brand se Baai. Note the red Aeolian sands, which according to Pether (2013) represent the Koekenaap Formation. He observes that the red sands are underlain by scatters of MSA material. There was evidence for disturbance to the study area as a result of mining activities undertaken during the last 50 years or more, much of it diamond related (predating the Tronox Namakwa Sands activities). Large holes, excavated in the southern banks of the Sout Rivier estuary, have filled with water. The walls of these pools were covered with the shells of Lutraria lutraria, the common otter shell, a marine bivalve mollusc which lives in the sand some 30 cm below the surface. Pether (pers comm.) has advised that the Lutraria clams lived in the expanded estuary during the “Holocene High” sea level ~7-4 ka. Interspersed with these shells are fragments of ostrich eggshell, stone artefacts and potsherds from the LSA and indicate disturbance. These latter disturbances are in fact located on an adjacent farm namely Re 151/3 (Cawood 513) and although they lie outside the Setback area, are mentioned for the sake of completeness. This area was surveyed as part of the Abalone project.

Plate 6: View of the mining disturbance around the Sout Rivier estuary. This area is excluded from the prospecting area and is on farm RE151/3 (Cawood 513).

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Plate 7: Old diamond mining and prospecting trenches to the south of Brand se Baai reached considerable depths, often penetrating the Dorbank layer, and sometimes intersected palaeontological features and/or archaeological sites.

Plate 8: An horizon of Donax rogersi, the zone fossil or indicator species for the 30 m Package (Hondeklip Bay Formation), related to high sea level of the Mid Pliocene Warm Period ~ 3 Ma. They apparently went extinct with the Quaternary onset of modern conditions and they do not occur in the Quaternary raised beaches. The outer edge of the Hondeklip Bay Formation is intersected in the prospecting trenches inland of the coastal gravel road (Pether pers comm.)

There are also many mining trenches excavated at right angles to the coast to reach the diamondiferous gravels. Some of these open cast excavations were excavated in the 1960s and 1970s and have never been backfilled. They provide an opportunity to assess the below-surface deposits.

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6. FINDINGS OF THE HERITAGE STUDY 6.1 Summary of the baseline findings Approximately 950 archaeological sites have been recorded on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2 and Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn 1 during the 3 surveys carried out by ACO Associates between 2014 and 2018. Refer to Appendix B for descriptions, co-ordinates and site names of all archaeological occurrences located in the three field surveys. The distribution of the sites and likely future sample areas is shown in Figures 5-9. Search track coverage of the area from the three surveys is shown in Figures 10-13 to demonstrate firstly the extent of areas searched, and secondly to show where there is an absence of surface resources, despite ground searching. Waypoints generally mark where archaeological material is more focussed than elsewhere, although material may be more widely broadcast due to bioturbation which includes natural and man-made processes over time. In some instances, a series of points may be invoked to surround a particularly dense accumulation of resources with scientific value. 6.1.1 Earlier Stone Age Scatters of ESA material were found wherever there were any deep excavations which penetrated the surface aeolian sands onto the hard dorbank. In general, the stone artefacts consisted of mainly quartz flakes, cores and chunks which were difficult to attribute to a specific time period. However, the presence of an occasional handaxe indicated that ESA people were present. While less than 10 handaxes were recorded in total, they were predominantly small (i.e. around 10 cm in length). Historically, they would have been described as “Fauresmith”, i.e. a period transitional between the Earlier and Middle Stone Ages. Underhill (2011), in his review of the period, points to the problems inherent in the use of the term.

Plate 9: A number of ESA artefacts were found in the spoil heaps adjoining this mining trench/borrow pit on Rietfontein Extension 151/2.

Plate 10 and 11: View of a handaxe within a section of dorbank. The small quartzite/silcrete handaxe is finely

retouched.

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Plate 12: A small quartz handaxe found in a track alongside a prospecting trench on Graauw Duinen 152/1

6.1.2 Middle Stone Age Middle Stone Age in the area was first described during an assessment of diamond mining in this area in the early 1990’s. The site of BSB5 (Halkett et al,1993) illustrates that significant MSA sites are found along the coast. Although disturbed, the site has proved useful in documenting to some degree the artefacts that were used on the site and the associated bone and marines shell. MSA sites appear more common in the southern part of the setback and this presence is likely to have to do with the variable surface deposition here compared to in the north (recent deposition of Holocene sands seems to be more pronounced adjacent to the extensive sandy beaches there, compared to the predominantly rocky shoreline in the south. The strata containing MSA (and ESA) are much closer to surface and are therefore occasionally exposed in deflated areas, or disturbed areas related to old mining.

Plate 13: Site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D300 is a shallow deflation hollow in the red sands with MSA artefacts.

Plate 14: View of the stone artefacts from Site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D300. They are predominantly on quartz,

but silcrete is also used. A number of small deflation hollows (such as depicted in Plate 12 above), containing scatters of quartz and silcrete artefacts, were observed in the deflated tops of low red Aeolian dunes and prompted Parkington & Poggenpoel (1991) to comment on the remarkable homogeneity of the

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assemblage composition across the area. It is likely that MSA sites here are unlikely to be older than 120,000 years. 6.1.3 Later Stone Age The majority of shell middens date to the LSA and are comprised of the limpets Cymbula granatina, Scutellastra argenvillei and Scutellastra granularis. A few sites contained small amounts of the black mussel, Choromytilus meriodonalis and the ribbed mussel, Aulacomya sp. Parkington & Poggenpoel (1991) identified two different types of shell midden along the coast, but no particular patterning was observed during our survey. The majority of sites comprised very light scatters of shell. In some cases, it was observed that complete S argenvillei and C granatina shells had been brought to the surface by burrowing animals, suggesting that the shell lenses were located immediately beneath the soil surface (Plate 17). Some LSA middens included informal quartz artefact assemblages with flakes or cores, and smaller numbers of artefacts were found on other types of rock as well. Some sites contained small amounts of ostrich eggshell fragments, and an even smaller number contained indigenous pottery (Plate 16). No ostrich eggshell beads were recorded and only a few upper and lower grindstones were observed.

Plate 15: This slight deflation (possibly an old pan or extension of the estuary) surrounded on three sides by a large number of shell middens.

Plate 16: Shell Midden RE151/2_2014/ACO/L076 on the edge of an old pan/estuary.

Plate 17: Potsherds from Site RE151/3_2014/ACO/L059. This area where this site is found is excluded from the setback and on the farm known as Rietfontein Extension 152/3 (Cawood 513).

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The significance of potsherds, as is discussed in Appendix 1, is that it indicates the presence in the area of pastoralist groups (with whom ceramics are associated) who first settled in southern Africa some 2000 years ago.

Plate 18: This excavation into the coastal soils clearly reveals two shell horizons at Site GD152/1_2014/ACO/L186 close to Brand Se Baai. This photograph illustrates the possibility of recovering buried archaeological sites immediately beneath the soil surface.

Plates 19 and 20: The site of GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB6 and a detail of stone artefacts and pottery associated with shellfish remains which include numerous S Argenvillei shells. 6.2 Graves No graves were identified during the assessment. 7. DISTRIBUTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE SETBACK AREA The entire range of archaeological material, from the ESA to the terminal LSA (as described above) is found within the study area. Approximately 950 archaeological occurrences were recorded over 3 separate site visits extending over a total of 12 days (Figure 5). An examination of the maps presented below shows clusters of sites which inform on pre-colonial site location preferences. As yet, it is not possible to explain with certainty why these clusters occur, but it is likely to do with food resources, and where such resources are concentrated. In establishing areas of sensitivity (clusters of sites outlined in red) factors taken into account are site density, content of surface sites, context, significance and general degree of disturbance of the landscape. It is important to note that archaeological surveys are largely dependent on surface visibility and if that is not possible for any reason, absence of archaeological occurrences can be misinterpreted to indicate a lack of sites. A case in point is the area of highly mobile Holocene dune at the northern part of the Graauw Duinen farm. The low density of sites here could be due to surface

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visibility, but possibly also due to the absence of rocky shell bearing headlands along this section of the coastline. This phenomenon has been noted on other parts of the west coast. Following below are a number of maps (Figures 6-9) showing the surveyed areas and site clusters in more detail. Dots indicate archaeological occurrences with red dots indicating sites of Grade IIIC or higher, while green dots are graded NCW, although they contribute to the overall settlement pattern. The setback prospecting boundary is indicated by a black polygon. In a few instances archaeological occurrences and tracks lie outside the setback area due to the fact that these were recorded during the survey of the area for an abalone farm, and the search parameters were moderately different. Track paths from all three seasons of fieldwork are shown in Figures 10-13 so as not to clutter the site distribution illustrations. As can be seen on Figure 6, there is a high number of archaeological occurrences within 1.5 km south of the Sout Rivier estuary. The majority are patches of in situ shell middens, some with associated stone tools, pottery and ostrich eggshell pieces, and many that just contain marine shell. It is not always possible to determine discrete sites and it is likely that there will inevitably be some overprinting of “occupations” resulting from repeated focussed use of the area. The absence of adjacent rocky shoreline suggests that shellfish were being transported from further afield, probably from rocky headlands to the north of the Sout Rivier, and that settlement here had other priorities, likely to have to do with the position relative to the salt pan. It is our impression that pottery is more abundant on the sites here and may indicate the associated presence of domesticated stock. This area is considered of high significance overall. A number of these sites will need to be sampled if mining is to occur while prospecting activities will need to avoid some sites and drilling may have to be shifted in some instances as mitigation. A preliminary separate list indicating mitigation of resource definition drilling is presented in Table 2.

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Figure 5: The study area is contained within the black polygon. Cadastral boundaries shown in orange and red. Dots indicate archaeological occurrences with red dots indicating sites of Grade IIIC or higher, while green dots are graded “not conservation worthy” (NCW), although they contribute to the overall settlement pattern. The area immediately to the south of the Sout Rivier cluster contains substantially fewer archaeological occurrences. The “lack” of sites could be related to the fact that there is no adjacent rocky shoreline and therefore no shellfish for hunter-gatherer groups to harvest. On the other hand, it is possible that sites exist under the mobile dunes that prevail here and only deep testing would resolve this. Surface presence of archaeological material is broadly a good indicator for buried LSA or earlier archaeological material (occurring at relatively shallow depth). A small cluster of sites is found just to north of the Rietfontein/Graauw Duinen boundary adjacent to an area where rocky shoreline re-appears. As can be seen on Figure 7 which shows the area to the south of the Rietfontein/Graauw Duinen boundary to where the setback area becomes a narrow band constrained by the high walls of the slimes dams. There are few archaeological occurrences over most of this zone apart from the sites that hug the coastline, and lie on the inland cordon of the mobile Hardevlei Formation dunes, comprised of younger, white to grey Aeolian sands of apparent Holocene age. Once again, the absence of archaeology is likely to be the result of an obscured older surface and only deep testing will resolve this “gap”. At the southern end of the illustration, is a cluster of archaeological sites co-inciding with a substantial rocky headland marking the now virtually continuous rocky shoreline that continues for many kilometres to the south, interrupted only occasionally by short stretches of “pocket” beaches. Similarly, archaeological occurrences now occur in a mostly uninterrupted band to the end of the Graauw Duinen setback zone. The area shown on Figure 8 includes the so called small bay known as “Brand se Baai”. The white mobile dunes are largely restricted now as the rocky shoreline restricts the supply of beach sand that can be mobilised by onshore winds. This gives rise to much better overall surface visibility in this area than to the north and for the most part, the red feldspathic sands prevail. Topography consists generally of a coastal platform rising steeply to ~40 meters that continues to the south. The area includes numerous “camping” sites and an abundance of informal tracks, all of which have had an impact on archaeological sites. Road cuttings above and at Brand Se Baai do indicate that there are buried shell lenses here. Many of the sites are from Later Stone Age and as further north largely include varying amounts of shellfish and associated artefactual material. Archaeological material is found all the way up to the edge of the active mine pit inland of the coastal platform. Sand mobilised from the mine pit itself has begun to obscure the original surface and extensive avenues of green shade netting has been installed to reduce the sand flow. Shellfish would have been superabundant and rock lobster would have occurred in great numbers amongst kelp beds in the numerous small bays and gulleys. The area indicated in Figure 9 extends to the end of the setback zone. There are a number of isolated sites of high significance to the south of Brand se Baai. Occurrences include exposed archaeological sites and palaeontological features in the numerous old diamond prospecting and mining trenches which are cut at intervals perpendicular to the coastline. Apart from numerous Later Stone Age sites, there are also rare exposures of ESA and MSA material, and in some cases, the MSA is found with associated mineralised bone, and ostrich eggshell, along with stone artefacts and shellfish. The presence of the MSA in this area has been known about since the 1990’s when the material at the site now known as BSB5, was first observed. Although largely disturbed by the mining activities, samples of the material have been collected previously and attempts to understand the context and origin of the material were made by cutting into the side of the trench with heavy machinery. Only limited success was achieved as no lenses of a density which would seem to have given rise to the amount of material on the spoil heaps where the material now lies could be identified. But with the intervening years since the site was first sampled, it would appear that much more has been exposed as the spoil heaps continue to be reduced by erosion. It is not always easy to understand the extent of these ESA/MSA sites because they are usually buried but it seems quite clear that MSA sites are present here and at other places in this part of the setback, most exposed by mining. It remains to be seen if any in situ MSA sites can be identified and

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excavated. There are occasional pan-like depressions where MSA artefacts are found in low densities. ESA material is seldom found anywhere associated with organic remains except in very rare circumstances(e.g. Elandsfontuyn, Montagu Cave, Kathu Pan). Our observations of the material is however limited to isolated handaxes exposed in the edges of borrow pits and mining trenches. The artefacts are usually occurring as part of lag scatters on the surface of the Dorbank. Orton (2017a,b) has documented and collected ESA artefacts elsewhere in the broader Tronox mining area. Seven Later Stone Age sites were sampled in this area in the 1990’s (Halkett et al 1993, Hart & Halkett 1994) while another 2 LSA sites were excavated in 1997 (Hart & Lanham 1997). The sites known as BSB 2,3,4 and 6 and produced radiocarbon dates in a range from C4000BP to about 400BP. These dates indicate that sites straddle the time before and after the introduction of pastoralism to southern Africa, the nature of which has yet to be fully understood and remains highly relevant to LSA research of the west coast. All indications are that other sites identified in the area will add to the understanding of the use of this part of the coast in the distant past.

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Figure 6: Distribution of known archaeological occurrences on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2. The study area is contained within the black polygon. Cadastral boundaries shown in orange and red. Dots indicate archaeological occurrences with red dots indicating sites of Grade IIIC or higher, while green dots are graded NCW, although they contribute to the overall settlement pattern. Red polygons define site clusters within which mitigation should be focussed or drilling activities excluded.

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Figure 7: Distribution of known archaeological occurrences on Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn 1. The study area is contained within the black polygon. Cadastral boundaries shown in orange and red. Dots indicate archaeological occurrences with red dots indicating sites of Grade IIIC or higher, while green dots are graded NCW, although they contribute to the overall settlement pattern. Red polygons define site clusters within which mitigation should be focussed or drilling activities excluded.

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32


33

Figure 10: Search tracks (purple) on Rietfontein Extension 151/2. The study area is contained within the black polygon. Cadastral boundaries shown in

orange and red.

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Figure 11: Search tracks (purple) on Graauw Duinen 152/1. The study area is contained within the black polygon. Cadastral boundaries shown in orange

and red.

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and red.

36


and red.

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8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT 8.1 Potential impacts of prospecting on archaeological resources

• Driving prospecting vehicles over archaeological resources when accessing actual drilling locations;

• Disturbance of archaeological resources at actual drilling sites 8.1.1 Potential Impact: damage to archaeological resources by vehicles when accessing actual

prospecting locations Accessing the prospecting sites with vehicles will impact some archaeological material as it is impossible to exclude all resources from the paths of vehicles. The most significant sites have however been identified (Appendix B) and mitigation includes the avoidance of such resources when planning and using access routes. We have also physically assessed many of the proposed RDD sites and likely driving routes on the east west grid between the RDD sites. The assessment table of all the RDD sites is shown in Appendix C while a summary of the proposed mitigation of the RDD sites is shown in Appendix D. Mitigation can be achieved primarily by avoiding high sensitivity areas of significance (Figures 6-9), identified sites, and/or accessing drilling sites from particular directions or via existing tracks. “No go” areas have been indicated where there is a higher density of archaeological resources (including Grade III sites) than elsewhere that must be avoided. If this is achieved then no physical mitigation of archaeology is required in advance of, or during the prospecting period (unless significant remains are encountered during the activity). It is assumed that there will be no issues in adjusting the routes due to the open nature of the environment and waypoints can be loaded to a GPS for use when driving routes in the field. Sites along the coast have already been subjected to considerable disturbance over the years due to the activities of diamond mining infrastructure and informal coastal access. Prospecting has previously been undertaken on the coast as is demonstrated by old prospecting holes with protruding PVC sleeves. Mitigation seeks to restrict further damage through realistic mitigation measures. In terms of the assessment in Table 7.1, without mitigation, the impact significance is assessed to be medium (-ve). With the implementation of mitigation measures, impact is assessed to be Very low (-ve). Table 8.1: Potential Impact: damage to archaeological resources when accessing actual prospecting locations with vehicles

Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without

mitigation Local

1 Medium

2 Long term

3 Medium

6 Definite MEDIUM – ve High

Essential mitigation measures: • Designate areas that have been identified as areas of high archaeology sensitivity “no-go” areas for prospecting; • Take note of known archaeological resource co-ordinates and “no go” areas when planning access routes to drilling

sites; • Exclude drilling and access routes from “no go” areas; • Use existing tracks as far as possible; • Use the same route on a daily basis while work in progress; • If any significant unknown archaeological resources (e.g. human remains) are uncovered during the activity, these

should be avoided and reported to the archaeologist for assessment;

With mitigation Local 1

Low 1

Long term 3

Low 5 Possible VERY LOW – ve High

8.1.2 Potential Impact: loss of archaeological resources at actual prospecting location The positions of archaeological resources at drilling sites has been assessed in the field and via desktop. Where there are archaeological resources at, or close to drilling locations (as per the prospecting documents), these have been indicated on the summary table in Appendix B. We have also physically assessed many of the proposed RDD sites and likely driving routes on the east west grid between the RDD sites. The assessment table of all the RDD sites is shown in Appendix C while a summary of the proposed mitigation of the RDD sites is shown in Appendix D. Where there is

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overlap of archaeological resources and RDD sites, we have proposed mitigation that includes micro-siting of the RDD sites and this has already been enacted. Sites along the coast have already been subjected to considerable disturbance over the years due to the activities of diamond mining infrastructure and informal coastal access roads. Prospecting has previously been undertaken on the coast as is demonstrated by a number of old prospecting holes with pvc sleeves. In terms of the assessment in Table 7.2, without mitigation, the impact significance is assessed to be medium (-ve). With the implementation of mitigation measures, impact is assessed to be very low (-ve). Table 8.2: Potential Impact: loss of archaeological resources associated with drilling activity at actual prospecting location

Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence Without

mitigation Local

1 High

3 Long term

3 High

7 Definite HIGH – ve High

Essential mitigation measures: • Designate areas that have been identified as areas of high archaeology sensitivity “no-go” areas for prospecting; • Take note of known archaeological resource co-ordinates and high sensitivity “no go” areas when locating drilling hole; • Micro-site drilling location to avoid archaeological resources as mitigation; • If any significant unknown archaeological resources (e.g. human remains) are uncovered during the activity, these should be

avoided and reported to the archaeologist for assessment ; • Contain excess material from drilling hole so that it is not spread widely;

With mitigation

Local 1

Low 1

Long term 3

Low 5 Possible VERY LOW – ve High

8.2 Cumulative impacts Mining activities over several decades on the coastline in the vicinity of the Tronox Namaqua Sands has certainly resulted in the loss of archaeological and palaeontological resources. The precise extent of the loss is difficult however to quantify in any precise way but we know of potentially significant archaeological resources that have been disturbed, along with numerous less significant. The difficulty with cumulative archaeological impact is that there is no way to fully quantify buried resources. Field surveys are largely based on surface observations, and buried resources may only be marginally visible where disturbance has taken place (e.g. borrow pits, mining and prospecting pits, erosion gullies). At present, the setback is not actively mined though bears the scars of earlier diamond mining and prospecting activities. Currently the sea water intake at Brand Se Baai is the only infrastructure related to the Nakawa Sands Mine that is located in the setback. The heavy mineral sand mine at Brand se Baai now operated by Tronox, has been operational for at least 15 years and several archaeological and palaeontological assessments and mitigation of archaeological resources in the affected areas over the years have gone some way to mitigating loss of heritage resources. Some buried resources will inevitably be lost. Prospecting causes far less of an impact on archaeological and palaeontological resources than mining, although can inflict damage or loss of resources if not mitigated. Although some damage to widespread resources is inevitable, our assessment of the potential impacts from resource definition drilling has determined that cumulative impacts will be minimal if the proposed mitigation is followed. 8.3 Completion of drilling Excess material not collected for sampling will be returned to the drill hole and some will likely be scattered about the site. The disturbed areas will rehabilitate over time. 8.4 No Go option If the “no go” option is invoked, the status quo will be maintained and natural and human processes present in the area will continue to erode the archaeological/heritage resources.

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8.5 Mitigation Originally, 301 RDD sites were proposed. Archaeological and botanical sensitivities however required the positions and numbers of drilling sites to be reviewed in order to mitigate negative impacts on the resources. The final layout after mitigation can be seen in Table 8.3. RDD sites have been reduced to 233 sites in total. Of these, 47 sites needed to be relocated out of sensitive areas, while the locations of 186 could remain unchanged. A total of 61 of the originally proposed RDD sites have been excluded. The final layout viewed in relation to no go areas is shown in Figures 14 - 17).

Table 8.3: Current RDD layout

RDD holes no change (yellow) RDD moved (purple) RDD Total RDD excluded (red) 186 47 233 61

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Figure 14: RDD sites. Excluded – red dots, Unchanged – yellow dots, Moved – purple dots. Archaeological “no go” areas red. Setback area – black, farm

portions - orange

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portions - orange

42


portions - orange

43


portions - orange

44

9. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1 Prospecting in the Setback area The original proposal was for 301 RDD sites. Archaeological and Botanical sensitivities however required the positions and numbers of drilling sites to be reviewed and after re-assessment of the RDD positions, a total of 233 RDD sites will now be investigated. These holes will be drilled using an LDV mounted rig with one LDV vehicle carrying equipment. A third vehicle will be used for moving personnel and samples. Once a track to a drill site is established, the same track will be used until completion. 9.2 Key Findings Approximately 950 archaeological sites have been recorded on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2 and Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn 1 during the 3 surveys between 2014 and 2018. Refer to Appendix B for descriptions, co-ordinates and site names of all archaeological occurrences located in the three field surveys. The majority of observations are of Later Stone Age sites, most often marked by accumulations (in varying densities and extent) of discarded marine shell and associated with varying amounts of stone artefacts, or other artefactual material such as ostrich eggshell, bone and/or pottery. Previous archaeological work has demonstrated that surface sites sometimes lie on top of buried shell lenses indicating occupation continuity over time. Other resources include occasional surface exposures of Middle Stone Age sites, which resemble LSA sites except they are often focussed on shallow pans, and stone artefacts are distinctly different from LSA. Shellfish may be present on such sites but in small numbers. MSA is known to be buried and has on occasion been identified in spoil heaps related to old diamond mining activities, particularly to the south of Brand Se Baai. These MSA sites appear to have consisted of relatively dense shell accumulations associated with stone artefacts and quantities of bone (some mineralized) and ostrich eggshell (often in large quantities), and probably accumulated in much the same way as LSA ones many thousands of years later. The precise age of these sites is enigmatic as there are no typical tools of the distinctive techno complexes such as “Still Bay” or “Howiesons’s Poort”. Earlier Stone Age material is found in deflated areas and occasionally as isolated finds in sections of deeper trenches, or in eroded areas. The material is most commonly found as isolated items or concentrations of material deflated onto the hard dorbank surface that underlies most of the surface sands of the area. Distinctive tools are bifacially worked “handaxes”, and while some of the scattered stone flakes and other waste will be of similar age, it is not always easily identified as coming specifically from the ESA. We have not found any indications of in situ ESA in the Setback area. 9.3 Mitigation Physical assessment of many of the RDD sites on the ground, along with desktop assessment of RDD sites located in areas where archaeological resources have been shown to be scarce, has indicated where there is overlap of archaeological resources with either RDD access routes to the sites, and/or the RDD sites themselves. It is inevitable that some impact will occur in some sections of the setback due to the widespread nature of archaeological resources. Many of these resources are of low scientific value however, and some impact is considered to be sustainable. Mitigation of the setback has been achieved by identification and avoidance of high sensitivity archaeological areas. The designated areas of high archaeological sensitivity have been provided to Tronox in the form of a kml file to be included in the RDD EMP. The mitigation for prospecting means that physical sampling and/or excavation of archaeological resources during prospecting should not be necessary, unless a significant archaeological resource is identified during the drilling program (e.g. human burial). 9.4 Environmental acceptability Following the an archaeological assessment of the initially proposed RDD layout, it was suggested that a number of higher sensitivity areas of archaeological material be excluded from the drilling

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program. No drilling or vehicle movement will occur in those identified areas. Having assessed the proposed prospecting activity superimposed on the available archaeological data, we are satisfied that the prospecting activity is acceptable and will only result in a sustainable low level of impact of archaeological resources if the suggested mitigation is followed. 10. REFERENCES Archaeology Contracts Office. 1997. Phase 2 Archaeological Excavations at Two Late Stone Age sites in the Phase II (WOB) Mining Area, Namakwa Sands, Vredendal District, Namaqualand. Unpublished report for Namakwa Sands Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office. 1997. An Archaeological re-assessment of boundary changes, Namakwa Sands Mining Area. Unpublished report for Namakwa Sands Ltd. Braun, D., Levin, N., Roberts, D & Stynder, D. 2013. Initial investigations of Acheulian hominin behaviour at Elandsfontein. In: Jerardino, J., Malan, A. & Braun, D. (eds) The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa: 10-24. BAR International Series 2526. Dewar, G. & Orton, J. 2013. Subsistence, settlement and material culture on the central Namaqualand coastline. In: Jerardino, J., Malan, A. & Braun, D. (eds) The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa: 109-123. BAR International Series 2526. Gribble, J. & Halkett, D. 2019. Archaeological impact assessment of sand mining on the farm Kleinfontein 312/2 near Klawer. Prepared for Green Direction Sustainability Consulting on behalf of the owner, Mr J Coetzee. ACO Associates cc. Halkett, D. 2000. An initial assessment of Heritage Resources within the Trans Hex West Coast Diamond Concessions. Unpublished report for Trans Hex Mining Ltd. Halkett, D. 2001. An inspection and assessment of a Middle Stone Age site at the Groen River mouth: Namaqualand. Unpublished report prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines NM. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D. 2002. Phase 1 archaeological survey: assessment of mining blocks in the BMC and KN areas, Namaqualand. Unpublished report prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines NM. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D., Hart, T. & Parkington, J. 1993. Excavations at six archaeological sites in the near shore diamond mining area, Brandsebaai, Namaqualand. Unpublished report for De Beers Namaqualand Mines Division. Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 1994. Report on Phase 2 archaeological excavations at the Namakwa Sands Project (first phase) Vredendal District. Unpublished report prepared for Namakwa Sands Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D. & Orton, J. 2007. Phase 1 archaeological assessment of mining block extensions in the BMC and KNC mining area, Namaqualand, May 2007. Unpublished report prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines NM. Hart, T. 1999. A phase 1 archaeological assessment of the proposed Liebenbergs Bay Mine, Vredendal. Unpublished report prepared for Rency (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Hart, T. 2003. Phase 1 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Diamond Mining Areas situated at the farms Geelwal Karoo, Klipvley Karoo Kop and Graauduinen, Vredendal District, Western Cape. Unpublished report for SRK Consulting. Hart, T. 2007. Heritage Impact Assessment of a proposed wind energy facility to be situated at Olifantsrivier Nedersetting 617, 620 and Grave Water Kop 158/5 situated on the Namaqualand Coast

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in the Vredendal District, South Western Cape. Unpublished report for Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Hart, T.J.G. & Halkett, D. 1994. Report on Phase 2 archaeological excavations at the Namakwa Sands project (first phase) Vredendal District Namaqualand. Unpublished report prepared for Namakwa Sands Ltd. University of Cape Town: Archaeology Contracts Office. Hart, T.J.G. & Lanham, J. 1997. Phase 2 archaeological excavations at two late stone age sites in the Phase II (WOB) mining area, Namakwa Sands, Vredendal district, Namaqualand. Hart, T. & Orton, J. 2005. Namakwa Sands EMPR amendment specialist study report on heritage. Unpublished report prepared for Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Jerardino, A., Wiltshire, N., Webley, L., Tusenius, M., Halkett, D., Hoffman, T & Maggs, T. 2014. Site Distribution and Chronology at Soutpansklipheuwel, a Rocky Outcrop on the West Coast of South Africa. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 9:88-110. Kaplan, J. 1993. The state of Archaeological information in the coastal zone from the Orange River to Ponta do Oura. Unpublished report for the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. Morris. A. 1992. A Master Catalogue of Holocene Human Skeletons from South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press. Orton, J. 2009. Preliminary report on Phase Two archaeological excavations at Soopjeshoogte, Clanwilliam Magisterial District, Western Cape. Unpublished report for Mr JA Pretorius. Orton, J. 2011. Heritage Impact Assessment for the proposed Exxaro Wind Energy facility, Vredendal Magisterial District, Western Cape. Unpublished report for Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Orton, J. 2017a. Heritage impact assessment for new mining and prospecting areas at the Namakwasands Mine, Brand-Se-Baai, Vredendal Magisterial District, Western Cape. Unpublished report prepared for Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd. ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Orton, J. 2017b. Archaeological mitigation at the Tronox Namakwa Sands Mine, Vredendal Magisterial District, Western Cape. Unpublished report prepared for Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd. Lakeside: ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Orton, J. & Webley, L. 2012. Heritage Impact Assessment for the proposed Project Blue Wind Energy Facility, Kleinzee, Namakwa Magisterial District, Northern Cape. Unpublished report for Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Orton, J. & Hart, T. 2011. Baseline Heritage Assessment of Electrical and Road Infrastructure for the proposed Ibhubesi gas Power Plant in Southern Namaqualand, Western and Northern Cape. Unpublished report for CCA Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Parkington, J. & Poggenpoel, C. 1990. West Coast Mineral Sands Project Archaeological Report. Unpublished Report by Archaeological Contracts Office: University of Cape Town. Patrick, M. & Manhire, A. 2014. Proposed Tronox Namakwa Sands Mine Expansion, Western Cape Province: archaeological desktop study, scoping site survey & impact assessment. Unpublished report prepared for SRK Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Cape Archaeological Survey cc. Pether, J. 2013. Palaeontological Basic Assessment Report (Desktop Study): Potential Expansion of Namakwa Sands Mine – Exxaro Resources Limited. (Brand se Baai, Vredendal District, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape). Unpublished report for SRK Consulting (Pty) Limited.

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Pether, J. 2015. Palaeontological baseline study: proposed Brand Se Baai abalone farm, Namaqualand, northern Cape Province. Prepared for SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd on behalf of Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd. Underhill, D. 2011. The Study of the Fauresmith: A review. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 66 (193):15-26. Webley, L. and Halkett, D. 2015. Baseline heritage assessment: proposed aquaculture development at Brand Se Baai, Matzikama Municipality, Western Cape. Unpublished report prepared for SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd on behalf of Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd. ACO Associates cc.

