Decade in Reviewwhat the 1920’s were all about

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Editor’s Nook

Letters to the Editor

Table of ContentsLetters to the Editor; Editor’s Nook pg 1

The Massace on St. Valentines Day... pg 2

Scandal Strikes in White House! Teapot Dome Oil Sold by Secretary of Interior pg 7

Voting for Women pg 9

The Reds Take Over! pg 11

BLACK VS. WHITE: Racial Discrimination at its Largest pg 13

Evolution Vs. Religion: The Scopes Trial pg 16

The Sacco-Venzetti Trial Fully Exposured pg 17

Labor Union Political Cartoon pg 18

The Radio and the Movie pg 19

Sports Captures Nation’s Attention pg 21

Model T Ford Re-invents America pg 24

The Famous Harlem Renaissance pg 26

pg 1

The Massacre on St. Valentine’s Day, the Era of Prohibition, and the Backlash

FeAture storY by DYLAN schNurMAN

Thestenchofthestreetsfillstheairasthebarrelswerepasseddownthelineofmen.Onebyonethey’restackedagainstthegaragewallinacarfulmannersothatnothingisspilled.Eachdropisworththeirpayment;it’stheprohibitioneraandalcoholisevery-thing.Themendarenotspeak,forthepolicearewatchingwithacarefuleyeandinacitylikeChicago,abootleggerreallyhastobesly. Thetimepassedslowlyasmorebar-relsarebroughtfromthetruck.Theweightofeachbarrelisgreat,excitingthemenwiththethoughtofabiggerpaymentforthisillegalwork.Butwithgreatriskcomesgreatback-lash;peopledyinginthestreets,mengettingblownintopiecesbyexplosions,andbrotheragainstbrother.It’sthelifeofAmericanGangsterstokillthosewhostandinthewayofbusiness.Thestreetsflowwithredwithalcoholmixedblood.It’sabloodyjob,andeveryonewishestomakeitoutalive. Thefinalbarrelisstackedandthemensighinrelief.Thebuyerwillbetheresoonenoughandallseemswell.Butsuddenly,afigureappeareddowntheendofthegarage,walkingtowardsthem.Youheartheshoutsandyellsforeveryonetogetonthefloor.Thiswasnotpartoftheplan,thecopsweren’tsup-posed to be here. One of the gangsters stands upandwalksbrisklytowardthecop.Hepayshimoffandquickly,thecopvanishes.Theothergangstersknewthathewouldtakethebribe,buttheystillshooklikewhimperingpuppies. Thefinalbarrelisstackedandthemensighinrelief.Thebuyerwillbetheresoonenoughandallseemswell.Butsuddenly,afigureappeareddowntheendofthegarage,walkingtowardsthem.Youheartheshoutsandyellsforeveryonetogetonthefloor.Thiswasnotpartoftheplan,thecopsweren’tsup-posed to be here. One of the gangsters stands upandwalksbrisklytowardthecop.Hepayshimoffandquickly,thecopvanishes.Theothergangstersknewthathewouldtakethebribe,buttheystillshooklikewhimperingpuppies. It’snotoveryetthough.Outofthecorneroftheireyes,thegangstersspottwomorefiguresatthegarageentrance,butthesemenmeanbusiness.Theycarrywiththem,twofullyloadedThomasSubMachinegunsandthey’renotheretotalk.

“GetagainstthewallandputyourhandswhereIcanseethem!”shoutedtheshortone.Thegangstersobligetotherequestandgetagainstthewall.Thesewerenotpolicebustingthemfortraffickingmoonshine;thesewererivalgang-sters here for the alcohol. “Yougotthisallwrong,Daddy-o!”saidoneofthegangsters.“Whydon’twejustgiveyoupartofourcutandyoucanbeonyourway?” Theshortonewiththetommygunsmirks,hedoesn’tcareforpartofthecut,hewantsallofit.“Wecanjustpayyou,andyou’llbegone.Nooneneedstogethurt,”continuesoneofthegangstersstand-ingagainstthegaragewall.

Theothermanholdingatommygunlooksathisshortpartner.Theynodinsync,andwiththat,thegaragewallsareriddledwithbullets.Allsevengangstershitthefloorafter60roundsofammoareunloaded.Silent,thebodieslaymotionlesslyonthecolddankfloorofthelonelygarage.Thetwoholdingtommygunsdroptheirfirearmsandbeganload-ingthestackedbarrelsofalcoholintotheirowntruck. You’vejustwitnessedtheSt.ValentineDay’sMassacre,wheresevengangsterswerekilledbyrivalcrimegroupsoveralcohol.It’strulybeenabloodyredvalentine’sdaythisyear.

