Please use bullet points…… and organize it pls

Thursday ­ March 26, 2015 18th/19th Century Foreign Policy A. Revolutionary War Period 1776­1783

The Continental Congress is the governing body 1776 ­ DOI The French Connection = secretly aids the “cause” 1778 ­ The Franco­American Alliance = 1st entangling military alliance 1783 ­ Treaty of Paris

Brit remove troops US pay prewar debt US compensate for Loyalists

Brit give Florida back to Spanish ­ buffer between US and Brit lands in Caribbean

Natchez Territory near Florida disputed between US and Spain

B. The Confederation period 1777­1788 Review “mercantilism,” the Navigation Acts and the new government under the Articles

of Confederation Great Britain: (because of our failure to uphold the Treaty of 1783)

refused to make any commercial treaties or repeal navigation laws shut off west indies trade from US Kept trading posts open on No. border conspires with indians in the No. West

Spain: controlled mouth of Mississippi and in 1784 closed it to American use controlled large area above Gulf of Mexico claimed by the US ­ Natchez

territory France: (we were still “allied” with them)

demanded repayment of war loans ­ can’t pay cause can’t trade restricted trade in West Indies

Pirates in North Africa: Ravaging US Mediterranean commerce enslaving US merchant sailors

C. The New Ship of State Period 1788 and on…

advice = go back and review the new powers of the national government under the Constitution, the formation of the president’s cabinet, the role of the president and the secretary of state in conducting foreign relations.

100 years of presidents ­ George Washington (1789) → Grover Cleveland #1 (1888) Jeffersonians = pro France; become Dem­Rep Hamiltonians = pro GB; become Federalists

George Washington ­ 1789 ­ 1796

French: GB and FR. at war = US obligated under Franco­Am alliance

1793 neutrality proclamation = 1st formal declaration of distance from old world

French Revolution = caused turmoil between Federalists and Demo­Reps Citizen Genet ­ try to recruit US to invade Florida and Canada

GB: 1794 Jay’s Treaty to address:

northern outposts, impressments, ship seizures, and their ignoring our “neutral rights”

Jay’s Treaty Outcome GB to pay damages and remove troops (cont. to arm Indians) US to pay pre­revolution debt (and live with impressments)

Spain: 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty:

out of fear of Anglo­Am Alliance gives US access to Mississippi and the Natchez territory

1796: Washington’s Farewell address:

warned against permanent alliances only out of necessity and temporary

John Adams ­ F (1797 ­ 1800)

France: Angry with Jay’s treaty seizure of US merchant vessels refusal to receive new US Envoy to France XYZ Affair:

Results in war hysteria in US Federalists want to go to war ­ especially Hamilton Builds up Navy; creates the US Marine Corps Gets Congress to agree to add more the the army 2 ½ years of undeclared hostilities mainly at sea and in the west indies

(pseudo war) Convention of 1800:

Annuls the Franco­Am Alliance Thomas Jefferson ­ DR (1801 ­ 1808)

Cuts back on army/navy built up by Adams 1801­1805 = War with Tripoli (Libya) over pirating

1805 ­ Tripoli Treaty = $60,000 for captured Americans 1803 ­ Louisiana Purchase:

15 million relieved French presence to the west and fear of need to ally with GB need for new relations with the american indian tribes in this area

1803 ­ 1815 = Napoleonic Wars between GB and France. US declares neutrality BUT still caught in middle:

Great Britain: Orders in Privy Council:

All vessels must stop in Brit ports first b­4 any others impressments of US sailors

1807 ­ Chesapeake Affair: war hysteria in US ­ DemRep want war against Britain

France: Orders seizure of all merchant ships that enter Brit ports

US Response 1807 Embargo Act ­ Federalists mad

Forbade exports of all goods from US anywhere 1809

repeal of the embargo act non­intercourse act replaces

opens trade anywhere but with GB and France James Madison ­ DR (1809­1816)

1810 ­ Macon’s Bill #2 allows trade anywhere with anyone whoever (GB/FR) pulls off their “rotten rules” against us first, we will stop trade

with the other France bits first Bad policy:

sets political favor of one over other ultimately helps to drift us towards war with GB

