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Arab NationalismArab Nationalism
Disunity Among Disunity Among the Unitedthe United
The Ottoman Empire– 1580The Ottoman Empire– 1580
The Weakening of the OttomansThe Weakening of the Ottomans
• After Lepanto and Vienna, the Ottomans were losing their influence to a strengthening Europe…
Losing their Ottoman-nessLosing their Ottoman-ness• As Europe grows in
power, Ottomans try to act European…
• Sultan clamped down on Euro-pretenders to strengthen rule–Beginning of
Cultural Imperial Anger by Muslims
Greece and Egypt – 1890’sGreece and Egypt – 1890’s• Seeing
weakness, two Mediterranean states got their freedom.
–The Ottomans sit back and are helpless
Greek Soldiers in late 1800’s
Efforts to ReformEfforts to Reform• Abdulhamid II,
Ottoman Sultan, tried to reform from 1876. Corruption too endemic…
Enter WWIEnter WWI• Sided with
Germans and Austro-Hungarians as the Central Powers
• Lost
A Bright Spot- GallipoliA Bright Spot- Gallipoli• By 1915, Russia tipping on the brink
• Allied push in Dardanelles.
• Mustafa Kemal led Ottomans to win
Lawrence of ArabiaLawrence of Arabia• UK sends T.E.
Lawrence into Arabia to encourage sheiks to fight against Ottoman Turks.
• NATIONALISM BORN!!!
Nationalism Gone Bad – Nationalism Gone Bad – The Armenian GenocideThe Armenian Genocide
• Ottomans, fearful of nationalist tendencies of the Armenians and worried of their religious ties to Russia, massacre 1.5 million men women and children 3 MM Armenians TODAY!!!
The Splintering of the OttomansThe Splintering of the Ottomans• Governor of
Mecca declares Arabia independent. Palestinians join him
• Ottomans fall in 1918
The FinaleThe Finale• Broken up after World War I into
many Euro-controlled statesPurple – UK
Orange- FR
Pink – IT
Blue – SP
Tan -free
Turkey – the Heir to EmpiresTurkey – the Heir to Empires
• Ottomans left in control of Anatolian Peninsula after WWI
Black Sea
Med Sea
The Rise of a PhoenixThe Rise of a Phoenix• Greece invades
Western Turkey in land grab.
• Colonel Mustafa Kemal, hero of WWI, drives the Greeks from Turkey
–Popular and Powerful…
A Coup and a ReformationA Coup and a Reformation• 1923- Kemal
forces the Ottomans from Turkey.
• Turkish Republic created
• Kemal is Ataturk
Forced ModernizationForced Modernization
• Democracy• Separates
Church and State• Caliphate
Abolished• New Dress
codes (Fez and Veil)
More Reforms…More Reforms…• 1934- Women Vote• Freedom of Religion• Roman Alphabet • Turks take last
names• Ataturk
industrialized and centralized economy
Today?!?!?!Today?!?!?!• Trying to join the
European Union
–Capital punishment and racism hold back
–Article 301
• Crossroads country
• The Kurdish Issue