At the scene of the St. Valentine Day’s Massacre

Al Capone; The man supposedly behind the massacre.

pg 2 pg 3

Backlash It’s5pmasherollsuptothegeneralstore.It’sonlymidafternoonandalreadyhelongedforthebittertasteofalcohol.Walkingintotheallyway,helooksbackmakingsurenooneisfollowinghim.Threeknocksonthebackdoorandavoiceasks,“Whatdoyouwant?”Themanlook-ingbackonemoretime,swallowsandsays“Speakeasymyfriend,Iain’tnocop.”Andwiththesecretphrasesaid,thedoorunlocksandthemanslipsinside. Inthereemergesanentireatmosphereofsleaze:smokeintheair,looselydressedwomen,jazzmusicbeingplayedonstage.ThemanhasenteredtheworldofaSpeakeasy,wherealcoholispassedillegallyfromman to man and where almost no rulesarefound.Themanfindsthebarandheadstowardit,passingmultiple

feather boa dancers along the way. Hestaysfocused,clearlyhismindfortheonetastehe’sbeencravingforallday.“I’lltakeashotofwhiskey,Sir.”Thebartenderslidesdownasingleshotglassandfillsitquicklywithhissteadyhand.Onegulpandit’sgone.Thebartenderrefillstheshotandthemancontinuesdrinkinghisfutureaway. It’snearly7pm,asthemanlooksupattheclock.Timetogohomeandvisitthewife,hethinks.Toobadforhim,he’sundertheinflu-enceofthedevil’sjuiceandnotevenJesuscansavehimnow.HeloadsintohisModelTandbeginstodrivedowntheroad.Hecanbarelykeephishandonthewheel;muchlesskeephiseyesopen.Swervingbackandforth,intunewiththeman’ssnores,oncomingtraffichonkstheirhornsinanattempttostophimfromcrashing.Butit’s

toolateforthat.Thenboom!Rightofftheroadandheadintoatreethecarcrashes,sendingthemanthroughtheglasswindshield.Bythetimethepolicearrive,themanisalreadydead,withbrokenribs,combinedwithshardsofglassinhisskin;hebledoutuntilhedied. “Iheardhewasunemployed,whichiswhyhehitthemoonshine,”saysanofficeratthesceneoftheac-cident.Acrowdofpeoplehavegath-eredtoseethehorrificscene.Speeddowntheroad,youseeawomenraceoutofcarandrightthroughtheyel-lowpolicetape.It’stheman’swife.Shesobsasshestaresatthebloodyscene.Thevictimandhiswife’sdreamsofraisingafamilyshatteredwithbrokenglasslitteredthroughoutthebloodstainedcar.

Men drinking heavily during the 1920’s.

The scene of a car wreck caused by drunk driving.

Police cracking down on moonshiners.

The Era of Prohibition Theprohibitionmovement,themovementtobanalcoholhasbeenahugepartofthisdecade.Thoughstartingsmallwithonlyafewhundredwomen,supporthasgrowntohundredsofthousandsofac-tiveparticipators. Whatputtheprohibitionmove-mentinmotionwasthewomen’sTemper-anceMovementduringthemid1800’s.Themovementconsistsofmostlywhite,upper-middleclasswomenandmen.ThesemenandwomenbelievethatalcoholistearingAmericanfamiliesapart,turningmenviolent,unemployed,andeconomi-callyandmorallybankrupt!Whenfindingnoavailablework,menturntothedevil’sbottle. Drinkingawaytheirsorrowandpain,menreturnhometobeatandabusetheirwivesandchildren.ThisistrulyasadandunfortunateeveninAmerica’shomes,butwiththepassingofthe18thU.S.amendment,anentirenationhasbeensaved.

18th Amendment Prohibitiongrewtosuchlargesupportthatfinallyin1919,36statesvotedyes,confirmingthepassingofthe18thU.S.amendment.Theamendmentoutlawedthe“manufacture,sale,ortransportationofintoxicatingliquors”,itdidnotmakeitillegaltobuy,possessorconsumealcoholhowever. Now,withlawsinplace,liquorcre-atedthesoberAmericawhowasfocused,hardworking,andhappy.Withoutalcohol,spousalabuses,violence,anddrunkdriv-ingdecreasedsubstantially.Womendidn’thavetofeartheirmencominghometobeatthem.Instead,theycouldrelaxandbehappywiththeirmanreturningfromworkto see them.

Women in the Temperance Move-ment, protesting alcohol.