War of 1812: for “our honor” and OH YEAH, Canada and Florida too!!! go back and review “war hawks” v. Federalists (New England) … the sectional

dissension that existed we attack Canada, lucky that Brit preoccupied by France

1814 ­ Treaty of Ghent:

Essentially an armistice results of war good for diplomacy:

US showed it could/would resist with the sword gained a new respect in the world diplomats abroad were accepted more readily we develop a manufacturing base

From here US turns to the task of building a broader “democracy” at home James Monroe ­ DR (1817 ­ 1824)

The Era of Good Feelings issues included: tariff, band and panic of 1819, internal improvements, sale of public lands, crystallizing of sectionalism, and the rise of slavery as an issue

Secretary of State = John Quincy Adams 1817 ­ Rush­Bagot Agreement (GB/US)

limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes Treaty (Convention) of 1818 (GB/US)

share Newfoundland fisheries fixed the northern border between US/British Canada at 49th parallel 10 year joint use of Oregon Country

Cleanup agreements from the War of 1812 1819 ­ Adams Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty/Transcontinental Treaty)

Spain to cede Florida to US after Andrew Jackson beats up Spanish and Indians

Spain was distracted with revolutions in central and south america Spain gives up claims to Oregon Territory ­ US gives up claims to Texas

1823 ­ Monroe Doctrine: (helps to avoid an alliance with GB) GB scared that other Euro countries will claim American land “stern” warning to Europe (especially Russia) No colonization and no intervention in W.H. Hiding behind the skirts of GB navy

1824 ­ Russo­American Treaty: Fixed Russia’s southern border at 54/40 (present tip of Alaska’s panhandle)

(John Quincy Adams ­ NR 1825 ­ 1828) Andrew Jackson ­ D (1829 ­ 1836)

1836 ­ Texas Independence from Mexico Mexico complains to US that it failed to enforce neutrality

1837: Texas’ appeal to be annexed:

Jackson says no because of Slavery issue Texas sends feelers out to GB and France

Caroline Incident: US private citizens aiding Canadian revels v. Brits

Brit Navy captures and burns the Caroline on the Niagara River (US Territory)

Almost leads to war between the Brits and US Martin Van Buren ­ D 1837 ­ 1840 William Henry Harrison ­ W 1841­1841 John Tyler ­ W 1841 ­ 1844 A democrat in Whig’s Clothing

1842 ­ Webster Ashburton Treaty: Aroostook River Valley War between Maine and Canadian Lumberjacks settled the Maine boundary line + other territories beyond Great Lakes (Mesabi

iron ore area) Also settled the Caroline Incident

1845 ­ Annexation of Texas: fear of Euro schemers took a joint agreement between house and senate since majority instead of ⅔

James K. Polk ­ D (1845 ­ 1848)

1846 ­ Oregon territory compromise (GB): set boundary at its current place ­ 49th parallel

remember the “54/40 or fight” shouts by Northerners! 1846 ­ ‘48 ­ war with Mexico = Manifest Destiny

note that diplomacy sought first ­ to buy Calif. + east then war starts over southern boundary of Texas

1848 ­ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: $15 million for all the land; now “sea to shining sea” to pay our own citizens’ $ damages owed by Mexico confirmed Texas was ours

(Zachary Taylor ­ W 1849 ­ 1850 ­ died in office) Millard Fillmore ­ W 1850­1852

1850 ­ Clayton­Bulwer Treaty (GB/US): GB showed strong interest in and moved to gain a foothold in Nicaragua (for

canal interests) Yankees see as a challenge to Monroe Doctrine Treaty provided that neither country could secure exclusive control over any

future isthmian waterway in Latin America (canals) later proves to be a “ball and chain” when considering Panama Canal ­ (connect to the

Hay­Pauncefote Treaty 1901) Franklin Pierce ­ D 1853 ­ 1856

1853 ­ Gadsden Purchase from Mexico: For $10 million for a southern railroad

1854:

Commodore Perry opens trade door with Japan Ostend Manifesto:

try to “wrest control” of Cuba from Spain (South wanted Cuba for slaves)

Embarrassing to Pierce and slavocrats when it leaked out Eventually dropped

James Buchanan ­ D 1857 ­ 1860 Abraham Lincoln ­ R 1861 ­ 1865

assassinated in office after Civil War Andrew Johnson ­ D 1865 ­ 1868

1865 ­ Monroe Doctrine invoked: US calls on Napoleon III to get Maximillian (Austrian Prince) and the French

influence OUT of Mexico 1867 ­ Purchase of Alaska from Russia:

$7.2 million “Seward’s folly” and “Seward’s icebox” later proves to be a windfall to US due to gold and mineral reserves discovered

Ulysses S. Grant ­ R 1869­1876 Rutherford B. Hayes ­ R 1877­1880 James Garfield ­ R 1881 ­ 1881

assassinated in office Chester Arthur ­ R 1881 ­ 1884

credit him for beginning to build up a modern navy Grover Cleveland ­ D 1885 ­ 1888: II. The New Manifest Destiny 1880s ­ 1914 Benjamin Harrison ­ R 1889­1892

Connect our new aggressiveness to the 3 Gs!!! 1889 ­ Pan American Conference:

lead by US to establish economic cooperatoin with Latin American countries (Balines’ Big Sister policy)

1889­1893 ­ Series of mini­crisis’s: Demonstrated our new “aggressive” national mood

Germany and the Samoan Isalnds near war with Italy over lynching of 11 Italians near war with chile over death of 2 US ailors in Valparaiso

US/Canada seal hunting argument Grover Cleveland ­ D 1893 ­ 1896

1893 ­ Cleveland rejects annexation of Hawaii 1895 ­ 1896 ­ Venezauela Boundary Dispute (GB):

connect to the Panic of 1893!!! Britain and Venezuela squabble over boundary line of British Guiana US uses Monroe Doctrine to challenge British authority in her attempts to

extend into Venezuela’s territory (remember Olney’s arrogant letter to Brits) Richard Olney was writer

Britain backs down reluctantly and agrees to allow US to mediate ­ (only due to extra­world circumstances that pit her alone against other Euro powers)

The Great Rapprochement 1896 and on…

This time era ends the “patting the Eagle’s head” by the British and the “twisting of the Lion’s tail by the US”

It inaugurates the time of the GREAT RECONCILIATION ­ the new Anglo­American cordiality

William McKinley ­ R 1897 ­ 1901

1898 ­ SPAM War Cubans Revolt against Spanish US Seeks to mediate to protect US interests USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor McKinley goaded into war by public pressure Teller Amendment added to War Declaration

Promises Cuban Independence 1901 ­ Platt Amendment:

Contingent to independence ­ Cubans HAD to add to constitution (go back and review)

Results of SPAM War US a world power with an “empire”

Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines ($20 million) Cuba independent BUT w/ strings attached! Euro rivals envious ­ especially Germany Latin American countries suspicious of US 1898 ­ Hawaii annexed as an “afterthought”

Though Germans or Japanese might take her “A splendid little war” ­ Secretary of State John Hay 1899 ­ 1901 ­ Philippine Insurrection 1899 ­ First Open­Door Note in China

Designed to “counter” sphere of influence

sought to influence European imperial powers to allow open trade for all in China

sought to increase Chinese territorial rights 1900:

Boxer Rebellion in China: US sends troops in a multi­national missions

1901 ­ Second Open­Door Note Issued: US to be the “over­seer of the open door in China sought to uphold Chinese territorial rights

Theodore Roosevelt ­ R 1901 ­ 1908

Known for the “Big Stick Diplomacy or the New diplomacy Beginning of the “bad neighbor” policy in Latin America

1901: Insular Cases ­ constitution does not necessarily follow the flag

let Congress decide case by case McKinley assassinated ­ TR takes over Hay­Pauncefote Treaty (GB/US)

Nullifies old Clayton­Bulwer Treaty Clears way for building of Panama Canal Shows that Brit and US have trust

1902 ­ ‘04 ­ the Colombia/Panama Canal event: Good example of Big Stick Diplomacy (go back and review)

1904 ­ Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Policy of preventative intervention ­ go back and review 1905 application of policy in Dominican Rep:

Takeover of customs houses to manage tariff collection to pay off their European/US debts

1905 ­ ‘06 ­ TR wins Nobel Peace Prize Mediates a peace between Japanese­Russians and between North African

countries 1906 ­ ‘07 ­ The Gentlemen’s Agreement (Japan/US) ­ go back and review 1906 ­ ‘09 ­ US Marines in Cuba:

Restore order in uprising Under Platt Amendment and at request of Cuban govt.

