ARCA2606 Hanley Weng - 309248434 -Exploring the Evolution of the Great Wall

8/13/2019 ARCA2606 Hanley Weng - 309248434 -Exploring the Evolution of the Great Wall

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Exploring the Evolution of

the Great Wall

( by Hanley Weng (309248434) - for ARCA2606 )


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Table of Contents

Exploring the Evolution of

the Great Wall

Table of Contents

The Story

Introduction

The Qin Wall

The Han Dynasty

Northern and Sui Walls

The Tang Golden Age

Liao and Jin Walls

Empire of the Great KhanThe Stone Dragon

The Last Dynasty

Conclusions

Technical Process

Future Work

Bibliography


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The Story

Introduction

The Great Wall of China is actually a defense system, a seriesof walls, garrisons and towers

stretching for thousands of miles. The collective lifetimes of this defense system represents

over two millennium of periods of peace and turmoil in China. With construction usually

instigateddue to northern invasions, and often after securing an area.

Contrary to popular belief, the Great Wall is not actually viewable from space with the naked

eye. This is primarily due to its colour which blends with the landscape. The majority of the

wall was actually constructed of Earth (usually rammed), as opposed to the Stone Dragon

that many tourists see.

Many historic personshave contributed and been influenced by the wall. It has influenced the

creation, and preserved, many artifacts. Altogether, it represents the strength and mindset of

the Chinese empire, and has observed the rise and fall of many dynastiesbeginning with the

first imperial dynasty, the Qin Dynasty.

( Chinese dynasties timeline)
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( Image of Chinese Empires over time )

The Qin Wall

Prior to the first imperial dynasty, the Qin dynasty, there was the Zhou Dynastywhoms feudal

system was ended with eras of political and economical turbulence (known as Spring and

Autumn), and internal and external conflicts which escalated into the period of Warring

States. These periods of power struggles, annexing, and external threats, prompted different

states (the Chu, Qi, Qin, Zhao and Zhongshan states) to fortify their boundaries with their own

walls. Collectively, these individual walls have been termed the Zhou Dynasty Great Wall(s),

though they were far from being a single wall. The oldest of these walls (and consequently,

the oldest section of the Great Wall) still standing today is the Famous Wall of Qi. Finished in

the Warring States period, the surviving section dates back to 500 BCE, protecting the Qis

southern boundary from the Lu and Chu states.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Structure%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Great%2520Wall%2520of%2520Qi%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Qi%2520Wall%26sid%3D13%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFUOZay8GQUIhCQd7--vMPJ797f-Qhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Structure%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Zhou%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Zhou%2520Dynasty%2520Walls%26sid%3D12%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV7yCZ1C5l5EZxJUAjUbA4ggDxPAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Period%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520Name%3A%2522Zhou%2520Dynasty%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Zhou%2520Dynasty%2520Search%26sid%3D11%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH1NSLhnBDs9KYhBFlAARQKI61-oghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ATerritories_of_Dynasties_in_China.gif&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHRJePz3ayXzJs2S6cnX1vl5anh6A


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( Great Wall of Warring State Period)

Eventually, legalist reforms (based on a Chinese philosophy whereby an all-powerful and

effective government is the key to social order) strengthened the Qin states power, leading to

the destruction of the six major states and the unification of Chinaunder Qin Shi Huang whom

later claimed himself the First Emperor.

Qin Shi Huangpassed a series of major economic and political reforms which resulted in a

central government with a large workforce. After conquering the empires northern borderwith his general Meng Tian, Qin ordered the destruction of walls that previously separated

states, whilst ordering the joining and fortification of existing northern walls, resulting in the

the Qin wall (the Ten Thousand Li Great Wall, the original Great Wall of China) to protect the

empire against the northern nomads whom would raid villages for resources. This wall was

also known as The Wall of Tears, or the Longest Graveyard in the World, due to the severe

number of people who would die under its tyrannical construction. The Qin Dynastysaw the

standardization of currency, weights, measures, road-measurements, writing systems, which

also lead to improved trade, agriculture, and military security. Though this period was short,

it was one of the most influential dynasties in Chinas history. Chinas own name has been

thought to have been derived from this era.
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( Qin Wall )

The Han Dynasty

The Han Dynastysucceeded the Qin Dynasty in a popular peasant-lead revolt. This golden age

(of Chinese golden ages)was a time of economic prosperity and technological advancement. To

keep the peace between the nomads and the dynasty, a political marriage alliance wasnegotiated. However, with the continued invasions of the nomads, Emperor Wudecided to

sever this alliance and campaign against nomads. To secure territories that were won, Wu and

some successive Emperors (such as Emperor Gwangwu) constructed and contributed

significantly to the Han Wall. Additional military campaigns expanded the Han Sovereignty, and

helped establish a vast trade network known as the Silk Road. Coming from the western ends

of the walls at the Jade Gate or the Yanguan pass (two of the Great Walls most famous passes),

travellers were offered protection by the wall, and throughout the ages, brought many
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artifacts, cultures, and religions to China.