The American Issue, January, 1919 showing the 18th Amendment passed.

pg 5pg 4

Scandal Strikes in White House! Teapot Dome Oil Sold illegally

b y S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r In 1922, the scandal of the decade occurred when secretary of Interior, Albert Fall, with assistance from members of President hard-ing’s organization, started to lease the u.s. Navy’s petroleum reserves to secret investors in exchange for illicit bribes. The three naval oil fields that were involved in this scandal were the oil reserves located in elk hills and Buena Vista hills, california and in teapot Dome, Wyoming. These oil reserves were created and set in place by former President William howard taft after the entire Navy fleet changed fuels from coal to oil in the early 1900s. President taft explained that these reserves were essential to America because with them, the Navy was always insured to have fuel for their great fleets. At the time, many politicians believed that these oil reserves were unnecessary because of the growing oil indus-tries sprouting up in America. however, it wasn’t un-til 1921 that President harding moved control of these oil reserves from the Navy Department to the Department of Interior. Now, the oil fields could be accessed by the President if petroleum reserves began to run low, and then be used for America’s naval ships. But after this executive decision was made by President harding, the newly ap-

pointed secretary of Interior, Albert B. Fall, began leasing the petroleum to private investors for thousands of dollars. he did this by convincing the secretary of the Navy, edwin Denby, to give control of the oil fields to Fall himself.

In April of 1922, Fall began leasing part of the oil reserves in teapot Dome, Wyoming to vari-ous oil corporations including one harry sinclair of the Mammoth oil company. The leases appeared legal on the surface because Fall made it look as if corporations and companies were bidding on the oil reserves, but with Fall accepting additional bribes for the oil, which he collected himself, the leases were in fact illegal. In exchange for the oil, Fall received “gifts” (or bribes) from sinclair estimating almost $400,000. Fall’s illegibly legal leases were met with many suspicions toward him. After setting up leases

in April of 1922, the public got hold of Fall’s undisclosed meetings with private oil companies when the entire story was placed in front of the public’s eyes by the Wall street Journal. This type of expo-sure brought forth one important investigation by the u.s. senate committee on Public Lands led by republican senator robert La Fol-lette of Wisconsin and Democrat Thomas J. Walsh of Montana. For the next two years, together, Follette and Walsh worked to find evidence on Fall and his illegal leases. Finally, in 1924 the duo found strong evidence on Fall which linked him directly to mak-ing money off of the illegibly legal leases.

In 1927, the u.s. supreme court ruled that the previous oil reserve leases had been corrupt-ibly obtained and the elk hills and teapot Dome leases were invali-dated by the court. Finally, in 1929, Fall was found guilty of bribery and sentenced to a $100,000 fine and one year in prison, ending his reign over the oil reserves.

News Article byDylan Schnurman

Teapot Dome, Wyoming, 1922.

pg 7pg 6

Written and Edited by Gabriel Zornes.

Whenthe19thAmendmentwaspassed,theWomen’sRightsMovementchangedsocietyintowhatweknowitastoday.Beforethe19thAmendmenthadpassed,manywomenwereconsideredinferiortomen.Be-causeofthismentality,manywomenfoughtbackinstrikesdemandingtherighttovotealongwithmorerights.ManyfamouswomenplayedabigpartinthismovementsuchasAlicePaul.

AlicePaulstartedtheNationalWomen’sParty.Aliceandherpartyusedmanyradicaltacticstogainatten-tionofthePresidentaboutwomen’srighttovote.ManyofthesetacticsincludedpicketingandgoingonstrikeinfrontoftheWhiteHouse.Duringthesestrikeshundredsandthousandsofwomentookplaceinfightingfortheirrights.In1913Aliceledamarch

ofovereightthousandwomeninfrontofPresidentWoodrowWilson’sinau-gurationday.AlsoduringPresidentWilson’s2ndinaugurationin1917,sheledamarcharoundtheWhiteHouse. DuringtheFirstWorldWar,manyWomentookupjobsinthewartosupporttheireffort.Afterthewarwasover,CarrieChapmanCatt(HeadoftheWomenSuffrageAssociation),toldthePresidentseveraltimesthatheshouldhonorthewomenwiththeirworkinthewar.PresidentWilsontoldherhewoulddowhathecouldandhestartedtosupporttheWomen’sSuf-frage.InaspeechonSeptemberthe18thof1918hesaid“Wehavemadepartnersofthewomeninthiswar.Shallweadmitthemonlytoapart-nershipofsufferingandsacrificeandtoilandnottoapartnershipofright?”WhenWilsonsaysthishe’stryingtosaythatweshouldnottreatomenasiftheyarebeneathus.Weshouldtreatthemwithrespectandgivethemrightsthatallmenhave. InlittlelessthanayearonMay21of1919,anamendmentwaspassedbytheHouseofRepresenta-tivesandlatertheSenatefollowed.ThenfinallyonAugust18th,1920,theamendmentwaspassedthroughallthestatesanditwasproposedlawthatanyUnitedStatesCitizenwhethermaleorfemalewasgiventherighttovote.TheAmendmentclearlysays“TherightofcitizensoftheUnitedStatestovoteshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanyStatesonAccountofsex.TheCongressshallhavethepowerbyappropriatelegisla-tiontoenforcetheprovisionsofthisarticle.”Becauseofthepassingofthis19thAmendmentitchangedthewayAmericanowviewssociety. Manywomenturnedaway

frompoliticsnowthattheyfinallyobtainedtheirrighttovote.TheAmendmentgavemanyWomenmoreconfidenceinthemselvesandgavethemasensethattheycouldaccom-plishmore.Manywomengaveuptheconfinesofbeingastayathomewifeormom.Womenstartedtogetjobsoutsideoftheirhomelifeandsomeofthemstartedplayingsports.