1907 ­ The Great White Fleet: Diplomatic frolic around the world (connect to Gentlemen’s Agreement previous

year) paid off big­time in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, and Japan

(connect to next) 1908 ­ Root Takahira Agreement (Japan/US):

Each pledges respect to other’s Pacific territory each pledges to uphold open door policy in China

William H. Taft ­ R 1908 ­ 1912

Known for “Dollar Diplomacy” State Dept. encouraged US bankers to invest $ into foreign areas of strategic

concern especially the Far East and Latin America (areas critical to the security of the

Panam Canal) 1909 ­ Manchurian Rail Proposal:

US proposed to buy these RR lines from Japan and Russia ­ intention to sell back to China

Woodrow Wilson ­ D 1912 ­ 1920 [boos big stick/$ diplomacy, ironic] Moral/missionary diplomacy, promote democracy 1913 ­ exit $ diplomacy, no longer special govt support of investors in latin am/cuba

Tensions w/ japan over CA Law, Ban japanese owning land Violation of gentlemans agreement/diffuse thru diplomacy

1913 ­ 1917 ­ Mexican revolt/civil war (Huerta v Cavranza) Intervene to collapse Huerta, supply arms, wants to put in Caranza || germany

believed to support Huerta Send navy to vera Cruz (2 deaths, US Sailors in Tampico) ~Act of War,

success Pancho Villa Rampage (wants US War w/ Carranza) ­> New Mexico Military ­> Mexico = almost war, wilson takes bait, chases Villa

1914 Jones Act ­ Grant Phillippines territorial status (independent when stable)

Monday ­ March 30, 2015 Labor & Industrialism The Rise of Organized Labor 1700s ­ 1900s: A timeline

Begin 1700s: Independent Craftsmen form guilds ­ associations based on their craft & class

1776 ­ Three important documents written that express man’s right to life, liberty, & equality; the concepts are a springboard for a later “worker’s rights” movement

Wealth of Nations ­ Adam Smith Common Sense ­ Thomas Paine Declaration of Independence ­ Thomas Jefferson

1791 ­ Slater’s Mill: Ushers in the factory system & child labor By 1820, ½ of nations factory workers = children

Begin 1800s: Workers forbidden by law to form unions to increase wages:

Was a “criminal conspiracy” to interfere with trade and commerce Still formation of guilds and craft alliances Some attempts still at forming unions

1820s­30s ­ Advent of Jacksonian Democracy Universal manhood suffrage Workers now have right to vote and begin forming “workingman’s parties” These eventually will morph into the Democrat Party (Jackson’s; from

Democrat­Republican party) Goals of workingman’s parties:

10 hr workday, higher wages, better conditions, public education for their kids, an end to debtor prisons

1830s­40s ­ Labor Strikes At risk of prosecution Most causes lost but some did win Employers fought back with “scabs” ­ usually “fresh off the boat” (fobs)

[Workers who aren’t part of unions; used as strike breakers] Labor will always be against “easy” immigration!!! By 1830 = circa 300,000 trade unionists (even though illegal) By 1835 only 24 recorded strikes

1837 ­ Economic Panic!!! (poor Martin Van Buren) Unions and union membership drop

1840 ­ President Van Buren establishes a 10 hr workday for federal public works employees

1842 ­ Commonwealth v. Hunt: Labor unions NOT illegal conspiracies as long as their methods are “honorable

& peaceful” Begin Post Civil War ­ 1865 and on:

Industrial Revolution ­ Gilded Age: Labor force will triple from 1880­1910 Union activism and strikes will increase #1 Goal of Unions will be to secure the RIGHT by law to exist [until

Wagner Act, New Deal] 1866 ­ National Labor Union forms 1869 ­ Knights of Labor forms 1877 ­ The Great Rail Road Strike 1878 ­ Greenback Party + Workingman’s Party = Greenback Labor Party forms [soon

to come Populist Party] 1886:

Haymarket Square Riot ­ Chicago American Federation of Labor (AFL) forms ­ many workers bail on Knights on

Labor

Knights of Labor splits ­ peaks out and & begins decline 1890:

Sherman Anti­Trust Act: Used to break up unions as illegal “trusts”

United Mine Workers (UMW) forms 1892 ­ Homestead Steel Strike (Carnegie) 1894 Pullman Strike 1895 ­ In re Debs ­ Supreme Court Case:

Ok to use injunctions against union/strikes to stop 1902­1903

Teddy Roosevelt ­ Pennsylvania Coal Miners Strike (got president to help) TR arbitrates a settlement “Strongly persuades” employers to give higher wages

US dept of Commerce and Labor established Secretary of Labor has power to “mediate” in labor disputes

1903 ­ International Brotherhood of Teamsters forms 1905 ­ International Workers of the World (IWW) forms:

Affectionately known as the “wobblies” Advocate a socialist agenda

1906 ­ Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle published 1908 ­ Muller v. Oregon

Ok to set down maximum hours for female workers 1913 ­ Federal Reserve Act:

Establishes a foundation for future monetary security of the nation President Wilson’s administration institutes many progressive reforms helpful to labor:

1914 ­ Clayton Act: exempts labor and agricultural institutions from anti­trust prosecutions legalizes strikes & peaceful picketing

1915 ­ LaFollette Seaman’s Act: Regulates working conditions for merchant marines

1916: Workingman’s Compensation Act:

Aid to federal civil service disabled Adamson Act

8 hour workday for all rail workers Keating ­ Owens Act

Prohibits child labor on products sold interstate Supreme court chops down 2 years later

1917 ­ Federal Government takes control of railroads during wartime (returns in 1920) 1918 ­ National war labor board formed

purpose to head off labor disputes Helped win 8 hour workday & increase wages

Refuse to support labor’s right to organize & collective bargain [Right to form an union]

1919 ­ Over 4 million strike this year: Nationwide Great Steel Strike

¼ million strike for right to organize & collective bargain Strike collapses as “scabs” brought in Sets entire union movement back decades

(Possible contrast of strikes between two wars and economic recession) Boston Police Strike

1st strike of public safety workers in US history Governor Calvin Coolidge breaks it up! (this is where he gets his name)

United Mine Workers Strike Wins 27% wage increase in arbitration with govt

1920s ­ Decade of intolerance and social tension Fear of anarchy, socialism, and commie revolutions Unions shunned ­ calls for “closed shops” associated with “Sovietism in

disguise” Red Scare used to break union causes Back to Laissez­Faire economics Employers play off ethnic differences = feuding amongst workers

Employers called for “open shop” or the American plan Some employers began to give benefits to discourage Union

1920 ­ Esh­Cummins Transportation Act Railroads to private ownership

1921­ Supreme court holds that Clayton Act does not protect strikes Injunctions (formal court order to stop strike) CAN be used in “conspiracy to

restrain trade” in strikes 1922 ­ Railway Labor Board (successor to War Labor Board): [We’re back to

Lassiez­Faire) Orders wage cut of 12% triggers 2 month strike Stopped with an injunction by Justice Dept.

1920­1930 ­ union membership shrivels by nearly 30% Begin 1929 ­ 1939: Great Depression

An increase in labor movement during this time “sit down” strikes bring recognition of unions (sit down and sleep there and live

there) Labor finally given ok by govt to organize and collective bargain

1935: Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) forms:

combines with the AFL = AFL ­ CIO National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act):

Asserts the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively 1936 ­ CIO sit­down strike at GM

The Union wins & becomes sole bargaining agent for all workers at GM auto plants

1938: Fair Labor Standards Act:

Sets up minimum wages & maximum hours (40/40) Affects only interstate commerce businesses Forbid child labor under 16

CIO breaks off from AFL: By 1940 will have 4 million members 200,000 are black (can’t get along)

Begin WWII period ­ 1939 ­ 1945 1941 ­ CIO and AFL make “no strike” pledge during war 1942 ­ War Labor Board imposes ceiling on wages:

Rash of labor walkouts despite pledges 1943:

Smith­Connally Anti­Strike Act: Authorizes govt to seize and operate industries tied up in

disputes/strikes Criminal offense to strike against any govt operated industry

Govt had to briefly take over coal mines and railroads after this act passed Post War America & on…

Begin Post War America ­ 1945 Immediately following war the economy faltered High inflation when price ceilings were lifted GDP down

Operation Dixie ­ Unions will try to get a foothold in the South and west but fail Fear of racial integration Rapidly growing female dominated service sector hard to organize

(anti­black and racially divided) 1946 ­ Strikes across the nation (similar to right after WWI):

4.6 million workers will strike 1947 ­ Taft­Hartley Act

Dubbed the “slave­labor” act ­ vetoed by Truman; Congress overruled his veto ­ it became law!