( Jade Gate )

( Wooden Strips )

Wooden stripsdiscovered near the western ends of the Han Wall by Aurel Stein, an Hungarian

archaeologist, in the early 1900s reveals lives of the time in a variety of languages indicating

that the fortifications were certainly an international thoroughfare. These strips also revealed

that posts on the Wall were recognised as Hardship posts, and soldiers were compensated

with bonuses. However, in latter times, these isolated posts, fending off raids, and corrupt

officials did lead to significant demoralization and the weakening of walls.
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( Han Wall )

( The First Becon Tower of Great Wall Ruins)
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easytourchina.com%2Fphoto-p948-the-first-beacon-tower-of-great-wall-ruins&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEZNQXZ-23trDORV1jOH6cXh-C9Pg


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Northern and Sui Walls

Throughout the years, other dynasties have continued to add, mend, and fortify the Great Wall

to prevent northern invasions. This continued even during the Northern Dynastiesof the(Southern and Northern Dynasty), a time of civil war and political upheaval. Walls were

constructed to protect against the nomadic Rouran and Turkic invasions. Such invasions

produced the Northern Wei Wall, Northern Weis Sai Wei, Eastern Wei Wall and the various

Northern Qi Walls.

Beginning in 581 AD, Emperor Wendilead a re-unified China into the Sui Dynasty, a time ofgreat economic prosperity. He oversaw large construction projects such as the completion of

the Grand Canal and significant extensions and fortifications of the Great Wall and the Sui Wall.

However, due to the tyrannical demands on the people, this dynasty has been compared to the

Qin Dynasty in tenor and accomplishments. The dynasty eventually disintegrated with Wendis

successor, Emperor Yang, who also extended the wall, but purely for demonstrating military

might.
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The Tang Golden Age

The following Tang Dynastywas a significantly prosperous high-point in Chinese civilization, a

golden age of coexisting cultures. As the Tang rule presided over both sides of the wall, therewas no strategic purpose for the defensive wall and structures, and as such, they were left to

decay with time. Ongoing peace between the Tang empire and the mongols were maintained

through the diplomatic marrying of princesses, a method that the Han Dynastyhad initially

tried with far less success. The suffering of these princesses moving from a cultured imperial

upbringing to a nomadic lifestyle, have been immortalized in a poemwritten at the end of the

second century before common era.

My people have married me

In a far corner of Earth:

Sent me away to a strange land,

To the king of the Wu-sun.

The round tent is my palace,

Its walls are made of felt,

Dried meat is my only food,

Koumiss is my drink.

Endlessly I dream of my country,

And my heart is all bruised.

Oh to be the yellow swan

That returns to its homeland!

***
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Artefact%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Lament%2520of%2520Princess%2520Liu%2520Xijun%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Princess%2520Lament%2520Poem%26sid%3D39%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE9N9QzA6D95xoonXoMVI8QAyAA0whttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dtype%3A21%2520field%3A1%3A%2522Han%2520Dynasty%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Han%2520Dynasties%26sid%3D24%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGwfBgqx42RA7PG4v-kFl1B8H0hnAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Period%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Tang%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Tang%2520Dynasty%26sid%3D38%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHV0o3ha_91Y1tQc2bn3-PRCxd4Bw


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Liao and Jin Walls

After a long 289 year reign (making the Tang Dynasty the longest imperial rule after the

collective Han Dynasties (see timeline above) ), this golden era eventually ended in 907 AD.Periods of warring started up again, with northern defences again required by the northern

dynasties of the time to protect themselves from northern invasions. The Liao Dynasty

constructed additional defences, beacon towers, and garrisons, much further north of the

original wall. Whilst the Jin Dynasty became knownfor their earth dike walls, the Mingchang

Old Wall and Mingchang New Wall (also called the Inner Wall of Jin), which was an additional

layer of defense closer to the city.