VOTIng FOr WOman

Main building of a Womans Suffrage Unit

pg 9pg 8

Written and Edited by Gabriel Zornes.

In1919,onJune2nd,eightbombssimultaneouslywentoffwithinthesamehourineightdifferentmajorUnitedStatesCities.Beforethisdisas-trousevent,inAprilofthesameyear,headauthoritiesdiscoveredaplotformailing36bombstomembersoftheUSpoliticalandeconomicestablishment.Thesewerebothtwodifferentbombthreats,butstillfromthesameenemy.ThebombsusedinthebombinginJune2ndweremuchbiggerthanthethreatexposedinApril.Russianandotherforeignimmigrantswereusedas scapegoats and took most of the blame for these catastro-phes.ThissparkedthehatredthatAmericansofthe1920sfelttowardimmigrantswhichleadtotheeventthatthepressreferstoas“TheRedScare”.

Afterthesebombings,mostStatesissued“criminalsyndicalism”lawsthatout-lawedsupportofviolenceineffectingandsecuringsocialchange.Someoftheserestric-tionsincludedlimitationstofreespeech.OnSeptember9th,theBostonPoliceForcewentonstrike.Therewereallegationsthatthe“Reds”wereagainstthestrikeforceinBoston.Thereweremanyrumorsofhugeriots,

chaos,andfederaltroopsshoot-inginmobs.Becauseoftheselaws,itprovokedPoliceMentoarrest many people on charges ofsuspicion.Thiscausedmuchtensionbetweenthecitizensandlaw enforcers.

Becausesomanypeoplewereonstrike,theywerela-beledas“Reds”.Duetothefactofsomanystrikes,fearledtopersuadepeoplethatthecountrywasheadedtowardsaCommu-nistrevolution.ManycollegeswereconsideredtobesourcesofBolshevismandprofessorswereconsideredasradicals.ThechaseforcatchingtheRedswent down to secondary schools whereteacherswerefiredforcurrentorpriormembershipinsuchorganizations.

Political cartoon depicting the Red Scare.

TheAmericanLegionwas soon created afterwards to upholdanddefendtheconstitu-tionoftheUnitedStates.Most

ofthiseffortwasalsotojusthelpmaintainlaw,order,andtherestofthesanitythateveryonehad left. By the end of the year theorganizationhadoveramil-lionmembers.TheGovernmentwasalsonotjustgoingtostandbyanddonothing;theystartedtheGeneralIntelligenceDivi-sionofBureauofInvestigationonAugust1stof1919.ThesolepurposeofthiscompanywastouncoverBolshevikconspiraciesand then deport them.

InNovemberof1919,GeneralMitchellPalmerorderedgovernmentraidsonsuspects.TheBureauofInvestigationchoseNovember7thbecauseitwasthesecondanniversaryoftheBolshevikrevolution.Many newspaper reports of theraidsaidthatsomepeoplewere“badlybeaten”duringthearrests.TheBureauofInves-tigationmanagedtoarrest650suspectsofBolshevism.Ofthat650,only43weresuccessfullydeportedduetothelackofwar-rants.

The reds Take Over

pg 11pg 10

BLACK VS. WHITE

“Racial Discrimination at its Largest”NeWs ArtIcLe

by DYLAN schNurMAN

Rising togreatpower,theKluKluxKlanhastakentotheharassment,deporting,andlynch-ingofinnocentAfricanAmericansandotherraces.Inanefforttoshowthatwhiteisthetruedominantrace,theKKKhasbeenraciallydiscriminatingmorethananyothergroupinAmerica.They’rereignofterrorintheUnitedStatesmustcometoastop;thefutureoftheAfricanAmericanrace,alongwithotherforeignraces,dependsonit. --------------- TheKluKluxKlanbeganinthelateyearsfollowingtheCivilWar.ThegroupwascreatedwiththephilosophythattobetrulyAmerican,apersonmustbelongtoonerace,religion,andpoliti-calandeconomicphilosophy.Meaningthatunlessyouwereawhite,Christian,andresponsible,hardworkingRepublican,yourchancesoflivinginanormalsoutherncityweresurprisinglyslim.