Outlawed “closed shops” = “right to work” concept Restricted union labors Made unions liable for damages during disputes

1950s­‘60s ­ Labor associated with corruption, racketeering, the mob 1950 ­ union membership peaks & then declines 1955 AFL and CIO combine again:

85% of all union members (still are married today and exist)] 1959 ­ Landrum Griffin Act:

designed to make labor leaders accountable

to prevent bullying tactics by union organizers 1964­ Civil Rights Acts

prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

1981 ­ Air Traffic Controllers Union (PATCO) (might use acronym on exam) Strike: President Reagan fires them all (11,000) [govt owes airspace, FAA] Decertifies their union

Famous Unions: Workers Unite!!! (The Union Man Cometh)

In post civil america into the first half of the 20th century labor unions were always associated with socialism and communism = anti­free

market communism Unions in general fought for

higher wages shorter work week better/safer conditions worker’s compensation for injuries equal pay for all workers

Strategies Big Business Used to Break Unions

Yellow Dog contract (I promise not to join a union!) Black lists or “black ball” workers (these workers will create a union and screw with us) Injunctions ­ court order to stop a strike Bring in scabs/replacement workers Call on government for help ­ courts, police, troops, etc Pit racial & ethnic groups against one another Lockouts (Give them a living wage and side benefits) … golly! [~sarcastic]

Turn of Century Government and Union Relationship

Lawrence, Massachusetts Textile Strike 1919 ­ IWW workers Some Examples of Early Unions

National Labor Union 1866 ­ William H Sylvis Skilled & unskilled farmers, a few women & blacks Wanted arbitration for industrial disputes 8 hour workday

Dies out with the depression of the 1870s Knights of Labor 1869 ­ Terence Powderly

Agitated for economic and social reform

Sought 8 hr work day and health & safety codes open to ALL skilled, unskilled, black, white, men, women, etc.

EXCEPT “Non producers”, NOT welcome (banker, lawyer, gambler, etc) Peak in 1886, 700,000 members [Haymarket riot] Skilled laborers bail to AFL

1881 ­ AFL (American Federation of Labor) ­ Samuel Gompers sought better hours, wages, etc and “closed shop” stayed out of politics & social movements [= still alive today] supported notion of capitalism but worker’s rights only allowed white, skilled males (at that time) by 1900, 1.5 million members

1905 ­ Industrial/International Workers of the World (IWW) nicknamed the “wobblies” organized the most ignored of the workers migrant and unskilled laborers, all colors actually agitated for SOCIALIST REVOLUTION!!! Die out with the social tension in the 20s

20th Century Unions

1903 ­ International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, & Helpers of America (or Teamsters Union)

Early strong centers = Chicago, NYC, Boston, & St. Louis 1933 began organizing long­distance trucking industry Associated with organized crime/mob in 50s ­ 70s Notorious leader Jimmy Hoffa disappeared in ‘75 Since 1940 = largest private­sector union in country In 1998, it had 1.4 million members Current president ­ James P. Hoffa, Jr. (son)

1935 ­ CIO = Congress of Industrial Organization ­ John L. Lewis Began as a union of unskilled & teamed up with AFL Known as “sit­down” strikes especially in auto industry 1938 breaks off from AFL (skilled and unskilled can’t get along) 1955 will again combine

Main Labor Strikes to Know

1877 ­ Great Railroad Strike 1886 ­ Haymarket Riot, Chicago, Illinois (Knights of Labor v McCormick Reaper Plant) 1892 ­ Carnegie Homestead Steel, PN (Locked out, violence w/ scabs; Carnegie wins) 1894 ­ Pullman Rail Car Strike (Pres. Cleaveland uses troops ­ MAIL STOPPED) 1902 ­ Coal Mine Strike 1919 ­ Boston Police Strike 1919 ­ Steel Strike 1946 ­ Rail Road Strike

1981 ­ Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) Strike The Rise of Industrial America Part 1 ­ The First Industrial Revolution (1790 ­ 1860)

Circa 1750 Europe’s Industrial revolution begins It reaches US by late 1700s ­ why so late?