( Ruins of Jin Great Wall on the Border of Gannan County, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang)

( Great Wall of Jin Dynasty - source)
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fchina360.com&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEIG9QMQvdtZHKybiLuloLZhdqOzAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fintro%2Fhistory%2Fjin_dynasty%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGzajdc7ut1Yf0MivabHIzjnVghewhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Structure%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Mingchang%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Mingchang%2520Walls%26sid%3D43%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHz85TiQlepw0Y1IqWNquuNR7Xaqghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Event%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520period%3A%2522Jin%2520Dynasty%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Jin%2520Dynasty%2520Events%26sid%3D42%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH5vCAZSFWhzr51ha8B6uWW8w7AMghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Event%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520period%3A%2522Liao%2520Dynasty%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Liao%2520Dynasty%2520Events%26sid%3D41%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGbedpDm2etS_D6F-yyx8RsASnaAAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Dt%3A%2522Period%2522%2520sortby%3A%2522Start%2520Year%2522%2520f%3A1%3A%2522Liao%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Liao%2520Dynasty%26sid%3D40%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHQRdRBYxYlI9ynq2eGrANcOcApiA


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Empire of the Great Khan

From 1271 to 1368, China was considered a division of the Mongol Empire whilst also being

ruled by the imperial Yuan Dynasty. The Mongol empire is commonly termed the largestcontiguous empire in the history of the world, and owes much of its order and expansion to

Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan (of the Khans), the emperor whom established the Yuan dynasty,

officiated his grandfather, Genghis Khan, as the founder of the dynasty. Due to the size of this

empire and the ruling class being originally nomadic, the Wall again fell into disuse. However,

in the 1300s, the Black Death pandemic weakened the Mongol Empire, thinning resources, and

contributing to the eventual decline of this dynasty in conjunction with native Han Chinese

uprisings.

(Image of the Mongol Empire, See Introduction for Image of Yuan Dynasty )

The Stone Dragon

The Ming Dynastysaw the (last) re-establishment of an era ruled by ethnic Han Chinese

people. Emperor Hongwufounded the Ming dynasty, and attempted to create self-sufficient

rural communities, holding onto the Confucian viewpoint that merchants were redundant. As

such, the economic system emphasized agriculture, which also provided funding for

protection, with Earth dikes(much like those of Jin tradition) constructed to protect

agricultural lands from raids.

The Han people were still quite resentful of their previous nomadic rulers and the series of

battlesthat were begun in the uprisings against them continued into this era. A loosing series

of wars escalating with the Battle of Tumuprompted the Ming dynasty to pull back their
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territory and fortify areas they had more control over, resulting in the construction of the

most popular and existing Great Wall, the Ming Wall. Also known as the Stone Dragon, winding

across the landscape in accordance with Feng Sui, it was the only wall to extensively use stone

in its construction. Much forethought was given to the strategic positioning and design of

various structures of this defense system, such as the inwards drainage system, the

construction of defenses at peak altitudes, and the placement of its eleven garrisons.

( Most popular tourist sites of the Great Wall - at Ming Wall around Beijing, (Search for Great

Wall of China on Flickr Maps))

The design and construction of this system was an engineering marvel, a characteristic that is

reflected in a story describing the design of the Jiayuguan pass. A legend tells of a designer

whom was asked to estimate the exact number of bricks required to build Jiayuguan pass,

when his number was challenged, the designer added one extra brick. Upon completion of the

pass, one brick remained, which was placed above one of the gates to where it remains today.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Ftags%2FGreat%2520Wall%2520of%2520China%2Fmap%3F%26fLat%3D34.668%26fLon%3D104.1656%26zl%3D14&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEglrsuMGtzx9K_0onYx4BQZWkM7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Ftags%2FGreat%2520Wall%2520of%2520China%2Fmap%3F%26fLat%3D34.668%26fLon%3D104.1656%26zl%3D14&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEglrsuMGtzx9K_0onYx4BQZWkM7Ahttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Df%3A1%3A%2522Ming%2520Garrisons%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Ming%2520Garrisons%26sid%3D53%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGeH2dZVsTT-TrH9PduCrqEkMy0yghttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fheuristscholar.org%2Fh3%2Fsearch%2Fsearch.html%3Fw%3D%26q%3Df%3A1%3A%2522Ming%2520Wall%2522%26stype%3D%26ver%3D1%26label%3D.Ming%2520Wall%2520Materia%26sid%3D52%26db%3Darca2606_weng2&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFd-Em034OdEFve8Fn5hTOM7ydxVw


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( The famous brick at Jiayuguan pass. - Source)