ThereestablishedoftheKKK,intheyear1915,tooktonewlevelsofhatredinAmerica.Spreadingvastlyandquicklyacrosssouthernstates,theKKKgrewtoopposeCatholics,blacks,Jews,immigrants,homosexuals,Asians,drugdealers,“wildwomen”,andeventhePope.NotoriousformostlythediscriminationofAfri-canAmericans,theKKKwasnowvictimizingotherethnicitiesfortheirviewsandopinions. --------------- TheKKKviewsanyofotherethnici-tiesotherthanthewhiterace,tobeinferior.TheycarryoutalloftheirracisminthehopesofcleansingAmericafromthelowerclassesofrace.ThisinsensitiveandnarrowmindedwayofthinkingiswhysomanyAfricanAmericanshavealreadydied.TheKKKhasformedintoagroupofracistmurdererswhoarealmostpastthepointofsaving.

pg 13pg 12

However,withouttheKKK’sracismtowardsAfricanAmericans,thegreatboomofculturefromthestreetsofHarlemmightneverhavehappened.Inrecentyears,we’veseengreatex-plosionsofartists,writers,actors,andmusiciansfromNewYorkCity,spe-cificallyinHarlem.ThisculturecamefromthegreatmigrationofAfricanAmericansfromsouthernstatestonorthernstates,in1910. --------------- ThemigrationhelpedstartaneweraofrespecttowardsourNegrobrethren.Justinrecentyears,we’veseensuchgreatmusiciansasLouisArmstrong,perfectjazzintoabeauti-fultranscendentsoundthatanyonecanenjoy. --------------- We’vealsoheardthesorrowandpainfrominspiringwriterssuchasLangstonHughes,whohastickledourbrainsandimaginationswithhisshortstoriesaboutWWI.Thiscultureexplo-sioninHarlemhasgivenusmuchmorethanartists,writers,poets,andjazzmusicians;it’sgivenusnewrespectforAfricanAmericansalike. --------------- TheracismoftheKKKisnoth-ingshortofillegalandmorallywrong.They’vekilledthosewhoshareonlythesmallestofdifferencesbetweenthem,butitseemsthattheyarestillrising.AndeventhoughtheKKKmayhavebeenresponsibleforthesparkofcultureinHarlem,NewYork,thepeopleofAmericamustcometogethertostopthishoodedmenacebeforeany-moreorhurtorkilled. WhatwillhappentotheAfricanAmericanrace,ifwedon’t?

The Klu Klux Klan burning a cross in a field, early 1920’s

Lynching by the Klu Klux Klan.

[left to right:] Langston Hughes, Charles S. Johnson, E. Franklin Frazier, Rudolph Fisher and Hubert T. Delaney

pg 15pg 14

By Cade Blankenship

A court case was held in the 1925 called by the name “The Scopes Trial” or nicknamed “The Monkey Trial” was case of one man name John Scopes who was caught teach-ing evolution in one of his classes. This was against the law in Tennessee but the ACLU told Mr. Scopes to do it anyway so that they could test the law. The ACLU (American Civil Liberty Union) goal was to get this trial as public as possible and to see if the law would hold up in a court case. They also wanted to get something in the constitution that de-scribed what they could and couldn’t teach in a school. The case ended up being more of a case between religion and evolution than anything else. This case will be well known for years.

The Butler act

had been passed in Tennessee banning the teaching of any evolution material. On May 5th Scopes was caught teaching evolution out of Charles Dawins book “The Origin of Spe-cies”. Former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryant was for the persecution and Clearance was for the defense. This case was big enough that they actually broadcasted it

out on the radio for people to listen to. The trail was started at first to bring attention to the little town of Dayton Tennessee which was where Scopes worked and where the trial was held. The point that Darrow made was

that by law they had to teach everything that was in the school book that was given to them by the state. So there was a giant loophole in the system

that the ACLU was counting on. So by law they had to

teach everything in the book, and since that there was a section on evolution in the book then by law they had to break the law. They question Bryant about certain miracles that were performed in the bible. Bryant made a critiacal error when he accidently contra-dicted himself in front of the court. The court ended up finding Scopes guilty of the charges but that’s not what the media focused on. The trialed lasted 8 days and he had to pay $100 fine (With inflation it would roughly around $1,200 today) It seemed that everyone that was listening to the trial and hearing about was more interested with the actual debate of science vs. religion. They didn’t seem to care as much if Scopes taught evolution but what Bryant and Darrow had to say during the trail. Many people admired Bryant for many things. The main one that people liked him for was the way that he put faith over facts. In the court case it didn’t seem to matter how many facts were used against him. He stuck with his faith and that won the crowed over in the long one.