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Appendix A: Specialist’s CV PERSONAL DETAILS Name: Halkett, David John Home Address: 6 Overton Court 151 High Level Road Green Point Cape Town 8005 Telephone: 073 141 8606 Previous work Address: Archaeology Contracts Office Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag Rondebosch, 7701 Current work address: ACO Associates cc Unit D17, Prime Park, 21 Mocke Road, Diep River 7800 Telephone (w): (021) 706 4104 Fax to e-mail (w): 086 603 7195 Date of Birth: 23.07.1958 Marital Status: Married Nationality: South African Home Language: English Other Languages: Afrikaans ID Number: 5807235148080 FORMAL QUALIFICATIONS Matriculated Pinelands High (matric exemption) 1976 Graduated B.A. University of Cape Town 1980 B.A. (Hons) (Archaeology) University of Cape Town 1982 M.A. (Archaeology) University of Cape Town 1991 EXPERIENCE Employment Part time research asst South African Museum (archaeology) Nov-Feb 1978,1979 Student Ranger Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve Dec-Feb 1980 National Service SA Navy Rank: Sub-Lieutenant 1982-1984 Part time research asst Spatial Archaeology Research Unit, UCT 1984 Junior Research Officer Paleoanthropology Research Unit, Wits 1997 (part time appt.) Principal Investigator Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT 1988-2012 Director ACO Associates cc. 2008-present Other experience and professional memberships • Secretary, Archaeology Field Club, UCT. 1979 • Chairperson, Archaeology Field Club, UCT. 1980 • Co-organizer of the Spatial Archaeology Research Unit workshop: Environments and Prehistory in the

western Cape. 1984 • Archaeological advisor, National Monuments Council, Western Cape Regional Plans Committee. 1993 -

1999 • Member: Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) • Member: Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA): CRM section (PI level with

accreditation for Stone Age, Coastal Shell Middens, Colonial Period, Rock Paintings, Industrial, Bone Accumulations)

• Committee member: Archaeology Standards Generating Body (SGB) for SAQA • Member: South African Archaeological Society • Committee member: Heritage Western Cape, Archaeology, Palaeontology and Meteorites Committee

appointed 2003 - 2007, re-appointed 2007 – 2013 • Member: Heritage Western Cape, Integrated Assessment Review Committee, 2009 - 2013 • Forensic consultant: Missing Persons Unit: National Prosecuting Authority 2007

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Awards Dept. of Cultural Affairs and Sport award for the Best Heritage Impact Assessment in the Western Cape for 2013/14. Long term commercial projects 1997-2008 Directed all ACO cultural resource management activities for De Beers Namaqualand Mines Peer Reviews 1997 Archaeological report prepared for Alpha Saldanha Cement project. 1999 Archaeological reports prepared for Namdeb. Published Articles (relevant selection) Avery, G., Halkett, D., Orton, J., Steele, T. & Klein, R. 2009. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rock shelter and the Evolution of Coastal Foraging. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 66–89 Cruz-Uribe, K., Klein, R.G., Avery, G., Avery, D.M., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Milo, R.G., Sampson, C.G. & Volman, T.P. 2003. Excavation of buried late Acheulean (mid-quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, western Cape province, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 559-575 Dewar, G, Halkett, D, Hart, T., Orton, J. & Sealy, J. 2006. Implications of a mass kill site of springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) in South Africa: hunting practices, gender relations, and sharing in the later stone age. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 1266-1275 Halkett, D., Hart, T., Yates, R., Volman, T.P., Parkington, J.E., Klein, R.J., Cruz-Uribe, K. & Avery, G. 2003. First excavation of intact Middle Stone Age layers at Ysterfontein, western Cape province, South Africa: implications for Middle Stone Age ecology. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 955-971 Hine, P., Sealy, J., Halkett D. & Hart T. 2010. Antiquity of stone-walled tidal fish traps on the cape coast, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 65 (191): 35–44 Jerardino, A., Wiltshire, N., Webley, L., Tusenius, M., Halkett, D., Hoffman, M.T. & Maggs, T. 2014. Site distribution and chronology at Soutpansklipheuwel, a rocky outcrop on the West Coast of South Africa. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology. Klein, R.G., Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Milo, R.G., Volman, T.P. 1999. Duinefontein 2: An Acheulean Site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 37, 153-190 Klein, R.G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Parkington, J.E. 1999. palaeoenvironmental and human behavioural implications of the Boegoeberg 1 late Pleistocene hyena den, northern Cape province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 52, 393-403 Klein, R.G., Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Halkett, D.J., Parkington, J.E., Steele, T., Volman, T.P. & Yates, R.J. 2004. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 5708–5715 Malan, A., Webley, L., Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 2013. People and places on the West Coast since AD 1600. In: Jerardino, A., Malan, A., & Braun, D. eds. The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa. BAR International Series 2526, 124-142 Orton, J., Hart, T.J.G. and Halkett, D.J. 2005. Shell middens in Namaqualand: Two Later Stone Age sites at Rooiwalbaai, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 60 (181): 24-32 Orton, J. & Halkett, D. 2001. Microlithic denticulates on a mid-Holocene open site near Jakkalsberg in the Richtersveld, northern Cape province, South Africa. Southern African Field Archaeology 10, 19-22 Orton, J. & Halkett, D. 2010. Stone tools, beads and a river: two Holocene microlithic sites at Jakkalsberg in the northwestern Richtersveld, northern Cape, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 65 (191):13-25 Orton, J., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Patrick, M. and Pfeiffer. 2015. An unusual pre-colonial burial from Bloubergstrand, Table Bay, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 70 (201): 106–112,

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Parkington, J.E., Poggenpoel, C., Halkett, D. and Hart, T. 2004. Initial observations on the middle stone age coastal settlement in the western Cape, South Africa. In: Conard N.J. ed. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Palaeolothic and Middle Stone Age Vol II: 5-21. Kerns Verlag, Tubingen. Parkington, J.E., Yates, R., Manhire, A. & Halkett, D. 1986. The social impact of pastoralism in the south-western Cape. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 313-329 Smith, A., Halkett, D., Hart, T. & Mütti, B. 2001. Spatial patterning, cultural identity and site integrity on open sites: evidence from Bloeddrift 23, a pre-colonial herder camp in the Richtersveld, northern Cape province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 (173&174): 23-33 Wilson, M.L. & Halkett, D.J. 1981. The use of marine shell for decorating Cape coastal (Khoisan) pottery. South African Archaeological Bulletin 36: 43-44 Yates, R.J., Miller, D.E., Halkett, D.J., Manhire, A.H., Parkington, J.E. & Vogel J.C. 1986. A late mid-Holocene high sea level: a preliminary report on geo-archaeology at Elands Bay, western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 82: 164-165 Presentations and lectures (recent) 2007. In at the deep end. Lecture presented at the annual one-day lecture series of the Archaeological Society of the Western Cape and the Friends of the Stellenbosch Museum. 2008. The landscape of early colonial burial in Cape Town: a walking tour of excavation sites and buildings of interest in Green Point. Presented during the ASAPA, Mid-conference excursion. With a guidebook compiled by Dave Halkett, Tim Hart, Liesbet Schietecatte, Erin Finnegan & Katie Smuts. 2009-2016. In at the deep end. Contract archaeology: a case study of mitigation a pre-colonial heritage site to be impacted by development. Presented as part of APG5066F - Conservation Disciplines and Practices, MPhil in Conservation of the Built Environment, University of Cape Town. 2009/2010. “In at the deep end” and “Middens of steel”. Contract archaeology: case studies of mitigation of stone age and colonial heritage sites to be impacted by development. Presented as part of APG5066F - Conservation Disciplines and Practices, MPhil in Conservation of the Built Environment, University of Cape Town. 2009/2010/2011. Surveying, Measuring and Recording Archaeological Resources. Presented as part of APG5066F - Surveying, Measuring and Recording Heritage Resources, MPhil in Conservation of the Built Environment, University of Cape Town. 2011. …Blowing in The Wind: Renewable energy projects - Challenges and opportunities for heritage resource management. Lecture presented at the annual one-day lecture series of the Archaeological Society of the Western Cape and the Friends of the Stellenbosch Museum. 2012 “My Career in Archaeology”. Part of the Centre for Higher Education and Development series on careers, UCT. Referees Prof. J. E. Parkington Dept of Archaeology University of Cape Town Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 E-mail: [email protected] Prof. R. G. Klein Dept of Anthropology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-2145 E-mail: [email protected]

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Field/Consulting/Heritage Management Experience (relevant selection) Halkett, D., Hart, T. & Parkington, J. 1994. Phase 2 archaeological excavations at the Namakwa Sands Project (first phase), Vredendal district, Namaqualand. Unpublished report prepared for Namakwa Sands. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 1997 An archaeological assessment of the coastal strip and a proposed heritage management plan for De Beers Namaqualand Mines, Vol 1&2. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. & Lanham, J. 1998. Report on an initial visit to assess the impact of mining on archaeological sites in the Richtersveld. Prepared for Trans Hex Mining Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. 1999. A phase one archaeological assessment of heritage resources in the Trans Hex diamond concession Richtersveld. Prepared for Trans Hex Group Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 2000. Heritage sites in De Beers Namaqualand Mines: A conservation and management handbook. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. and Robinson, J. 2017a. Archaeological/heritage scoping report for the expansion of the current granite mine in Core Area One, Lower Swart Modder, Northern Cape Province. Prepared for Klaas Van Zyl on behalf of Sizisa Ukhanyo 830 Trading cc. Halkett, D. and Robinson, J. 2017b. Archaeological/heritage scoping report for the expansion of the current granite mine in Core Area Two, on portions of the farm Nous West 76 and Lower Zwart Modder 79, Northern Cape Province. Prepared for Klaas Van Zyl on behalf of Sizisa Ukhanyo 830 Trading cc. Halkett, D. and Robinson, J. 2017c. Archaeological/heritage scoping report for the expansion of the current granite mine in Core Area Three, on portions of the farm Nous West 76, Northern Cape Province. Prepared for Klaas Van Zyl on behalf of Sizisa Ukhanyo 830 Trading cc. Halkett, D. 2000. An initial assessment of heritage resources within the Trans Hex West Coast Diamond Concessions. Prepared for Trans Hex Mining Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. 2001. A report on archaeological excavations on the Orange River floodplain between Jakkalsberg and Sendelingsdrift: Richtersveld. Prepared for Trans Hex Mining Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. 2001. An inspection and assessment of specific archaeological sites on De Beers owned properties – Namaqualand. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. 2002. Phase 1 archaeological survey: assessment of mining blocks in the BMC and KN areas, Namaqualand. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Halkett, D. 2003. A report on the archaeological mitigation program at De Beers Namaqualand Mines, March 2002 to June 2003. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Orton, J. & Halkett, D. 2005. A report on the archaeological mitigation program at De Beers Namaqualand Mines, August to September 2004. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Orton, J. & Halkett, D. 2005. A report on the archaeological mitigation program at De Beers Namaqualand Mines, August to September 2004. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT. Orton, J. & Halkett, D. 2006. Mitigation of archaeological sites within the Buffels Marine and Koingnaas Complexes, Namaqualand, September 2005 To May 2006. Prepared for De Beers Consolidated Mines: Namaqualand Mines. Archaeology Contracts Office, UCT.

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Webley, L. & Halkett, D. 2014. Baseline heritage assessment: proposed aquaculture development at Brand Se Baai, Matzikama Municipality, Western Cape. Prepared for SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. ACO Associates cc. Halkett, D. & Webley T. 2015. Heritage Impact Assessment: Elandsfontein Phosphate mining right on a Portion of Portion 2 And Portion 4 of the farm Elandsfontein 349, Saldanha. Prepared for Billet Trade (Pty) Ltd T/A Braaf Environmental Practitioners on behalf of Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining (Pty) Ltd. ACO Associates cc. Halkett, D. & Webley, L. 2016. Heritage Impact Assessment of the proposed extension of the Tormin mine, west coast, South Africa. Prepared for SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. ACO Associates cc.

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Appendix B: Archaeological resources in the Setback area

Table of heritage sites recorded during the surveys (3-7 September 2014 and 3-5 November 2015) with preliminary grading. Those sites graded IIIC-A are considered of sufficient significance to be mitigated. The remaining sites are considered to have less scientific value but may require very low level sampling if they are to be impacted. In some cases true significance of a site may only be assigned after trial excavations. Abbreviations: GGAB = Limpets: Cymbula granatina, Scutellastra granularis, Scutellastra argenvillei, Scutellastra barbara. WH = unspecified whelks. CH = Black mussel: Choromytilus meriodonalis. OES = Ostrich eggshell. Manuport = unaltered cobble introduced to a site. Hammerstone: Cobble or pebble with pitting – evidence of use as a hammer. Site name: Farm name abbreviation and portion, year of recording, organisation, field site number; ADMIRAL = admiralty zone (turquoise), RE151/2 = Rietfontein Extension 151 Portion 2 (yellow), RE151/3 = Rietfontein Extension 151 Portion 3 (grey), GD152/1 = Graauw Duinen 152 Portion 1 (green), GD152/4 = Graauw Duinen 152 Portion 4 (purple). GD152/RE = Graauw Duinen remainder (red) Sites with no description are where the resource is of a common type, usually low density shell scatters with little inherent scientific value in themselves. May contribute to spatial patterning of site clusters. Cadastral boundaries provided by Tronox (Jan 2019).

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description

1993

BSB1 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB1 -31.33511502 17.89264603 IIIC LSA shell midden overlying raised beach and bisected by mining trench. Excavated by Hart & Halkett (1993). Probably between 3000 and 2000 BP.

BSB2 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB2 -31.33881203 17.89633800 IIIB A small patch of LSA shell midden of mixed mussel and limpet composition lying on lower slopes of seaward side of coastal bluff. Excavated by Hart & Halkett (1993). Radiocarbon dates of between 4000 and 400 BP.

BSB3 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB3 -31.33954402 17.89792101 IIIB Buried lens of LSA S argenvillei exposed in a prospecting trench, and under some 20 cm of red Aeolian sands, was sampled by Hart & Halkett in 1993. The site was dated to around 2 500 BP.

BSB4 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB4 -31.31943500 17.87932601 IIIB Excavations of a small LSA midden eroding out of a dune that had been partially damaged by prospecting by Hart & Halkett (1993). The site dated to around 1900 BP, shortly before the introduction of pastoralism.

BSB5 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB5 -31.32289999 17.88523500 IIIB

Test excavations in the sections of a prospecting trench by Hart & Halkett (1993) revealed MSA artefacts, mineralised bone and large quantities of OES. The site predates conventional dating methods and is therefore older than ~40,000 yrs. Though disturbed, the site remains highly significant. It is unclear if anything of the in situ site remains.

BSB6 GD152/1_1993/ACO/BSB6 -31.31791502 17.88102896 IIIB

This LSA site, in a vegetated dune, was excavated by Hart & Halkett (1993) and produced a date of 1700 BP. Apart from pottery, the site has evidence for spatial patterning and is significant. Additional work can be undertaken here to plot the full extent of the material to record any spatial patterning that is preserved.

2014 D040 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D040 -31.24404699 17.85036301

IIIC Big surface shell scatter and LSA artefacts. On top of a dune and edge. There are bare areas between bushes. Lots of patches of shell (041 – 050). Low amounts of OES, stone and bone. 1 potsherd. GGA* shells, also whelk, Choromytilus sp and barnacles. Manuports, artefacts of quartz,

D041 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D041 -31.24407196 17.85059896 D042 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D042 -31.24422301 17.85057097

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Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D043 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D043 -31.24430398 17.85068203 quartzite and silcrete. Hearth stones and evidence for spatial patterning. D044 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D044 -31.24418202 17.85079703 D045 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D045 -31.24398496 17.85081798 D046 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D046 -31.24409401 17.85113004 D047 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D047 -31.24411203 17.85133800 D048 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D048 -31.24402402 17.85167503 D049 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D049 -31.24406501 17.85187704 D050 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D050 -31.24447002 17.85156297 NCW

Lots of patches of shell. Extends up to Site 101. GGACH shells. Lots of manuports. Hammerstone. Quartz and Quartzite artefacts and pottery and oes.

D051 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D051 -31.24474503 17.85177100 NCW D052 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D052 -31.24482600 17.85179196 NCW D053 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D053 -31.24480999 17.85195700 NCW D054 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D054 -31.24468200 17.85214601 NCW D055 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D055 -31.24460103 17.85217199 NCW D056 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D056 -31.24454998 17.85230904 NCW D057 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D057 -31.24447203 17.85233997 NCW D058 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D058 -31.24437103 17.85229596 NCW D059 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D059 -31.24420901 17.85235698 NCW D060 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D060 -31.24425000 17.85239504 NCW D061 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D061 -31.24422996 17.85254700 NCW D062 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D062 -31.24427900 17.85260098 NCW D063 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D063 -31.24460002 17.85275898 NCW D064 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D064 -31.24492298 17.85253602 NCW D065 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D065 -31.24526303 17.85247802 NCW D066 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D066 -31.24529799 17.85229596 NCW D067 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D067 -31.24543000 17.85233804 NCW D068 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D068 -31.24577902 17.85280801 NCW D069 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D069 -31.24594004 17.85295604 NCW D070 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D070 -31.24614598 17.85323398 IIIC D071 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D071 -31.24628898 17.85358996 IIIC D072 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D072 -31.24595303 17.85332501 NCW D073 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D073 -31.24583602 17.85319702 NCW D074 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D074 -31.24568397 17.85308696 NCW D075 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D075 -31.24549203 17.85282897 NCW D076 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D076 -31.24557400 17.85267902 NCW D077 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D077 -31.24542296 17.85257298 NCW D078 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D078 -31.24516698 17.85309300 NCW D079 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D079 -31.24529203 17.85336499 NCW D080 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D080 -31.24571398 17.85438700 NCW D081 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D081 -31.24566302 17.85447601 NCW D082 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D082 -31.24579696 17.85476804 NCW D083 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D083 -31.24533403 17.85470199 IIIC D084 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D084 -31.24517201 17.85472102 NCW D085 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D085 -31.24517502 17.85445296 NCW D086 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D086 -31.24539404 17.85421500 NCW D087 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D087 -31.24537501 17.85400000 NCW D088 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D088 -31.24536504 17.85380999 NCW D089 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D089 -31.24524401 17.85365903 NCW D090 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D090 -31.24514099 17.85376397 NCW

55

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D091 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D091 -31.24496397 17.85411400 NCW D092 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D092 -31.24470999 17.85401702 NCW D093 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D093 -31.24464503 17.85378601 NCW D094 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D094 -31.24484796 17.85348200 NCW D095 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D095 -31.24500101 17.85323499 NCW D096 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D096 -31.24480002 17.85302200 NCW D097 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D097 -31.24474403 17.85306098 NCW D098 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D098 -31.24464302 17.85303198 NCW D099 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D099 -31.24433298 17.85324404 NCW D100 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D100 -31.24427497 17.85309300 NCW D101 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D101 -31.24424396 17.85282101 NCW D102 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D102 -31.24711703 17.85743902 IIIC

Pottery, quartz, upper grindstone/hammerstone D103 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D103 -31.24777199 17.85691397 IIIC D104 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D104 -31.24754802 17.85664097 IIIC D105 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D105 -31.24722197 17.85511002 NCW Lower grindstone D106 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D106 -31.24769202 17.85483400 IIIC Dense shell lens (?). Stone, OES, manuport. WH GGAB on the side of a dune. D107 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D107 -31.24772304 17.85573497 NCW

D108 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D108 -31.24578900 17.85581603 NCW Along edge of an old prospecting trench. Probably disturbed midden that is scattered around. Lots of cobbles.

D109 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D109 -31.24679298 17.85402498 NCW Shell only. GGA D110 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D110 -31.24558699 17.85512301 NCW D111 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D111 -31.24773502 17.85650200 NCW D112 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D112 -31.24998003 17.85828701 NCW Small GGA patches, no stone D113 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D113 -31.24989303 17.85844602 NCW D114 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D114 -31.24932004 17.85791603 NCW D115 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D115 -31.24937997 17.85774303 NCW D116 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D116 -31.24893498 17.85811703 NCW D117 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D117 -31.24884403 17.85804603 NCW GGA WH. Some stone D118 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D118 -31.24874404 17.85822700 NCW Mainly S argenvillei patch on top of low dune. Few C granatina D119 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D119 -31.24884102 17.85858499 NCW D120 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D120 -31.24892299 17.85876503 NCW D121 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D121 -31.24911502 17.85882899 NCW D122 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D122 -31.24934603 17.85882899 NCW D123 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D123 -31.24965800 17.85918396 NCW D124 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D124 -31.24887798 17.85980497 NCW D125 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D125 -31.24858897 17.85949602 NCW D126 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D126 -31.24849501 17.85945402 NCW D127 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D127 -31.24842402 17.85934699 NCW D128 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D128 -31.24835202 17.85930298 NCW D129 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D129 -31.24826501 17.85931304 NCW D130 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D130 -31.24818102 17.85949702 NCW D131 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D131 -31.24828404 17.85963298 NCW D132 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D132 -31.24807801 17.85931497 NCW 2 x potsherds D133 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D133 -31.24812604 17.85926200 NCW Shell and lots of OES D134 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D134 -31.24814398 17.85921799 NCW D135 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D135 -31.24800702 17.85906100 NCW D136 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D136 -31.24794801 17.85882697 NCW D137 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D137 -31.24780199 17.85841400 NCW

56

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D138 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D138 -31.24877203 17.86067803 NCW D139 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D139 -31.24883397 17.86056496 NCW D140 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D140 -31.24905400 17.86036103 NCW D141 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D141 -31.24941099 17.86019398 NCW D142 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D142 -31.24995598 17.85951203 NCW GGA shell patch D143 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D143 -31.25044799 17.85926099 NCW D144 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D144 -31.25053097 17.85916300 NCW D145 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D145 -31.25043802 17.85908103 NCW D146 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D146 -31.25071303 17.86201000 NCW V ephemeral shell patch. C granatina, Choromytilus sp, S argenvillei in lee of dune D147 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D147 -31.25066299 17.86188000 NCW Ditto. Dark sands D148 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D148 -31.25063600 17.86171102 NCW D149 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D149 -31.25027600 17.86142101 NCW D150 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D150 -31.25063801 17.86108003 NCW

D151 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D151 -31.24976101 17.86108104 NCW Small shell patch. GGA CH. 1 sandstone hammerstone. Quartz core. 1 quartzite manuport. Few quartz flakes and chunks.

D152 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D152 -31.24992697 17.86120098 NCW Ditto plus pottery D153 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D153 -31.24997299 17.86140399 NCW D154 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D154 -31.24981902 17.86164799 NCW D155 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D155 -31.24979203 17.86184597 NCW D156 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D156 -31.24962397 17.86188997 NCW D157 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D157 -31.24953403 17.86198804 NCW D158 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D158 -31.24959497 17.86205099 NCW D159 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D159 -31.24979001 17.86213900 NCW D160 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D160 -31.24979496 17.86232097 NCW D161 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D161 -31.24986503 17.86235299 NCW D162 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D162 -31.24993997 17.86243899 NCW D163 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D163 -31.25001197 17.86243597 NCW D164 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D164 -31.25006502 17.86236196 NCW D165 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D165 -31.25009302 17.86234796 NCW D166 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D166 -31.25017902 17.86241904 NCW D167 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D167 -31.25021104 17.86244502 IIIC Dense shell patch with black stone flakes (hornfels?) x 2. GGA WH D168 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D168 -31.25029000 17.86243496 NCW D169 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D169 -31.25091998 17.86274199 NCW D170 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D170 -31.25159296 17.86296403 NCW D171 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D171 -31.25185900 17.86308699 NCW D172 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D172 -31.25204802 17.86325304 NCW D173 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D173 -31.25200401 17.86329998 NCW D174 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D174 -31.25190603 17.86334801 NCW D175 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D175 -31.25113699 17.86333099 NCW D176 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D176 -31.25078101 17.86298004 NCW D177 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D177 -31.25056702 17.86284199 NCW D178 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D178 -31.25031003 17.86245399 NCW D179 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D179 -31.25029201 17.86211201 NCW D180 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D180 -31.25019897 17.86199198 NCW D181 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D181 -31.24990996 17.86198100 NCW D182 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D182 -31.24974903 17.86196298 NCW D183 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D183 -31.24955197 17.86195996 NCW D184 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D184 -31.24942197 17.86192602 NCW

57

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D185 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D185 -31.24933496 17.86203498 NCW D186 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D186 -31.24912902 17.86217999 NCW D187 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D187 -31.24893598 17.86223497 IIIC GGA. Crayfish mandibles, pottery and stone D188 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D188 -31.24895400 17.86202702 NCW D189 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D189 -31.24878704 17.86154204 NCW D190 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D190 -31.25296701 17.86230597 NCW D191 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D191 -31.25303297 17.86213104 NCW D192 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D192 -31.25300297 17.86207496 NCW D193 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D193 -31.25328996 17.86209399 NCW D194 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D194 -31.25276500 17.86374698 NCW D195 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D195 -31.25203201 17.86376903 NCW D196 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D196 -31.25592297 17.86594204 NCW

D197 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D197 -31.25616001 17.86392904 NCW Disturbed area south of trenches. Old heaps flattened on each side. May not be disturbed deeply except in trenches. No evidence of shell in sections or old spoil heaps. Lots of cobbles/pebbles from old beach gravel but also no beach shingle

D198 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D198 -31.26302697 17.86869298 NCW Patch of GGAB CH on seaward side of dune. Few metres in diameter. Could be two patches. Spatial patterning? No artefacts observed.

D199 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D199 -31.26289596 17.86935003 NCW D200 ADMIRAL_2014/ACO/D200 -31.26514801 17.86840003 NCW D201 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D201 -31.26535404 17.87046399 NCW Patch of shellfish and stone exposed in jeep track. Very fragmented. S granularis and Choromytilus

sp. Quartz chunks and flakes. 1 lower grindstone and 1 manuport. More fragments of shell to the north represent D202 & 203.

D202 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D202 -31.26516896 17.87040297 NCW D203 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D203 -31.26514801 17.87026903 NCW

D204 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D204 -31.26517600 17.87017297 Just below the coast a big trench and access road. There are many cobbles and beach shingle on the fore dune, some spill over from activities

D205 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D205 -31.26448701 17.87210701 NCW Very ephemeral stone and shell scatter on low mound. Handful of fragmented shell, possibly more buried. Some OES. A few quartz flakes and quartz crystal. Quite a bit of stone relative to shell. Density increases around 209/210 to the north of the mound.

D206 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D206 -31.26443102 17.87186896 NCW Ditto. Limpet shells, including C granatina and S argenvillei D207 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D207 -31.26423597 17.87184197 NCW Ditto D208 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D208 -31.26421301 17.87184499 NCW Ditto D209 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D209 -31.26419901 17.87179898 NCW Ditto D210 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D210 -31.26416297 17.87183401 NCW Ditto D211 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D211 -31.26240796 17.86977500 NCW Ephemeral stone on low mound with quartz D212 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D212 -31.26230403 17.86971901 NCW D213 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D213 -31.26577598 17.87098601 NCW D214 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D214 -31.26583599 17.87126698 NCW Small shell scatter, GGA, with quartz in an area of 2.5 m in diameter D215 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D215 -31.26670000 17.87124904 NCW Buried shell coming from burrows D216 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D216 -31.26652298 17.87148398 NCW Ephemeral fragmented shell on low mount. GGA CH with quartz artefacts D217 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D217 -31.26652901 17.87178003 NCW D218 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D218 -31.26676102 17.87219896 NCW D219 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D219 -31.26730702 17.87273800 NCW Very ephemeral shell scatter of GG CH. 1 quartz & 3 quartzite artefacts. D220 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D220 -31.26702103 17.87161298 NCW Ephemeral shell amongst straggly bush in interdune flat area. Shell includes GGA. Quartz present. D221 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D221 -31.26721297 17.87145901 NCW Ditto D222 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D222 -31.26794597 17.87235201 NCW Ephemeral scatter of limpet and Choromytilus sp.

D223 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D223 -31.26846104 17.87235796 IIIC Dense shell scatter over an area of 2.5 m². Top of mound, easy collection. Shell includes WH GGA. Little stone includes 1 sss/hs, Quartz. 1 OES.

D224 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D224 -31.26863899 17.87307797 NCW Ephemeral shell and quartz artefacts D225 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D225 -31.26884803 17.87195798 NCW A dense scatter of whole S argenvillei shells with some fragments of GG and few patches to the

58

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description north.

D226 RE151/2_2014/ACO/D226 -31.26880696 17.87190903 NCW Ditto. No obvious stone. D227 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D227 -31.26987197 17.87075903 NCW Ephemeral GGCH shell scatter. Small scatter between white hummock dunes.

D228 ADMIRAL_2014/ACO/D228 -31.26966300 17.87003802 NCW Comment: Lots of Ch shingle on headland but no sign of much/any midden apart from D227?? Sandy beach either side ~800m apart.

D229 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D229 -31.26997397 17.87277304 NCW Ephemeral disturbed midden of GGA CH with quartz and quartzite in blowout on south side of prospecting trench. Seal bone. Lots of quartz. No obvious horizon in section.

D230 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D230 -31.27374097 17.88119199 NCW Disturbed shell near prospecting hole D231 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D231 -31.29017998 17.88319199 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GG fairly widely broadcast (between beacon, mine side). D232 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D232 -31.29034200 17.88308504 NCW

D233 RE152/1_2014/ACO/D233 -31.29086100 17.88328998 IIIC GGA shell with quartz and quartzite in disturbed area (possibly a pipe) as the distribution is very linear

D234 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D234 -31.29276001 17.88265304 IIIC

Dense shell at the upper east end of the trench and much has deflated into trench. GGA CH B. Cobbles and many big quartz flakes. Pottery including the neck and rim of a decorated piece, with punctations on the everted rim and horizontal lines on the neck. LGS fragment and quart pebble. [1337-1440]

D235 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D235 -31.29287702 17.88252999 NCW Ephemeral shell and quartz, probably from burrows D236 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D236 -31.29289102 17.88252999

D237 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D237 -31.29288096 17.88266201 D238 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D238 -31.29188997 17.88198601

NCW Numerous small areas of ephemeral shell and quartz, probably from burrows

D239 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D239 -31.29177203 17.88204099 D240 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D240 -31.29166801 17.88192398 D241 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D241 -31.29163801 17.88208902 D242 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D242 -31.29164304 17.88213998 D243 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D243 -31.29155301 17.88223101 D244 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D244 -31.29164798 17.88232899 D245 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D245 -31.29155704 17.88237903 D246 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D246 -31.29146400 17.88211400 D247 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D247 -31.29077299 17.88257500 NCW D248 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D248 -31.29058398 17.88272403 NCW D249 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D249 -31.29055096 17.88282897 NCW D250 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D250 -31.29049899 17.88281204 NCW D251 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D251 -31.29049002 17.88286300 NCW D252 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D252 -31.29045096 17.88287197 NCW D253 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D253 -31.28651298 17.88391803 NCW

D254 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D254 -31.27855201 17.87739004 NCW Thin scatter fresh? and CH. With some ribbed mussel and S argenvillei. In an interdune bay. No artefacts and not sure this is archaeological. Close to headland. Small area.

D255 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D255 -31.27996797 17.87814701 IIIC

Extensive shell and artefact scatter on flat area behind the coastal foredune. 15 m x 5 m. Highly fragmented shell. GGA CH WH. Immediately behind rocky headland. Quartz chunks, cores and flakes. Quartzite flakes. Manuports. 1 OES. Dune encroachment. Traces of mining/prospecting immediately seaward. Old road? [1355]

D256 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D256 -31.28020903 17.87783001 NCW D257 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D257 -31.28410201 17.88078404 NCW Comment: Traces of old cobble beach all along this area. Sometimes shingle associated. D258 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D258 -31.28494397 17.88108001 NCW Small CH GGA with some quartz. 1 thumb nail scraper of quartz. Also manuports. Site 3 m x 1 m.

