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Aquifers in Alluvial Sediment
• River valley draining glaciated area
• Fault bounded basins
• Partially dissected alluvial plain (High Plains)
• Mississippi embayment
Unconsolidated sands and gravels deposited by rivers. Must be large enough to produce significant rates and volumes of water from wells
Sea vs. Closed Basin as Drainage Destination for Alluvial Sediments
Sea• Suspended load
possibly removed
• Salts possibly removed
• Sea level change important
Closed Basin
•Fine-grained seds in system
•Salts remain
•Isolated from effects of sea level change
•Affected by local climate
Alluvial aquifers in glacial deposits
Large Glacial Lakes
Alluvial sediments in glaciated areas
• Glaciers advance, scour seds., modify river course. Sed comp. depends on location/source material. Large range of grn size. Till=clay-boulder beneath glacier.
• Sea-level drops as ice advances. Hydraulic gradient increase. Erosion, velocity, carrying capacity increase. Valleys incised into bedrock, older glacial sediments (cover earlier channel deposits)
• Glaciers recede. Discharge increases. Erosion. Braided rivers, large sediment capacity. Outwash plain (sands and gravels). Lakes in front of receding glaciers. Lacustrine=clay-silt (varved)
Alluvial sediments in glaciated areas, Cont
• Sea level rises, glaciers recede, hydraulic gradient diminishes, discharge diminishes, carrying capacity drops. Style changes from braided to meandering. Lakes.
• Coarse-grn seds deposited in incised valleys. Gravel on bottom, fining upward. Thickness depends on conditions during/following glaciation. Glacial landforms
• Region adjusts to interglacial. Discharge decreases. Sediments reworked.
• Important materials: Till, lacustrine, outwash, alluvial valley fill, diamicton, drift. Complex facies distributions
Gravel lens within a silty-clay till
AlluvialAquifer Systems
• Geometry
• Aquifer type
• Properties
• Recharge/Discharge
• Flow pattern
• Chemistry
• Examples
1:100
Geometry
• Channel deposits– Elongate, tabular bodies, sinuous
Length: many kmWidth: 0.1-several km Thickness: 0.01-0.1 km
• Outwash deposits, alluvial plain– planar sheets
10s km horizontally Thickness: 0.01-0.1 km
1:10
Aquifer Types• Unconfined
• Confined
• Both, unconfined with local confining unit
•Channel fill in modern valley•Buried channel•Outwash plain•Alluvial plain
Deposits
substratum
Idealized setting
Channel fill in modern valley
Sand and gravel,Primary aquifer
Confining unit where fine grained
•
Hydraulic conductivity of some major alluvial aquifers
Storativity of major alluvial aquifersconfined unconfined
Fining upward sequences in major alluvial aquifers
Estimate how K varies with depth in alluvial aquifers?
Log(20)-Log(3)=0.82b=Slope=2/0.82=2.4
d50=C*Zb
Straight line on log*log plot
d50=C*Z2.4
Hazen method K=C1d102
Alluvial: K=C2Z4.8
Recharge to alluvial aquifersInfiltration through floodplain
Losing stream
including tributary
Stormflow off uplands
Irrigation return flow
Rise in river stage,
Bank storage
Rise in river stage,
Flood
Main channel losing due to pumping
Discharge from basement
Discharges from Alluvial Aquifers
1. To main channel or tributaries
2. Lakes on floodplain
3. Wetlands
4. Wells
Streambed conductance effects on gw/sw interaction
Fine-grained seds on streambed
Fine-grained seds in topstratum
10
9
10
9
10
9
Gaining reach
10
9
Stream-parallel flow,
Neither gain nor lose
Losing reach
Gaining losing
Preliminary interpretations of gw-sw interactions using
head contours
1.
2.3.
4.
Draw a Hydrogeologic Conceptual Model of Alluvial Aquifers
Some examples
• Fox-Wolf River Basin, WI. Outwash
• Corning aquifer, NY. River valley
• Andruscoggin. ME. Alluvial valley once inundated by seawater
• Irondogenese, NY, Alluvial valley once filled with fresh water lake
• Others
Wisconsin
Dome
140 miles
20 miles
Fox-Wolf River Basin
Buried pre-glacial valley, now covered by till and lacustrine deposits
What does this map tell you
about the Fox-Wolf River
aquifer?
30 miles
Regional GW flow patterns?
Where are thr recharge and discharge areas? What controls?