( The Ming Wall )
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~dlsorby%2Ffamfolder%2Fhobbiesfiles%2Fourtravel%2Fchinapictures2004%2Fgansuphotos%2Fextrabrickatjiayuguanfort.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGfVHpbYlgs_5rMw213zdy7aZeDmA


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Despite the strength of the Ming Wall, it was let down in 1644 when General Wu Sangui opened

the gates at Shanhai Pass to the northern Manchu army lead by Prince Dorgon with the

(presumed) intention of warding off the rule of rebellious peoples, lead by Li Zicheng , in the

short lived Shun Dynasty(concluding in April 1644 after its founding in February).
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The Last Dynasty

Though Wus actions did not restore the Ming Dynasty, it did give way to the final imperial

dynasty which lasted to 1911 under Manchu rule. To avoid factors that resulted in theprevious downfalls of nomadic dynasties, the Qing Dynastybegan with the establishment of

inter-racial posts. It was also in this era, during the early 1790s, that the Macartney embassy

visited China with the intention of establishing trade. However the embassy failed, not

because Earl Macartney did not conform to local customs, but due to opposing world views of

two great civilisations, one whom had evolved on Confucius and cultural beliefs of closed

self-sufficiency and another on expansion.

( The Macartney Embassy before Emperor Qianlong - Source)

During the embassys presence, Macartney took a short interest in the wall, admiring the

might it represented and writing that to build this wall China must not have been just a

very powerful empire, but a very wise and virtuous nation. Though Macartney mistook the

date of the wall he was looking at was built, his views have influenced European views of the

Wall ever since. In modern times, these views have also been said to have lead to a greatappreciation of the Wall by the modern Chinese.

The embassy revealed how unprepared the Dynastys systems and beliefs were for later

invasions by sea, foreign military, political, and trade incursions that China had no Walls to

barricade itself against.
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Conclusions

( A map of major wallsthrough time )

Spanning millenia, the Great Wall of China has influenced, and been influenced, by the

evolution of Chinas dynasties. Through fortifications, additions, and destructions, this defense

system stretched over 8000 kilometres, winding across contrasting landscapes, and an

embodiment of evolving Chinese beliefs and philosophies such as Confucius and Feng Shui. It

has been an extension to many great empires, of many people, and sites of many pivotal

historical events. Though many of its sections have now decayed and eroded with time, many

parts still stand untouched in the barren landscapes they were constructed, with new ruins

being discovered as recently as 2009. With sections observing the march of man above

impossible peaks, and hidden underneath the sands of time, the Great Wall represents the

might and power of ancient civilisations and the many walls, both physical and invisible, that

China has built around itself throughout history.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F9%2F9d%2FMap_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg%2F745px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGxLP4Y0bOoK2-4hVG9NChChNiNKQ


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http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fworldtourobject.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F12%2FGreat-wall-of-china-mutianyu-4.jpg&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGpfU4o_NdiKLIX05QTxu9lx-0a5w


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Technical Process

This report was the product of a large search for information related to the Great Wall of

China. The heurist database was used to store certain pieces of data found.

Initial scouring of information with introductory sources such as wikipedia and general video

documentaries, and then information search was focused on more specific data. Much data had

to come from multiple data sources to ensure relevancy as certain pieces of data could vary

from source to source and be of different quality. Logical estimations were made on the most

relevant and repeated sets of data. Due to this process, and the expansive search for related

data, a lot of contextual information was trimmed from the final database and report. The

significant quantity of information used also warranted many quotes when describingsummaries of the record types associated with the Great Wall in the Heurist database.

The record types to be associated with the Great Wall were concluded to be; People, Events,

Artifacts, and Structures. Each related to one another. The record type Period arose out of a

need to better chronicle such records in the context of Chinese history. To ignore existing,

unrequired and undeletable fields in heurist, all fields that were actually used were marked

as recommended or required, and optional otherwise (in order to hide them during input).

Various new field types and vocabularies were constructed, mainly for establishing

relationships as relationship_markers or pointers. It was later discovered that relMarkerscould not be imported so they were all manually set. Enums were also used with introduced

vocabularies for Structures - their type and material. However, though enum values

succeeded during delimineted importing, they could not be retained when record data was

edited - nor could heurist consistently identify all the types of vocabularies, hence these

were replaced by a freetext field.

As well as importing data to Heurist from data that was initially summarised and parsed into a

spreadsheet, it was also used to export data. For example, certain parts of the dynasty data

were exported from heurist so a timeline could be graphed. This was tried in google

spreadsheets (see here), as it was believed that it could be embedded effectively, but it waslater decided, that external images were more appropriate.