D259 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D259 -31.28593404 17.88174704 NCW Probably GGA scatter though no artefacts seen. Just up from old cobble beach. Shell not weathered so probably not shingle.

D260 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D260 -31.31381501 17.88018499 NCW Comment: Area behind headland is a remnant of old beach or associated shell from kelp drying. CH, ribbed mussel, C. compressa. Difficult to see any archae. Also lots of old camping and vehicle

59

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description activity.

D261 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D261 -31.31453997 17.88034902 NCW Ephemeral scatter of shell and stone scraper eroding out of slope. No lens visible. S argenvillei and C granatina. Quartz flake and 1 manuport.

D262 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D262 -31.31548502 17.88047198 NCW D263 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D263 -31.31549399 17.88066502 NCW

D264 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D264 -31.31625398 17.87987603 NCW Small ephemeral shell scatter in front of a small coastal rock outcrop. Some disturbance. S argenvillei and C granatina. Quartz artefacts.

D265 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D265 -31.31638901 17.87967796 NCW Highly fragmented shell immediately inland of old cobble beach. GGA CH WH. Fair bit of quartz. Disturbed. 1 fragment of whale bone.

D266 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D266 -31.31698899 17.88084498 NCW

D267 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D267 -31.31798903 17.88000897 NCW Midden broadcast widely, thin and fragmented. GGA CH. With lots of quartz. Quite overgrown (to 275)

D268 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D268 -31.31790102 17.87999497 NCW Ditto D269 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D269 -31.31785199 17.88006898 NCW Ditto D270 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D270 -31.31790798 17.88013997 NCW Ditto D271 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D271 -31.31797101 17.88010896 NCW Ditto D272 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D272 -31.31800999 17.88011299 NCW Ditto D273 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D273 -31.31807302 17.88022103 NCW Ditto D274 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D274 -31.31808601 17.88024198 NCW Ditto D275 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D275 -31.31811904 17.88022497 NCW Ditto D276 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D276 -31.31916602 17.87997602 NCW This is actual position of BSB4

D277 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D277 -31.31735503 17.87993697 NCW Small scatter of fragmented shell. 3 distinct patches. GGA (B?) WH CH. No stone visible. To north of low line of rock

D278 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D278 -31.31694599 17.87990201 NCW Single small patch of shell. GGA WH CH. No stone visible D279 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D279 -31.31705504 17.87986698 NCW

D280 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D280 -31.31978502 17.88030099 NCW GGA CH with a few quartz chunks and flakes. Top of a small low dune. Near BSB4. To east is green water tank and looks like rehabilitated mining area. May be some disturbance here.

D281 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D281 -31.31994504 17.88064004 NCW GGA CH and quartz artefacts exposed in track. Small exposure D282 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D282 -31.32061802 17.88234500 NCW Possibly GGA. No stone seen

D283 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D283 -31.32099001 17.88255002 NCW GGA CH B on the edge of a prospecting trench and to west. Some quartz. Lot of disturbance of the near coastal area. Roads, trenches, etc

D284 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D284 -31.32105597 17.88245103 NCW D285 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D285 -31.32141497 17.88266997 NCW D286 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D286 -31.32141899 17.88311404 NCW D287 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D287 -31.32243999 17.88529300 NCW Actual BSB5 excavation position D288 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D288 -31.32454301 17.88649304 NCW Thin trace of shellfish. GGA

D289 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D289 -31.32596098 17.88749903 NCW Small patch of GGAB CH WH. Perched on top of an old cobble beach. Superimposed on older beach shingle. There is some quartz. No mitigation needed.

D290 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D290 -31.32570500 17.88733198 NCW GGA CH with quartz. Exposed in erosion channel. Some surface exposure but main shell buried. D291 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D291 -31.32486203 17.88698698 NCW Old mining/rehab area D292 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D292 -31.32490603 17.88743500 NCW Old mining/rehab area D293 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D293 -31.32565202 17.88778100 NCW See L134. Fairly large through dispersed GGA WH scatter. Few patches with quartz D294 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D294 -31.33001698 17.89362897 NCW Very ephemeral scatter of shell GGA?. Few fragments of shell. 2-3 quartz artefacts. D295 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D295 -31.33103798 17.89331599 NCW Ephemeral shell. GG. Fragmented shell. 10 m and very thin. Some material from a burrow D296 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D296 -31.33113496 17.89322102 NCW Ditto plus whelk D297 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D297 -31.33118802 17.89313402 NCW D298 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D298 -31.33128902 17.89300997 NCW D299 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D299 -31.33040699 17.89261803 NCW Small GGA scatter with quartz on moderate little hillock. 5 m in diameter? Very thin.

60

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description

D300 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D300 -31.33033197 17.89192300 NCW Small deflated areas, erosion with scatters of quartz. Some definitely MSA cores, flakes, chips and chunks. Also 2 x quartzite. Possibly some LSA re-use. On hard surface (dorbank) just below surface {1369-1373]

D301 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D301 -31.33030398 17.89173801 NCW Ditto D302 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D302 -31.33023801 17.89164003 NCW Ditto D303 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D303 -31.33025897 17.89205703 NCW Ditto D304 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D304 -31.32874000 17.89273504 NCW Old prospecting hole or well. No MSA seen. Also no shell. D305 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D305 -31.32886698 17.89236397 NCW See D301-304 D306 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D306 -31.32856398 17.89189300 NCW Very ephemeral shell from mole heaps. GG. Also ribbed mussel, WH and CH. D307 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D307 -31.32858803 17.89186399 NCW Ditto D308 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D308 -31.32956897 17.89109001 NCW GGA and quartz artefacts exposed in section of prospecting trench. No MSA? D309 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D309 -31.32946998 17.89095598 NCW D310 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D310 -31.32941198 17.89096897 NCW D311 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D311 -31.32731901 17.89000204 NCW Disturbed area. Mining and meerkats. No shell seen. D312 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D312 -31.32707502 17.88941002 NCW Old septic tanks x 2. No covers. Should be covered or filled in. D313 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D313 -31.32711299 17.88905203 NCW Blowout/erosion associated with mining. Quartz and quartzite MSA scatter. No OES. D314 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D314 -31.32663698 17.88798099 NCW Big shells of GGA coming out of burrows. Also quartz artefacts. D315 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D315 -31.32973401 17.89031804 IIIC Small but dense GGA WH B CH scatter. Some quartz. 1 x quartz bipolar core. D316 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D316 -31.32910998 17.88967598 NCW D317 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D317 -31.32908902 17.88952000 NCW Shell, GGA and quartz, from burrows. D318 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D318 -31.32847304 17.88907299 NCW D319 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D319 -31.32954701 17.89044603 NCW D320 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D320 -31.32989100 17.89091801 NCW D321 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D321 -31.33001799 17.89099999 IIIC Scatter of big GGA shells but no quartz seen

D322 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D322 -31.33090102 17.89186198 NCW Dense scatter of shell including CH, WH and S argenvillei. This looks suspicious and may have been deposited here as it is dominated by Choromytilus sp. There is some evidence of mining nearby. However, does not look like old beach.

D323 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D323 -31.33169303 17.89139897 NCW Possible midden superimposed on top of beach mound. CH and ribbed mussel. Some limpet and WH. It looks like there was a lot of kelp drying going on in this area. So there is fresh looking shingle everywhere.

D324 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D324 -31.33207801 17.89181303 NCW

Lots of GGA CH and quartz. Looks older. Extensive patch to north of kelp drying area. Mine activity? D325 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D325 -31.33220097 17.89186902 NCW D326 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D326 -31.33220801 17.89190004 NCW D327 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D327 -31.33225202 17.89185603 NCW D328 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D328 -31.33263197 17.89325103 NCW Blowout areas with quartz scatter. At least 1 x S argenvillei shell. Seems mineralised. 1 x big quartz

core. Some quartz looks MSA. D329 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D329 -31.33277597 17.89319202 NCW D330 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D330 -31.33317101 17.89260202 NCW Thin GGA scatter D331 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D331 -31.33350704 17.89286999 NCW D332 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D332 -31.33353302 17.89299999 NCW D333 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D333 -31.33363402 17.89310301 IIIC Dense patch of GGA WH B with OES and quartz. About 2 m in diameter. Mitigatable. D334 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D334 -31.33460700 17.89466397 NCW Thin GGA and quartz scatter D335 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D335 -31.33487798 17.89474301 NCW Blowout with quartz. MSA. Also 1 x cleaver. Core? Biface. [1374-1380]

D336 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D336 -31.33651002 17.89539202 NCW Buried GGA and quartz in side of shallow trench. Disturbed. And more on surface to the north. Amongst the bushes.

D337 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D337 -31.33647499 17.89505800 NCW D338 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D338 -31.33641003 17.89505197 NCW D339 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D339 -31.33636401 17.89503001 NCW D340 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D340 -31.33631196 17.89492498 NCW Very dense patch of GGA WH. 2-3 m in diameter.

61

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D341 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D341 -31.33618698 17.89454604 NCW D342 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D342 -31.33516699 17.89451402 NCW Very think shell, S argenvillei with OES and quartz D343 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D343 -31.33535600 17.89397397 NCW GGA in amongst scraggly bushes. D344 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D344 -31.33530303 17.89391798 NCW

D345 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D345 -31.33229904 17.89153500 NCW Comment: area along road on seaward side has potential for a mariculture facility – mostly old beach and boulder beach

D346 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D346 -31.33934998 17.89832703 NCW Actual position of BSB3 excavation. [1381-1383]

D347 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D347 -31.33918201 17.89835997 NCW Lots of shell and quartz in this area. Looks disturbed or eroding from spoil heap. Maybe part of BSB3.

D348 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D348 -31.33902904 17.89776804 NCW

D349 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D349 -31.33740001 17.89887596 NCW Thin to medium scatter of GGA on flat area about 3 m in diameter. No quartz seen. Few quartz seems in the vicinity.

D350 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D350 -31.33772003 17.89761096 NCW GGA and quartz associated with prospecting hole/large burrow D351 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D351 -31.33796998 17.89723000 NCW Quartz scatter on semi-vegetated blowout. Likely to be MSA. D352 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D352 -31.33843903 17.89656901 NCW This is probably the actual position of the BSB2 excavation D353 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D353 -31.33726599 17.89691702 NCW Blowout with quartz. MSA? D354 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D354 -31.33613904 17.89841697 NCW Very thin GGA scatter D355 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D355 -31.33581500 17.89712699 NCW Very thin GGA scatter and quartz D356 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D356 -31.33565599 17.89900596 NCW Very thin scatter of C granatina and Choromytilus sp with quartz D357 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D357 -31.33842998 17.90015101 NCW Exceptionally thin scatter of S argenvillei and 1 quartz D358 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D358 -31.34130397 17.90208103 NCW Thin GGA CH with a few quartz D359 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D359 -31.34156900 17.90185899 NCW D360 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D360 -31.34166900 17.90174802 NCW D361 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D361 -31.34037098 17.90054899 NCW Quartz handaxe on mine spoil heap [1390-1394] D362 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D362 -31.33785297 17.89862702 NCW Thin GGA CH scatter in amongst bushes. 1 x OES D363 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D363 -31.33749297 17.89836600 NCW Thin GGA with quartz D364 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D364 -31.33704999 17.89789796 IIIC Fair spread of GGA WH CH with quartz in a 6 m diameter area. Maybe stuff below?

D365 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D365 -31.29517400 17.88134999 NCW GGA midden on top of coastal hummock dune bear beacon. Buried and moles are bringing stuff to the surface. No stone seen. 10-15 m in diameter.

D366 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D366 -31.29401503 17.88165299

IIIC Dense midden patches. GGA CH WH. Lots of quartz. Cores, flakes, chips and chunks. Spatial patterning. No serious disturbance other than natural. No manuports seen.

D367 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D367 -31.29397999 17.88169297 D368 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D368 -31.29394496 17.88168803 D369 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D369 -31.29391001 17.88173103 D370 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D370 -31.29390799 17.88180403 D371 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D371 -31.29397002 17.88176598 D372 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D372 -31.29393096 17.88185902 D373 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D373 -31.29351304 17.88171502 NCW D374 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D374 -31.29360398 17.88178702 NCW D375 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D375 -31.29315203 17.88186396 NCW D376 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D376 -31.29304499 17.88181300 NCW D377 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D377 -31.29275196 17.88167797

IIIC GGA CH and quartz in northern side of section of trench and just near top, could be a good midden to sample D378 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D378 -31.29280100 17.88167596

D379 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D379 -31.29279496 17.88175198 D380 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D380 -31.29316402 17.88189498 NCW Shell exposed in a channel (natural?) [1395-1397] D381 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D381 -31.29304499 17.88253401 NCW Small patch of GGA D382 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D382 -31.29315798 17.88238297 NCW Ephemeral quartz scatter D383 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D383 -31.29327902 17.88213504 NCW Very thin GGA and quartz scatter D384 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D384 -31.29501801 17.88192700 NCW Very thin GGA and quartz scatter

62

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D385 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D385 -31.29726402 17.88232396 NCW Extremely thin GGA close to trench D386 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D386 -31.29714500 17.88226596 NCW D387 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D387 -31.29709496 17.88241600 IIIC Dense patch, heavily fragmented of CH GGA with quartz. Few small manuports. D388 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D388 -31.29666497 17.88243301 NCW Very thin GGA scatter from D389 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D389 -31.29621704 17.88224802 NCW D390 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D390 -31.29590901 17.88203403 NCW D391 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D391 -31.29751900 17.88200101 NCW Thin GGA exposed in track D392 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D392 -31.29756896 17.88207896 NCW Thin GGA WH with quartz on side of vegetated dune. 5 m in diameter. Pottery.

D393 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D393 -31.29801999 17.88234701 IIIC Fairly dense GGA WH with quartz x 2. On surface and from burrow. Could be good stuff below. On top of coastal dune/low hummock. 10 m in diameter.

D394 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D394 -31.29790901 17.88235900 NCW Immediately north of 393. Patch of highly fragmented CH WH GGA and quartz D395 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D395 -31.29778203 17.88232598 NCW D396 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D396 -31.29830103 17.88209698 NCW Comment: There is widely broadcast thin shell all over the seaward side of mound D397 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D397 -31.29851201 17.88258498 IIIC Dense patches of GGA WH CH with quartz and OES. Very close to the road.

D398 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D398 -31.29880504 17.88256997 NCW Fairly dense GGA B WH scatter with quartz on side of hummock dune. Manuports. Lots of shell.

D399 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D399 -31.29879900 17.88248599 NCW D400 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D400 -31.29928599 17.88241097 NCW Thin GGAB in deflation hollow. Probably trickle down from nearby thick midden next to road.

D401 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D401 -31.30045200 17.88322301 IIIC Dense GGAB with quartz and small manuports. Right next to the fence close to the pumphouse. Also patches around and over the fence.

D402 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D402 -31.30033700 17.88321303 NCW Ditto D403 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D403 -31.30067403 17.88326098 NCW Thin scatter of GGA CH and quartz D404 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D404 -31.30068703 17.88326098 NCW Ditto D405 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D405 -31.30073899 17.88321597 NCW Ditto D406 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D406 -31.30085802 17.88322804 NCW Ditto D407 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D407 -31.30084000 17.88332099 NCW Moderately dense scatter of shell GGAB with quartz. D408 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D408 -31.30092197 17.88347203 NCW Ditto D409 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D409 -31.30095801 17.88333197 NCW Ditto D410 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D410 -31.30102498 17.88331999 NCW GGA shell with fair bit of quartz D411 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D411 -31.30124803 17.88364998 NCW D412 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D412 -31.30129999 17.88359198 NCW

D413 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D413 -31.30146403 17.88364302 NCW Quite a dense GGAB eroding out of coastal ridge. Manuports. Probably a good midden in the slope. Not a lot of stone here.

D414 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D414 -31.30151600 17.88375601 NCW D415 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D415 -31.30131299 17.88392901 NCW D416 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D416 -31.30139899 17.88386799 NCW D417 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D417 -31.30146503 17.88372600 NCW D418 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D418 -31.30153603 17.88366004 NCW D419 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D419 -31.30160602 17.88372198 NCW D420 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D420 -31.30375698 17.88163598 NCW Thin GGA. Coming out of burrows. D421 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D421 -31.30394197 17.88181501 NCW D422 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D422 -31.30394096 17.88181401 NCW D423 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D423 -31.30388397 17.88206203 NCW Exceptionally thin shell with quartz scatter D424 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D424 -31.30390800 17.88207100 NCW D425 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D425 -31.30371398 17.88237400 NCW D426 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D426 -31.30371197 17.88248900 NCW D427 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D427 -31.30369303 17.88252999 NCW

63

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D428 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D428 -31.30322297 17.88288899 NCW Thin GGA shell scatter with quartz from burrows. D429 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D429 -31.30304804 17.88238901 NCW Ditto D430 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D430 -31.30323001 17.88247601 NCW D431 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D431 -31.30316497 17.88210704 NCW

D432 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D432 -31.30310202 17.88208801 IIIC Lens of GGAB in road cutting, extensive running to the south. Quartz. Manuports. Some OES. [1408]. Shell lens right on top of old in situ beach [1409-1410].

D433 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D433 -31.30318299 17.88194602 IIIC Ditto D434 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D434 -31.30331500 17.88179297 IIIC Ditto with a great deal more GG shells D435 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D435 -31.30605304 17.87969900 NCW Dense GGAB with quartz and quartzite. Heavily disturbed also in road section. Manuports. D436 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D436 -31.30639904 17.87992498 NCW D437 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D437 -31.30672803 17.87981702 NCW

D438 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D438 -31.30710597 17.87897296 NCW Very dense fragmented GGAB and quartz immediately on top of cobble raised beach bar. Difficult to know what is beach (very extensive) but this bit has angular shell and fair bit of quartz.

D439 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D439 -31.30773797 17.87949901 NCW Thin GGAB trickled down from main shell area inside Tronox fence. With quartz. D440 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D440 -31.30781600 17.87945903 NCW D441 n/a Fence line D442 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D442 -31.30770201 17.87865797 NCW D443 GD152/4_2014/ACO/D443 -31.30754502 17.87834600 NCW Moderate GGA with OES D444 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D444 -31.30775398 17.87820501 NCW Moderate GGA with quartz on top of boulder bar D445 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D445 -31.30792304 17.87852503 NCW D446 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D446 -31.30798900 17.87859703 NCW D447 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D447 -31.30802698 17.87869301 NCW D448 n/a Fence line D449 n/a Fence line

D450 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D450 -31.30908997 17.87797702 NCW Large amount of quartz flakes, chunks, cores, etc. On top of boulder beach at beacon. Have seen quartz inclusions in the schist coastal bedrock and perhaps this is a knapping station. Some possible LSA shell. But also beach.

D451 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D451 -31.30906700 17.87816201 NCW Nearby quartz outcrop [1415-1416] D452 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D452 -31.30910397 17.87832202 NCW Dense small patch of GGAB WH with quartz next to bedrock outcrop and on bedrock platform D453 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D453 -31.30933598 17.87814500 NCW Thin GGA with numerous quartz artefacts. 2 small quartz outcrops here. D454 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D454 -31.30951904 17.87865303 NCW D455 n/a Fence line D456 n/a Fence line D457 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D457 -31.31103801 17.88079301 NCW D458 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D458 -31.31108603 17.88075202 NCW Very thin GGAB site with quartz and 1 manuport D459 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D459 -31.31141603 17.88066703 NCW D460 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D460 -31.31237601 17.88030703 NCW Moderate GGAB with quartz manuports. Disturbed by trench. D461 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D461 -31.31237500 17.88030803 NCW Ditto D462 n/a Fence line D463 n/a Fence line D464 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D462 -31.31293902 17.88022203 NCW Moderate GGA with quartz D465 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D463 -31.31287398 17.88012598 NCW D466 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D464 -31.34260903 17.90009201 NCW

D467 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D465 -31.34258900 17.90032603 IIIC Pretty dense GGA CH. Large and small manuports. Extension of JH1 etc from over the fence (Hart survey)

D468 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D466 -31.34248397 17.90045301 IIIC Dense patch of GGA WH CH with no stone

D467 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D467 -31.34258900 17.90032600 NCW Fairly dense GGA Ch with large and small manuports. Probably an extension of JH1 on next farm to south

64

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D468 GD152/1_2014/ACO/D468 -31.34248400 17.90045300 NCW Dense patch of GGA Wh Ch. No stone observed JH1 GD152/1_2014/ACO/JH1 -31.34269997 17.90057003 IIIB

LSA midden, multiple patches, from ceramic period. Hart & Nilssen (2003) JH1A GD152/RE_2014/ACO/JH1A -31.34299996 17.90081997 JH1B GD152/RE_2014/ACO/JH1B -31.34299996 17.90070003 JH1C GD152/RE_2014/ACO/JH1C -31.34289997 17.90074999 JH1D GD152/RE_2014/ACO/JH1D -31.34269997 17.90094000

L050 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L050 -31.24353913 17.85275345 NCW Thin spread of shell (C granatina, S argenvillei) over an area 8 m x 5 m. The shell is between bushes. Difficult to determine if there is any depth. No stone. Nearby a large area of disturbance at the estuary mouth

L051 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L051 -31.24278082 17.85468724 NCW Near estuary, on a small hill, is a large spread of shell. This is Lutraria sp (not Donax) and it is possible that the shell has been uncovered by the bulldozing nearby. The heap of shell is 10 m x 15 m in size. [2950-2952]

L051b RE151/3_2014/ACO/L051b -31.24298374 17.85473250 NCW Continuation of the same shell at the back of the dune hill, dense Lurtraria (sp?) but with the occasional C granatina

L052 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L052 -31.24313059 17.85515302 NCW Overlooking an excavated hole near the estuary which is filled with water, a spread of Lurtraria sp shell down the slope. Thin distribution. Disturbed? [2953]

L053 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L053 -31.24293018 17.85551872 NCW Diffuse scatter of shell on top of dune, near estuary. A mix of Lurtraria sp, C granatina and S argenvillei. About 8 m x 8m. Possible bone, 1 quartzite grindstone, 1 silcrete flake, 1 quartz flake. 1 piece of OES. [2954-2957]

L054 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L054 -31.24311500 17.85579273 NCW Spread of Lurtraria sp on edge of the artificial pool. 8 m x 5 m. Low density. A few C granatina L055 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L055 -31.24356779 17.85647786 NCW Dense fragmented shell in a small area, 5 m x 5m. Mainly C granatina. Interspersed in the bushes

L056 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L056 -31.24346822 17.85578770 NCW On a small hill/dune a widespread scatter of C granatina and S argenvillei shell. 1 flaked shale piece, 1 piece of OES. 15 x 8 m. [2959-2961]

L056b RE151/3_2014/ACO/L056b -31.24351767 17.85555351 NCW Extension of the above

L057 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L057 -31.24356218 17.85539375 NCW On top of dune, overlooking pool. Mix of Lurtraria sp and S argenvillei. Also Choromytilus sp. 30 m x 20 m. Thin scatter, no clear idea of depth.

L057b RE151/3_2014/ACO/L057b -31.24363979 17.85523097 NCW Further spread, very large Luratreria sp shells [2963]

L058 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L058 -31.24380852 17.85505629 NCW Big diffuse scattered midden. Lurtraria sp and cobbles. This is also disturbed, shell from estuary exposed by bulldozing activities.

L059 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L059 -31.24356478 17.85407536 NCW

An open patch of vegetation, with a large thin spread of shell. It is near the track and fence. Looks like it may have experienced recent fire. About 20 m x 20 m. Some S argenvillei. Pottery – 4 potsherds of around 5-6 mm thickness, one neck everted and with rounded rim. Potsherds are black and fine grained. 1 shale core. 2 quartzite flakes and OES [2963-2973]

L059b RE151/3_2014/ACO/L059b -31.24349453 17.85400881 NCW A very dense scatter of OES, also S cochlear, large quartz flake and a grindstone L060 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L060 -31.24443959 17.85447450 NCW Very thin scatter of fragmented shell over a wide area. Only S argenvillei identifiable

L061 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L061 -31.24518902 17.85598987 NCW Very fragmented, thin scatter of shell on a slight rise. They are all the way from L060 to L061, all on a rise near a road. Beyond L061 the bushes are shorter and visibility improves

L062 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L062 -31.24342555 17.85856370 NCW On a small dune near the estuary, a scatter of fragmented black mussel (Choromytilus sp), Lurtraria sp, S argenvillei and C granatina. 15 m x 5 m. No stone

L063 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L063 -31.24359922 17.85888825 NCW Small thin scatter of fragmented shell. Close to estuary. Big trenches with shell in the base of the trenches

L064 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L064 -31.24364331 17.85752920 NCW Widespread scatter of fragmented shell, including OES, on a flat area near the estuary. 1 hornfels flake.

L065 RE151/3_2014/ACO/L065 -31.24346537 17.85673678 NCW Widespread but thick spread of fragmented shell, mainly granatina. Bush very thick over site

L066 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L066 -31.24652736 17.85886059 NCW In open scrubby area, a thin scatter of shell undermined by dune moles. Fragmented shell but including Luratraria sp and Choromytilus sp. Over 20 m area

L067 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L067 -31.24574365 17.85945084 NCW Fragmented shell scatter on a low rise, S argenvillei shell over a wide area. Another large pool excavated into the soil, lots of shell around it Probably uncovered by bulldozer. [2976-2977]

L068 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L068 -31.24587734 17.86054116 NCW This scatter of fragmented shell in bushes on a low rise

65

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description L069 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L069 -31.24582672 17.86018300 NCW As above. Including C granatina and S barbara. 1 OES frag L070 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L070 -31.24587910 17.85993045 NCW Thin scatter of fragmented shell around dune mole holes. In thick bush.

L071 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L071 -31.24605764 17.86000287 NCW Scatter of C granatina, S granularis and S argenvillei. All these sites are clustered on a slight rise [2978-2980] around a slightly deflated area, like a pan

L072 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L072 -31.24644320 17.85983180 NCW Big cluster of S argenvillei and C granatina shells. 1 rib bone. 1 quartz chunk. L073 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L073 -31.24695266 17.86008669 NCW Ditto, around a small bush L074 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L074 -31.24668921 17.85999013 NCW L075 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L075 -31.24713714 17.85986088 NCW Ditto

L076 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L076 -31.24745524 17.85989977 IIIB Large midden on top of a hill, containing C granatina, S granularis, etc. OES and pottery. There are 5 potsherds, around 5 mm thick. Red on outside, fine-grained. Variety of stone tools. Site size around 30 m². [2984-2995]

L077 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L077 -31.24766814 17.86036707 NCW Near the margins of the “pan”. Dense cluster of shells, mainly S argenvillei L078 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L078 -31.24791725 17.86021074 NCW L079 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L079 -31.24798019 17.85998200 NCW Another shell cluster on a small sandy hill/dune L080 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L080 -31.24813425 17.86008166 NCW A shell scatter at the road, C granatina and 1 S cochlear L081 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L081 -31.24810198 17.86050017 NCW A small C granatina midden under a bush L082 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L082 -31.24651747 17.86176936 NCW Small shell scatter, mainly S argenvillei L083 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L083 -31.24788070 17.86221041 NCW From L083-L086, a scatter of shells along the base of a hill, sheltered, close to the pan. Light scatter

of shell in prickly bushes L084 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L084 -31.24814532 17.86197002 NCW L085 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L085 -31.24831321 17.86191931 NCW Very large shell midden spread out along the foot of the hill. Comprising S argenvillei and C

granatina. 1 stone artefact L086 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L086 -31.24870892 17.86140709 NCW L087 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L087 -31.24854287 17.86167724 NCW L088 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L088 -31.24896968 17.86203817 NCW A very light scatter of shell on top of the hill/dune. C granatina, and includes a crayfish mandible L089 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L089 -31.24893062 17.86232457 NCW Shell scatter on top of the hill, including S argenvillei and C granatina

L090 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L090 -31.24928836 17.86246120 NCW Shell scatter (a continuous scatter from L089 to L090). 1 large piece of pottery, thin (5-6 mm thick) and black. One shale (?) flake

L091 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L091 -31.24903053 17.86261803 NCW Shell scatter with 3 large pieces of red burnished pottery, 2 pieces conjoin. About 5 mm thick, red and fine grained [3001-3003]

L092 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L092 -31.24881017 17.86274468 NCW Shell scatter – fragmented shell L093 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L093 -31.24891645 17.86372905 NCW Shell scatter, C granatina and S barbara, S argenvillei and OES L094 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L094 -31.24909700 17.86343434 NCW Same midden, on the hill, light scatter L095 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L095 -31.24918208 17.86358044 NCW Another shell cluster on the hill. S argenvillei and C granatina

L096 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L096 -31.25077531 17.86394773 NCW Very light scatter of S argenvillei and C granatina. 1 flaked quartzite cobble. Difficult to determine depth of shell

L097 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L097 -31.25094730 17.86362846 NCW Large diffuse scatter of shell, S argenvillei – but it looks like the shell has been disturbed by a trench – or the road?

L098 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L098 -31.25115157 17.86376651 NCW Shell fragments near the road. Diffuse spread of S argenvillei and C granatina. Also S barbara. No stone

L099 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L099 -31.25485084 17.86574464 NCW Very light scatter of S barbara shell. 1 flaked shale stone tool L099b RE151/2_2014/ACO/L099b -31.25492628 17.86563216 NCW Nearby, a small scatter (2 m x 2 m) of shell mainly of S argenvillei L100 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L100 -31.25672068 17.86631403 NCW Very light scatter of shell. Fragmented. C granatina. 5 m x 8 m in size

L101 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L101 -31.26308849 17.87212738 NCW There are 3 mining trenches running parallel to the road. The 3rd is the most shallow and furtherest from the road. It appears that the artefacts on the spoil heap all come from the trench, 17 quartz flakes, 3 quartz chunks, 1 flaked quartzite cobble, etc. [3006-3008]

L102 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L102 -31.26291993 17.87187894 NCW A quartz biface (small handaxe?) eroding out of the spoil heap at trench 3. [3009-3011] In base of the 2nd trench more quartz flakes, cores and chunks

L103 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L103 -31.26290191 17.87171566 NCW Scatter of quartzite cobbles and core material. The quartz makes it difficult to assign a category. There are a few quartzite flakes (on pink quartzite) which appears MSA and 1 possible cleaver

66

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description (large flake). There are a few fragments of fossilised bone. There is a calcrete band in the trench, below the surface [3012-3014; 3015-3018]

L104 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L104 -31.26299369 17.87175690 NCW ? Trench 1 contains quartz material around 50 cm below the surface. A possible quartzite implement embedded in the calcrete [3027-3037]

L105 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L105 -31.26301850 17.87137309 NCW A very thin, bifacially worked small handaxe, embedded in top soil [ [3027-3027]

L106 RE151/2_2014/ACO/L106 -31.26360532 17.87255351 NCW In slightly deflated area near the trenches, about 15-20 quartz flakes, chunks and cores spread out over an area of 4 m x 6 m [3039-3040]

L107 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L107 -31.27073228 17.87797803 NCW A possible site on the lower slopes of a high hill, near the road. Only 1 fragment of shell

L108 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L108 -31.27160082 17.87840509 NCW Small patch of shell, C granatina and S argenvillei in an area 2 m x 2 m. Very sparse shell. 1 piece of flaked quartz

L109 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L109 -31.27222477 17.87835161 NCW Little hollow on top of the dunes, with about 10 S argenvillei shells over 5 m ²

L110 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L110 -31.27191941 17.87854607 NCW Small shell scatter 2 m x 2 m L111 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L111 -31.27201815 17.87918486 NCW Sparse scatter of S argenvillei, S barbara and C granatina rolling down the slope 8 m x 2 m. L112 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L112 -31.28576615 17.88234592 NCW In the road cutting, a very small scatter of fragmented shell

L113 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L113 -31.29031132 17.88160061 NCW Very light scatter of shell behind the first dune. Choromytilus sp and S argenvillei. OES, 1 large quartz flake. 15 m²

L114 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L114 -31.29043160 17.88144395 NCW More dense shell scatter with S argenvillei, Choromytilus sp and S granularis over 4 m ². On side of dune facing sea.

