ARAB-ARAB-ISRAELI ISRAELI WARSWARS

Part IIPart II

WAR & WAR & PEACEPEACE

CONFLICTS CONTINUECONFLICTS CONTINUE

•1957-19661957-1966–Border skirmishesBorder skirmishes–Palestinian guerrilla Palestinian guerrilla attacksattacks

–Israeli retaliatory raidsIsraeli retaliatory raids

ROAD TO 3ROAD TO 3RDRD A-I A-I WarWar

•Syria-Egypt defense pact Syria-Egypt defense pact (1966)(1966)

– Israel mobilized troops on Syrian Israel mobilized troops on Syrian border: border: 4/674/67

• Nasser to U.N. Nasser to U.N. Withdraw troops!:Withdraw troops!: 5/67 5/67– Buffer between E & I in the Sinai Pen.Buffer between E & I in the Sinai Pen.– Replaced w/E. troopsReplaced w/E. troops

• Israel mobilized troops opposite E. troopsIsrael mobilized troops opposite E. troops

Closer to 3Closer to 3rdrd War: War:

•Nasser closed Gulf of Nasser closed Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping: Aqaba to Israeli shipping: 5/675/67

•Jordan made defensive Jordan made defensive pact w/Egypt pact w/Egypt 5/675/67

– Put Jordan’s troops under Put Jordan’s troops under Egypt’s commandEgypt’s command

3rd ARAB-ISRAELI 3rd ARAB-ISRAELI WARWAR

• Or Or Six-Day WarSix-Day War• Or Or ’67 War’67 War• Began June 6, 1967Began June 6, 1967

– Israel: preemptive air strike on Egypt: within 3 days:Israel: preemptive air strike on Egypt: within 3 days:• Destroyed E’s air forceDestroyed E’s air force• Captured Sinai & reached Suez CanalCaptured Sinai & reached Suez Canal• (Half the war was over!)(Half the war was over!)

RESULTS: ISRAEL RESULTS: ISRAEL GAINEDGAINED

• 1. Golan 1. Golan HeightsHeights

from Syriafrom Syria (brown on (brown on

map)map)

(Syrian hills (Syrian hills over- looking over- looking Israel)Israel)

ISRAEL GAINED:ISRAEL GAINED:• 2. West Bank of the 2. West Bank of the

Jordan RiverJordan River– From JordanFrom Jordan– Included Old City Included Old City

of Jerusalemof Jerusalem

(large yellow area (large yellow area on map)on map)

ISRAEL GAINED:ISRAEL GAINED:

3. Sinai 3. Sinai PeninsulaPeninsulafrom Egyptfrom Egypt

4. Gaza Strip4. Gaza Strip from from EgyptEgypt

RESULTS OF 3RESULTS OF 3RDRD WAR:WAR:

•{War deaths:{War deaths:–11,500 Egyptians: mostly in 11,500 Egyptians: mostly in SinaiSinai

–2,000 Jordanians2,000 Jordanians–700 Syrians700 Syrians–778 Israelis}778 Israelis}

•Arab Refugees: 300,000 Arab Refugees: 300,000

U.N. RESOLUTION U.N. RESOLUTION 242242

•Called for Israeli withdrawal Called for Israeli withdrawal from “Occupied Territories”from “Occupied Territories”

•And establishment of peaceAnd establishment of peace

• Israel refused: Arabs Israel refused: Arabs untrustworthy; I. military untrustworthy; I. military needed in needed in Disputed Terr. Disputed Terr. until A-I relations improved.until A-I relations improved.

ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS:ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS:•In West Bank, Gaza Strip, In West Bank, Gaza Strip,

SinaiSinai– Increased Jewish immigration Increased Jewish immigration

•Many poor; new immigrants Many poor; new immigrants desired land desired land

•Extra land = Disputed TerritoryExtra land = Disputed Territory

– Settlements encouraged & Settlements encouraged & protected by Israeli governmentprotected by Israeli government•Made returning land to Arab Made returning land to Arab states difficult, if not impossible!states difficult, if not impossible!

FOURTH ARAB-ISRAELI FOURTH ARAB-ISRAELI WARWAR

•Or Or TheYom Kippur War TheYom Kippur War –(by Israelis)(by Israelis)

•Or Or TheThe Ramadan War Ramadan War –(by Arabs)(by Arabs)

•Or Or The 1973 WarThe 1973 War•(Six Day War, part 2 – (Six Day War, part 2 – Why?)Why?)

Why did Egypt attack?Why did Egypt attack?