Cheap/plentiful land ­ why coop self up in factory? Labor and $ for capital investment scarce Undeveloped and undiscovered raw materials Undeveloped transportation and communication systems No market for products = no demand for product = no markets = no demand … By nature/traditions Americans were agrarian

Economic Sectors serve as infrastructure for the First IR 1. Factory System 2. Agriculture 3. Transportation and Communication

1. The Factory System The major components of the early US factory system

Labor: Northern Labor Force = birth rate + immigration Southern Labor Force = predominantly slaves

Samuel Slater’s Textile Mill (north ­ Pawtucket, RI) Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (used in the South and spurs the need for

more and more slaves) Yankee Ingenuity/Entrepreneurship = inventions, business risks, etc

*Formula: Labor + machinery for spinning cotton + cotton gin + entrepreneurship = diverse interdependent economy

Future Labor Force (population growth) By 1790 = circa 4 million Americans 1790 ­ 1840 = steady growth, high birthrate + annual immigration on

average of 60k 1830­1840 = high immigration rate (Germans & Irish) By 1840s = immigration had tripled the average By 1850s = immigration had quadrupled the average US population by:

1850 ­ 23m 1860 ­ 31+m 1910 ­ 92+m

1791 ­ Samuel Slater’s Textile Mill Located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island At first, employed only children Later women and men

1793 ­ Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Separated the seed from the cotton Immediately increased the needs for cotton, and thus slaves

Yankee Ingenuity and Entrepreneurship Certainly Whitney’s cotton gin 1798 ­ whitney’s interchangeable parts

starts with mass production of muskets for us army by 1850 the concept was widely used is the basis for modern mass­production and assembly line methods

1807­14 ­ all of the following spurs US to have to do its OWN manufacturing: Embargo Act, Non­Intercourse Act, Macon’s Bill #2, War of 1812

1814 and on ­ Henry Clay’s American System Used to promote US business Internal improvements, high tariffs, the BUS

1820s ­ Lowell Textile Factors: Group of Boston investors opens a series of textile factories in Lowell,

Mass. Employs thousands of young farm girls from “dark to dark” [Lived in

factories] 1846 ­ Elias Howe’s sewing machine

Is foundation for the “ready mode” clothing industry Causes huge rise in northern industrialism Causes North to be more reliant on southern cotton Drives women from the farm to the factory

1848 ­ First Incorporation laws passed in NY What used to be for a select few now open to all Sell ownership of company (stock) to investors Concept of limited liability (only responsible for the amount you’ve

invested) facilitates increased investment capital for new business Record of Patented Inventions:

By 1800, 306 patents By 1860, 38,000 patents By 1890, 468,000 patents 1791 ­ Congress created US patent office

2. Agriculture: south = slave labor ­ cotton becomes king after Whitney’s cotton gin [prior ­

tobacco] 1820s ­ 30s:

Trans Allegheny region (Ohio River Valley) = bread basket of the nation ­ later the world

Corn + hogs + grain traded down the rivers to the south and the east Lucrative business in all regions = incentive to cultivate land to west 1830s Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reapers

was to wheat farmers what cotton gin was to cotton farmers ++++ land now devoted to cash crop wheat

1837 John Deere’s steel plow Lighter faster easier , non stick (replaced iron) productivity per acre increased

increased agriculture production now required a sophisticated transportation system

3. Transportation

Roads of the early republic: primitive modes of travel treacherous, muddy, & rut filled dirt roads

1790s to 1810s ­ turnpikes Build by private companies Lancaster to Philly, Penn (62 miles) Pay a toll to use, then “turn the pike” to let go by Attracted other companies to build

1807 ­ Robert Fulton’s steamboat: can now go with and against currents of rivers opens the west and the south to population growth and commerce Most rivers facilitate and south? how north and south? ­ canals!