L115 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L115 -31.29053076 17.88120783 NCW Very light shell scatter of mainly S granularis. 1 quartz flake

L116 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L116 -31.29098221 17.88089342 NCW Big scatter of shell, granatina, argenvillei, Choromytilus sp and S granularis on the side of a dune facing rocky shore. 20 m²

L117 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L117 -31.29113685 17.88069670 NCW A further spread of shell on the side of the dune facing the sea; S argenvillei, C granatina and S granularis. Very disturbed by the nearby track, shell running into road

L118 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L118 -31.29135068 17.88041381 NCW Deflated midden, disturbed. Comprising S barbara, S argenvillei

L119 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L119 -31.29139418 17.88041440 NCW More substantial midden, eroding down a dune near the sea and rocky shore. C granatina, S granularis and S argenvillei

L120 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L120 -31.29185057 17.88098428 NCW Also on slope, near the sea and rocky shore. C granatina, S argenvillei and S granularis. Over 20 m x 10 m. Cut through by coastal track

L121 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L121 -31.29226908 17.88127153 NCW Disturbed midden in bush near road. S argenvillei and large cobbles. 10 m² L122 GD152/4_2014/ACO/L122 -31.29255524 17.88141277 NCW Shell scatter in bushes, near rocky shore. C granatina. 5 m² L123 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L123 -31.29148437 17.88167076 NCW Deflated, small shell midden. C granatina L124 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L124 -31.29066017 17.88208290 NCW Small shell scatter L125 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L125 -31.29044392 17.88223528 NCW Small shell scatter L126 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L126 -31.28961621 17.88258757 NCW Small shell scatter. S argenvillei and C granatina. 4 m². At trench where D records pottery site

L127 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L127 -31.28201969 17.88354638 NCW In bottom of a very large deflation hollow, 2 shale like cobbles flaked with many small flakes and chips around. One large quartzite hammerstone [3061-3063]

L128 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L128 -31.31324857 17.88032144 NCW Large scatter of Choromytilus sp and P compressa. This is not archaeological but the result of drying kelp bamboo on the coast

L129 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L129 -31.31382884 17.88063224 NCW Small spread of S argenvillei (4 m x 2 m) in the bottom of a shallow trench (an old road?)

L130 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L130 -31.31658431 17.88133515 NCW A small discrete midden in between red sands, in a hollow protected from the wind. S argenvillei, C granatina and Burnapena sp. 1 large flaked quartzite cobble. Shell spread thinly over 20 m² [3067-3068]

L131 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L131 -31.31780086 17.88119123 IIIB

Actual BSB6 excavation position and remnant site. Lots of mole hills on the periphery of a large midden. Midden in the lee of a large red sand dune, shells visible for a considerable distance. Dense spread of shell in a long narrow swathe, about 30 m long and 10 m wide. Dense accumulation of S argenvillei and C granatina. A large number of flaked quartz cores, chunks and flakes in the centre of the site near a large granite/schist boulder. I black shale like flake. 3 pieces of friable pottery,

67

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description black with gritty sand temper, about 5-6 mm in thickness. [3069-3075]

L132 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L132 -31.32429851 17.88723769 NCW Light scatter of shell, 1 OES and 1 quartz flake

L133 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L133 -31.32412383 17.88692571 NCW Another light shell scatter in slight calcrete rise. Fragmented shell, 1 quartz core. Lots of cobbles. Maybe from mining?

L134 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L134 -31.32567868 17.88801863 NCW Very light scatter of C granatina and S argenvillei. 1 quartz flake and some OES. On slope overlooking the sea. Spread over wide area (20 m²). Starts near the gate.

L135 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L135 -31.32560173 17.88922437 NCW 2 fragments of shell, 1 flaked quartzite cobble, 1 quartz flake and 1 quartz core

L136 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L136 -31.32641151 17.88942117 NCW Two fragments of shell and 2 complete S argenvillei shells. 2 quartz chunks brought to the surface by meerkats. This area heavily undermined.

L137 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L137 -31.32743301 17.88765301 NCW Small scatter of S argenvillei and C granatina near mole hills. Over about 10 m²

L138 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L138 -31.32785873 17.88757028 NCW Scatter about 10 m x 10 m of shell around some bushes. Fragments of C granatina and S argenvillei, a few complete shells. No stone

L139 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L139 -31.32816995 17.88751731 NCW Small midden, C granatina, S granularis and S argenvillei in a small 2 x 2 m patch. 1 quartz flake. Close to the sea and a rocky ledge.

L140 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L140 -31.32822879 17.88756307 NCW 3 shells, S argenvillei and C granatina. The site is close to a mining trench and looks disturbed. [3097-3099]

L141 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L141 -31.33156202 17.89137952 IIIC This is a large midden perched on a hill, overlooking the sea. There is at least a 20 m spread in all directions around the highest point. The shell includes C meridionalis, ribbed mussel, C granatina, S argenvillei and some Burnupena sp. 2 quartz chunks and one silcrete flake [3101-3102]

L142 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L142 -31.33091552 17.89159552 NCW On the edge of the kelp drying area, is a scatter of fragmented shell and including S argenvillei, in loose sand, covered in bush. It is possible that the kelp overlies an older archaeological site.

L143 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L143 -31.33093480 17.89359352 NCW Slight scatter of C granatina over 2 m x 2m. Literally a handful of shell. 1 quartz core. L144 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L144 -31.33198933 17.89295272 NCW Small scatter of shell, mainly C granatina over 2 m x 2m.

L145 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L145 ? ? NCW Dense midden, comprising very fragmented shell over an area of 5 m x 5m. S argenvillei, C granatina and S granularis. 1 Burnupena sp.

L146 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L146 -31.33282718 17.89363911 NCW Thin scatter of C granatina over an area of 8 m x 3m L147 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L147 -31.33320076 17.89358522 NCW At least 5 quartz flakes and chunks in a cleared area with no shell. L148 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L148 -31.33316078 17.89397615 NCW Few fragments of C granatina and some OES

L149 ? ? NCW Dense scatter of mainly fragmented shell but some complete C granatina, S argenvillei, S Barbara – 5 m x 3 m.

L150 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L150 -31.33413794 17.89524903 NCW Fragments of shell, a handful, with 1 quartz core, 1 quartz flake and some complete S argenvillei. Possibly some may be beach shingle? [3104-3106]

L151 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L151 -31.33389085 17.89571322 NCW This is a small scatter (about 2 m x 2m) but is bigger than L150. Some C granatina shell.

L152 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L152 -31.33651530 17.89658401 NCW

Exposed on a calcrete surface on a track running up the side of the mining trench, is scatter of stone. Quartz cobbles, quartz cores, quartz flakes and 1 silcrete flake. Further down the slope is a further 8 quartz flakes. These artefacts are not in situ, but probably being washed down the slope.[3109-3111]

L153 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L153 -31.33648345 17.89636969 NCW Slightly lower down in the same track, is a small well-proportioned handaxe on a grey quartzite. It is about 10 cm long. [3112-3119]

L154 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L154 -31.33647733 17.89591874 NCW In the cutting of the track, about 20 cm from the surface is a thick layer of shell (shingle?). It is very fragmented. Mainly C meridionalis [3120-3121]

L155 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L155 -31.33655679 17.89534676 NCW This is a shell midden cut through by the track and visible in the section. Comprising C granatina, S granularis and S argenvillei. 1 quartz chunk. [3122-3124]

L156 ? ? NCW Shell scatter near the mine track. A handful of shell including C granatina and S granularis. L157 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L157 -31.34213445 17.90096196 NCW A handful of shell over 1 m x 1m. Mainly C granatina. 1 silcrete flake. L158 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L158 -31.34215599 17.90140897 NCW In the turning circle of the road, about 20 quartz chunks, chips and flakes. No shell

L159 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L159 -31.34178408 17.90123530 NCW A very light scatter of fragmented shell (S argenvillei and C granatina) over 5 m x 5m. Some broken glass on the midden. This midden is close to the large disturbed area – spoil heaps of soil associated with the mining trenches. Nearby is some large, weathered Donax sp shells.

68

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description L160 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L160 -31.34014240 17.89854303 NCW This is a small deflation onto a fine reddish soil, with stone tools but no shell. 1 quartz MSA flake

(convergent flake scars), 4 quartz flakes, 5 quartz cores. [3134-3135]

L161 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L161 -31.33954989 17.89921191 NCW A very light shell scatter (handful of shell) including P granatina over 10 m x 10m. 5 quartz flakes and 1 quartz chunk. Spread amongst the bushes.

L162 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L162 -31.34009723 17.89798681 NCW In the spoil heap from the trench, a large spill of S argenvillei and C granatina. 1 quartz core.

L163 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L163 -31.34010058 17.89782747 IIIB Quartz knapping site with OES. No shell. But fragments of fossil bone. One quartz MSA flake with convergent flake scars. Although the site is disturbed (located near a spoil heap), there is evidence of important sub-surface deposits.[3136-3140]

L164 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L164 -31.34026336 17.89792746 NCW A scatter of S argenvillei and C granatina and fragmented shell on the edge of a spoil heap, possibly unearthed by excavations. [3141-3142]

L165 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L165 -31.34091111 17.89828663 NCW Light shell scatter in undisturbed area. S argenvillei and C granatina over 1 m x 1 m. L166 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L166 -31.34041054 17.89745975 NCW Scatter of shell fragments

L167 ? ? NCW In lee of large boulder near the track, a dense scatter of fine shell including S argenvillei and C granatina. 1 piece of tortoise. Possibly disturbed? Over 7 m x 3 m. [3144-3145]

L168 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L168 -31.29516821 17.88302947 NCW Very light scatter of shell of fragmented shell (including S argenvillei and C granatina) on top of a slight rise. In mole hill there are several complete shells. 1 quartz chunk, 1 quartz flake. Spread over 10 m x 10 m

L169 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L169 -31.29467435 17.88317909 NCW Light scatter of C granatina and S argenvillei over 2 m x 2 m. L170 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L170 -31.29456748 17.88275178 NCW Finely fragmented shell over a small area, only a handful. C granatina. L171 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L171 -31.29450705 17.88246118 NCW Spread of shell over 7 m x 3 m. C granatina and S argenvillei. Thin scatter. Only 1 quartz flake.

L172 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L172 -31.29344531 17.88332183 NCW Very light scatter of shell (handful) of C granatina. On a slight rise. Spread over 5 m x 5m. 1 quartz flake and 1 quartz chunk on edge of shell

L173 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L173 -31.29323585 17.88253368 NCW Handful of fragmented shell. 1 quartz flake. L174 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L174 -31.29406180 17.88208558 NCW A few shells, mainly S argenvillei and C granatina L175 ? ? NCW Widespread but thin scatter of C granatina and S granularis over 8 m x 4 m. 1 quartz chunk.

L176 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L176 -31.29600707 17.88297012 NCW Scatter of fragmented shell, S argenvillei, S cochlear and C granatina. All on a slight rise, with some shells slipping down slope. 5 m x 4 m in size.

L177 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L177 -31.29651133 17.88300877 NCW Small scatter of shell, 2 m x 1 m in size. C granatina L178 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L178 -31.29646372 17.88293567 NCW Fragments of S argenvillei and C granatina over 4 m x 3 m in size

L179 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L179 -31.29664049 17.88298027 NCW Possibly an extension of L178. Thin scatter of shell, S argenvillei and C granatina over 5 m x 5 m in size. Spread out amongst the bushes above the track. 1 OES fragment

L180 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L180 -31.29801337 17.88322183 NCW 2 complete S argenvillei shells and a few scraps of shell fragments. 1 quartz chunk.

L181 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L181 -31.29846071 17.88308093 NCW There is a long trench (mining) through this site, and shell lying on the spoil heap. S argenvillei, S granularis and C granatina. No stone visible

L182 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L182 -31.29892909 17.88296401 NCW In a mole hill, about 4 shells of C granatina pushed to the surface

L183 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L183 -31.29959176 17.88282386 NCW Across the road and near a large donga, a thin scatter of shell rolling down the slope. C granatina and S argenvillei [3148-3149]

L184 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L184 -31.29959637 17.88272663 IIIB

A dense midden, below L183. Comprising S argenvillei, C granatina, S Barbara. Many complete shells eroding from a dense lense in the slope of a hill and running down the slope. Quartz chunk visible. 5 m in length. [3152-3154]

L185 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L185 -31.29950434 17.88267483 IIIB

A dense midden accumulation, further along the same ridge as L184 (possibly an extension?). 8 m long and eroding down the slope. S argenvillei, C granatina, quartzite cobbles, 1 quartz chunk and OES [3155-3159]

L185b GD152/1_2014/ACO/L185b -31.29943209 17.88264440 IIIB Extension of L185 above

L185c GD152/1_2014/ACO/L185c -31.29941189 17.88266209 IIIB Extension of L185 above. Many complete shells of S argenvillei, S granularis, S Barbara and C granatina

L186 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L186 -31.29977214 17.88290315 IIIC

Two thin layers of shell exposed in the section of a donga/hole cut through the slope of the coastal margin. The basal layer contains mainly S argenvillei with the apex of the shell pointing up. The top layer of shell is more fragmented and contains C granatina shells. [3163; 3165-3168]

69

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description L187 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L187 -31.30231077 17.88455933 NCW Very thin scatter of shell between the bushes. Nearby are 2 rusty drill pipes – so does the shell

derived from the drilling? Shell includes ribbed mussel.

L188 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L188 -31.30217188 17.88442623 NCW Very dense spread of shell, mainly fragmented with only a few complete shells. Spread over large area (20 m x 50 m). S argenvillei and C granatina.

L189 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L189 -31.30203760 17.88432045 NCW All part of the same wide scatter of shell. Is this archaeological? L190 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L190 -31.30172932 17.88416245 NCW Same surface scatter of C granatina. Unsure if this is archaeological.

L191 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L191 -31.30217230 17.88430117 NCW Very dense patch of fragmented shell (2 m x 1 m) comprising C granatina and S Barbara, then a more thin scatter around it.

L192 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L192 -31.30235779 17.88422925 NCW Across the road, at Brand se Baai, between the 1st and 2nd ablution facilities. A scatter of very fragmented shell, with a few complete S argenvillei, eroding out of a donga rolling down the hill.

L193 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L193 -31.30250799 17.88412272 NCW A very small scatter of shell along the same level, at the top of the ridge overlooking the camping area. About 2 m wide exposure of shell eroding down slope. C granatina, S granularis and 1 quartz flake.

L194 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L194 -31.30260875 17.88408257 NCW Another spill of shell down the slope, mainly C granatina and S granularis, some complete shells but mainly fragmented. 1 m wide and 3 m long spread.

L195 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L195 -31.30260455 17.88398668 NCW Another spill of shell nearby, obviously coming from the same horizon. 1 m wide and 5 m long. Mainly C granatina and S argenvillei, with a few complete shells. [3174]

L196 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L196 -31.30282776 17.88371016 NCW A spread of S argenvillei and C granatina complete shells.

L197 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L197 -31.30308853 17.88364571 NCW The road cutting, immediately above L192-L196, has exposed a layer of large S argenvillei and C granatina shells. This is all part of a midden/midden complex along the ridge above the BsB campsite. The shells lie immediately above a layer of beach shingle.

L198 -31.30299272 17.88357086 NCW As with L192-L196, more shells tumbling down the slope. A few complete S argenvillei and C granatina.

L199 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L199 -31.303083 17.883159 IIIB

Over a large area, on the lower slopes behind the ablution block at Brand ss Baai, at least 20 large S argenvillei and C granatina shells. Also, a large distribution of stone artefacts: 1 lower grindstone, 3 flaked quartzite cobbles, 1 quartz core, 1 quartz chunk, 2 shale flakes, 1 quartzite hammerstone/grindstone. There appears to be some in situ material.[3179-3182]

L200 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L200 -31.30307101 17.88305176 NCW Slight shell scatter and 1 hammerstone. Below this slope the site appears badly disturbed by old caravan and ablution stands.

L201 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L201 -31.30286079 17.88284213 NCW Thick shell deposit, mainly ribbed mussel, behind the house on the shore. This could be an old beach level [3183]

L202 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L202 -31.30281653 17.88267726 NCW Scatter of large S argenvillei and C granatina in denuded area near the houses. Possibly rolled down the hill.

L203 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L203 -31.30302189 17.88246956 NCW Handful of large S argenvillei and C granatina in exposed area near the sea. L204 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L204 -31.30386930 17.88187838 NCW About 4 pieces of quartz and 2 shale fragments L205 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L205 -31.30374148 17.88156800 NCW Few fragments of shell; mainly C granatina. L206 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L206 -31.30383569 17.88135250 NCW About 10 C granatina shells brought to the surface by moles. Some quartz chips. L207 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L207 -31.30415529 17.88112544 NCW Further spread of shell. 1 quartz piece. L208 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L208 -31.30535642 17.88044633 NCW Scatter of shell, mainly C granatina, which goes beyond the boundary fence. Disturbed.

L209 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L209 -31.30896466 17.87854523 NCW Shell on a sandy deflated area between the bushes. Mainly C granatina. Just a handful shell. Disturbed.

L210 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L210 -31.30942793 17.87949029 NCW Scatter of shell fragments of C granatina. But there is also heaps of sand nearby. Disturbed. Is this a site?

L211 ? ? NCW Continuation of the shell from L210. A thin spread of shell mainly fragmented C granatina, over a wide area.

L212 GD152/1_2014/ACO/L212 -31.30967595 17.88007242 NCW Fragmented C granatina shell, spread over 5 m but right next to the road.

L213 GD152/4_2014/ACO/L213 -31.30974409 17.88006848 NCW In the road, very sparse shells, about 30 cm below the surface [3191-3192] About 15 C granatina shells, 1 quartz chunk, 1 quartzite cobble. On opposite site of road is a well flaked, granite grindstone. Lots flakes removed. [3193 – 3195]

70

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description L-Camp Site n/a -31.30496783 17.88007921 NCW Traditional camping area for farmers

2015 H001 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H001 31.29839298 17.88379197 NCW Shell patch approx. 8m diam GGA, qtz H002 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H002 31.29789703 17.88377303 NCW shell patches approx. 5m diam. Argenvillei, Granatina. No stone observed H003 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H003 31.29767398 17.88424803 NCW Small patch disturbed shell near surface pipeline. Argenvillei, Granatina. 1x sil blade, some qtz

H004 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H004 31.29821302 17.88558201 NCW Patch of shell on possibly disturbed mound near edge of mining area. Qtz flakes x3, edge damaged porphyry cobble x1, GGA (not dense).

H005 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H005 31.29869901 17.88450200 NCW Ephemeral Granatina, Argenvillei, whelk coming from molehills. No stone observed. H006 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H006 31.29900796 17.88523600 NCW Patches of shell from molehills (see D009), linear exposures diagonally through sand netting area.

Argenvillei, Granatina, whelks, Choromytilis. H007 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H007 31.29903596 17.88536500 NCW H008 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H008 31.29899598 17.88569600 NCW H009 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H009 31.29894502 17.88588300 NCW Disturbed midden on the edge of the mining area. Shell fairly dense Argenvillei, Barbara,

Choromytilis, Ribbed mussel, Barnacle, 1x White mussel. Crayfish mandibles. Stone seen at patch D010 consisting of 6x qtz flakes, and 1x chunk. H010 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H010 31.29898299 17.88591200 NCW

H011 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H011 31.29923897 17.88596900 NCW Similar to D009/010. Shell in “dune” at edge of mining. 1x Hf chunk, 1x qtz flake, 1x chunk. H012 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H012 31.29939202 17.88599004 NCW Ephemeral shell H013 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H013 31.29987398 17.88635097 NCW Ephemeral disturbed shell with few qtz artefacts

H014 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H014 31.30011798 17.88659597 NCW Disturbed ephemeral shell on edge of mining area (in blowout area possibly resulting from mining). Quite a lot of qtz (some bladey elements that resemble MSA?)

H015 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H015 31.30034102 17.88662304 NCW Like D014 but less stone. H016 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H016 31.30050397 17.88584503 NCW Ephemeral shell in molehills

H017 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H017 31.30074997 17.88682697 NCW “Blowout” area with ephemeral shellfish Granatina, Argenvillei, Barbara, Choromytilis, whelk. Stone includes Qtz flakes, qzite slab, 1 cobble UGS, 1 HS, flaked porphyry cobble.

H018 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H018 31.30138197 17.88535796 IIIB 2 dense surface shell midden patches of 3-4 m diameter each, within a less dense surrounding shell scatter on the crest of a distinct hillock immediately opposite Brand se Baai. Some burrowing evident. Shell includes GGAB WH. Also OES fragments. Stone artefactual material is limited, 1x large qtz core and 1x porphyry HEF seen, and no bone was observed.

H019 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H019 31.30150300 17.88530700 NCW

H020 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H020 31.30153201 17.88634803 NCW Area of shell GGA from a likely buried shell lens. Some OES and 1x large crayfish mandible. H021 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H021 31.30163502 17.88634904 NCW H022 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H022 31.30136001 17.88693602 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA. Some Qtz and qtz crystal including 1 core, 3 flakes. H023 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H023 31.30130997 17.88707097 NCW A few ephemeral shell scatters in “blowouts” and possible disturbance. GGA. Qtz 1 core, 1 Hf flake. H024 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H024 31.30239601 17.88612901 NCW Area of shell scatters associated with burrows GGA CH

H025 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H025 31.30308299 17.88666403 NCW Water eroded area and blowout with ephemeral fragmented shellfish. Quite a lot of Qtz incl several flakes, 2 largish cores. Flakes also on the large side and 1 has MSA-like features. No OES seen.

H026 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H026 31.30312096 17.88688296 NCW Fairly dense small patch of fragmented shellfish including Ribbed mussel and Argenvillei. Also some shingle (could be old beach drilling? Road cover?)

H027 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H027 31.30320101 17.88674299 NCW Ephemeral shell patch Argenvillei, granatina, Whelk. Few Qtz pieces. I x manuports cobble.

H028 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H028 31.30369102 17.88875397 NCW Outside the actual target area - in the mining area where red dunes have been previously stripped. There is a lot of deflated stone including MSA-like material on qtz and qzite. Many manuports, HEF’s. No bone or OES seen. Extensive and patchy lying on the “dorbank”.

H029 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H029 31.30381599 17.88640201 NCW Small shell patch GGA WH. Stone includes Qtz and Qtz Crystal. Flakes, chunks, cores. 1x cobble

H030 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H030 31.30434103 17.88486896 NCW Ephemeral shell patch on the edge of a mound. Shellfish includes Granatina, Argenvillei, Cochlear, Choromytilis. 1 fragment of OES seen.

H031 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H031 31.30422603 17.88493501 NCW “Blowout” area with ephemeral shellfish and lots of Qtz flakes, chunks and cores. Also other raw material including Qzite, Hornfels. Some MSA?

H032 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H032 31.30428999 17.88612599 NCW Shell lens cut by topsoil stripping G A Wh Ch. 1x CCS HEF pebble. Shell was probably at surface as no buried lens exposed.

H033 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H033 31.30434497 17.88602097 NCW Similar to context of D032. Also some Qtz and Qzite pieces.

71

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description H034 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H034 31.30439200 17.88582399 NCW Similar content but not cut by mining. H035 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H035 31.30488502 17.88544002 NCW Shell patch on stripped area. Argenvillei, Barbara. 1x qtz MSA blade.

H036 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H036 31.30502198 17.88516099 NCW Shell patch exposed by erosion in strip zone. WH, A, Granatina, 1 x quartzite MSA blade. No bone or oes. S argenvillei are big. [2877-2880]

H037 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H037 31.30497202 17.88466796 NCW Ephemeral shell patch, WH, S argenvillei, C granatina

H038 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H038 31.30555700 17.88302796 NCW Very ephemeral shell with qtz scatter, flakes, chunks. 1 qzt core. GGA. 1 fragment OES, some MSA like flakes. Dorbank?

H039 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H039 31.30594198 17.88406597 NCW Disturbed shell patch. GGA. 1 ccs flake, 1 qtz core. H040 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H040 31.30586000 17.88505998 NCW H041 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H041 31.30606502 17.88501799 NCW Biface? No shell. [2885-2888] H042 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H042 31.30611003 17.88495001 NCW Finely made biface. [2889-2892] H043 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H043 31.30615898 17.88511799 NCW Ditto [2893-94]

H044 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H044 31.30715601 17.88275002 NCW Small patch x 3. Disturbed midden. Edge of the stripping. GGA CH WH. Broken Lower Grindstone. 2 qtz flakes.

H045 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H045 31.30755398 17.88158300 IIIC 2 x shell patches split by track. GGA. WH. Thin but distinct. Some qtz. The shell is quite extensive, about 40m x 40m. But thicker around H046 which is a small hillock. Dark quartzite. Pottery near H046. Area around H046 could be mitigated. Large manuport and smaller lower grindstone near to each other. Some bone. Quartz core

H046 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H046 31.30783503 17.88155903 NCW

H047 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H047 31.30802899 17.88172399 NCW

H048 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H048 31.30772699 17.88284901 NCW Extensive qtz scatter along edge of strip zone. 10-15 artefacts per m². Cores, flakes, chunks, 1 x silcrete denticulate. Minimal shell.

H049 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H049 31.30828899 17.88183304 NCW Probably edge of H046-H047. About 15m² H050 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H050 31.30870800 17.88191903 NCW Shell in burrows. GGA H051 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H051 31.30862402 17.88200503 NCW H052 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H052 31.30834599 17.88272504 NCW Ephemeral shell and stone. 1 m². GA. Qtz and Qz

H053 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H053 31.30822202 17.88317003 NCW Disturbed midden on the edge of the stripping area. AB. Qtz. Dark Qzit. P cochlear and C granatina. No bone or oes.

H054 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H054 31.30782296 17.88386104 IIIB Large mound covered in shell. CH. GGA. Manuports Qte, Qzit, Sil. Pottery. Bone OES, CCS. Lower grindstone. Fragment of specularite [2895-2902]

H055 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H055 31.30883700 17.88251004 IIIC Area of shell, about 15m², coming out of burrows/mole hills. Representing a buried lens. GGAB WH. This site could be probed for its density and extent

H056 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H056 31.30904303 17.88183304 NCW Patch of shell (8m²) in jeep track. GGB. Flake dark quartzite. No quartz seen H057 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H057 31.30918502 17.88172198 NCW Shell over 2m². GGA. 1 x manuport. Possible sample for shell. H058 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H058 31.30961501 17.88184804 NCW Extensive ephemeral shell. GGA, few quartz

H059 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H059 31.30930002 17.88420604 NCW Shell midden on edge of stripping area. Some big shells. B & WA. About 50cm below the surface. GGA with crayfish. Quartz. Big porphyry flake. Some manuports

H060 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H060 31.30953697 17.88345099 NCW Extensive ephemeral shell scatter. GGA. No stone. 30m² H061 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H061 31.30999002 17.88350699 NCW ditto H062 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H062 31.31108503 17.88359600 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter with several Cape coastal potsherds, 1 x nipple base. GA H063 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H063 31.31122802 17.88311496 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter. H064 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H064 31.31121201 17.88284498 NCW Shell associated with burrows. 15m². GGAB WH H065 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H065 31.31144897 17.88336198 NCW Shell patch, 5m². GGA WH Brown ccs type core nearby H066 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H066 31.31237903 17.88255597 NCW Ephemeral shell from burrows. GG. Minimal quartz H067 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H067 31.31390001 17.88315604 NCW Extremely ephemeral shell associated with burrows. GGA

H068 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H068 31.31455799 17.88291296 NCW Extensive ephemeral trace, few shell fragments. GGA WH. Large shells. Quartz core. From burrows/mole hills

H069 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H069 31.31467097 17.88276502 NCW Shell from burrows but more dense that D068. GGA CH WH Quartzite. Quartz H070 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H070 31.31444701 17.88231902 NCW Shell from burrows next to track. GGA CH H071 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H071 31.31437803 17.88215398 NCW Shell in track. GGA B

72

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description H072 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H072 31.31431198 17.88208902 IIIB Dense surface shell patch, 5m². GGA WH. Oes and pottery. Large surface shell scatter surrounding

the dense main patch. 30m². Two manuport fragments.

H073 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H073 31.31443402 17.88202699 IIIB Dense shell patch in old track. GGA. Oes, little quartz, dark quartzite. Bone (small bovid). Tortoise. Cobble manuport [2906]

H074 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H074 31.31440703 17.88195097 NCW Ditto. Extension of D073 H075 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H075 31.31572299 17.88460602 NCW Disturbed shell in “dune” at edge of stripping area. GGA WH Pottery. 1 quartz flake

H076 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H076 31.31750900 17.88361796 NCW Large circular pit/crater 1.5 to 2 m deep. Shell and manuports on the floor. A WH. Also some quartz flakes. Large core. Large flake of silcrete like material. Prospecting/drilling was in evidence nearby too, piled rocks, bottles etc

H077 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H077 31.31790203 17.88379096 NCW Another crater, no artefacts H078 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H078 31.31779097 17.88413102 NCW

Patch of shingly shell with many small pebbles. Probably out of a drill hole. Or vestige of old beach H079 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H079 31.31749802 17.88415801 NCW H080 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H080 31.31808601 17.88424803 NCW H081 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H081 31.31799096 17.88418500 NCW Concrete slab with lots of “beach shingle” around

H082 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H082 31.31780304 17.88226202 IIIB Area of MSA material (possibly disturbed) in a small gully. Lots of quartz (flakes, chunks, cores), mineralised OES and mineralised bone

H083 GD152/1_2015/ACO/H083 31.31298697 17.88115896 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter close to edge of prospecting trench. GGA WH

W001 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W 31.29929203 17.88360497 NCW

Large (20m x 20m), badly disturbed midden at the road. Bisected by a number of large trenches, but there may be some in situ deposit along the edges. Predominantly S. argenvillei and C granatina shells. 4 large potsherds in close proximity, about 6mm thick, grit tempered, no burnish. Oes, quartz artefacts, also smooth black rock with clear flecks (porphyry?). [2442-2449]

W002 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W002 31.29936201 17.88366297 NCW Several metres distant, shell fragments, possibly all part of same site? S argenvillei and C granatina

W003 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W003 31.29946897 17.88363297 NCW Dense surface scatter of shell, C granatina and S argenvillei. 1 burnapena. About 5m x 5m in size. It could be part of 001/002 or a new site.

W004 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W004 31.29917803 17.88367001 NCW Dense surface spread of shell, S argenvillei and C granatina, it could be part of 001/002 but it looks badly disturbed. It is located next to a large heap of calcrete blocks.

W005 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W005 31.29912397 17.88355904 NCW Another patch of dense, fragmented shell (S argenvillei and C granatina). About 5m x 5m. Part of 001/002?