Expected fluxes?
GW discharge area?
Composition of GW and SW similar
Baseflow rate related
to T of surficial aquifer
Ground water flow through surficial aquifer, Paleozoic sandstones, and discharge to river
Flow-through lake
Another major outwash deposit
•
Cape Cod Bay
Atlantic Ocean
Nantucket Sound
3
6
9
1
12
2
15
18
5
0
3
1
99
3
6
2
2
N
State OutlineCape Cod OutlineStreams and RiversSurface Water BodiesGroundwater Flow Contours (3 m interval)
1 0 1 2 Kilometers
Conceptual Model
North South
Bedrock
Groundwater Flow Paths
Freshwater/Saltwater Interface
Saline Groundwater
Recharge Streams Cape Cod Bay
Fine-grainedSand/Silt
Glacial Till
Chemung river valley, Corning, NY
Limestone and shale bedrock on rounded hills 800 ft or more above the sand and gravel aquifer on the valley floor.
5 miles
1 mile
1:40 aspect ratio
4000
3000 ft1. Determine the horizontal head gradient at each
location
2. Estimate the ground water fluxes at each location
3. Estimate the average flow velocities
4. Estimate the volumetric rate per unit length of river that the aquifer is contributing to the rivers at each location.
5. Provide an explanation for the differences between the two locations
Corning Aquifer Exercise A.
B.
Water Balance
• Info given in GW Atlas
ET=0.5 P
0.6Recharge is from uplands
• What is the total baseflow flux to streams?Water Balance from Conceptual Model
Recharge = Infiltration + Upland Runoff
I=0.5P
UR=0.6Re
Re=0.5P+0.6Re
Re=1.25P
From map, P = 40 inch/yr, so Re=50 in/yr
Water is magnesium bicarbonate type. Note the hardness. The region is underlain by limestone and shale
Hardness = 2.5 Ca(mg/l) + 4.1 Mg(mg/l)
<60 mg/l = soft
>150 mg/l = very hard
16 Mgpd
Fine-grained marine sediments underlie glacial outwash in the Little Androscoggin aquifer in Maine.
Glacial valley partially inundated by the sea
5000 ft
Water Balance• Info given in GW Atlas
P=43 in/yr, ET=23 in/yr (0.53), Ru=20in/yr (0.46)
Also given: Recharge as infiltration over 16 mi2 aquifer accounts for 16.4 cfs, overland from uplands 11.2 cfs, from river 1.4 cfs. 29 cfs total Re to aquiferArea of aquifer = 16 mi2
• Are these consistent? Demonstrate with water balances.
Watershed Balance: P+OU=ET+Ru different from above
Aquifer: Infilt+OU+RiverLoss=BaseflowInfiltration = 16.4 cfs; convert to flux over aquifer: 14 in/yrOverland from Upland= 11.2 cfs; 9 in/yrTotal Recharge=baseflow= 29 cfs: 24 in/yrRu=P+OU-ET=43+9-23=29 in/yr different from above
Ru=Base+Storm, So, stormflow must be 5 in/yr;
Ru=Baseflow+Storm=Recharge+Storm
Total Recharge=baseflow= 29 cfs: over 16 mi2= 24 in/yr
20 in/yr= 24 in/yr+Stormflow, Negative stormflow?? Problem
In general, the water flux values seem to be inconsistent. Always make certain
your water balances can be closed.
Hydraulic head in glacial outwash, Little Androscoggin Aquifer, Maine
7 Mgpd production
4 miles
Aquifer filling a valley once occupied by fresh water glacial lake
Structural Contours on Bedrock
4.3 Mgpd
Corning Aquifer. Ca, Mg, HCO3; Hardness: 225 ppm;
TDS: 212 ppm16 Mgpd
Little Androscoggin, Na, K, Ca, HCO3;
Hardness: 24-68ppm
TDS 67-128 ppm
Irondogenesee Aquifer, Ca, Na, HCO3, Cl, SO4; TDS 665, Hardness: 373
4 Mgpd
alluvium
bedrock
Some other alluvial aquifers
100 miles
Relative sizes of example alluvial aquifers
Dissolution of underlying evaporites forms deep troughs in Pecos River Basin
80 Mgpd
Water Quality: 1000+ mg/L common due to underlying evaporites and recharge from saline surface water and irrigation return flow where evaporation has increased salt content
Water Quality Summary
• TDS
• Hardness
• Major ions