•Embarrassed by previous Embarrassed by previous losseslosses

•E. Pres. Anwar Sadat wanted E. Pres. Anwar Sadat wanted Sinai Pen. back from IsraelSinai Pen. back from Israel– US Sec. of State Henry Kissinger US Sec. of State Henry Kissinger rejected request to mediaterejected request to mediate

– Israel settlements: prevent Israel settlements: prevent return?return?

• War seemed the only optionWar seemed the only option

THE LARGEST WARTHE LARGEST WAR• In modern times in the MEIn modern times in the ME• October 6, 1973: October 6, 1973:

– Egypt attacked Israel in Sinai; Egypt attacked Israel in Sinai; •Israel pushed back across Israel pushed back across Suez C.Suez C.

– Syria attacked I. thru Golan Syria attacked I. thru Golan Hts.Hts. •Israel fought & retook Golan Israel fought & retook Golan Hts.Hts.

SUPERPOWERS ON THE SUPERPOWERS ON THE BRINKBRINK

• U.S. airlifted weapons to IsraelU.S. airlifted weapons to Israel• USSR: weapons to Egypt & SyriaUSSR: weapons to Egypt & Syria• USSR mobilized airborne divisionsUSSR mobilized airborne divisions• US raised Def-Con. to 3US raised Def-Con. to 3

– Prepared to help Israel Prepared to help Israel – If USSR helped EgyptIf USSR helped Egypt

• (Iraq & 8 other Arab nations sent (Iraq & 8 other Arab nations sent troops)troops)

• U.N. Security Council Resolution U.N. Security Council Resolution 340:340:– Established cease-fireEstablished cease-fire

RESULTS OF YOM KIPPUR RESULTS OF YOM KIPPUR WARWAR

• {{9,000 Egyptians died9,000 Egyptians died•3,500 Syrians died3,500 Syrians died•2,552 Israelis died}2,552 Israelis died}•Israel “driven” to bargainingIsrael “driven” to bargaining

– 5 years later (1978) Israel 5 years later (1978) Israel withdrew from Sinaiwithdrew from Sinai

– Israeli settlements dismantledIsraeli settlements dismantled

RABAT SUMMIT RABAT SUMMIT (10/74)(10/74)

•Of Arab LeagueOf Arab League•Declared the PLO the only Declared the PLO the only

legitimate representative of legitimate representative of the Palestinian peoplethe Palestinian people– More difficult for Israeli-More difficult for Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty re: the Jordanian peace treaty re: the West BankWest Bank

– Israeli unwilling to negotiate Israeli unwilling to negotiate with a terrorist organization with a terrorist organization (PLO)(PLO)

PLO at U.N.PLO at U.N.•Yasser Arafat, head of PLO, Yasser Arafat, head of PLO, speaks at General Assembly speaks at General Assembly debate on Palestine, 11/13/74debate on Palestine, 11/13/74

•U.N.G.A. recognizes U.N.G.A. recognizes Palestinians right to Palestinians right to sovereigntysovereignty–Grants PLO observer statusGrants PLO observer status

RESOLUTION 3379RESOLUTION 3379

•U.N. General U.N. General AssemblyAssembly

•Zionism = racismZionism = racism•November, 1975November, 1975

CAMP DAVID ACCORDCAMP DAVID ACCORD• Pres. J. Carter, Pres. A. Sadat, PM Pres. J. Carter, Pres. A. Sadat, PM

Menachem Begin negotiated treaty*:Menachem Begin negotiated treaty*:– Peace treatyPeace treaty– Egypt officially recognized Israel Egypt officially recognized Israel (1(1stst Arab state Arab state

to do so)to do so)

– Sinai returned to EgyptSinai returned to Egypt– Security zones established in SinaiSecurity zones established in Sinai– West Bank & Gaza to gain autonomy (5 West Bank & Gaza to gain autonomy (5

yr.)yr.)– Further talks on future of Occupied Further talks on future of Occupied

Terr.Terr.

• *Enemies compromised!*Enemies compromised!

ACCORD SIGNED: ACCORD SIGNED: 3/26/793/26/79

Anwar Sadat (E), Jimmy Carter, Menachem Anwar Sadat (E), Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin(I)Begin(I)

INTIFADAINTIFADA

• 19871987• Palestinian despairPalestinian despair• After a traffic accident,After a traffic accident,

young Palestinians eruptyoung Palestinians erupt

Against Israeli occupation.Against Israeli occupation.

Israeli military hits back.Israeli military hits back.

OSLO ACCORDSOSLO ACCORDS

• 19931993• Israel agrees to an Israel agrees to an

eventual eventual Palestinian-Palestinian-governed area in governed area in West Bank and West Bank and Gaza.Gaza.