W006 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W006 31.29887704 17.88360497 NCW Continuation of some fairly dense marine shell, including a quartz core [2450-2452]

W007 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W007 31.29887000 17.88367102 IIIC

In close proximity, a thin scatter of shell (3m x 2m) with a tiny fragment of pottery, about 5-6mm in thickness and grit tempered. A crayfish mandible. Also half a copper sphere, with two drilled holes, possibly a lid of a container or a button top? The holes suggest it was hung around the neck? [2453-2454]

W008 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W008 31.29862499 17.88370698 NCW Two small scatters (2m x 2m) each W009 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W009 31.29857403 17.88364998 NCW

W010 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W010 31.29791203 17.88367898 NCW Very ephemeral scatter of shell, exposed by the laying of an above ground black water pipeline. Shells include S argenvillei and C granatina. Slightly deflated

W011 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W011 31.29777398 17.88402599 NCW On a very slight ridge which runs parallel to the black water pipeline, suggesting the shell may have been removed to make way for the pipe. The ridge of shell is quite sparse, including S argenvillei and C granatina.

W012 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W012 31.29880797 17.88378602 NCW A very light scatter of marine shell, all the way to the road, becoming more dense toward 013. W013 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W013 31.29886396 17.88370597 NCW W014 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W014 31.29892800 17.88403496 IIIC Discrete, dense scatter of marine shell (S argenvillei and C granatina) plus 1 burnapena. 1 fragment

of pottery, 6-7mm in thickness, grit tempered, no burnish. The site seems to extend to 015, which appears in molehills. 1 large flaked quartz cobble. The site extends further inland to 016, and there is more of the site in molehills at 017.

W015 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W015 31.29902003 17.88405600 NCW W016 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W016 31.29893898 17.88413999 NCW W017 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W017 31.29902598 17.88415801 NCW W018 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W018 31.29901299 17.88425800 NCW New site? S argenvillei and C granatina in molehills

W019 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W019 31.29917703 17.88441299 NCW A small (1m x 2m) scatter of shell, including S argenvillei and C granatina, but possibly also P cochlear?

73

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description W020 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W020 31.29951498 17.88394603 NCW Dense scatter of shell, along a ridge, near the dumped calcrete blocks. Obviously disturbed. C

granatina plus one cement fragment.

W021 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W021 31.29949001 17.88365702 NCW Dense scatter of shell, very fragmented, plus 1 quartz chunk, 1 quartz core, 1 quartz chip all near to each other. Fair amount of Burnapena. Has this been dredged up? S argenvillei and C granatina present.

W022 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W022 31.29963501 17.88444500 NCW In little hollow, a small (1m x 1m) scatter of C granatina and 1 Choromytilus fragment. Is the latter recent?

W023 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W023 31.29969603 17.88451700 NCW

In some molehills, a scatter of marine shell, mainly C granatina. 024 part of same site; 025 ditto? 027 more dense marine shell, 028 further scatter of shell with occasional complete shell from mole hills

W024 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W024 31.29973903 17.88443101 NCW W025 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W025 31.29975898 17.88453301 NCW W026 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W026 31.29976502 17.88459697 NCW W027 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W027 31.29971699 17.88458004 NCW W028 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W028 31.29962898 17.88459697 NCW W029 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W029 31.29980299 17.88525897 NCW Very ephemeral scatter of large complete S argenvillei shells, extends to 030 but light scatter W030 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W030 31.29986099 17.88538696 NCW W031 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W031 31.30011002 17.88470300 NCW Another scatter of shell exposed in molehills. C granatina, S argenvillei and burnapena. W032 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W032 31.30008303 17.88464298 NCW W033 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W033 31.30012100 17.88446696 NCW Surface scatter over 20m x 20m. Thin and fragmented. C granatina W034 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W034 31.30024597 17.88429396 NCW Flaked granite lower grindstone

W035 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W035 31.30034002 17.88390999 NCW Dense, but fragmented shell on soil surface, over an area of 20m x 20m. C granatina and burnapena. No stone or pottery

W036 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W036 31.30065098 17.88398299 IIIC

Large, dense midden along lower slopes of hill, near road. 1 flaked quartz cobble/manuport [ ], 1 quartz flake. Nearby is a very dense scatter of shell over a small area (2m x 2m) which may have some depth for mitigation

W037 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W037 31.30067202 17.88388702 IIIC W038 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W038 31.30074201 17.88392499 IIIC W039 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W039 31.30071301 17.88397796 IIIC W040 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W040 31.30070203 17.88408299 IIIC W041 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W041 31.30066800 17.88407000 IIIC W042 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W042 31.30047597 17.88458297 NCW A very thin scatter of shell over 5m x 5m. W043 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W043 31.30058996 17.88450401 IIIB

A large site located near a concrete marker, including porphyry flakes, 1 potsherd, quartz flakes, marine shell(C granatina, S argenvillei). A depth of deposit making this a mitigatable site. [2460-2468] [2469-2473]

W044 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W044 31.30063900 17.88450904 IIIB W045 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W045 31.30062500 17.88460602 IIIB W046 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W046 31.30063204 17.88466503 IIIB W047 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W047 31.30066800 17.88473996 IIIB W048 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W048 31.30066398 17.88479797 IIIB W049 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W049 31.30074503 17.88476301 IIIB W050 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W050 31.30072701 17.88469696 IIIB W051 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W051 31.30078702 17.88461197 IIIB W052 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W052 31.30065300 17.88528102 NCW A small scatter of shell W053 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W053 31.30114300 17.88590999 NCW A light scatter of shell over small area W054 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W054 31.30103999 17.88424803 NCW A single large, quartz flake, no shell nearby W055 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W055 31.30120201 17.88417896 NCW Small ephemeral shell scatter

W056 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W056 31.30148800 17.88531798 NCW Patch of shell 9in jeep track. GGB and 1x stone flake of dark quartzitic material. No qtz seen ~8m diam. Site recorded by D.

W057 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W057 31.30252199 17.88487600 NCW Dense, very fragmented shell, patch near road and corner post. Is this disturbed? 3 quartzite chunks. About 3m x 3m.

W058 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W058 31.30247497 17.88532997 NCW Single, large, irregular quartz core. No shell nearby. W059 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W059 31.30277303 17.88574001 NCW In a track, leading down to the corner post. There is a lot of very finely fragmented shell (maybe

74

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description higher sea level? Or shell for the road?), with lots of small pebbles

W060 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W060 31.30277596 17.88518596 NCW Another single, large irregular quartz core in veld, no shell nearby

W061 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W061 31.30408899 17.88356398 NCW Fragmented shell over an area of 20m x 20m. Slightly deflated. 2 quartz flakes, 1 quartz irregular core, 1 quartz chunk, mainly fragmented C granatina.

W062 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W062 31.30391498 17.88311102 NCW Second ephemeral shell scatter. Few large complete S argenvillei. Otherwise fragmented C granatina. Over 8m x 8m.

W063 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W063 31.30383804 17.88300399 NCW Soil is very soft and loose, many mole hills. Sparse, complete shell brought up in the molehills. Many complete C granatina and S argenvillei. On the slope overlooking Brand se Baai camping spot. 064 is a quartz chunk. 065 is a quartz core.

W064 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W064 31.30405496 17.88285504 NCW

W065 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W065 31.30407600 17.88272898 NCW

W066 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W066 31.30468100 17.88280400 NCW 1 quartz irregular core [2479] W067 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W067 31.30495601 17.88276804 NCW The road has cut down onto a clayey soil and this is littered with a large collection of predominantly

quartz artefacts, with virtually no shell. Mainly cores but also at least 3 flakes. Flakes have irregular shape. This distribution of stone artefacts stretches all the way up the road, in high densities. There is a grey porphyry (?) flake with retouch. Also a large hammerstone. [2481 – 2483]

W068 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W068 31.30508803 17.88262404 NCW

W069 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W069 31.30546303 17.88224299 IIIC

A small, mining trench (40m long by 10 m wide) onto relatively shallow clay soil. Site 069 lies at the head of the trench, and consists of a few large complete C granatina and S argenvillei shells, plus a number of quartz flakes, cores and chunks. At least 15 quartz stone artefacts plus 1 silcrete flake and 1 mineralised fragment of oes. This is probably an MSA site - disturbed. [2488-2492]

W070 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W070 31.30616502 17.88224400 IIIC A shell midden on top of the hill near the wind netting with 1 potsherd (5mm thick) and grit tempered. A large black (indurated shale?) core. The site is over 20m x 20m. Most of the shell (071) is exposed in the track and is therefore just under the soil surface. It comprises S argenvillei and C granatina. 072 is all part of a large midden on the top of the hill. Many complete shells. [0048-0054]

W071 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W071 31.30625504 17.88209296 W072 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W072 31.30621699 17.88197201 W073 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W073 31.30637096 17.88193999 W074 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W074 31.30523404 17.88117598 NCW This is a site which is collapsing down along the edge of the very large mining trench. It comprises 1

large flaked Q cobble, 3 quartz flakes and shells and 1 small pebble hammerstone on the edge of 075. 075 is a small midden with C granatina and S argenvillei.[2484-2487][0055-0060] W075 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W075 31.30514796 17.88089803 NCW

W076 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W076 31.30573796 17.88064096 NCW Diffuse shell scatter over 20m x 20m. C granatina and S argenvillei. Quartz artefacts.

W077 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W077 31.30700396 17.88146901 NCW Small deflation hollow with clay base. Quartz flakes, chunks and cores. 1 large S argenvillei shell [0063].

W078 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W078 31.30842696 17.88099200 NCW On top of hill, large spread of shell, over 20m x 20m. S argenvillei and C granatina. Quartz. Some complete shells. It does not appear very dense.

W079 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W079 31.30976496 17.88042303 NCW At the entrance to another very large mining trench, near the coastal road, a spread of shells in a disturbed area. Complete S argenvillei and C granatina shells. Several large quartz cores, flakes [0073-0076]

W080 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W080 31.30970797 17.88251700 NCW Small, dense scatter of shell on top of ridge, with wider but thinner outer edge (10m x 10m). W081 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W081 31.31118201 17.88147002 NCW Very light scatter along the track W082 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W082 31.31119802 17.88128997 NCW Very light scatter along the lower slope of a hill over 10m x 10m. Fragmented shell. W083 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W083 31.31162600 17.88074397 NCW Very light scatter of marine shell near the fence. Scatter of C granatina in moles heaps.

W084 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W084 31.31229504 17.88096702 NCW A small spread of shell, including some complete C granatina shells right on the edge of a large mining trench.

W085 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W085 31.31282503 17.88142299 NCW A shell midden right on the edge of the trench, slipping down the side. C granatina, with at least 3 quartz cores, 1 large flaked quartz cobble [0077-0078]

W086 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W086 31.31299401 17.88112602 NCW Light shell scatter W087 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W087 31.31311404 17.88120003 NCW A small but dense (2m x 2m) scatter of shell, with complete C granatina and S argenvillei).

W088 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W088 31.31318998 17.88135401 NCW Above the middens, is a slight calcrete ridge with some exposed clayey soils. There are some quartzite cobbles, quartz flakes, in low densities. Possibly an MSA exposure [0079-0085].

W089 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W089 31.30915602 17.88173304 NCW Small shell scatter about 2m x 2m, C granatina. W090 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W090 31.30904102 17.88186799 NCW A small number of C granatina shells in a disturbed area. Old track? 1 black mussel shell. W091 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W091 31.30885502 17.88198601 NCW A scatter of shell, in loose sand, mole heaps. C granatina and Barbara.

75

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description W092 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W092 31.30868101 17.88199103 NCW Very fragmented shell over at least 15m x 15m. W093 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W093 31.30863097 17.88239404 NCW Fragmented patch of shell, over a big area (20m x 30m) just under the soil surface W094 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W094 31.30879199 17.88255497 NCW A single discrete deposition of shell, only C granatina. Exposed from beneath the soil surface. W095 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W095 31.30955298 17.88332501 NCW Widespread distribution of fragmented shell over 20m x 20m. Occasional complete shell. On top of

the ridge, in a slight hollow, sheltered from wind W096 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W096 31.30992799 17.88355401 NCW W097 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W097 31.31106097 17.88358301 NCW Scatter of C granatina and S argenvillei W098 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W098 31.31130899 17.88352098 NCW Scatter of C granatina and S argenvillei

W099 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W099 31.31177897 17.88190403 IIIC Large dense midden on top of ridge. There is a black indurated shale (?) core, a potsherd with a thickness of around 7-8mm with grit temper, quartz flake from a large quartz cobble. C granatina and S argenvillei as well as Patella barbara

W100 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W100 31.31269796 17.88047802 NCW On lower end of a large mining trench, there is about 20 complete S argenvillei shells tumbling down the walls with 1 quartz chunk.

W101 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W101 31.31304698 17.88060601 NCW Scatter of shells, very fragmented, next to the road. It includes ribbed mussel. Is this a site or related to mining activities? There are no obvious burnapena shells and the shells are not weathered.

W102 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W102 31.31452303 17.88122702 NCW In an old track, scatter of shells 5m x 5m exposed by the track and just under the soil surface. C granatina shells, 1 quartz flake. Further along, the site extends into the side of the road and around the edge of the hill. Recorded by D

W103 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W103 31.31442396 17.88191903 NCW W104 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W104 31.31431198 17.88210402 NCW W105 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W105 31.31663997 17.88229798 NCW Two large hollows, plus a cement slab and 1 metal marker – suggests extensive mining

W106 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W106 31.31660703 17.88209899 NCW On the edge of one of the hollows, some very fragmented shell. Quite a bit of burnapena and mussel shells. Is this from a more recent dump? In one of the hollows, the surface soft soils have been removed onto the clayey substrate and there are a number of quartz flakes, chunks, etc

W107 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W107 31.31699502 17.88256100 NCW Another pit, lots of highly fragmented shell, including mussels and lots of burnapena shells. Possibly related to marine terraces

W108 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W108 31.31652799 17.88161200 NCW Small shell scatter in the track next to the fence W109 GD152/1_2015/ACO/W109 31.30553302 17.88072201 NCW This is all part of the same site on the side of the hill, scatter of shells. Extends W109-W079.

2018

D001 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D001 31.24504502 17.85228197 NCW Shell scatter on edge of dune possibly eroding from a site to the east. GGA wh ch, 1x oes, no stone observed No pottery observed. Patchy

D002 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D002 31.24510403 17.85271699 NCW Shell scatter GGA Ch Wh, no stone oes, pot

D003 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D003 31.24585002 17.85720801 NCW Shell scatter in flat open area GGA Ch. Mostly from burrows suggesting buried lens. No pot stone oes. ~4m

D004 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D004 31.24700001 17.85511396 IIIC Dense surface shell and qtz artefacts at the beach end of old prospecting trench. Possibly secondary disturbed context? GGA. Big qtz flakes and chunks. Possible sampling

D005 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D005 31.24750502 17.85544697 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA and part of broad low density shell scatter. No stone/pottery. 1x oes, 1x manuport

D006 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D006 31.24808497 17.85785601 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA on edge of dune cordon. No artefacts D007 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D007 31.24824104 17.85797403 IIIC Denser shell scatter GGA Wh. Crayfish mandible x1, no artefacts. Possible sample D008 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D008 31.24915601 17.86185603

IIIC

Extensive ephemeral shell scatter on the edge of a low ridge running diagonally across the coastal track with possible buried lenses below. GGA Wh Wh. Numerous qtz artefacts, 1x oes, 1x ccs flake, 1x pottery , 1x Conus mozambicus shell. Patchy .Patches 011,12,113,15 are denser than others. No prospecting vehicles to drive through this area. Test ho.les to determine core site areas

D009 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D009 31.24921803 17.86213699 D010 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D010 31.24930303 17.86218099 D011 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D011 31.24914796 17.86231502 D012 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D012 31.24908200 17.86230798 D013 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D013 31.24905299 17.86247402 D014 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D014 31.24899600 17.86272598 D015 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D015 31.24931803 17.86255399 D016 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D016 31.24947402 17.86242801 D017 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D017 31.24933404 17.86203003 D018 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D018 31.25030802 17.86212903 IIIC Single discrete shell patch ~4m diameter. No artefacts. No prospecting vehicles to drive through this

76

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description area.

D019 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D019 31.25022001 17.86233396

IIIC Shell scatter with numerous Qtz artefacts. GG ChWh, !x oes, 1x silcrete. Includes patches at 020, 022, 023, 024, 025. No prospecting vehicles to drive through this area.

D020 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D020 31.25015203 17.86219600 D021 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D021 31.25007802 17.86236397 D022 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D022 31.24998104 17.86238903 D023 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D023 31.25008900 17.86247000 D024 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D024 31.25023400 17.86241099 D025 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D025 31.25031397 17.86242600

D026 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D026 31.25249402 17.86100501 IIIC Discrete shell scatter with artefacts in a dune slack. Shell not dense and fresh looking with a lot whole. AGG Ch. ~6m diam.

D027 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D027 31.25374703 17.86297602 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter on surface AGG, very fragmented. No artefacts seen. D028 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D028 31.25371199 17.86244804 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter originating from burrows GG Ch. No artefacts seen. D029 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D029 31.25605096 17.86599903 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GG Ch A Wh. 1x oes

D030 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D030 31.26186398 17.86809602 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter in small deflated area on crest of coastal dune ~4m diam. GGA Ch Wh. No artefacts seen

D031 31.26269203 17.87063599 n/a Unnamed prospect hole old with blue pvc sleeve D032 31.26492103 17.87196603 n/a Unnamed prospect hole old with blue pvc sleeve D033 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D033 31.26825702 17.87234103

IIIC Thin shell scatter in deflation on sea side of dune cordon .GG Ch A . 1x qtz, Fragmented ~15m diam. Possible test hole Associated with D223. Patches 034 and 035 are outliers of D223 probably. Avoid driving over

D034 RE151/2_2018/ACO/D034 31.26834202 17.87239401 D035 RE151/2_2018/A CO/D035 31.26843397 17.87228303 D036 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D036 31.27274503 17.87980797 NCW Very ephemeral scatter of fragmented shell GGA Ch No artefacts seen

D037 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D037 31.27294301 17.88112200 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter next to road ~4m diameter. Fragmented mostly with a few whole Argenvillei. No artefacts

D038 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D038 31.28617200 17.88481104 ? No record in notes?

D039 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D039 31.29145402 17.88042999 IIIC Dense shell eroding from below small hummock dune GGA Ch Wh, 1x ribbed mussel. Whole shell abundant. 1x Qtz, Sample shell. Near L118 and L119.

D040 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D040 31.29096804 17.88120003 NCW Ephemeral shell in deflated area behind low bushes. Fewwhole shell ~2m diam. GG Ch Wh. Some ribbed mussel.

D041 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D041 31.29082203 17.88165601 IIIC Shell brought to surface in burrows. Ch GGA Wh. 1 qtz core. Should be tested. D042 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D042 31.31789298 17.88129802

IIIB Theses patches are all outlier definition of the BSB 6 site excavated in 1990’s. Sampling should still occur on the site to analyse spatial patterning not done before. No prospecting vehicles to drive over this area. Approach SZDD0119 from old track to the east east and SZDD0120 from coast road.

D043 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D043 31.31790102 17.88136097 D044 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D044 31.31784604 17.88140103 D045 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D045 31.31778804 17.88134404 D046 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D046 31.31773104 17.88122199 D047 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D047 31.31769500 17.88113097 D048 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D048 31.31769801 17.88106198 D049 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D049 31.31774101 17.88099401 D050 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D050 31.31778996 17.88101597 D051 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D051 31.31783104 17.88106601 D052 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D052 31.31785803 17.88113901 D053 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D053 31.31789097 17.88121403

D054 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D054 31.32536897 17.88978604 NCW Ephemeral stone scatter in open area ~1015 m diam. Microlithic flakes likely to be Later Stone Age. No shell seen.

D055 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D055 31.32598604 17.88971596

NCW Series of ephemeral shell and stone scatters GGA with some quartz artefacts D056 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D055 31.32597799 17.88962100 D057 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D057 31.32598998 17.88954397 D058 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D058 31.32588303 17.88954900

77

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D059 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D059 31.32585201 17.88948496 D060 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D060 31.32578898 17.88961697 D061 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D061 31.32575001 17.88967296 D062 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D062 31.32576400 17.88976399 D063 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D063 31.32605100 17.88869798

IIIC Ephemeral shell scatters GGA with qtz and some pottery (x3). Probably from buried lens. Test hole

D064 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D064 31.32607103 17.88860603 D065 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D065 31.32615804 17.88859203 D066 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D066 31.32617899 17.88865197 D067 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D067 31.32623599 17.88864601 D068 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D068 31.32622199 17.88870100 D069 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D069 31.32628502 17.88870896 D070 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D070 31.32614203 17.88871500

D071 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D071 31.32909103 17.89158303 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA ~10m diam. Shell fragmented but Argenvillei more whole. No stone seen

D072 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D072 31.33011497 17.89205099 IIIC Deflated area/old pan on Dorbank. Qtz flakes and core with manuports MSA?LSA? Some definitely MSA. One of a series of similar blowouts (D300303). At D301 found 1 artefact resembling a unifacial point on silcrete.

D073 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D073 31.33380602 17.89573702

IIIC These relate to 2014/L151. At least 4 dense patches of GGA. Definitely plot and collect then test holes

D074 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D074 31.33373603 17.89572696 D075 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D075 31.33368599 17.89569000 D076 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D076 31.33362900 17.89572302

D077 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D077 31.33248202 17.89367801 IIIC Dense highly fragmented linear shell patch ~15m length. GGA Wh with some stone (not qtz). A number of oes frags. Plot/sample /collect

D078 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D078 31.33354099 17.89254603 NCW Dense old beach material comimng out of meerkat burrows . Barnacle, whelk, argenvillei, Ch, GG, ribbed mussel. Palaeontological

D079 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D079 31.33351902 17.89631596 NCW Fragments of shell coming from meerkat burrows

D080 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D080 31.33649703 17.89637002 NCW Isolated qtz handaxe eroding from section of a track in generally disturbed area around old diamond prospecting/mining area

D081 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D081 31.33141299 17.89346402

IIIC Very widespread ephemeral shell emanating from old burrows GGA. Patchy. 1 x crayfish mandible. 2x qtz. Also extends to 082, 083, 084 Probably buried material here (See also 2014/D295-298) test holes

D082 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D082 31.33130101 17.89326503 D083 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D083 31.33132104 17.89325497 D084 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D084 31.33125901 17.89316897 D085 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D085 31.31221499 17.88045899 NCW Small shell exposure in jeep track GGA ~2m. No artefacts seen.

D086 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D086 31.31224500 17.88106500 NCW Shell GGA and qtz in generally disturbed area around old diamond prospecting/mining area. This probably relaes to mining /prospecting and not in situ

D087 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D087 31.31221298 17.88159700 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell GGA. No stone observed. D088 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D088 31.30955198 17.88283501 Lots of shell patches GGA probably from burrows. D089 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D089 31.30879199 17.88272898 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell GGA D090 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D090 31.30880398 17.88154998 IIIC? Ephemeral burrow shell GGA with some qtz. Shift drill hole SZDD0107 ~15m east D091 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D091 31.30821196 17.87959800

IIIC Shell patches on the upslope from coastal track over area of ~40m. Low density GGA. No artefacts seen. Shell patches include 092,093, 094, 095, 096, 097. Patch 93 is very dense and should be sampled. Part of a broader shell complex including 2014/D439441, D448.

D092 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D092 31.30805497 17.87970898 D093 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D093 31.30799898 17.87959700 D094 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D094 31.30792002 17.87973999 D095 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D095 31.30802899 17.87984099 D096 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D096 31.30812404 17.87985901 D097 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D097 31.30786302 17.87988801 D098 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D098 31.30659602 17.88025104 NCW Very ephemeral shell GGA Wh. At SZDD0105 D099 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D099 31.30654003 17.88156599 NCW Ephemeral shell GGA Wh. Also patch at D100. At SZDD0104

78

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description D100 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D100 31.30661303 17.88177302 D101 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D101 31.30659702 17.88267802

IIIC Amongst the shade cloth windbreaks along edge mining area. Patches of GGA including whole shell. Patch 103 is dense shell with some stone including HF. Bone 1x, Pebble (poss hammerstone). Sample patch 3

D102 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D102 31.30664203 17.88249001 D103 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D103 31.30670398 17.88252697

D104 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D104 31.30596603 17.88289896 NCW Patch of highly fragmented shell on Dorbank ~1.5 m diam. GGA, Pottery 1x, pebble Hammerstone 1x, qtz flake 1x. Partially obscured by Aeolian sand build up from mine. (see also 2015 H030/031

D105 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D105 31.30428303 17.88492898 NCW Deflated area /old pans with ephemeral shell and stone scatter GGA Wh. Qtz cores and flakes, crayfish mandible 1x, 1 x possible MSA flake

D106 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D106 31.30427599 17.88454601 IIIC Dense shell patch GGA Wh. Also oes 1x, and a few stone artefacts. Should be sampled. D107 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D107 31.30429996 17.88399699 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell GGA, stone 1x.

D108 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D108 31.30434497 17.88326299 NCW Patches of shell between 2 jeep tracks. GGA Wh Ch, over an area of ~40m diam. Quite a few qtz pieces

D109 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D109 31.30430700 17.88285202 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell with some stone. GGAB, qtz x1. SZDD0101 to shift D110 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D110 31.30433299 17.88263602

D111 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D111 31.30205504 17.88516099 NCW Extensive patch of ephemeral shell around od prospect hole withblue pvc sleeve. GGA with some qtz. ~3040 m diam.

D112 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D112 31.29989997 17.88470602 Ephemeral burrow shell. GGA, oes 1x. Outlier of 2014/W026 D113 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D113 31.29977901 17.88360598 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell. GGA, ~10m diam D114 GD152/1_2018/ACO/D114 31.29979704 17.88409104 NCW Ephemeral burrow shell. GGA, ~10m diam

J001 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J001 31.24398898 17.85236201 IIIC Dense shell scatter GGA Ch Wh. Numerous qtz piece including large blade. Cobble manuports. HS. Probably a continuation of D059 complex

J002 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J002 31.24387901 17.85228197 IIIC Further area of same dense shell as J001 GGA Ch Wh. Numerous pieces qtz. SSHS J003 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J003 31.24346201 17.85160697 IIIC Shell scatter GGA. 1 x whale bone, 1 x bovid bone, stone, pottery, oes including bead blank J004 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J004 31.24353804 17.85197997 IIIC Shell scatter. Extension of J001 and J002. Qtz and pottery J005 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J005 31.24474201 17.85212397 NCW Low density shell scatter GGA. Qtz present. Small cobbles which may be beach deposit

J006 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J006 31.24480203 17.85161904 NCW Shell scatter GGA, with cobbles. Qtz and metavolcanic stone flakes. May be disturbed by previous mining activities. On edge of old trench.

J007 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J007 31.24479700 17.85134101 NCW Shell scatter similar to J006, principally GGA. Metavolcanic flakes, 1 x large qtz core, oes. May be disturbed by previous mining activities. On edge of old trench.

J008 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J008 31.24593300 17.85298504 NCW Shell scatter GGA with no other material noted. Previously recorded as D069. J009 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J009 31.24589100 17.85330296 IIIC Dense shell scatter GGA. Previously recorded as D072. ~10m seaward of SZDD0011 J010 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J010 31.24594700 17.85554403 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA. Qtz, 1 x bone

J011 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J011 31.24582102 17.85947800 NCW Shell scatter GGA and Wh on inland edge of pan feature. Shell only no other material noted. Previously recorded as L067.

J012 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J012 31.24698702 17.85978897 NCW Dense shell scatter GGA with qtz on ridge on inland edge of pan. Similar to J011. L075 is within 18m of J012.

J013 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J013 31.24745398 17.86260503 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA. Very fragmented. Qtz noted.

J014 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J014 31.24771097 17.86292003 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA with Wh. Minimal oes which may be modern. Some qtz. Scatter covers area of SZDD0013 and beyond towards the sea. Area of scatter inland of SZDD0013 must not be disturbed

J015 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J015 31.24828102 17.86133199 NCW Shell scatter GGA, Wh. Fragmented. Minimal qtz, 1 x metavolocanic flake, oes (modern?)

J016 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J016 31.24809000 17.86005903 IIIC Dense shell scatter GGA with Wh and Ch on inland side of road. SE facing slope overlooking pan feature. Qtz and black metavolcanic flakes and chunks near road. Shell visible in verge on seaward side of road. Thinning but with thicker patches ~5m seaward of road

J017 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J017 31.24812302 17.85927901 NCW Dense oes scatter ~2m2 with ~60 pieces/m2. Some Argenvillei. Oes possibly modern J018 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J018 31.24807499 17.85883804 NCW Oes scatter ~1m2. Few marine shells. Oes possibly modern.

J019 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J019 31.24926397 17.86114600 NCW Shell scatter GGA with Wh on top of dune ridge that runs perpendicular to coast. 1 x fine bl metavolcanic radial core, 1 x green metavolcanic flake on cobble w cortex, oes.

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Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description J020 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J020 31.24919599 17.85925303 NCW Discrete shell scatter AGG, ~1x4m. no other material noted.

J021 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J021 31.24930001 17.85890803 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA of slope of dune. No other material noted. Previously recorded as D122

J022 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J022 31.24922398 17.85862003 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA with Wh in shallow dune hollow. ~5m2. 1 x qtz large chunk and flake. Within ~8m of SZDD0168. Avoid driving over

J023 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J023 31.24917302 17.85830403 NCW Small shell scatter AGG with Wh coming down dune face. ~5x2m2. 1 x possible cobble manuport J024 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J024 31.24926900 17.85795903 NCW Ephemeral and small shell scatter. Argenvillei with some GG. Previously recorded as D114.

J025 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J025 31.25043701 17.85907298 NCW Shell scatter GGA with occasional Wh. Tortoise bone and minimal qtz noted. Previously recorded as D145.

J026 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J026 31.25030399 17.86244502 IIIC Shell scatter GGA with Wh, Ch extends down dune slope to SZDD0020. 1 x qtz bladelet, 1 x possible qtz bipolar core, 1 x bl metavolcanic flake, qtz chunk. Previously recorded as D178.

J027 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J027 31.25608298 17.86593701 NCW Small scatter of fragmented shell GG with Wh. ~2x1m2. One cobble, possible manuport

J028 ADMIRAL_2018/ACO/J028 31.26037200 17.86562000 NCW Dorbank(?) exposure on dune top directly behind beach. Reddish brown with calcrete lenses and cobble inclusions. Qtz flakes noted. 1 x piece fossilised bone

J029 ADMIRAL_2018/ACO/JO29 31.26043503 17.86544499 NCW Continuation of Dorbank(?) at J028. Reddish brown with calcrete lenses. Qtz flakes and chunks noted.

J030 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J030 31.26578696 17.86916597 NCW Shell scatter GG, Ch. Flaked qtz present. At base of prospecting/mining trench associated with waterworn bedrock. May be disturbed or lag deposit

J031 RE151/2_2018/ACO/J040 31.26597103 17.87172899 NCW Thin scatter of qzr flakes and chunks in shallow deflation on/in red sand.

J032 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J032 31.27257697 17.88095403 NCW Opaline noted in road. MSA flakes and chunks on quartzite also noted. May all be intrusive. Brought in from elsewhere as road surface stabiliser.

J033 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J033 31.28643502 17.88128796 NCW Outcropping of same Dorbank(?) layer noted at J028 and J029 immediately above beach. Fresh Ch noted. Number of qtz flakes and chunks, 1 x possible MSA quartzite flake.

J034 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J034 31.29855501 17.88262404 NCW Discrete shell cluster GGA. With pottery and qtz. ~2m2

J035 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J035 31.29165201 17.88243201 NCW Ephemeral but expansive shell scatter GGA with oes and qtz. Possible extension/further expression of D241 and D242. Scatter covers whole area between J037 and D241/D242. J036 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J036 31.29176700 17.88214803 NCW

J037 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J037 31.29176198 17.88229496 NCW J038 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J038 31.29187102 17.88141704 NCW Shell scatter GGA with Ch and occ. Wh. 1 x large qtz chunk, 1 x cobble manuport. Material seems

to be eroding out of dune behind and occupies shallow gully running towards the sea.