Darrow and Bryan During The trial

John t. scopes

Evolution VS religion: The Scopes Trial The Sacco-Vanzett Trail Fully Exposed

by Dayna Dendy

At4:00p.m.onApril15th,1920,apaymas-terandhisguardwerecarryingaverylargefactorypayrollthroughthemainstreetofSouthBraintree,Massachusetts,asmalltownsouthofBoston.Neithertheguardnorthepaymastersawthetwomenstand-ingnearafence,withoutnotice,theypulledagun.Thegunmengrabbedthecashboxesdroppedbythewoundedmenandjumpedintoawaitingautomobile.Thebanditgang,numberingfourorfiveinall,droveaway,eludingtheirpursuers.Thisstorywasspreadlocallyveryquickly,butitwassomeoneacceptedcon-sideringitwaspostWW1.

Threeweekslater,onMay5,1920,twoItal-ians,NicolaSaccoandBartolommeoVanzettiweresuspectedofmurderfortheBraintreecrimebecauseofatrapthattheyfellintosetbythepolice.Althoughoriginallynotundersuspicion,bothmenwerecarryinggunsatthetimeoftheirarrestandwhenquestionedbytheauthoritiestheylied.Intheend,theywereheldasthetwomenthatshotthevictimsintheBrain-treecrime.VanzettiwasalsochargedwithanearlierholdupattemptthathadtakenplaceonDecember24,1919,inthenearbytownofBridgewater.Theseeventsweretomarkthebeginningoftwentieth-centuryAmerica'smostnotoriouspoliticaltrial.

Forafirstcriminaloffenseinwhichnoonewashurt,Vanzettireceivedasentencethatwasmuchharsherthanusual,tentofifteenyears.Thisbyallmeansshowsthattheirrightsweretakenadvantageof.ThetriggeredthementoaneedofanewdefensestrategyintheBraintreetrial.

Theydecidedtogetalawyer,Moore;theirsecondlawyercompletelychangedthenatureofthelegalstrategy.HedecideditwasnolongerpossibletodefendSaccoandVanzettisolelyagainstthecrimi-nalchargesofmurderandrobbery.Insteadhewouldhavethemacknowledgetheirfaultsincourt,tryingtoreestablishthattheirarrestandprosecutioncamefrom

theirradicalactivitiesthattheywereinvolvedin,andtheprosecution'sinsistencethatonlyhard,nonpoliti-calevidencehadimplicatedthetwomenincommoncrimes.Moorewouldtrytoshowtheprosecution'shiddenact:itsdesiretoaidthefederalandmilitaryau-thoritiesinsuppressingtheItaliananarchistmovementtowhichSaccoandVanzettiwereapartof.

Moore'sdefenseofthetwomensoonbecamesoopenlyandenergeticallypoliticalthatitsscopequicklytranscendeditslocalroots.Thiswasnolongeralocalargumenttrail,ithadbecomenational.

Heorganizedpublicmeetings,solicitedthesupportoflaborunions,contactedinternationalorga-nizations,initiatednewinvestigations,anddistributedtensofthousandsofdefensesheetsthroughouttheUnitedStatesandtheworld.SaccoandVanzettiwerestillItaliancitizensatthetime.Moore'saggressivestrategytransformedalittleknowncaseintoaninter-nationaloccurrence.

Afterahard-foughttrialofsixweeks,duringwhichthethemesofpatriotismandradicalismwereoftensharplycontrastedbytheprosecutionandthede-fense,thejuryfoundSaccoandVanzettiguiltyofrob-beryandmurderonJuly14,1921.Thisverdictisstillinaction.Wearewaitingonwhatwillhappennext.Somearesayingtheduowillbeprosecuted,whichissadlyaccurate.

TheconflictofifSaccoandVanzettiactuallywereguiltyorinnocentarestilltalkedaboutoften,butallagreethattheirrightswereviolated.

pg 17pg 16

The Radio And The Movie

by Dayna Dendy

“Katy,Iloveit!”saidMargieafterreceiv-ingherfirstradio.She’sneverevenseen one beforeuntilnow.Turningitonforthefirsttimeever,theradioemit-

tedthesweetsoundofthesportschannelloud,appealingtobothears.Katy’searsperkedupassheheardanoncomingadvertisingaboutanewmoviecomingout..

“Canwego?Canwego?”askedKatywithenthusiasm.

Margiewasn’tsureaboutit,shedidn’tseemverydrawntothetypeofmoviethatwasplaying.ItwasathrillerandMargiealreadyhadterriblenight-maresfrompreviousaccounts.Margieconsidereditandthenresponded,“Sinceyouhavegottenmethischarmingradio,Iguessitwon’thurttogotoonemorefrighteningpictureshow.”

Bothgirlsventuredofftothemovietheater.Katy’seyesweregluedtheentiretime.WhileMargie’seyeswereconfusedoniftheyshouldstayopenedorclosedbecauseofallofthefrighteningimages.Beforetheyknewit,themoviewasfinallyover.Ontheirwayhometheydiscussedthemovieandtheirfavoriteandleastfavoriteparts.