1811 The National Road (Cumberland Road) A federal govt. interstate project from Maryland to Illinois (591) miles Ultimately a combo of federal and state $$$

1814 and on ­ Henry Clay’s American System Used to promote US Business Internal improvements, high tariffs, the BUS

1817 ­ 1840s ­ Canals: Lowered shipping costs and time Mostly located in the north for east west trade connected rivers and lakes

1828 ­ First Railroad in the US By 1860 = 30,000 miles of track in US Located mostly in the northeast ­ effects:

east­west connection mississippi river is less used established the northern cities into the main commerce terminals established regional specialization:

east = manufactures machines and textiles for south south = grows cotton for northeast and old england west = provides grain and livestock for all

Circa 1843 ­ 1868 ­ Clipper ships: for transoceanic travel, faster than steamers

& Communication… 1844: Samuel F.B. Morse’s telegraph 1860: Pony Express U.S. mail (lasts only 18 months) 1861: First transcontinental telegraph 1866: First permanent transatlantic cable

Transportation & Communication Ultimately these networks would speed the nation to industrialize:

1820 = 75% of population were farmers By 1850 = only 50% of population were farmers AND the value of

industrial products was greater than the value of agricultural products Part 2: The Second Industrial Revolution (1865 ­ 1900)

Background: Better known as the Gilded Age, this is a time of

Growth of big business ­ trusts ­ monopolies Big business and government in bed together (graft and corruption) Working conditions terrible; wages low Attempts by labor to unionize = strikes + riots Huge influx of immigrants (mostly from SE Europe)

5 Categories serve as the basis of industrial growth at this time: 1. Rail Roads 2. Mechanization 3. The Industrialists 4. Steel 5. Labor (See above!)

1. Railroads Transcontinental rail road building

Government subsidies Land grants and $$$ per mile of track laid By 1869 connected east and west

Effects: United the nation and knit the west coast securely into the country Increased domestic market for all kinds of goods Increased industrialization because raw materials got to the factories

much more quickly Increased mining and agriculture Creation of new cities and growth of existing cities Migration of population west Helped to settle prairie lands Made many ppl millionaires Negative impact on Native Americans and environment

2. Mechanization In 1860 US = 4th in manufacturing worldwide

By 1894 US = 1st!!! Why? Liquid capital ($$$) ­ Willing to invest in US

Civil War created huge profits for inventors Profits now could be combined with borrowed foreign $ and

invested into US business/industry Natural resources

Coal, oil, ore, timber, etc discovered as we moved west Short supply of labor

encouraged industrialists to invent and mechanize Mechanization = HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY

Immigration As industry grew, immigrants came in droves Abundant, cheap, unskilled labor force Need to develop machines to stimulate skilled workers =

increased productivity!!!! Yankee Ingenuity/Entrepreneurship

Business savvy ­ new ways to organize business Utilize new techniques of mass production Inventions such as electricity, telephone, internal combustion,

engine, etc Urbanization

Conveniences of city living facilitated by new inventions 3. The Industrialists

Andrew Carnegie Steel Kingpin Preached “The Gospel of Wealth” (Not social gospel) Known for vertical monopoly

Combined all phases of manufacturing into one Effects

More efficient Less costly

J.D. Rockefeller Oil kingpin “Social Darwinist” Known for horizontal monopoly

Buying out controlling share of stock of competitors Combining of all competitors under one roof Create a TRUST or monopoly of the product

J.P. Morgan ­ Banking and Financial Kingpin Known for the interlocking directorates

Companies in $$$ trouble, sought his help = loans Officers of Morgan’s bank sat on the Boards of these companies

(board of directors) (interlock themselves)

Would then exercise influence (directorates) over the business Will also by Carnegie Steel and create US Steel

The first BILLION $ American company (Attempted to bust by Taft)

4. Supremacy of Steel Steel much stronger, more duable, lighter, etc than iron Could build bigger, higher, better, faster, cheaper, stronger

Esp. effects the construction industry ­ skyscrapers, bridge, rails, etc 1850 ­ Bessemer Process:

made every batch of steel consistent brings down production time and cost increases demand for steel and its use

In Conclusion

1865 ­ 1914 = huge industrial expansion From #4 ­ #1, by 1894 by 1913, out produce england france and germany combined

by 1890, value of manufacturing goods exceeded value of Ag. Yet ag still growing

American will become arsenal of two world wars and the prime industrial power in the world

Thursday, April 2, 2015 Immigration