J039 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J039 31.32222198 17.88556097 IIIC Shell scatter AGG and Ch on inland, upper slope of old mining trench. Qtz flakes and chunks plentiful, 1 x bl indurated stone flake, oes, tortoise shell/bone. Lithics possibly MSA. All material on yellow/red surface below mobile red dune sand. SZDD0126 ~12m distant. Avoid during prospecting

J040 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J040 31.32788303 17.89039901 NCW Ephemeral surface shell scatter Ch, AGG with occ, less fragmented shell protruding from red sand. Qtz present. Covers an area of ~7m2

J041 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J041 31.32772604 17.88908397 NCW

Ephemeral shell scatter Ch and GGA in yellow/red sand seen at J039. In area of disturbance cut into hill slope. Dorbank (calcrete lens) exposed in upper edge of cut. 1 x qtz flake in red sand overlying calcrete. Otherwise all material in/on the yellow/red sand. 1 x large quartzite flake. Visible over an area ~50x30m. Old diamond prospecting/ mining disturbance

J042 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J042 31.32771003 17.88897601 n/a Outline mark J043 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J043 31.32760903 17.88902404 n/a Outline mark J044 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J044 31.32761800 17.88913803 n/a Outline mark J045 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J045 31.32775798 17.88913703 n/a Outline mark J046 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J046 31.32779301 17.88919603 n/a Outline mark J047 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J047 31.32786501 17.88920802 n/a Outline mark J048 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J048 31.32792603 17.88925597 n/a Outline mark J049 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J049 31.32792796 17.88917500 n/a Outline mark J050 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J050 31.32797599 17.88913099 n/a Outline mark

80

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description J051 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J051 31.32804103 17.88903996 n/a Outline mark J052 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J052 31.32802201 17.88892496 n/a Outline mark J053 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J053 31.32794598 17.88893100 n/a Outline mark J054 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J054 31.32786702 17.88890904 n/a Outline mark J055 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J055 31.32774004 17.88892798 n/a Outline mark J056 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J056 31.32766804 17.88896101 n/a Outline mark J057 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J057 31.32798001 17.88874098 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter Ch and GGA approximately ~20m downslope from J041J056. May be

further expression of same site

J058 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J058 31.32811999 17.88863897 NCW Ephemeral surface shell scatter GGA and Ch with qtz. May be further expression of J041J056 and J057. Extends down to the road.

J059 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J059 31.33430198 17.89650396 NCW Shell scatter GGA. Generally thin with more dense patches. In red sand Qtz and cobble manuport. Visible over area of ~25m2

J060 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J060 31.33527696 17.89865803 n/a Yellow flag, tire tracks and spoil of coarse yellow sand on red sand surface. Is this SZDD0142? ~30m north of given position of SZDD0142. No archaeological material noted.

J061 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J061 31.33582698 17.89708600 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter GGA and Ch. Qtz. Previously recorded as D355 J062 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J062 31.33579496 17.89681996 NCW Ephemeral surface scatter of fragmented GGA and Ch. With qtz. Similar to J061/D355

J063 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J063 31.33615497 17.89660698 NCW

Dense shell scatter on top of yellow/red sand mound. Donax lutraria dominated with smaller GGA, Ch, Wh component. Chunks of fossilised termite casts on surface. Mound covers area of ~20x5m. Oes noted. Flaked stone (MSA?) noted on periphery of mound but not associated with the shell. Site appears to be old beach material excavated from adjacent mining trench.

J064 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J064 31.33799002 17.89754500 NCW Shell, mostly whole, associated with animal burrows AGG and Wh. Area of ~5m2. Qtz flakes. SZDD0148 ~5m distant.

J065 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J065 31.33799002 17.89773501 NCW Shell, mostly whole, associated with animal burrows AGG and Wh with qtz. Approximately 13m on the far side of SZDD0148 from J064

J066 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J066 31.33798599 17.89886800 NCW Shell scatter on surface at prospecting location SZDD0147. Thin scatter of whole Argenvillei shells. No other material noted.

J067 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J067 31.33912400 17.89836299 NCW Ephemeral scatter of Argenvillei and Ch with qtz flakes and chunks. May be expression of D347 which is on the top edge of the mining trench ~7m distant. D347 is described as a dense shell midden

J068 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J068 31.33909601 17.89761297 NCW

Patchy scatters of AGG with Wh and Ch. Some possibly burnt. Qtz plentiful with range of other stone present: silcrete, metavolcanic, quartzite. MSA. Material on eroding yellow/red surface. Artefact scatter extends up hill. May be in secondary context – dumped material from adjacent mining trench.

J069 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J069 31.33932902 17.89832099 IIIC Patchy shell scatter AGG at upper end of old mining trench. Some nested shell and shell in section of trench suggest some of this material may be in situ. Possible MSA

J070 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J070 31.34028498 17.89745003 NCW Dense shell GGA and Wh with qtz and oes. Concentrated around rocky outcrop. Within ~10m of SZDD0152

J071 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J071 31.34020904 17.89769604 IIIC Dense shell AGG. Qtz plentiful, flaked crystal qtz, broken beach cobbles, 1 x finegrained quartzite flake, oes. MSA? All material in secondary context on old mining dump.

J072 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J072 31.34026696 17.89775304 IIIC J072 on J071 fossilized longbone fragments with porcupine knaw marks J073 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J073 31.34015397 17.89856298 NCW Qtz in deflated hollow in yellow/red sand ~3m2. No shell or other archaeological material present J074 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J074 31.31320003 17.88136398 NCW Calcrete exposure ~3m2 with lithics on its surface. Qtz and metavolcanic cores, flakes, chunks. J075 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J075 31.31104002 17.88120397 NCW Very ephemeral scatter of GGA and qtz in animal burrow castings J076 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J076 31.31107598 17.88131403 NCW Surface shell scatter GGA. With qtz. Area of ~5x2m along hilside J077 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J077 31.31041699 17.88301698 NCW Small patch (~2m2) of shell GGA in animal burrow castings. No other archaeological material noted

J078 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J078 31.30776697 17.88287197 NCW Shell AGG visible in red sand and on deflated surface (Dorbank) on extreme edge of area already cleared for mining. Qtz flakes and core, 1 x flaked quartzite cobble, metavolcanic flakes, flakes on caramel coloured silcrete. MSA.

J079 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J079 31.30773604 17.88157596 IIIC Dense patches of shell GGA with Wh. 1 x Conus mozambicus. Qtz and bl metavolcanic stone, oes.

81

Field name Site Name Co-ordinates south Co-ordinates east Grade Site description Probably an expression of H046 which is ~10m distant. Material lies on proposed prospecting line. Must be avoided during prospecting

J080 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J080 31.30741401 17.88122199 NCW Deflated area running downslope. ~10m x 2m. Calcrete (Dorbank?) visible in places. Qtz and metavolocanic stone. MSA. Isolated Argenivillei

J081 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J081 31.30768600 17.87982297 NCW Shell GGA and some qtz lithics visible in animal burrow castings across area of ~5m2. On prospecting line

J082 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J082 31.30546999 17.88202004 NCW

Dense Argenvillei dominated cluster of shell on knoll above SZDD0254. Deflated area with fragmented calcrete (Dorbank?) visible. Thin covering of yellow/red sand. GG and Wh present in small numbers. Qtz , metavolcanic, caramel silcrete lithics. Narrow trench adjacent ~70100 cm deep. Same type of archaeological material noted at base of trench.

J083 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J083 31.30554300 17.88239999 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter in road AGG.

J084 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J084 31.30308500 17.88669102 NCW

Qtz with caramel silcrete, quartzite, metavolcanic lithics and cobble manuports on deflated surface between shadecloth fencing overlooking current mining area. Flaked crystal qtz, 1 x qtz discoid core. Very ephemeral scatter of shell fragments. Shell visible in red sand upslope overlying erosional surface.

J085 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J085 31.30291301 17.88500299 NCW Ephemeral shell scatter AGG covering area of ~20m2. Some qtz noted. Appears to originate from animal burrows

J086 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J086 31.30199603 17.88453000 Shell scatter GGA with qtz, cobble manuports, SSHS, oes exposed in road against mine fence.

J087 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J087 31.30085500 17.88410001 NCW Low density but extensive shell scatter GGA with occ. Wh. Visible ~20m in all directions of J086. Tortoise bone. No lithics noted. Material is coming to the surface from animal burrows. At SZDD0247. Location to be avoided during prospecting.

J088 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J088 31.30059801 17.88595601 NCW Discrete thin scatter of Wh with GGA. ~2m2. Qtz present. Animal burrow castings.

J089 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J089 31.29976602 17.88543298 NCW Isolated GGA on surface at and surrounding SZDD0094. Single, large and whole shells with some Wh and Ch also present. Visible up to ~20m from SZDD0094. No lithics or other archaeological material noted

J090 GD152/1_2018/ACO/J090 31.29968497 17.88476603 NCW Shell scatter GGA with Wh and Ch. Qtz present including possible backed piece. Material seems to be coming from animal burrow castings.

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Appendix C: Assessment of all initially proposed RDD sites in relation to archaeological resources in the Setback area

A summary of mitigation in this table can be found in Appendix D

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0001 -31.24361944 17.85340111 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0002 -31.24362820 17.85208948 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0003 -31.24363617 17.85077619 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0004 -31.24364528 17.84946453 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues - active dune Not required SZDD0006 -31.24583032 17.85998213 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0007 -31.24583949 17.85866790 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – next to track Not required SZDD0008 -31.24584809 17.85735648 Site assessed in field Old pole – no issues Not required

SZDD0009 -31.24585731 17.85604605 Site assessed in field Disturbed area at the edge of existing trench immediately adjacent to road – no issues

Not required

SZDD0010 -31.24586592 17.85473237 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0011 -31.24587383 17.85342075 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0013 -31.24806734 17.86262646 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0013 -31.24806745 17.86262535 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0014 -31.24807606 17.86131475 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0015 -31.24808319 17.86000224 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0016 -31.24809316 17.85869012 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0017 -31.24810450 17.85737844 Site assessed in field Very ephemeral archaeological

shell – no issue Not required SZDD0018 -31.24811144 17.85606480 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0019 -31.24812020 17.85475269 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0020 -31.25032151 17.86264678 Site assessed in field No issues at location to the west are sites that must be avoided en route to SZDD021 (see SZDD021 for

list)

SZDD0021 -31.25033240 17.86133578 Site assessed in field No issues at location Suggest that approach to the drill site is from track to west to avoid sites RE151/2_2014/ACO/D168, D178, RE151/2_2018/ACO/D018,D025, J026

SZDD0022 -31.25033835 17.86002233 Site assessed in field No issues – on old vehicle track Not required SZDD0023 -31.25034644 17.85871230 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0024 -31.25035725 17.85739735 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0025 -31.25256775 17.86397864 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0026 -31.25257659 17.86266647 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0027 -31.25258603 17.86135666 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0028 -31.25259569 17.86004494 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0029 -31.25481300 17.86531479 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0030 -31.25482305 17.86400187 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0031 -31.25482994 17.86268859 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0032 -31.25705917 17.86664430 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – next to main

road Not required SZDD0033 -31.25706804 17.86533207 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0034 -31.25707690 17.86401983 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0035 -31.25931374 17.86666496 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0036 -31.25932036 17.86535573 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0037 -31.26155053 17.86931021 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0038 -31.26155943 17.86799792 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

83

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0039 -31.26157041 17.86668805 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0040 -31.26379618 17.87064326 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0041 -31.26380510 17.86933094 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0042 -31.26381263 17.86822029 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0043 -31.26605015 17.87066527 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0044 -31.26605968 17.86935319 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0045 -31.26827849 17.87462194 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0046 -31.26828745 17.87330956 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0047 -31.26829465 17.87199886 Site assessed in field No issues at the location Avoid sites RE151/2_2018/ACO/D033,D034 on approach SZDD0048 -31.27051638 17.87726970 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0049 -31.27052409 17.87595522 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0050 -31.27053305 17.87464280 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0051 -31.27054201 17.87333039 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0052 -31.27275166 17.87991589 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0053 -31.27276067 17.87860100 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0054 -31.27276966 17.87728855 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0055 -31.27277865 17.87597611 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0056 -31.27278761 17.87466366 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0057 -31.27498815 17.88255938 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0058 -31.27499719 17.88124691 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0059 -31.27500622 17.87993443 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0060 -31.27501522 17.87862196 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0061 -31.27502422 17.87730948 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0062 -31.27503320 17.87599700 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0063 -31.27723365 17.88389293 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0064 -31.27724270 17.88258043 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0065 -31.27725174 17.88126793 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0066 -31.27726077 17.87995542 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0067 -31.27726978 17.87864292 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0068 -31.27727878 17.87733041 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0069 -31.27948820 17.88391402 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0070 -31.27949726 17.88260149 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0071 -31.27950630 17.88128895 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0072 -31.27951525 17.87997722 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0073 -31.27952420 17.87866615 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0075 -31.28174323 17.88393505 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0076 -31.28173469 17.88524935 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0076 -31.28175181 17.88262255 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0077 -31.28176085 17.88130998 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0078 -31.28176988 17.87999741 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0079 -31.28399730 17.88395620 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0080 -31.28400636 17.88264361 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0081 -31.28401525 17.88133379 Site assessed in field Active dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0082 -31.28624449 17.88504309 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – possible

metal sleeved old drill hole here Not required SZDD0083 -31.28625193 17.88397902 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0084 -31.28626091 17.88266467 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0085 -31.28626995 17.88135204 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

84

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0086 -31.28850640 17.88399840 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0087 -31.28851546 17.88268574 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0088 -31.29076225 17.88383051 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0089 -31.29077039 17.88270762 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid nearby archae site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D247 and RE152/1_2014/ACO/D233 SZDD0090 -31.29077952 17.88139556 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid nearby archae site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D041 SZDD0091 -31.29302557 17.88272896 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0092 -31.29527942 17.88275110 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0093 -31.29753446 17.88277130 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0094 -31.29977172 17.88541788 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/J089. Suggest moving drill hole 15 meters to north

SZDD0095 -31.29978045 17.88410601 Site assessed in field Ephemeral burrow shell nearby. No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0096 -31.29978819 17.88279110 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Close to GD152/1_2014/ACO/L186. Access drill site from the small track on the north and keep vehicles on the west side of the drilling hole

SZDD0097 -31.30201551 17.88675072 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0098 -31.30202460 17.88543787 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0099 -31.30427914 17.88545902 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D105, 106 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/H030, 031 on

approach SZDD0100 -31.30428822 17.88414614 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0101 -31.30429740 17.88283435 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Lies on site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D109. Shift drill hole south to 31.30441s 17.88273e if feasible

SZDD0102 -31.30430633 17.88152039 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0103 -31.30655236 17.88285542 Site assessed in field Ephemeral shell at location - no archaeo issues. Avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/D101, D102, D103 on approach.

SZDD0104 -31.30656231 17.88154397 Site assessed in field Ephemeral shell at location - no archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0105 -31.30657188 17.88023006 Site assessed in field Ephemeral shell at location - no archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0106 same as SZDD0258

-31.30880637 17.88287544 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D089 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/H055, W094 on approach

SZDD0107 -31.30881707 17.88156330 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Avoid site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D090. Shift drill hole 15 meters to east if feasible. SZDD0108 -31.30882491 17.88025065 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0109 -31.31106287 17.88290074 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0110 -31.31106993 17.88158667 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at drill site Avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/J075, 076 on approach SZDD0111 -31.31331486 17.88292013 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0112 -31.31332450 17.88160462 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0113 -31.31333397 17.88029460 Site assessed in field There is lots of shell on surface here but we suspect it is old beach. No archaeo issues

Not required

SZDD0114 -31.31556999 17.88293871 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0115 -31.31557904 17.88162568 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required

SZDD0116 -31.31558815 17.88041173 Site assessed in field On very steep slope of red dune at head of embayment – no issues

Not required

SZDD0117 -31.31781588 17.88427496 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0118 -31.31782520 17.88296174 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Avoid GD152/1_2015/ACO/H082 on approach

SZDD0119 -31.31783354 17.88164940 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Immediately to the west is a cluster of significant sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D043-053 (aka BSB6). The approach to the drill site must be from the south off a small track. No

85

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION vehicles to enter the area between SZDD0119 and SZDD0120

SZDD0120 -31.31784262 17.88033368 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0121 -31.32006091 17.88560710 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0122 -31.32007000 17.88429400 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0123 -31.32007906 17.88298091 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0124 -31.32008812 17.88166781 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – in road Not required SZDD0125 -31.32230635 17.88694139 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Avoid site GD152/1_2018/ACO/J039 on approach

SZDD0126 -31.32231566 17.88562944 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues. Located at the upper end of an old prospecting trench and material at the site GD152/1_2018/ACO/J039 consists of derived (secondary context) material dug out and is not sensitive

SZDD0127 -31.32232453 17.88431514 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0128 -31.32454265 17.88958890 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0129 -31.32455177 17.88827574 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0130 -31.32456200 17.88696262 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0131 -31.32678841 17.89092452 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0132 -31.32679799 17.88961108 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0133 -31.32680545 17.88829837 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0134 -31.32903342 17.89225787 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0135 -31.32904301 17.89094558 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0136 -31.33127102 17.89490649 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach from track to the east

SZDD0137 -31.33127856 17.89359449 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach drill hole from track to east. The area between SZDD0138 and SZDD0137 must not be crossed by vehicles.

SZDD0138 -31.33128795 17.89227920 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach from road to west SZDD0139 -31.33351493 17.89624036 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0140 -31.33352413 17.89492709 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0141 -31.33353413 17.89361511 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Avoid sites GD152/1_2014/ACO/D331,332, 333 and GD152/1_2018/ACO/D078 on

approach SZDD0142 -31.33575146 17.89879602 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0142 -31.33575170 17.89879305 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0143 -31.33576025 17.89757510 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0144 -31.33576928 17.89626252 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0145 -31.33577865 17.89494848 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0146 -31.33578783 17.89363517 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0147 -31.33800555 17.89890991 Site assessed in field Mitigation required GD152/1_2018/ACO/J066 is ~5 meters nw. Shift drill hole 5 m to the south if feasible. SZDD0148 -31.33801477 17.89759657 Site assessed in field Mitigation required GD152/1_2018/ACO/J064 is ~5 meters nw. Shift drill hole 5 m to the south if feasible. SZDD0149 -31.33802398 17.89628322 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0150 -31.34025083 17.90024477 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – on spoil of

old prospecting/mining trench Not required SZDD0151 -31.34026010 17.89893297 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0152 -31.34026958 17.89762065 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0153 -31.24474660 17.85341134 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0154 -31.24475716 17.85209860 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0155 -31.24476421 17.85078617 Site assessed in field At the end of existing prospecting

trench – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0156 -31.24476858 17.85004365 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0156 -31.24476946 17.85004213 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0158 -31.24695762 17.85999206 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0159 -31.24696619 17.85867901 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

86

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0160 -31.24697577 17.85736660 Site assessed in field Ephemeral archaeological shell –

no issues Not required SZDD0161 -31.24698415 17.85605460 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0162 -31.24699095 17.85474364 Site assessed in field Edge of old prospecting trench –

no issues Not required SZDD0163 -31.24700249 17.85343252 Site assessed in field Active dune – no issues Not required SZDD0164 -31.24700713 17.85284647 Site assessed in field Active dune – no issues Not required SZDD0164 -31.24700556 17.85284375 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0165 -31.24919535 17.86263602 Site assessed in field Mitigation required

There is already an old borehole here with blue PVC sleeve in ground. Shift drill hole 15 meters to east if feasible and approach the hole from the south off the main road avoiding marked sites which are numerous here, particularly RE151/2_2014/ACO/L090, RE151/2_2018/ACO/D014, D015, D016. Do not go north of the drill hole.

SZDD0166 -31.24920317 17.86132424 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0167 -31.24921173 17.86001251 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0168 -31.24922130 17.85870020 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0169 -31.24922998 17.85738854 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0171 -31.24924412 17.85556173 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0172 -31.25144844 17.86265729 Site assessed in field Side of dune – no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0173 -31.25145813 17.86134404 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0174 -31.25146695 17.86003188 Site assessed in field Active dune - no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0175 -31.25147575 17.85871972 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated –

in old trench Not required SZDD0177 -31.25369504 17.86398894 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0178 -31.25370424 17.86267977 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0179 -31.25371264 17.86136463 Site assessed in field Active dune – no issues Not required SZDD0181 -31.25594076 17.86532175 Site assessed in field Edge of dune - no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0182 -31.25594960 17.86401081 Site assessed in field Disturbed area next to old

prospecting trench Not required

SZDD0183 -31.25595845 17.86269732 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated – edge of old trench Not required

SZDD0184 -31.25818646 17.86665463 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0185 -31.25819533 17.86534238 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0187 -31.26044103 17.86667529 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0189 -31.26267781 17.86932057 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0190 -31.26268737 17.86800861 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0192 -31.26492238 17.87065539 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0193 -31.26493105 17.86934699 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0194 -31.26493845 17.86853215 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0195 -31.26717777 17.87067515 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0197 -31.26940519 17.87463451 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0198 -31.26941473 17.87331997 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0199 -31.26942413 17.87200665 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0200 -31.27164238 17.87727809 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0201 -31.27165137 17.87596566 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0202 -31.27166033 17.87465323 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0203 -31.27166929 17.87334080 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0204 -31.27387894 17.87992394 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

87

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0205 -31.27388795 17.87861148 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0206 -31.27389694 17.87729902 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0207 -31.27390592 17.87598656 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0208 -31.27391489 17.87467410 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0209 -31.27611543 17.88256990 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – already an

old sleeved borehole here Not required SZDD0210 -31.27612367 17.88125789 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0211 -31.27613349 17.87994493 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0212 -31.27614250 17.87863244 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0213 -31.27615150 17.87731995 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0214 -31.27616048 17.87600745 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0215 -31.27836092 17.88390348 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0216 -31.27836998 17.88259096 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0217 -31.27837902 17.88127844 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0218 -31.27838805 17.87996592 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0219 -31.27839706 17.87865340 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0220 -31.27840606 17.87734088 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0221 -31.28061548 17.88392457 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0222 -31.28062453 17.88261202 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0223 -31.28063357 17.88129947 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0224 -31.28064260 17.87998692 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0225 -31.28065161 17.87867436 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0226 -31.28286096 17.88525824 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0227 -31.28287003 17.88394566 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0228 -31.28287908 17.88263308 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0229 -31.28288813 17.88132050 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0230 -31.28289715 17.88000791 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0231 -31.28512458 17.88396675 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0232 -31.28513363 17.88265414 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0233 -31.28514268 17.88134153 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0234 -31.28737485 17.88460670 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0235 -31.28737913 17.88398785 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0236 -31.28738818 17.88267520 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0237 -31.28739723 17.88136256 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0238 -31.28963416 17.88401275 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0239 -31.28964195 17.88269824 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0240 -31.29189012 17.88375562 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0241 -31.29189783 17.88271860 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0242 -31.29190654 17.88140627 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/J038. Suggest move drill site 10 meters to west if

feasible SZDD0243 -31.29415183 17.88273841 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0244 -31.29640637 17.88275949 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – in main road Not required SZDD0245 -31.29866195 17.88278228 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – immediately

adjacent to main road Not required SZDD0246 -31.30089926 17.88542837 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0247 -31.30090573 17.88411743 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Move drill hole 20 meters to east or west if feasible to avoid

GD152/1_2018/ACO/J087 SZDD0248 -31.30091150 17.88337588 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

88

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0249 -31.30314278 17.88676131 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Move drill hole 15 meters to west if feasible to avoid GD152/1_2015/ACO/H026, 027

and GD152/1_2018/ACO/J084 SZDD0250 -31.30315349 17.88545034 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0252 -31.30541549 17.88415670 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0253 -31.30542432 17.88284553 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0254 -31.30543316 17.88153285 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – edge of old

prospecting trench Not required SZDD0255 -31.30767910 17.88286489 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0256 -31.30768855 17.88155436 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Move drill hole 20 meters west to avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/J079 if feasible SZDD0257 -31.30769718 17.88023904 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0258 same as SZDD0106

-31.30880637 17.88287544 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D089 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/H055 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/W094 on approach

SZDD0261 -31.31218818 17.88290707 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0262 -31.31219725 17.88159847 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Ephemeral shell out of burrows close to this location - GD152/1_2018/ACO/D087. Could indicate buried archaeo site. Shift drilling hole 10m north if feasible.

SZDD0263 -31.31444290 17.88293085 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Approach to SZDD0263 needs to avoid archaeo sites GD152/1_2015/ACO/H070, H071, H072, H073, H074 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/W103, W104

SZDD0264 -31.31445177 17.88161736 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at drill location.

Approach to SZDD0263 needs to avoid a few archaeo sites GD152/1_2015/ACO/H070, H071, H072, H073, H074 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/W103, W104

SZDD0265 -31.31446371 17.88030521 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – this is on bedrock! Not required

SZDD0266 -31.31669726 17.88294926 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0267 -31.31670637 17.88163662 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0268 -31.31671513 17.88032384 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0269 -31.31894273 17.88428344 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0270 -31.31895180 17.88297036 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0271 -31.31896085 17.88165728 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0272 -31.31896989 17.88034420 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – in old

prospecting trench Not required SZDD0273 -31.32118818 17.88561768 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0274 -31.32119726 17.88430457 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0275 -31.32120696 17.88299366 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0276 -31.32121410 17.88186531 Site assessed in field On the edge of old prospecting

trench - no archaeo issues Not required SZDD0277 -31.32343362 17.88695199 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0278 -31.32344507 17.88564061 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0279 -31.32345180 17.88432570 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0280 -31.32567114 17.88960098 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0281 -31.32567904 17.88828636 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0282 -31.32568815 17.88697319 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated –

on beach Not required SZDD0283 -31.32791531 17.89093400 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0284 -31.32792286 17.88962271 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0285 -31.32793357 17.88830759 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0286 -31.33016199 17.89227048 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location. Avoid nearby sites GD152/1_2014/ACO/D300, 301, 302, 303 and

GD152/1_2018/ACO/D072 on approach

89

BOREHOLE LATITUDE LONGITUDE COMMENT FINDING MITIGATION SZDD0287 -31.33016884 17.89095534 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0288 -31.33239686 17.89491639 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

SZDD0289 -31.33240691 17.89360593 Site assessed in field Mitigation required Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/D077. This site is earmarked for mitigation if prospect hole cannot be moved. We would suggest moving prospect hole 20 meters to north if feasible.

SZDD0290 -31.33241513 17.89229159 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0291 -31.33464220 17.89625108 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated Not required SZDD0292 -31.33465208 17.89494050 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0293 -31.33466057 17.89362449 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required SZDD0294 -31.33687923 17.89890017 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach from road immediately to east SZDD0295 -31.33688751 17.89758583 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Avoid site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D364 on approach

SZDD0296 -31.33689689 17.89627437 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – on spoil of old prospecting/mining trench Not required

SZDD0297 -31.33690591 17.89495918 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues – in road Not required SZDD0298 -31.33691101 17.89423073 Not assessed in field No archaeo issues anticipated –

on beach Not required SZDD0299 -31.33913379 17.89892156 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach drill site from the east via old track SZDD0300 -31.33914222 17.89760788 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues at location Approach from the west. SZDD0301 -31.33915124 17.89629394 Site assessed in field No archaeo issues Not required

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Appendix D: Summary of RDD mitigation with respect to heritage resources

Borehole Latitude Longitude Comment Finding Mitigation Route Caution RDD Hole Shift Action

SZDD0020 -31.25032151 17.86264678 Site assessed in field

No issues at location

To the west of drilling location are sites that must be avoided en route to SZDD021 (see SZDD021 for list)

X Location moved


No issues at location

Suggest that approach to the drill site is from track to west to avoid sites RE151/2_2014/ACO/D168, D178, RE151/2_2018/ACO/D018,D025, J026

X X Location moved


No issues at location Move out of sensitive area X Location moved


No issues at the location

Avoid sites RE151/2_2018/ACO/D033,D034 on approach X X Location moved


No issues at the location Move out of sensitive area X Location moved


No archaeo issues at location.

Avoid nearby archae site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D247 and RE152/1_2014/ACO/D233

X X Location moved



Avoid nearby archae site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D041. X X Location moved


Mitigation required

Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/J089. Suggest moving drill hole 15 meters to north to 31.299647°s 17.885410°e

X Location moved


No archaeo issues at location

Move out of sensitive area X Location moved



Close to GD152/1_2014/ACO/L186. Access drill site from the small track on the north and keep vehicles on the west side of the drilling hole

X X Location moved



Avoid sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D105, 106 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/H030, 031 on approach

X Route caution


Mitigation required

Lies on site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D109. Shift drill hole 15 m south to 31.304446°s and 17.882826° e if feasible

X Location moved


Ephemeral shell at location - no archaeo issues.

Avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/D101, D102, D103 on approach. X Route caution

SZDD0106 position same as SZDD0258

-31.30880637 17.88287544 Site assessed in field


Avoid sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D089 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/H055, W094 on approach

X X Location moved


Mitigation required

Avoid site GD152/1_2018/ACO/D090. Shift drill hole 15 meters to west to31.308844°s 17.881376°e if feasible.

X Location moved


No archaeo issues at drill

Avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/J075, 076 on approach X Route caution

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Borehole Latitude Longitude Comment Finding Mitigation Route Caution RDD Hole Shift Action site



avoid GD152/1_2015/ACO/H082 on approach X Route caution



Immediately to the west is a cluster of significant sites GD152/1_2018/ACO/D043-053 (aka BSB6). The approach to the drill site must be from the south off a small track. No vehicles to enter the area between SZDD0119 and SZDD0120

X Route caution



Avoid site GD152/1_2018/ACO/J039 on approach X Route caution



Avoid site GD152/1_2018/ACO/J039 on approach X Location moved



Approach from track to the east X Route caution



Approach drill hole from track to east. The area between SZDD0138 and SZDD0137 must not be crossed by vehicles.

X Route caution



Approach from road to west X Route caution



Avoid sites GD152/1_2014/ACO/D331,332, 333 and GD152/1_2018/ACO/D078 on approach

X Route caution


Mitigation required

GD152/1_2018/ACO/J066 is ~5 meters nw. Shift drill hole 15 m to the south to 31.338156°s 17.898910°e if feasible.

X Location moved


Mitigation required

GD152/1_2018/ACO/J064 is ~5 meters nw. Shift drill hole 15 m to the south to if feasible.

X Location moved


Mitigation required

There is already an old borehole here with blue PVC sleeve in ground. Shift drill hole 15 meters to east if feasible and approach the hole from the south off the main road avoiding marked sites which are numerous here, particularly RE151/2_2014/ACO/L090, RE151/2_2018/ACO/D014, D015, D016. Do not go north of the drill hole.

X Location excluded


Mitigation required Move out of sensitive area X Location moved




Mitigation required

Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/J038. Suggest move drill site 10 meters to west to 31.291922°s 17.881285°e if feasible

X Location moved

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Borehole Latitude Longitude Comment Finding Mitigation Route Caution RDD Hole Shift Action SZDD0245 -31.298684 17.882403 Site assessed in

field Mitigation required Move out of sensitive area X Location moved


Mitigation required

Move drill hole 20 meters to east or west if feasible to avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/J087 X Location moved




Mitigation required

Move drill hole 15 meters to west if feasible to avoid GD152/1_2015/ACO/H026, 027 and GD152/1_2018/ACO/J084

X Location moved


Mitigation required

Move drill hole 20 meters west to 31.307700°s 7.881388°e to avoid GD152/1_2018/ACO/J079 if feasible

X Location moved


Mitigation required

Ephemeral shell out of burrows close to this location - GD152/1_2018/ACO/D087. Could indicate buried archaeo site. Shift drilling hole 10m north to 31.312115°s 17.881595°e if feasible.