“Myfavoritepartwaswhenthemanwalkedintothehouseandsawhiswifewasn’tthere!”Katysaid.Margieresponded,“Ohmy,Ihatedthatpart.”

Thefollowingday,Margiewasallaloneathome.Herhousewailedwithsilenceoftheday,Margiedecidedtoturnontheradiowhichshere-

ceivedfromherfriendKaty,thenightbefore.Turningtotheradiostation,YourNewsNow,Margielistenedintently,wanttoknowwhatwasontheskimpy.ThepeopleonthestationwerediscussingthestoryofhowlastnightawomanwalkedoutofaSpeakeasywithaloungelizardnotknowinghehad

putsomethingunknownintoherdrink.Inafreakaccident,thewomandroppeddeadatthescene.Mar-gieeyesbulgedandshebegantoworry.Shedidn’thaveanydesiretoleaveherhouse.Theradiohadcausedmoreofafrightthenthemoviedidthepreviousnight.Shedidn’twanttobealonesoshedecidedtogiveherfriendKatyacall.

MargierangKatytwotimesandtherewasnoanswer.Shebegantogetscared,soshedecidedtocallRick,herhusband.Ring,ring,ring,wentthetelephone.

“Hello,thisisRick.”Margiescreamed,“Rick,comehome!I’mscaredandI…”BOOM!Allofthesudden,outofnowhere,amassivenoisecamefromthebackbedroom.Margiedroppedthephone,itlin-geringonthetable.Therestisunknown.

RadioreportersandneighborsshoweduptoherhousebecauseofapolicecallbyRick.Uponarriving,thepolicediscoveredthatMargiewasno-wheretobefound.ThepoliceaskedfriendsandfamilyaboutwhatcouldhavepossiblyhappenedtopoorMargie.EventuallyKatyshowedup,sharingthestoryofthenightbeforetoallofthenewsreport-ers.

OnedaywentbyandKatywaslisteningtotheYour NewsNow.AllofthesuddenheardMargie’sstory.WiththenewsbroadcastersbeginningtotellKaty’sstoryaboutthenightbefore,Katybegantorememberaboutwhathappenedinthemoviewhenthewifewentmissing.Shethenrememberedwheresheactuallywas!

Margiewasfound26hourslaterunderabridgebehindtheirhouse.Shakenandfrightened.Sheiscurrentlyinthehospitalundertraumaconditionandisinrecovery.MoreupdatesonMargiewillbeinthenexteditionofthismagazine.

Inthispoliticalcartoonyouhavethebigunionleaderbullyinghisworkers.Towork36hoursinoneshiftwasuncommonbackthenandthat’swhymillionsofpeoplelefttheunions.Theplatesontheconveyorbeltread“CoalMining”“Steel”and“Factory”thesearetheplacesthatusallyhadwork-erswork36hourshifts.Theunionmanagerstandingatthetopofthepagesaying“WhoSaysThatYouCan’tWork36HoursInOneDay?”Heissayingthisbecausebackthentheunionmanagersdidn’tthinkthatitwastoomuchtowork36hoursatatime

pg 19pg 18

Sportshavetakenanincreaseinpopularityasorganizedsportsgrabtheatten-tionoftheNation.Manysportssuchasbaseball,footballandboxinghaveshownrecordsettingattendancewithinthelastfewweeks.Withlegendaryathleteshittingtheirprimit’snowondersportshavebecomesopopular.

BabeRuth whoholdstherecordformosthome-runsinasingleseasonwith61isconsideredanAmericanhero.HeusedtoplaypitcherfortheBostonRedSox,butwaslatertradedtotheYankees.TheYankeesdecidedthatitwouldbetterfortheteamifheplayedinthefieldwhetherthanpitcher.Thiswayhecouldbateverygameratherthanonlyplayeveryothertwogamesifhestillplayedpitcher.Hestilldoesn’tlooklikeanath-letewithhisroundbodyandswindlelegs,buthecansureitaball.Hekeepsbreak-inghisownrecordsformosthome-runsinasingleseason.Hehelditat58,thanhemoveditupto59thensettingthealltimehomerunrecordat61.Thisrecordlastedforover30years

BoxingwasonceillegalintheUnitedStatesofAmericabecauseofitsbrutalnatureofthesport.Boxingwasbroughtbackandinthe1920’s,alegendarymatchbe-tweenJackDempseyandGeneTunneywasheld.ThematchwasinPhiladelphia.