Geospatial data was also attempted for various record types, however, the inability to turn on

maps, or properly build any related visualisations in heurist, lead to the decision that this was

better substituted with external images (especially if the data inputted would have no use

and could not contribute to the final report).
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Atf2Sq8RGOj_dHFja0I3Ylcyd3ZSUU4tRkZtbnFaYkE


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The ability to visualise the relationships established in the database was quite interesting, and

occasionally insightful. Throughout the process of building the database and adding data, the

presentation of relationships in heurist really showed off how the data should be ideally

structured (such as the proper use of interpretations and notes for quotes etc., an

understanding that would be carried onto future projects).

Due to the limited time and shortness of the report, much more in-depth information

regarding specific artifacts, people, events, etc. were transferred to the heurist database and

connected to the report via hyperlinks.

This was certainly a beneficial and extensive learning experience, and from this project, I have

gained a very broad knowledge on Chinese history and also a very deep understanding on

other aspects of its elements.


21/24

Future Work

Given more time I would have liked to explore using geospatial data properly in heurist to

map certain persons, artifacts and events to the world and to a timeline. Mapping the changing

areas occupied by the dynasties and the great wall was of particular interest.

I also would have liked to utilise the search function more proficiently in heurist, with joins

across multiple tables (and ways of avoiding heurist crashing when certain characters were

used in a saved search).

With more geospatial and temporal flexibility, and perhaps a higher focus on a variety of

visualisations and their access in heurist, certain preparations would be done in GIS software

such as ArcGis. Such processes would involve rubber-sheeting various existing maps, tracingroutes, features, and shapes, tagging this data accordingly, and exporting it to heurist or a

variety of mediums such as Google Earth, Maps, web plugins, (and other previously mentioned

services) for display and interaction.

Such data can also lead to augmented-reality tourist experiences, and of significant note;

three-dimensional immersive educational simulations. It was interesting to note, that

throughout my research, I came across no service that effectively collated the evolution of the

Great Wall (perhaps due to the many causal relationships it holds), however such a collection

of information in any form, such as the experiences mentioned above, even in simple extensive

written form, would have a large educational benefit.~

~
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fstein.mtak.hu%2Fen%2Flarge%2F121.htm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEv_GIUEzNUwZCIinV3u2Cat5Ie0g


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BibliographyThe following is a list of links that were saved and listed due to constant visits. Additional

links and resources (including papers) consisting of brief, but more explanatory and

contextual information, were not bookmarked. The most significant resources were Wikipedia,

travelChinaGuide, and Video Documentaries.

SBS: Documentary: Bob Wurth: China's Great Wall

(Video Documentary) Inside the Great Wall of China: Facts

(Video Documentary) National Geographic Great Wall Of China

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/qianlong.html

http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/world/edict_on_trade_gb.htm

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/dh/deflife.html

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/dh/yumen1.html

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tumu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Wall_of_Nanjing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Wall_of_Nanjing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorgon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Han_Dynasty#Eastern_Han

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_Dynasty http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wenxuan_of_Northern_Qi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Taiji

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zicheng

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligden_Khan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macartney_Embassy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Tian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_during_Qing_rule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Song_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordos_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanhai_Pass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_Period

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han_Dynasty#Western_Han

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Jin_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Zhou_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Palisade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhuan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty

http://heuristscholar.org/h3/

http://maps.google.com/

http://stein.mtak.hu/en/large/121.htm

http://worldtourobject.com/world-tour-great-wall-of-china/ http://www.888beijing.com/great_wall_of_china.html

http://www.gotit.co/mobile-wallpaper/15251/great-wall-of-china/

http://www.great-wall-of-china.org/

http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/texts/1792QianlongLetterGeorgeIII.htm

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-chinas-great-wall-visible-from-space

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/construction/structure.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/han/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/jin/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/jin/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/ming/garrison.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/northern-and-southern-dynasties/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/qin/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/qin/mengtian.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/sui/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/sui/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/history/zhou/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/beijing/juyongguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/beijing/juyongguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/gansu/yumenguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/shanxi/pianguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/shanxi/pianguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/shanxi/yanmenguan.htm


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http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/shanxi/yanmenguan.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/han/emperor_wu.htm

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/jin_dynasty/

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/jin_dynasty/

Documents

ARCA2606 Hanley Weng - 309248434 -Exploring the Evolution of the Great Wall