X Location moved



Approach to SZDD0263 needs to avoid archaeo sites GD152/1_2015/ACO/H070, H071, H072, H073, H074 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/W103, W104

X Route caution


No archaeo issues at drill location.

Approach to SZDD0263 needs to avoid a few archaeo sites GD152/1_2015/ACO/H070, H071, H072, H073, H074 and GD152/1_2015/ACO/W103, W104

X Route caution



Avoid nearby sites GD152/1_2014/ACO/D300, 301, 302, 303 and GD152/1_2018/ACO/D072 on approach

X Route caution


Mitigation required

Very close to GD152/1_2018/ACO/D077. This site is earmarked for mitigation if prospect hole cannot be moved. We would suggest moving prospect hole 20 meters to north if feasible.

X Location moved



Approach from road immediately to east X Route caution



Avoid site GD152/1_2014/ACO/D364 on approach X Route caution



Approach drill site from the east via old track X Route caution



Approach from the west. X Route caution

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Appendix E: HWC comment on the NID submission

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Appendix F: Specialist’s declaration

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THE SPECIALIST

I, David John Halkett, as the appointed specialist hereby declare/affirm the correctness of the information provided or to be provided as part of the application, and that I:

• in terms of the general requirement to be independent:

o other than fair remuneration for work performed/to be performed in terms of this application, have no business, financial, personal or other interest in the activity or application and that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity;

• in terms of the remainder of the general requirements for a specialist, am fully aware of and meet all of the requirements and that failure to comply with any the requirements may result in disqualification;

• have disclosed/will disclose, to the applicant, the Department and interested and affected parties, all material information that have or may have the potential to influence the decision of the Department or the objectivity of any report, plan or document prepared or to be prepared as part of the application;

• have ensured/will ensure that information containing all relevant facts in respect of the application was/will be distributed or was/will be made available to interested and affected parties and the public and that participation by interested and affected parties was/will be facilitated in such a manner that all interested and affected parties were/will be provided with a reasonable opportunity to participate and to provide comments;

• have ensured/will ensure that the comments of all interested and affected parties were/will be considered, recorded and submitted to the Department in respect of the application;

• have ensured/will ensure the inclusion of inputs and recommendations from the specialist reports in respect of the application, where relevant;

• have kept/will keep a register of all interested and affected parties that participate/d in the public participation process; and

• am aware that a false declaration is an offence in terms of regulation 48 of the 2014 NEMA EIA Regulations.

Signature of the specialist:

Name of company: ACO Associates cc

Date: 15 May 2019

PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROSPECTING AND MINING OF THE “COASTAL SETBACK ZONE”, TRONOX NAMAKWA SANDS MINE

MATZIKAMA MUNICIPALITY, VREDENDAL DISTRICT, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE

By

John Pether, M.Sc., Pr. Sci. Nat. (Earth Sci.)

Geological and Palaeontological Consultant

P. O. Box 48318, Kommetjie, 7976 Tel./Fax (021) 7833023 Cellphone 083 744 6295

[email protected]

Prepared at the Request of

SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd.

The Administrative Building, Albion Spring 183 Main Road, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town

Postnet Suite #206 P Bag X18 Rondebosch 7701

T: +27 (0) 21 659 3060 F: +27 (0) 21 685 7105

[email protected]

SRK Project Number 536783

For

Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd.

1st Draft 29 APRIL 2019

Revised 14/05/2019

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Site Name

Tronox Namakwa Sands Mine.

2. Location

The Namakwa Sands Mine is located on the southern Namaqualand coast north of Vredendal and adjacent to Brand se Baai, in the Matzikama Municipality, Vredendal Magisterial District, Western Cape (Figure 1).

3. Locality Plan

The Project Area entails proposed prospecting drilling and possible mining in the Coastal Setback Zone (CSZ) along the seaward boundaries of the farms Graauw Duinen 152 and Rietfontein Extension 151 (Figure 1). The CSZ Zone extends from the mouth of Soutrivier in the north, southwards past Brand se Baai cove, to just north of the promontory called Jakkalshok. The western boundary is the High Water Mark (HWM). The eastern CSZ boundary is generally about 300 m inland, but is wider in the middle part where a dune field occupies the sandy shoreline.

4. Proposed Development

Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd has mining rights on Graauw Duinen 152 and Rietfontein Extension 151, from highwater mark to their inland boundaries. Tronox has hitherto refrained from conducting operations in the CSZ, due to EMP conditions that exclude this area as a result of sensitivity with respect to ecological, archaeological and visual impacts. Notwithstanding, in order to inform decisions on the future of the CSZ by Tronox and the Department of Mineral Resources, it is necessary to estimate its mineral resource value by a Resource Definition Drilling prospecting programme. Prospecting involves vehicle-mounted auger drilling of boreholes on 125 x 125 m or 250m x 125 m grids. Mining, if feasible and authorised, would be undertaken by open-cast methods, followed by backfilling and rehabilitation.

SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (SRK) has been appointed by Tronox Namakwa Sands to undertake the EIA process for the prospecting drilling. Mining, if feasible, will be the subject of a subsequent EIA process, but for the purposes of this report, both prospecting and possible future mining palaeontological impacts are assessed. This report forms part of the Heritage Impact Assessment and its brief is to inform about the palaeontological sensitivity of the Project Area and to provide recommendations for palaeontological mitigation to be included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project.

5. Palaeontological Heritage Resources Identified

The prospecting and mining will affect the late Quaternary surficial sand dunes of the Witzand Fm., the coversands of the Koekenaap Fm., underlying mid-Quaternary “dorbank” aeolian formations, the early Quaternary pedocrete and aeolianite of the Olifantsrivier Fm., the basal, late Pliocene marine Hondeklipbaai Fm., and near the shore, the Quaternary raised beaches of the Curlew Strand Fm.

The prospecting drilling involves small vertical volumes and the impact relative to mining is marginal. Fossil shells, petrified fish teeth (e.g. sharks) and very rare finds of the teeth of marine and land mammals may occur in the auger drill samples from marine deposits, while samples from the aeolianites may mostly include the ambient small-fossil content of land snails, tortoise bones and mole and rodent bones. Open-pit mine excavations are a scientific and fossil resource and have been the major contributor to the understanding of the deposits and palaeontology of the West Coast coastal plain.

ii

7. Recommendations

There are no known outcrops of very sensitive fossiliferous strata in the study area coastal strip that require protection as NO GO sites.

The proposed mitigation actions for the Resource Definition Drilling (RDD) programme are easily accomplished and their implementation will result in a palaeontological impact of very low significance. Larger-size fossils may be noticed when material is extracted from the boreholes for sampling. It is assumed that for subsequent analysis the borehole sand samples will be sieved on a 1 mm screen in order to separate loose sand grains from larger aggregations, as occurs in the mine plant. Smaller fossils may be encountered when sieving the coarser material from the borehole sand samples. It is recommended that fossil material extracted from the boreholes, or later separated during sample analysis, be kept and bagged, recording the details of the sample such as its borehole depth and the lithology of the material, with such included in the borehole log. For preliminary analysis, quality images of the fossils should be forwarded for examination by a specialist, in order to identify specimens of importance for further examination and diagnosis. Finds of significant scientific value must be deposited in a curatorial institution.

iii

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 11

1.1 Background and Brief 11

1.2 The Project Area 11

2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 11

2.1 Available Information 11

2.2 Approach and Methodology 11

2.3 Assumptions and Limitations 13

3 THE GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA 13

3.1 The Bedrock 13

3.2 The Fossiliferous Coastal-Plain Marine Deposits 14

3.2.1 The Hondeklipbaai Formation – Late Pliocene Warm Period (*) 15

3.2.2 The Curlew Strand Formation 17

3.3 The Terrestrial record 20

3.3.1 The Graauw Duinen Formation 20

3.3.1 The Olifantsrivier Formation 21

3.3.1 The Panvlei Formation – Qpa 21

3.3.1 “Formation 7” 22

3.3.1 The Koekenaap Formation – Qkk 22

3.3.2 The Hardevlei Formation - Qh 23

3.3.3 Aeolianites and Palaeosols overlying Quaternary Raised Beaches 23

3.3.4 The Witzand Formation - Qwi 24

4 FOSSIL POTENTIAL 25

5 PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE PROSPECTING 27

5.1 Prospecting Impact Assessment Summary Table 28

5.2 Recommendations for Mitigation 28

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

7 REFERENCES 28

8 APPENDIX 1 - PALAEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY RATING 30

9 APPENDIX 2 - FOSSIL FIND PROCEDURES 31

9.1 Isolated Bone Finds 31

9.2 Bone Cluster Finds 31

iv

9.3 Rescue Excavation 32

9.4 Major Finds 32

9.5 Exposure of Fossil Shell Beds 33

v

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

THE SPECIALIST

I, John Pether, as the appointed specialist hereby declare/affirm the correctness of the information provided or to be provided as part of the application, and that I:

• in terms of the general requirement to be independent:

o other than fair remuneration for work performed/to be performed in terms of this application, have no business, financial, personal or other interest in the activity or application and that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity; or

o am not independent, but another specialist that meets the general requirements set out in Regulation 13 have been appointed to review my work (Note: a declaration by the review specialist must be submitted);

• in terms of the remainder of the general requirements for a specialist, am fully aware of and meet all of the requirements and that failure to comply with any the requirements may result in disqualification;

• have disclosed/will disclose, to the applicant, the Department and interested and affected parties, all material information that have or may have the potential to influence the decision of the Department or the objectivity of any report, plan or document prepared or to be prepared as part of the application;

• have ensured/will ensure that information containing all relevant facts in respect of the application was/will be distributed or was/will be made available to interested and affected parties and the public and that participation by interested and affected parties was/will be facilitated in such a manner that all interested and affected parties were/will be provided with a reasonable opportunity to participate and to provide comments;

• have ensured/will ensure that the comments of all interested and affected parties were/will be considered, recorded and submitted to the Department in respect of the application;

• have ensured/will ensure the inclusion of inputs and recommendations from the specialist reports in respect of the application, where relevant;

• have kept/will keep a register of all interested and affected parties that participate/d in the public participation process; and

• am aware that a false declaration is an offence in terms of regulation 48 of the 2014 NEMA EIA Regulations.

Signature of the specialist:

Name of company: Sole Proprietor

Date: 28 APRIL 2019

vi

CURRICULUM VITAE

John Pether, M.Sc., Pr. Sci. Nat. (Earth Sci.)

Independent Consultant/Researcher recognized as an authority with 37 years’ experience in the field of coastal-plain and continental-shelf palaeoenvironments, fossils and stratigraphy, mainly involving the West Coast/Shelf of southern Africa. Has been previously employed in academia (South African Museum) and industry (Trans Hex, De Beers Marine). At present an important involvement is in Palaeontological Impact Assessments (PIAs) and mitigation projects in terms of the National Heritage Resources Act 25 (1999) (~300 PIA reports to date) and is an accredited member of the Association of Professional Heritage Practitioners (APHP). Continues to be involved as consultant to offshore and onshore marine diamond exploration ventures. Expertise includes:

• Coastal plain and shelf stratigraphy (interpretation of open-pit exposures, on/offshore cores and exploration drilling).

• Sedimentology and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of shallow marine, aeolian and other terrestrial surficial deposits.

• Marine macrofossil taxonomy (molluscs, barnacles, brachiopods) and biostratigraphy. • Marine macrofossil taphonomy. • Sedimentological and palaeontological field techniques in open-cast mines (including finding and

excavation of vertebrate fossils (bones). Membership of Professional Bodies

• South African Council of Natural Scientific Professions. Earth Science. Reg. No. 400094/95. • Geological Society of South Africa. • Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa. • Southern African Society for Quaternary Research. • Association of Professional Heritage Practitioners (APHP), Western Cape. Accredited Member No.

48. Past Clients Palaeontological Assessments

AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd. Guillaume Nel Environmental Management Consultants.

Agency for Cultural Resource Management (ACRM). Klomp Group. AMATHEMBA Environmental. Megan Anderson, Landscape Architect. Anél Blignaut Environmental Consultants. Ninham Shand (Pty) Ltd. Arcus Gibb (Pty) Ltd. PD Naidoo & Associates (Pty) Ltd. ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Perception Environmental Planning. Aurecon SA (Pty) Ltd. PHS Consulting. BKS (Pty) Ltd. Engineering and Management. Resource Management Services. Bridgette O’Donoghue Heritage Consultant. Robin Ellis, Heritage Impact Assessor. Cape Archaeology, Dr Mary Patrick. Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Cape EAPrac (Cape Environmental Assessment Practitioners). Sharples Environmental Services cc CCA Environmental (Pty) Ltd. Site Plan Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Centre for Heritage & Archaeological Resource Management (CHARM).

SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd.

Chand Environmental Consultants. Strategic Environmental Focus (Pty) Ltd. CK Rumboll & Partners. UCT Archaeology Contracts Office (ACO). CNdV Africa UCT Environmental Evaluation Unit CSIR - Environmental Management Services. Urban Dynamics. Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd. Van Zyl Environmental Consultants Enviro Logic Western Cape Environmental Consultants (Pty) Ltd, t/a

ENVIRO DINAMIK. Environmental Resources Management SA (ERM). Wethu Investment Group Ltd. Greenmined Environmental Withers Environmental Consultants.

Stratigraphic consulting including palaeontology

Afri-Can Marine Minerals Corp Council for Geoscience De Beers Marine (SA) Pty Ltd. De Beers Namaqualand Mines. Geological Survey Namibia IZIKO South African Museum. Namakwa Sands (Pty) Ltd NAMDEB

vii

ABBREVIATIONS

AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment.. asl. above (mean) sea level.

CSZ Coastal Setback Zone. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment.

EMP Environmental Management Plan.

ESA Early Stone Age. The archaeology of the Stone Age between 2 000 000 and 250 000 years ago.

Fm. Formation. HIA Heritage Impact Assessment.

LIG Last Interglacial. Warm period 128-118 ka BP. Relative sea-levels higher than present by 4-6 m. Also referred to as Marine Isotope Stage 5e or “the Eemian”.

LSA Late Stone Age. The archaeology of the last 40 000 years associated with fully modern people.

MSA Middle Stone Age. The archaeology of the Stone Age between 40-400 000 years ago associated with early modern humans.

OSL Optically stimulated luminescence. See glossary. PIA Palaeontological Impact Assessment.

SRK SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. ToR Terms of Reference.

Wpt Waypoint.

GLOSSARY

~ (tilde) Used herein as “approximately” or “about”.

Aeolian Pertaining to the wind. Refers to erosion, transport and deposition of sedimentary particles by wind. A rock formed by the solidification of aeolian sediments is an aeolianite.

Alluvium Sediments deposited by a river or other running water.

Archaeology

Remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures.

Bedrock Hard rock formations underlying much younger sedimentary deposits.

Calcareous sediment, sedimentary rock, or soil type which is formed from or contains a high proportion of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite.

viii

Calcrete

An indurated deposit (duricrust) mainly consisting of Ca and Mg carbonates. The term includes both pedogenic types formed in the near-surface soil context and non-pedogenic or groundwater calcretes related to water tables at depth.

Colluvium

Hillwash deposits formed by gravity transport downhill. Includes soil creep, sheetwash, small-scale rainfall rivulets and gullying, slumping and sliding processes that move and deposit material towards the foot of the slopes.

Coversands Aeolian blanket deposits of sandsheets and dunes.

Fluvial deposits Sedimentary deposits consisting of material transported by, suspended in and laid down by a river or stream.

Fossil

The remains of parts of animals and plants found in sedimentary deposits. Most commonly hard parts such as bones, teeth and shells which in lithified sedimentary rocks are usually altered by petrification (mineralization). Also impressions and mineral films in fine-grained sediments that preserve indications of soft parts. Fossils plants include coals, petrified wood and leaf impressions, as well as microscopic pollen and spores. Marine sediments contain a host of microfossils that reflect the plankton of the past and provide records of ocean changes. Nowadays also includes molecular fossils such as DNA and biogeochemicals such as oils and waxes. A trace fossil is the track or footprint of a fossil animal that is preserved in stone or consolidated sediment.

Heritage That which is inherited and forms part of the National Estate (Historical places, objects, fossils as defined by the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999).

OSL

Optically stimulated luminescence. One of the radiation exposure dating methods based on the measurement of trapped electronic charges that accumulate in crystalline materials as a result of low-level natural radioactivity from U, Th and K. In OSL dating of aeolian quartz and feldspar sand grains, the trapped charges are zeroed by exposure to daylight at the time of deposition. Once buried, the charges accumulate and the total radiation exposure (total dose) received by the sample is estimated by laboratory measurements. The level of radioactivity (annual doses) to which the sample grains have been exposed is measured in the field or from the separated minerals containing radioactive elements in the sample. Ages are obtained as the ratio of total dose to annual dose, where the annual dose is assumed to have been similar in the past.

ix

Palaeontology The study of any fossilised remains or fossil traces of animals or plants which lived in the geological past and any site which contains such fossilised remains or traces.

Palaeosol

An ancient, buried soil formed on a palaeosurface. The soil composition may reflect a climate significantly different from the climate now prevalent in the area where the soil is found. Burial reflects the subsequent environmental change.

Palaeosurface An ancient land surface, usually buried and marked by a palaeosol or pedocrete, but may be exhumed by erosion (e.g. wind erosion/deflation) or by bulk earth works.

Pedocrete A duricrust formed by pedogenic processes.

Pedogenesis/pedogenic The process of turning sediment into soil by chemical weathering and the activity of organisms (plants growing in it, burrowing animals such as worms, the addition of humus etc.).

Remanié

Fossils, usually of durable nature (e.g. teeth or petrified) and abraded, that have been reworked from an older deposit and incorporated into a younger deposit. From French re- + manier - to handle, rearrange.

Rhizolith Fossil root. Most commonly formed by pedogenic carbonate deposition around the root and developed in palaeosols.

Trace fossil

A structure or impression in sediments that preserves the behaviour of an organism, such as burrows, borings and nests, feeding traces (sediment processing), farming structures for bacteria and fungi, locomotion burrows and trackways and traces of predation on hard parts (tooth marks on bones, borings into shells by predatory gastropods and octopuses).

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE TERMS

For more detail see www.stratigraphy.org.

ka: Thousand years or kilo-annum (103 years). Implicitly means “ka ago” i.e. duration from the present, but “ago” is omitted. The “Present” refers to 1950 AD. Not used for durations not extending from the Present. For a duration only “kyr” is used.

Ma: Million years, mega-annum (106 years). Implicitly means “Ma ago” i.e. duration from the present, but “ago” is omitted. The “Present” refers to 1950 AD. Not used for durations not extending from the Present. For a duration only “Myr” is used.

Late Pliocene Warm Period: An interval of warm climate and high sea level around ~3 Ma. This interval was previously referred to as the Mid Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP) when the boundary between the Pliocene and Quaternary was set at ~1.8 Ma at the beginning of the Calabrian (see figure below). Now that the Pliocene/Quaternary boundary is set further back in time by international

x

agreement to the beginning of the Gelasian at ~2.6 Ma, the MPWP at ~3 Ma is no longer “mid”, but is in the late Pliocene. However, for continuity it is still often referred to as the MPWP.

11

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND AND BRIEF

Tronox Mineral Sands (Pty) Ltd (aka Tronox Namakwa Sands) is a mining company that extracts useful minerals from coastal-plain sands in the vicinity of Brand se Baai on the Namaqualand coast. Tronox has mining rights on the coastal farms Graauw Duinen 152 and Rietfontein Extension 151, from highwater mark to their inland boundaries. Tronox has hitherto refrained from conducting operations in the Coastal Setback Zone (CSZ), as identified in previous Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), due to its sensitivity with respect to archaeological and ecological impacts (Figure 1). Notwithstanding, in order to inform decisions on the future of the CSZ by Tronox and the Department of Mineral Resources, it is necessary to estimate its mineral resource value by a Resource Definition prospecting drilling programme.

SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (SRK) has been appointed by Tronox Namakwa Sands to undertake the EIA process for the prospecting drilling. Mining, if feasible, will be the subject of a subsequent EIA process.

This report forms part of the Heritage Impact Assessment and its brief is to inform about the palaeontological sensitivity of the Project Area and the probability of palaeontological materials (fossils) being uncovered in the subsurface and being disturbed or destroyed in the process of prospecting, and to provide recommendations for palaeontological mitigation to be included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project.

1.2 THE PROJECT AREA

The Coastal Setback Zone extends from the mouth of Soutrivier in the north, southwards past Brand se Baai cove, to just north of the promontory called Jakkalshok (Figure 1). The western boundary is the High Water Mark (HWM). The eastern boundary is generally about 300 m inland, but is wider in the middle part where a dune field occupies the sandy shoreline.

2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 AVAILABLE INFORMATION

This assessment is based on the published scientific literature on the origin and palaeontology of the Namaqualand coastal-plain deposits and the author’s comprehensive field experience of the formations involved and their fossil content, including observations of the exposures in the Namakwa Sands mine. Summary information on the stratigraphy of coastal Namaqualand is provided in Pether et al. (2000) and in Pether (in Roberts et al., 2006). For terrestrial formations the new stratigraphic terminology proposed by De Beer (2010) in the explanation for the recently issued 3017 Garies 1:250k geological map is employed. Other research contributions relevant to this assessment are cited in the normal manner as references in the text and are included in the References section.

2.2 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Fossiliferous strata are naturally exposed on the tops of sea cliffs at the northern and southern extremities of the Namaqualand coast, but generally are beneath later coversands elsewhere. Fossil marine shells have been abundantly exposed in mining excavations and the most common shell assemblages have been well sampled. In contrast, fossil bones are very sparse in the marine and aeolian deposits and finding them requires painstaking scrutiny of the excavations.

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Figure 1. Location of the Coastal Setback Zone Project Area. Courtesy of SRK.

The relatively few fossil bones from the Namaqualand coast have been vital to our current understanding of the coastal-plain geological history, not only of Namaqualand, but also relevant to that of wider southern Africa. Due to the scientific importance of fossil bones the palaeontological sensitivity of coastal-plain marine and aeolian deposits is rated high (Almond & Pether, 2009). Palaeontological Sensitivity refers to the likelihood of finding significant fossils within a geologic unit. The criteria for rating are in Appendix 1.

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In the study area, older shell-fossilferous strata were exposed under aeolian sands in prospecting trenches made in the 1960s and which extend inland for 200-300 m. These have since been partially filled in by sidewall erosion and blown sand. A brief field survey was undertaken in Sptember 2014 to ascertain the current state of exposures and fossil shells were still exposed in some of them. Younger fossil shelly beach deposits occur along the coast in the form of raised beaches on the low bedrock platform fringing the shore.

2.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

The assumption is that the fossil potential of a formation in the study area will be typical of that found in the region and more specifically, similar to that already observed in the study area. Scientifically important fossil bone material is expected to be sparsely scattered in these deposits and much depends on spotting this material as it is uncovered during digging i.e. by monitoring excavations.

A limitation on predictive capacity exists in that it is not possible to predict the buried fossil content of an area or formation other than in such general terms. Certain processes/agents can produce significant concentrations of fossil bones, but the possibility of these specific buried palaeoenvironments being present may be only be hinted at by features seen once the formation is exposed in excavations.

3 THE GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA

For palaeontology, the affected environment pertains to the geological formations that occur in the study area and their fossil content.

3.1 THE BEDROCK

The hard-rock bedrock is exposed along the rocky shoreline of the study area. The oldest bedrock or “basement” is comprised of metamorphic formations (metasediments), gneisses and granites of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Province (NMP), dating to 1200 – 1000 Ma (Ma = million years ago). Here it is represented by the Hunboom Gneiss and the Mesklip Gneiss (Figure 2).

These gneissic rocks are overlain by metasediments (quartzites, schists, phyllites and marbles) of the Gariep Supergroup, Gifberg Group, which includes the Karoetjies Kop Formation (Nkr) and the Widouws Formation (Nwi) (Figure 2). These metasediments are of Late Proterozoic age (Cryogenian – Ediacaran) and were deposited between ~800 to ~600 Ma. The first multicellular animals were evolving around this time, but such fossils are unlikely to have been preserved, due to the metamorphism subsequently undergone by these old sediments. These bedrock formations are thus not of palaeontological interest here.

Much later, rifting of the supercontinent of Gondwana was under way and was accompanied by widespread volcanic activity along the rifting margin during the early Cretaceous ~140 to ~130 Ma, now represented by “feeder” dolerite dykes around the coasts (Figure 2, Kf). In southern Namaqualand in particular, the rifting volcanic activity had more complex counterparts at depth involving the intrusion of numerous dykes, plugs and granites of varied compositions. This Koegel Fontein Complex (De Beer, 2010) consists principally of the Rietpoort Granite, dated at ~133 Ma and which is exposed east of the study area. The Koegel Fontein Complex is represented along the shoreline by dykes of the Kruisvlei Quartz Porphyry (Kkr) and several smaller dykes of the Tities Baai Basalt (Kti) (Figure 2). These intrusions are not fossiliferous. Notwithstanding, this part of the Namaqualand coast has had a unique post-Gondwana geological history and its complexities are of considerable scientific interest. Many of the various outcrops and their features, that informed the unravelling of their relationships by Coenie de Beer and his predecessors, are worthy sites of geoheritage.

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3.2 THE FOSSILIFEROUS COASTAL-PLAIN MARINE DEPOSITS

The West Coast Group is the name proposed to accommodate the Cenozoic coastal deposits between the Orange River and Elandsbaai (Roberts et al., 2006), of both marine and terrestrial origin. Only the youngest formations of the West Coast Group occur in the study area where they comprise the outer or most seaward portion of the coastal plain.

Figure 2. Geology of the Project Area. Extract from 1:250 000 Geological Sheet 3017 Garies. Council for Geoscience. Waypoints = numbered yellow squares 2-6.

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3.2.1 The Hondeklipbaai Formation – Late Pliocene Warm Period (*)

This formation, up to a few km wide, underlies the outer part of the coastal plains of the West Coast. It is the youngest, major formation of the coastal plain, deposited during a high sea-level never since exceeded. Previously called the 30 m Package (Pether, 1986), its genesis is due to a global warm period during the late Pliocene Epoch about 3 Ma, when the melting of land-based, high-latitude ice caps and glaciers caused sea level to rise substantially. This high palaeoshoreline maximum is preserved along the West Coast at elevations of 30-35 m asl. The older marine deposits (Avontuur Formation) of the Early Pliocene Warm Period (5-4 Ma) were eroded and set back from the coast. The Hondeklipbaai Formation was deposited as sea level declined again from ~30 m asl. during subsequent global cooling and a substantial, prograded marine formation built out seawards (Pether, 1994; Pether, in Roberts et al., 2006). (*) – see Glossary.

A fully age-diagnostic fossil land-mammal vertebrate assemblage associated with the Hondeklipbaai Formation has not yet been recovered and so its age is poorly constrained by fossil vertebrate datums. These fossils are yet to be discovered. Notwithstanding, with its warm-water molluscan and coral fauna, it is unlikely to postdate the inception of major cooling in the Benguela System. Offshore cores show that sea temperatures in the Benguela System declined since ~3 Ma after late Pliocene warmth. Indeed, the time of the Hondeklipbaai Formation was the last time that the open-coast West Coast was warm enough to support tropical species.

The Hondeklipbaai Formation is mainly coarse-sandy and is extensively decalcified and reddened. The zone fossil (indicator fossil) is the large extinct “surf clam” Donax rogersi (Figure 3). Shell fossils are quite sparse and more need to be found. Certainly, with diligent mitigation of excavations, it is expected that more extinct shell species, and warm-water species, will be found.

The Hondeklipbaai Formation is variously eroded. Its top part is usually missing, having been blown away (deflated) by the wind and at the coast it has been eroded back by the younger, Quaternary high sea levels, with the formation of a steep slope or cliff hidden beneath later sand cover. A variously-developed calcrete pedocrete has formed on top of the formation, either within the marine sediments or in immediately overlying terrestrial sands (Figures 3, 4). The palaeosurface on top of the formation carries sparsely scattered fossil bones. The Hondeklipbaai Formation is overlain by aeolianites (Figure 5), either Member 2 of the Graauw Duinen Formation or the Olifantsrivier Formation (see below).

KEY TO QUATERNARY SURFACE UNITS – Geological Sheet 3017 GARIES

Description Label Formation Name Age

White/pale-hued dune sands Qwi Witzand <12 ka

White/pale yellow/red coversands, incl. reticulate dunes

Qh Hardevlei <25 ka

Red aeolian sands RAS Qkk Koekenaap 30 - 80 ka

Dorbank surface Qpa Upper “Formation 7” >80 ka?

Pedocrete outcrop Qpa Upper Olifantsrivier >130 ka

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Figure 3. Wpt 2. Fossil shells of the extinct surf clam Donax rogersi in the top of the Hondeklipbaai Formation. The marine sediments are decalcified except for some remaining large shells in places. A calcrete pedocrete has formed in terrestrial sands that overlie the shelly bed.

Figure 4. Wpt 2. Lower vertical face with the pedocrete on top of the Hondeklipbaai Formation. Upper face shows the well-developed pedocrete in the top of the overlying aeolianite of the Olifantsrivier Formation.

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Figure 5. Wpt 2. Opposite side of trench showing two units of aeolianite, separated by a palaeosurface, in the Olifantsrivier Fm., and the uppermost reddish compact sands of the Koekenaap Fm.

3.2.2 The Curlew Strand Formation

Close to the seaside, the eroded Hondeklipbaai Formation is overlain by the younger, Quaternary “raised beaches” that may extend up to about 15 m asl. The name has been proposed for this composite of old beaches in the West Coast Group, equivalent to the Velddrif Formation of the SW Cape Coast. It comprises the 8-12 m Package (~400 ka), the 4-6 m Package of Last Interglacial (LIG) age (~125 ka) and the 2–3 m Package or Mid-Holocene High (7-4 ka) (ka = thousand years ago).

Figure 6. Example of old, high raised beach (8-12 m Package) near Hondeklipbaai – boulders and decalcified, compact sands forming a pedogenic “dorbank”. Overlain by recent Witzand Formation sands.

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The older, higher “raised beach” unit (Figure 6) is poorly known and seems to be only sporadically present. Indeed, most of the earlier Quaternary (pre-LIG) sea-level record has not been preserved and was presumably eroded away by the younger LIG highstand.

Figure 7. An exposure of the Last Interglacial (LIG) raised beach. See text for detail.

Figure 8. Wpt 4. Heap in prospecting trench of shelly sand and gravel of the Last Interglacial (~125 ka) Curlew Strand Formation.

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Figure 9. Wpt 3. Slope at edge of the Mid-Holocene High terrace.

Figure 10. Wpt 3. Edge of the Mid-Holocene High Terrace. Shows the pink-hue imparted by degraded mussel shells vs the blue hue of the fresh shell on the modern beach beyond.

The LIG 4-6 m Package is the best-preserved and is almost continuous along the coast. A typical section in this terrace (Figure 7) comprises the basal shelly beach deposits with cobbles and boulders passing up into shelly sands affected by pedogenesis and incipient calcrete development. Overlying aeolian sands are also compact and pedogenically altered to pinkish-brown terra rosa hues. In this example the edge of the “Holocene High” has lapped onto the aeolianite.

The shelly fauna of the Quaternary “raised beaches” is essentially modern, comprised of cold-water species that inhabit the upwelling-influenced Namaqua Biogeographic Province coast today. This applies to open, exposed-coast settings. However, during the LIG and likely also during the earlier

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Quaternary highstands, river-mouths estuaries and embayments were much expanded by the higher sea levels of a few metres. This provided sheltered, warmer-water habitats or “refuges” for warm-water species that were occasionally dispersed along the coast during anomalous, warm oceanographic conditions.