Babe Ruth Batting About To Hit A Home Run

Jack Dempsey Vs. Gene Tunney

Sports Capture nations attentionByCadeBlankenship

pg21pg 20

withthere-matchheldinChicago.Morethan130,000peoplewitnessedTunneybeatDempsey.Thematchmadeover2.6milliondollars.Tunneynearlylostinthe7throundwhenhewasknockeddown.Averycontrover-sialcallwasmadewhentheref

didn’tstartthecounttillDempseywasintherightcorner.Thiswasknownlaterasthefamous“LongCount”Tunneywasabletogetupatthecountof9andfinishthematchblockingratherthanattacking.Over42millionpeoplelistenedtothematchontheirradios.Thematchwassointenseatsomepartsthat10peopleactuallydroppeddeadfromaheartattackbecausetheexcitementofthematch.

Footballhadstartedtotakenoffinsomeareas.SomeplayershavebecomeAmericanbecauseofthenaturaltalentonthefield.AnathleteinparticularbythenameofHeraldGrangewasarunningbackfromtheUniversityofIllinois.Hisdominanceonthefieldwasimpossibletomiss.Heheldallsortsofrecordsandeventhoughthatmost football players were not as well knownasbaseballplayers,HeraldGrangewastheexception.Inasinglegameheranforover246yards.Hescored4touchdowninthefirsthalfaloneandbythetimehegotoutofcollegehewasmakingaround3mil-liondollars.

The Fmous “Long Count”

Herald Grange Running Up The Feild

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During the past decade, America has experienced a post-war economic boom. Hundreds of new models of cars burst onto the scene. One of these cars was called the Ford Model T. Henry Ford made a way to mass produce cars with little to no cost at all. The car’s purpose was for it to be affordable to the com-mon middle class man. The car opened up traveling to a whole other level. Most cars before the Model T cost a lot to produce therefore only the rich could afford them. Henry Ford found a way to fix this problem with mass producing. Not only was the car cheap to make, but it was also very reli-able.

One of the first Model T Ford’s

The first production of the car was in August of 1908. Ford said this about his vehicle “I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the indi-vidual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest de-signs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one – and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God’s great open spaces.” Ford did exactly what he promised. Because of the mass production of so many cars, by May 26th of 1927, Henry Ford got to watch his 15 millionth Model T drive out of the fac-tory. The effect of the Model T being created changed society and economy as we knew it. Soon enough we had roads everywhere to give us road to drive on with our New Model T’s. Who knows what will be in the future thanks to Ford’s great discovery.

It wasn’t long after Henry Ford’s 15 millionth Model T rolled off the drive-way that Charles Lindbergh took off on a non-stop flight from New York to Paris. Charles Lindbergh won the Orteig Prize. Before Lind-bergh flew to Paris, 6 other men died trying to win the prize by flying non-stop from New York to Paris. Charles was another great example of America’s economy boost. Soon enough people were flying back and forth from continent to continent without any trouble at all. This also boosted the trade market due to how fast people could travel instead of by ship. Due to this rapid shift in America’s economy, we became known as one of the world’s most successful coun-tries. Both Charles and Henry were the reason that our econ-omy took such a rapid shift upward that we are now suc-cessful.

Model T Ford Re-invents America

pg25pg 24

BYCADEBLANKENSHIP

TheHarlemRenaissancewasatimeinAfricanAmericanculturewheretherewasasenseofpridetobyAfricanAmerican.IttookplaceinNewYorkmainlyintheHarlemarea.Manyfamousartist,poets,writersandpainterswerejuststart-ingtomakeanappearanceinsoci-ety.

There was a term started called “The New Ne-gro” that describedthe new

senseofpridethatAfricanAmericans

had.FortoolongtheculturestatedthattoobeblackwastobeinferiortootherethnicgroupsinAmerica.Thiswasatimewheretheycouldbeproudofwhotheyareandwhattheydo.Theywereaproudbunchofpeoplewhowerestartingtomakeculturechangesforthemselves.Manyblackleaderswerestartingto make a name for them also. Jazz startedtomakeandappearanceintheworld.JazzwasacombinationofAfricandrumbeatsandEuropean

instruments.Atfirstjazzwasjustalotofimprove.Thisiswheretheterm“JamBand”camefrom.Thisiswhereeachinstrumenttookabitoftimetokindofsoloout.Thisisinsteadofplayingsongs.Thiswasagoodwaytostartmakinganameforyourselfbecauseyoustandoutmoreduringlittlejamsessionsthanplayingafullsong.Thiswascom-pletelyoriginalandahugesenseofpridetowards theup-comingblack culture.Thejazzscene becameverypopularinthe20’swhenitmovedupnorth.Nobodyhadherdmusiclikethatatthetimesopeoplewereveryinterestedinit.Manyfamousjazzmusiciansstartedappearinginthescene.SomeofthefamousonwereLouisArmstrong,whowasafamoussingerandtrum-petplayerduringthistimeinhis-tory.DukeEllingtonandJellyRoleMortonwerealsostartedmakinganameforthemselves.

THE FamOuS HarlEm rEnaISSanCE

Lewis Armstrong PLaying his trumpet

Duke ellington on the piano

pg 26