The occurrence of West African tropical taxa in LIG embayments right around the Cape to the Port Elizabeth area shows that, at times during the LIG, southward flows of sub-tropical Angolan waters were sufficiently marked to overcome the upwelling barrier off Namibia, analogous to marked Benguela “El Niños”.

The Curlew Strand Formation LIG deposits are largely concealed beneath the aeolian deposits forming the foot of the coastal slope. Along the rocky shore of the southern part of the area, at places where the aeolian slope is set back from the seashore, the LIG raised beach deposits overlie the flattish marine platform area between the steeper aeolian slope and the beach. This corresponds generally to the white sands area below the lower coastal track that parallels the shoreline. At Waypoint 4 the prospecting trench intersected the Curlew Strand Formation LIG raised beach deposits (Figure 8), evidently in a small embayment eroded back into the Hondeklipbaai Formation.

The 2 – 3 m Package or Mid-Holocene High is present as small terraces fringing and overlapping the outer edge of the LIG deposits (Figure 7). It is a small raised beach initiated when sea level stood ~3 m higher relative to the present. At ~7 ka sea level reached its present level after melting of the enlarged Last Ice Age polar ice load. Since 7 ka to ~4 ka the continent bobbed up very slightly, adjusting to the return of the meltwater mass to the ocean basins. The earlier shoreline position was slowly raised and beach deposits were left behind by the receding sea. The edge of the Mid-Holocene High beach at Waypoint 3 (Figures 9 & 10) is typical of its occurrence along the coast.

Rare surprises have come to light in Mid-Holocene High deposits, such as isolated occurrences of South American and mid-Atlantic island marine shell species that have been dispersed across the Atlantic, probably during periods of enhanced Westerlies associated with mini ice ages.

3.3 THE TERRESTRIAL RECORD

A variety of terrestrial deposits also make up the coastal plain of Namaqualand. For the most part these are extensive aeolian dune and sandsheet deposits that overlie the eroded tops of the marine sequences. More locally there are colluvial (sheetwash) and ephemeral stream deposits associated with nearby hillslopes; sometimes these underlie or are interbedded between the marine formations, but are more usually found interbedded with aeolian deposits. Formed within the upper parts of the marine and terrestrial sequences are pedocretes and palaeosols of a variety of types, compositions and degrees of development.

3.3.1 The Graauw Duinen Formation

This name has been proposed to accommodate the aeolianites as exemplified in the Namakwa Sands excavations (Roberts et al., 2006; De Beer, 2010). The first main unit of the aeolianites exposed at Graauw Duinen (Namakwa Sands) postdates the marine early Pliocene Avontuur Formation (pers. obs.) and is called Member 1 of the Graauw Duinen Formation (Figure 11). Also exposed at Graauw Duinen are younger aeolianites that overlie and postdate the mid-Pliocene Hondeklipbaai Formation (Member 2).

Traced inland Member 2 aeolianites directly overlie Member 1 aeolianites (Figure 11). Member 2 of the Graauw Duinen Formation thus occurs close to the coast, but it is not shown in Figure 2 because it is covered by younger aeolianites (the Olifantsrivier and Koekenaap Formations, see below). The age of Member 2 is not yet well constrained. It could range from latest Pliocene ~3 Ma to the end of the early Quaternary ~0.8 Ma.

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Typically the Graauw Duinen Formation aeolianites are of greenish to yellowish-brown hues and are in the main decalcified, with the exception of pedocrete and rhizolith horizons and burrows. Up to 20 metres thick, in places dune structures are preserved, such as large dune crossbeds and wind ripple bedding, preserved apparently due to early-on cementing. Considerable volumes of sand are nearly structureless and have been thoroughly bioturbated by termites. In trenches near the coast, Member 2 aeolianite overlies Hondeklipbaai Formation shelly marine gravels.

Figure 11. Deep exposure of the stratigraphy in the southern part of the Namakwa Sands West Mine (the Test Pit). Note scale indicated by small human silhouette.

3.3.1 The Olifantsrivier Formation

Although not mentioned in De Beer (2010) and thus presumably subsumed in the Graauw Duinen Formation, this formation can be recognized at Namakwa Sands where it overlies the aforementioned Member 2 (Figure 11) and also extends close to the coast. It is a typical, variously reddened aeolianite with palaeosols, abundant root casts and termite burrows, with well-developed pedocretes in its upper part (pers. obs.), as also exemplified in cliff exposures north of the Olifants River mouth. This formation was proposed to accommodate aeolianites that contain Early Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) artefacts and which are consequently of middle and late Quaternary age (Roberts et al., 2006).

The yellow-hued aeolianites overlying the pedocrete on top of the Hondeklipbaai Formation at Wpt 2 (Figures 4 & 5) are tentatively assigned to the Olifantsrivier Formation. A similar formation is exposed in the old trench at Wpt 5 (Figure 12). At Wpt 5 reactivated sands of the Koekenaap Formation have blown in, covering the upper part of the exposure.

The Olifantsrivier Formation is not explicitly indicated in Figure 2, being largely beneath the Koekenaap Formation. However, the Panvlei Formation, indicated as Qpa in Figure 2, is pertinent to the Olifantsrivier Formation.

3.3.1 The Panvlei Formation – Qpa

Proposed by De Beer (2010), the Panvlei Formation “represents sands, fluvial deposits and soils derived from bedrock erosion and reworking of Cenozoic sediments of all ages”. Semi-silicified “dorbank” and calcretized and pedocreted deposits are included. The formation is overlain by “unconsolidated sands of Pleistocene to Holocene age”. Its purpose is apparently to categorize surface areas that are comprised of pedocretes and where vertical exposure is lacking. Clearly such

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a broad definition, based on surface outcrop, is an interim practicality and the underlying deposits could be of differing ages. The mapping of the Panvlei Fm on the entire Sheet 3017 Garies reveals that it is depicted in two spatial contexts. The first is mainly distributed around the hills of the coastal hinterland where it is a “heuweltjiesveld” terrain of stabilized soil cover on thin colluvia and local, pedocreted aeolian & colluvial deposits. The other spatial context is at lower elevations on the coastal plain in areas where the younger coversands are thin and are closely underlain by older aeolianite units with pedocreted tops (e.g. the Olifantsrivier Fm.), or by the hard surface on semi-cemented dorbank (e.g. “Formation 7”).

The Panvlei Formation is depicted in the southern part of the study area where a pedocreted substratum occurs beneath thin coversands (Figure 2). Just to the north the mine exposures show that an extensive pedocrete has formed in the uppermost part of the Olifantsrivier Formation (Figure 11). A thin (~0.5 m), separate unit partly overlies the Olifantsrivier Formation pedocrete. It is a semi-lithified red palaeosol with pale calcrete discs that formed in the “basements” of “heuweltjie” termitaria that are now fossil. These are visible in aerial images where the Koekenaap Formation coversands have been mined away.

3.3.1 “Formation 7”

At Namakwa Sands there is a yet unnamed “dorbank” formation that occurs mainly inland, beneath the mined sands of the East Mine area. Comprised of several metres of reddened and semi-lithified, coarse sandsheet sands, this “Formation 7” lacks the development of distinct pale pedocrete horizons or an upper pedocrete capping. It apparently represents a phase of more or less continuous deposition over wide areas and a similar dorbank formation is extensive along the Namaqualand coast and similarly occupies a spatio-temporal context as the youngest consolidated aeolianite beneath weakly-compacted to loose surface sands. Notably, MSA artefacts occur within its upper portion and on its top. In previous work (Pether, 2013) this “Formation 7” was allocated a latter mid-Quaternary age, pre-LIG (~125 ka) and younger than ~400 ka.

As mentioned above, in the West Mine the Olifantsrivier Formation is partly overlain by a thin palaeosol unit with fossil “heuweltjie” termitaria. This palaeosol is interpreted as a condensed version of “Formation 7”, where minimal deposition pertained and a soil cover developed that was colonized by termites, with biogenic carbonate pedocrete formed within the termitaria.

In the old trench at Wpt 4 the terrestrial section exposed in the inland part of the trench shows thick, loose Koekenaap Formation coversands beneath of which is a substantial “dorbank” aeolianite unit (Figure 13) resembling Formation 7 and thus appearing rather more advanced in pedogenesis than aeolianites normally overlying the LIG raised beach. If indeed equivalent to Formation 7, the underlying marine deposits should be the ~400 ka raised beach, but the lower part of the trench is filled in and in situ marine deposits are not exposed. The heaps of disturbed shelly gravel (Figure 8) suggest that the LIG ~125 ka raised beach was intersected in the trench, but apparently only in its seaward end.

3.3.1 The Koekenaap Formation – Qkk

Overlying the hard surface of the pedocretes and “dorbank” are compact, but unconsolidated red sands (Figures 5, 12), the “Red Aeolian Sand” or RAS that is exploited at Namakwa Sands mine, now proposed as the Koekenaap Formation (Roberts et al., 2006; De Beer, 2010). The red sands of the Koekenaap Formation occupy large areas of the Namaqualand coastal plain (Figure 2). Where thicker, subunits can be distinguished by subtle variations in hue and grain adhesion.

The red sands are underlain by scatters of MSA material, these suggesting a maximum age of about 400 ka, but MSA material may be as young as ~40 ka. Preliminary results of Optically-Stimulated-

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Luminescence (OSL) dating of reddened coversands (Chase, 2006; Chase & Thomas, 2006, 2007) indicate late Quaternary ages between the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~120-130 ka) and ~30 ka and are presumed to reflect depositional ages of the red aeolian sands.

3.3.2 The Hardevlei Formation - Qh

Comprised of unconsolidated, pale-red to pale-yellow coversand deposits (sand sheets and degraded small dunes) that are younger than the RAS of the Koekenaap Formation (De Beer, 2010), this formation encompasses swathes of pale sand blown northwards from both river and shoreline sources (Figure 2), as well as patches inland that reflect the reworking of older sands or sands blown far from their sources. Hardevlei Fm. yellow dunes are mapped to the immediate north of the West Mine, inland of the modern coastal dune plume of grey dunes (Graauw Duinen) of the Witzand Fm. (Figure 2), were developed across the East Mine where mined, and occur in Hartebeeste Kom.

The main feature of the extensive inland areas of the Hardevlei Formation is the presence of distinct, relict low-dune morphology that is complex, with basic linear dunes that are linked by numerous transverse, barchanoid elements. The complex patterns of these reticulate dunes are readily seen in aerial images and are due to a polyphase history and a bi- or polymodal wind regime. The reticulate dunes represent the latest phase of aeolian activity in certain areas of pale coversands, the latter being more broadly present in the landscape as swathes of sandsheets and degraded dunes.

The OSL dates from the yellowish, inland reticulate dunes (Chase & Thomas, 2006, 2007) come from 10 localities/15 cores between Kleinzee and Lambert’s Bay and, given the consistency of ages of generally less than ~20 ka, are probably representative of the aeolian activity/deposition in areas of the Hardevlei Formation.

3.3.3 Aeolianites and Palaeosols overlying Quaternary Raised Beaches

The Graauw Duinen and Olifantsrivier subsurface aeolianite formations are extensive inland of the coast and the individual formations can be traced with confidence along the sides of large, continuous excavations such as those of the Namakwa Sands mine and the diamond mines. Nevertheless, along the coast these formations are thicker beneath relatively higher topography and thin into valley/palaeovalley flanks and also towards the coast, sometimes pinching out altogether.

At the coast the aeolianites overlying the Quaternary raised beaches include smaller packages that reflect local permutations of deposition subsequent to the withdrawal of sea level from the highstands. These do not necessarily have readily identifiable correlations with the formations exposed in the excavations further inland.

The Pre-LIG (~400 ka) raised beach gravels have been observed to occur beneath decalcified, yellow-brown, near-structureless dorbank. Theoretically, this ~400 ka raised beach should be overlain by aeolianite broadly equivalent to “Formation 7”. However, the near-coastal dorbank does not resemble the reddened, inland dorbank. Such differences could be explained by the proximity of the shoreline at other times between the ~400 ka raised beach and the ~125 ka LIG raised beach, viz. the intervening interglacials when sea levels were close to, but did not exceed, the present level (200-220 ka, ~240 ka, ~290 ka and ~330 ka). Conceivably, at such times local shoreline aeolianite packages were deposited at the coast in more discrete phases, while inland on the coastal plain only a more general accumulation of “Formation 7” sandsheets can be discerned to have taken place, derived from other source areas and undergoing a different pedogenic history. Similarly, the LIG raised beach is overlain by aeolian deposits that differ from place to place, i.e. rubified pink sands, or yellow sands, or grey sands, that are apparently of different ages.

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Thus, at the coast the relatively small exposures in prospecting trenches may be difficult to assign, on cursory inspection, to the equivalent formation further inland. Furthermore, there may be aeolianite units present that have no age equivalent further inland.

Figure 12. Wpt 5. Aeolianite preliminarily assigned to the Olifantsrivier Formation overlain by red sands of the Koekenaap Formation.

3.3.4 The Witzand Formation - Qwi

This formation is extrapolated northward from the Sandveld Group of the southwestern Cape, where it accommodates sand and shell fragments blown from sandy beaches during the Holocene (the last 12 ka), in the form of partly-vegetated dune cordons backing the beach and the dune plumes transgressing inland. In the Garies geomap area the major dune plumes extending for several kilometres inland are separated as the Swartlintjies Formation and thus the Witzand Formation therein entails only the smaller dune plumes adjacent to the coast, such as that along the coast in the northern part of the study area (Figures 2, 14), viz. the “Graauw Duinen”.

Fossil material in the subsurface of the Witzand Formation is expected to be in an archaeological context.

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Figure 13. Wpt 4. Aeolianite “dorbank” preliminarily assigned to “Formation 7” overlain by red sands of the Koekenaap Formation.

Figure 14 Wpt 6. Aspect of the Witzand Formation coastal dune cordon.

4 FOSSIL POTENTIAL

The inland limit of the Hondeklipbaai Formation is approximately estimated in Figures 2 and 15 and underlies much of the Project Area at depth. Its outer limit is approximated by the inland limits of the Curlew Strand Formation. The marine mid-Pliocene Hondeklipbaai Formation, as mentioned, is usually decalcified and the preservation of shells is sporadic, usually as small shelly volumes of limited lateral extent of a few to several metres. The exposure of the shell bed in the trench at Wpt 2 (Figure 3) is an example. The majority of shell beds are comprised of transported, sorted and abraded shells deposited and reworked in the shallow shoreface and lacking in small, delicate shells. The latter have also been selectively dissolved away. Consequently, knowledge of the shelly fauna of mid-Pliocene times is considered incomplete. This is illustrated by the rare preservation of shelly tempestite beds that were deposited in the lower shoreface during major storms and which more

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indiscriminately sequestered a larger sample of the fauna. The Hondeklipbaai Formation is thus of moderate sensitivity with respect to shell fossils.

Figure 15. Subsurface extents (approximate) of near-coastal marine formations beneath aeolianites.

The late Quaternary Curlew Strand Formation, both the LIG raised beach and the Mid-Holocene High beach deposits, will be intersected in boreholes and excavations close to the shore. The zone occupied by the Curlew Strand Formation is narrow along the steeper, rocky coast of the southern part of the Project Area, but widens into the lower topography of embayments that are marked by long, sandy beaches which have formed across valleys and buried palaeovalleys (Figure 15). The shell fossil content is of low palaeontological sensitivity as, in open-coast settings, the fossil shells are overwhelmingly modern species.

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Very sparsely scattered bones occur in these marine deposits, such as bones of whales, dolphins, seals and seabirds. In the Hondeklipbaai Formation these represent extinct species and are of high palaeontological importance. The loose, petrified teeth of a wide variety of land and marine mammals have been found in the older marine gravels and these have been critical for the dating of the formations (Pickford & Senut, 1997). The fossil bones in the Quaternary Curlew Strand Formation are likely to be closely related or identical to modern species, but may include species that we would not expect nowadays and finds may be of palaeontological importance.

The various aeolian formations and possible colluvia overlying the fossil beach deposits have a sparse fossil bone content. Most commonly seen is the ambient fossil content of dune sands: land snails, tortoise shells and mole bones. Other small bones occur very sparsely such as bird and small mammal bones. The ambient fossil content is more abundant in association with palaeosurfaces and their soils (palaeosols), formed during periods of dune stabilization and which define aeolian packages and larger formations. Importantly, the bones of larger animals (e.g. antelopes) are also more persistently present along palaeosurfaces formed on top of marine deposits and which separate the major aeolianite units.

The dune slopes adjacent to the coast have a higher content of fossil bones due to the attraction of the shoreline for foraging and scavenging. For example, jackals and hyaenas scavenge seabird, seal and other carcasses, carrying remains onto the sand slopes. The most spectacular bone concentrations found in aeolianites are due to the bone-collecting behaviour of hyaenas. These are stored in and around their lairs, such as the large burrows made into more compact sands by aardvarks and which have been appropriated by the hyaenas. Hyaena bone collections are often found on the sea-facing slopes of aeolianites, when they have been eroded out and are spilling downslope.

The fossil bone finds from aeolianites of the West Coast demonstrate that this sparse material is important to on-going palaeoclimatic, palaeobiological and biostratigraphic studies. The fossil finds from Namaqualand coastal mines hitherto indicate considerable potential for further significant fossil finds to add to the poorly-known Pliocene and early Quaternary terrestrial fossil faunas of the region. Consequently, the palaeontological sensitivity of the aeolian formations is HIGH with respect to fossil bones.

5 PALAEONTOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE PROSPECTING

The prospecting drilling involves small vertical volumes and the impact relative to mining is marginal. Fossil marine shell is not well-preserved in the Hondeklipbaai Fm. marine deposits, but small volumes with well-preserved fossil shells may be encountered in some boreholes, but will likely be fragmentary. Shell is abundant in the Curlew Strand Formation close to the coast, but borehole material is of low interest as in situ material is readily available in prospecting trenches along the coast.

Other fossils which are brought up in boreholes include petrified teeth. These are mainly various shark and other fish teeth, but may include very rare finds of the teeth of marine and land mammals. The fossil material likely to be encountered in borehole samples from the aeolianites is the ambient small-fossil content of land snails, tortoise bones and mole and rodent bones.

The fossil teeth and bone material are of concern and consequently, without mitigation, the overall palaeontological sensitivity of the Resource Definition Drilling (RDD) programme is rated Moderate (Appendix 1) or of Medium intensity. Without mitigation the potential loss of fossil material is irreversible and permanent.

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5.1 PROSPECTING IMPACT ASSESSMENT SUMMARY TABLE

Extent Intensity Duration Consequence Probability Significance Status Confidence

Without mitigation

Local Medium Long-term Medium Probable MEDIUM -ve High

1 2 3 6

Essential mitigation measures:

▪ Retain fossils (especially bone & teeth fragments) that are unearthed during RDD and record the borehole details of the find. ▪ Submit images of finds to a palaeontologist to assess their scientific value and conservation worthiness. ▪ Submit finds deemed by a palaeontologist to be of significant scientific value or conservation worthiness to a curatorial institution.

With mitigation

Local Low Long-term Low Possible VERY LOW +ve High

1 1 3 5

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION

The proposed mitigation actions for the Resource Definition Drilling (RDD) programme are easily accomplished and their implementation will result in a palaeontological impact of very low significance. Larger-size fossils may be noticed when material is extracted from the boreholes for sampling. It is assumed that for subsequent analysis the borehole sand samples will be sieved on a 1 mm screen in order to separate loose sand grains from larger aggregations, as occurs in the mine plant. Smaller fossils may be encountered when sieving the coarser material from the borehole sand samples. It is recommended that fossil material extracted from the boreholes, or later separated during sample analysis, be kept and bagged, recording the details of the sample such as its borehole number, depth and the lithology of the material, with such included in the borehole log. For preliminary analysis, quality images of the fossils should be forwarded for examination by a specialist, in order to identify specimens of importance for further examination and diagnosis. Finds of significant scientific value must be deposited in a curatorial institution..

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There are no known outcrops of very sensitive fossiliferous strata in the study area coastal strip that require protection as NO GO sites, such as spots where fossil bones occur in obvious abundance. The palaeontological resources are subsurface and only the subsurface extent of the basal marine formations can be estimated. Consequently, considerations of fossil potential do not result in preferred sites and potentially important bone and shell fossils may be exposed in excavations anywhere along the coast.

The proposed mitigation actions for the Resource Definition Drilling (RDD) programme are easily accomplished and their implementation will result in a palaeontological impact of very low significance.

Open-pit mine excavations are a scientific and fossil resource and have been the major contributor to the understanding of the deposits and palaeontology of the Namaqualand coastal plain. The possible mining within the CSZ should have a positive impact with respect to understanding the stratigraphy and to palaeontological heritage, providing that adequate mitigation measures are in place and duly performed over the duration of the mining.

7 REFERENCES

Almond, J.E. & Pether, J. 2009. Palaeontological heritage of the Northern Cape. Interim SAHRA technical report, 124 pp. Natura Viva cc., Cape Town

Chase, B. 2006. Late Quaternary palaeoenvironments of the west coast of South Africa: the aeolian record. Unpublished D.Phil. Thesis, The University of Oxford.

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Chase, B.M. & Thomas, D.S.G. 2006. Late Quaternary dune accumulation along the western margin of South Africa: distinguishing forcing mechanisms through the analysis of migratory dune forms. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 251: 318–333.

Chase, B.M. & Thomas, D.S.G. 2007. Multiphase late Quaternary aeolian sediment accumulation in western South Africa: timing and relationship to palaeoclimatic changes inferred from the marine record. Quaternary International 166: 29–41.

De Beer, C.H. 2010. The geology of the Garies area. Explanation: 1:250000 Sheet 3017 Garies. Council for Geoscience South Africa. 100 pp

Pether, J. 1986. Late Tertiary and Early Quaternary marine deposits of the Namaqualand coast, Cape Province: new perspectives. South African Journal of Science 82 (9): 464-470.

Pether, J. 1994. The sedimentology, palaeontology and stratigraphy of coastal-plain deposits at Hondeklip Bay, Namaqualand, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis (unpubl.), Univ. Cape Town, South Africa, 313 pp.

Pether, J. 2013. Palaeontological Basic Assessment Report (Desktop Study). Potential Expansion Of Namakwa Sands Mine, Brand se Baai, Vredendal District, West Coast District Municipality, Western Cape. For SRK Consulting (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. Client: Exxaro Resources Ltd. March 2013.

Pether, J, Roberts, D.L. and Ward, J.D. 2000. Deposits of the West Coast (Chapter 3). In: Partridge, T.C. and Maud, R.R. eds. The Cenozoic of Southern Africa. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics No. 40. Oxford University Press: 33-55.

Pickford, M. & Senut, B. 1997. Cainozoic mammals from coastal Namaqualand, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana., 34, 199-217.

Roberts, D.L., Botha, G.A., Maud, R.R. and Pether, J. 2006. Coastal Cenozoic Deposits (Chapter 30). In: Johnson, M. R., Anhaeusser, C. R. and Thomas, R. J. (eds.), The Geology of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg/Council for Geoscience, Pretoria: 605-628.

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8 APPENDIX 1 - PALAEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY RATING

Palaeontological Sensitivity refers to the likelihood of finding significant fossils within a geologic unit.

VERY HIGH: Formations/sites known or likely to include vertebrate fossils pertinent to human ancestry and palaeoenvironments and which are of international significance.

HIGH: Assigned to geological formations known to contain palaeontological resources that include rare, well-preserved fossil materials important to on-going palaeoclimatic, palaeobiological and/or evolutionary studies. Fossils of land-dwelling vertebrates are typically considered significant. Such formations have the potential to produce, or have produced, vertebrate remains that are the particular research focus of palaeontologists and can represent important educational resources as well.

MODERATE: Formations known to contain palaeontological localities and that have yielded fossils that are common elsewhere, and/or that are stratigraphically long-ranging, would be assigned a moderate rating. This evaluation can also be applied to strata that have an unproven, but strong potential to yield fossil remains based on its stratigraphy and/or geomorphologic setting.

LOW: Formations that are relatively recent or that represent a high-energy subaerial depositional environment where fossils are unlikely to be preserved, or are judged unlikely to produce unique fossil remains. A low abundance of invertebrate fossil remains can occur, but the palaeontological sensitivity would remain low due to their being relatively common and their lack of potential to serve as significant scientific resources. However, when fossils are found in these formations, they are often very significant additions to our geologic understanding of the area. Other examples include decalcified marine deposits that preserve casts of shells and marine trace fossils, and fossil soils with terrestrial trace fossils and plant remains (burrows and root fossils)

MARGINAL: Formations that are composed either of volcaniclastic or metasedimentary rocks, but that nevertheless have a limited probability for producing fossils from certain contexts at localized outcrops. Volcaniclastic rock can contain organisms that were fossilized by being covered by ash, dust, mud, or other debris from volcanoes. Sedimentary rocks that have been metamorphosed by the heat and pressure of deep burial are called metasedimentary. If the meta sedimentary rocks had fossils within them, they may have survived the metamorphism and still be identifiable. However, since the probability of this occurring is limited, these formations are considered marginally sensitive.

NO POTENTIAL: Assigned to geologic formations that are composed entirely of volcanic or plutonic igneous rock, such as basalt or granite, and therefore do not have any potential for producing fossil remains. These formations have no palaeontological resource potential.

Adapted from Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1995. Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Nonrenewable Paleontologic Resources - Standard Guidelines. News Bulletin, Vol. 163, p. 22-27.

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9 APPENDIX 2 - FOSSIL FIND PROCEDURES

In the context under consideration, it is improbable that fossil finds will require declarations of permanent “no go” zones. At most a temporary pause in activity at a limited locale may be required. The strategy is to rescue the material as quickly as possible.

The procedures suggested below are in general terms, to be adapted as befits a context. They are couched in terms of finds of fossil bones that usually occur sparsely, such as in the aeolian deposits. However, they may also serve as a guideline for other fossil material that may occur.

In contrast, fossil shell layers are usually fairly extensive and can be easily documented and sampled (See section 9.5).

Bone finds can be classified as two types: isolated bone finds and bone cluster finds.

9.1 ISOLATED BONE FINDS

In the process of digging the excavations, isolated bones may be spotted in the hole sides or bottom, or as they appear on the spoil heap. By this is meant bones that occur singly, in different parts of the excavation. If the number of distinct bones exceeds 6 pieces, the finds must be treated as a bone cluster (below).

Response by personnel in the event of isolated bone finds

• Action 1: An isolated bone exposed in an excavation or spoil heap must be retrieved before it is covered by further spoil from the excavation and set aside.

• Action 2: The pit boss and Environmental Control Officer (ECO) must be informed.

• Action 3: The responsible field person (pit boss or ECO) must take custody of the fossil. The following information to be recorded:

o Position (excavation position).

o Depth of find in hole.

o Digital image of hole showing vertical section (side).

o Digital image of fossil.

• Action 4: The fossil should be placed in a bag (e.g. a Ziplock bag), along with any detached fragments. A label must be included with the date of the find, position info., depth.

• Action 5: ECO contacts the standby archaeologist and/or palaeontologist. ECO to describe the occurrence and provide images asap. by email.

Response by Palaeontologist in the event of isolated bone finds

The palaeontologist will assess the information and liaise with the developer and the ECO and a suitable response will be established.

9.2 BONE CLUSTER FINDS

A bone cluster is a major find of bones, i.e. several bones in close proximity or bones resembling part of a skeleton. These bones will likely be seen in broken sections of the sides of the hole and as bones appearing in the bottom of the hole and on the spoil heap.

Response by personnel in the event of a bone cluster find

• Action 1: Immediately stop excavation in the vicinity of the potential material. Mark (flag) the position and also spoil that may contain fossils.

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• Action 2: Inform the pit boss and the ECO.


Response by Palaeontologist in the event of a bone cluster find

The palaeontologist will assess the information and liaise with Namakwa Sands and a suitable response will be established. It is likely that a Field Assessment by the palaeontologist will be carried out asap.

It will probably be feasible to “leapfrog” the find and continue the excavation farther along, or proceed to the next excavation, so that the work schedule is minimally disrupted. The response time/scheduling of the Field Assessment is to be decided in consultation with developer/owner and the environmental consultant.

The field assessment could have the following outcomes:

• If a human burial, the appropriate authority is to be contacted. The find must be evaluated by a human burial specialist to decide if Rescue Excavation is feasible, or if it is a Major Find.

• If the fossils are in an archaeological context, an archaeologist must be contacted to evaluate the site and decide if Rescue Excavation is feasible, or if it is a Major Find.

• If the fossils are in a palaeontological context, the palaeontologist must evaluate the site and decide if Rescue Excavation is feasible, or if it is a Major Find.

9.3 RESCUE EXCAVATION

Rescue Excavation refers to the removal of the material from the excavation. This would apply if the amount or significance of the exposed material appears to be relatively circumscribed and it is feasible to remove it without compromising contextual data. The time span for Rescue Excavation should be reasonably rapid to avoid any undue delays.

In principle, the strategy during mitigation is to “rescue” the fossil material as quickly as possible. The strategy to be adopted depends on the nature of the occurrence, particularly the density of the fossils. The methods of collection would depend on the preservation or fragility of the fossils and whether in loose or in lithified sediment. These could include:

• On-site selection and sieving in the case of robust material in sand.

• Fragile material in loose/crumbly sediment would be encased in blocks using Plaster-of Paris or reinforced mortar.

If the fossil occurrence is dense and is assessed to be a “Major Find”, then carefully controlled excavation is required.

9.4 MAJOR FINDS

A Major Find is the occurrence of material that, by virtue of quantity, importance and time constraints, cannot be feasibly rescued without compromise of detailed material recovery and contextual observations.

A Major Find is not expected.

Management Options for Major Finds

In consultation with Namakwa Sands and the environmental consultant, the following options should be considered when deciding on how to proceed in the event of a Major Find.

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Option 1: Avoidance

Avoidance of the major find through project redesign or relocation. This ensures minimal impact to the site and is the preferred option from a heritage resource management perspective. When feasible, it can also be the least expensive option. The find site will require site protection measures, such as erecting fencing or barricades. This option is preferred as it will allow the later excavation of the finds with due scientific care and diligence.

However, it is unlikely that finds within mine pits can be preserved indefinitely by avoidance.

Option 2: Emergency Excavation

Emergency excavation refers to the “no option” situation wherein avoidance is not feasible due to design, financial and time constraints. It can delay mining and emergency excavation itself will take place under tight time constraints, with the potential for irrevocable compromise of scientific quality. It could involve the removal of a large, disturbed sample by excavator and conveying this by truck from the immediate site to a suitable place for “stockpiling”. This material could then be processed later.

Consequently, emergency excavation is not a preferred option for a Major Find.

9.5 EXPOSURE OF FOSSIL SHELL BEDS

Response by personnel in the event of intersection of fossil shell beds

• Action 1: The pit boss and ECO must be informed.

• Action 2: The responsible field person (pit boss or ECO) must record the following information:

o Position (excavation position).

o Depth of find in hole.

o Digital image of hole showing vertical section (side).

o Digital images of the fossiliferous material.

• Action 3: A generous quantity of the excavated material containing the fossils should be stockpiled near the site, for later examination and sampling.


Response by Palaeontologist in the event of fossil shell bed finds

The palaeontologist will assess the information and liaise with Namakwa Sands and a suitable response will be established. This will most likely be a site visit to document and sample the exposure in detail, before it is covered up.

Documents

ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PROPOSED PROSPECTING … · Approximately 950 archaeological sites have been recorded on Rietfontein Extension 151 Ptn 2 and Graauw Duinen 152 Ptn