AP US HistoryNovember 13 – 17 2017

AP Money Should Already Submitted by November 19 (See Mrs. Fleming or your counselor if you are going to have trouble getting this in).

MONDAY (5th Period to first lunch today) Review Activity covering historical period 2-4

Materials Strategy/FormatPractice Test packets Assessment and Review (R.CCR.1)

Student ActivitiesContextEvaluation/EvidenceInterpretationSynthesis

Instructions Today in class you will complete a practice test covering historical periods 2-4. This is a very broad time-

period and each class (periods 3-6) will have a different test! You will have roughly 25 MC questions and you will complete a single Short Answer Section.

You will NOT be able to use any materials and you will NOT be able to work together. You will be taking several of these before the end of the quarter in preparation for the mid-term exam.

These will be grades as participation grades and you will simply log your answers on to a blank sheet of paper. All questions are document based. You should have more than enough time to complete this in class.

HomeworkBe aware that the quiz below is very short and not document based. You will only have 15 minutes to complete

Southern Culture Quizhttp://www.quia.com/quiz/4469881.html

TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY Discuss the Kansas-Nebraska Act (POL-3,6, 7) Examine the origins of the 3rd Party System (POL-3,6, 7)

Materials Strategy/FormatPpt and /maps Lecture-discussion (SL.CCR.1)

Primary sources L.CCR.4,6)

Student SkillsPeriodizationContextEvaluationSynthesis

Introduction

As late as 1850, the two-party system seemed healthy. Democrats and Whigs drew strength in all parts of the country. Then, in the early 1850s, the two-party system began to disintegrate party due to slavery and party in response to massive foreign immigration. By 1856 the Whig Party had collapsed and been replaced by a new sectional party, the Republicans.

In 1849, a New Yorker named Charles Allen responded to this anti-Catholic hostility by forming a secret fraternal society made up of native-born Protestant working men. Allen called this secret society "The Order of the Star-Spangled Banner," and it soon formed the nucleus of a new political party known as the Know-Nothing or the American Party. The party received its name from the fact that when members were asked about the workings of the party, they were supposed to reply, "I know nothing."

By 1855 the Know-Nothings had captured control of the legislatures in parts of New England and were the dominant opposition party to the Democrats in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In the presidential election of 1856, the party supported Millard Fillmore and won more than 21 percent of the popular vote and 8 Electoral votes. In Congress, the party had 5 senators and 43 representatives. Between 1853 and 1855, the Know Nothings replaced the Whigs as the nation's second largest party.

It was hard for the Know-Nothings to maintain a national party because their ideas were so diverse. Additionally, some of their ideas were offensive even to some of its own members. By 1856 they will be gone but some of the free-soil members would form into the new Republican Party

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

Despite the fact that animosity over slavery still existed, tensions had been fairly subdued. Interestingly the man partly responsible for the relaxed tensions (due to his sponsorship of the 1850 Compromise) was most responsible for pushing events toward a point on no return. Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the area west of Iowa and Missouri--which had been set aside as a permanent Indian reservation--be opened to white settlement. One of the main factors in this decision involved northern competition over the proposed route of a transcontinental railroad. You hopefully remember that the south had embarked upon the same plan with the Gadsden Purchase. Southern members of Congress demanded that Douglas add a clause specifically repealing the Missouri Compromise, which would have barred slavery from the region. Instead,

the status of slavery in the region would be decided by a vote of the region's settlers (Popular Sovereignty). In its final form, Douglas's bill created two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and declared that the Missouri Compromise was "inoperative and void." With solid support from Southern Whigs and Southern Democrats and the votes of half of the Northern Democratic members of Congress, the measure passed. The 36-30 Line was dead as Henry Clay…. Oh, that seems pretty harsh….sorry Henry.

His critics charged that the Illinois Senator's chief interest was to win the Democratic presidential nomination in 1860 (which was probably at least partly true) and secure a right of way for a transcontinental railroad that would make Chicago the country's transportation hub. Douglas did not hide his ambitions but also said that building the west up could make it a counter-weight with the North and South.

Political and economic pressure to organize Kansas and Nebraska had become overwhelming. Midwestern farmers agitated for new land. A southern transcontinental rail route had been completed through the Gadsden Purchase in December 1853. Promoters of a northern railroad route for a viewed territorial organization as essential. Missouri slaveholders, already bordered on two sides by free states, believed that slavery in their state was doomed if they were surrounded by a free territory. This issue was about to explode!

A Party is Born: The Republicans

The Kansas-Nebraska Act led Northern Democrats with Free Soil sentiments to repudiate their own elected representatives. In the elections of 1854, 44 of the 51 Northern Democratic representatives who voted for the act were defeated in their own mid-term elections!

The chief beneficiary of these defections was a new political organization, the Republican Party. A combination of antislavery radicals, old-line Whigs, former Jacksonian Democrats, and antislavery immigrants, the Republican Party was committed to barring slavery from the western territories. It included a number of people, like William H. Seward of New York, who believed that blacks should receive civil rights including the right to vote. But the new party also attracted many individuals, like Salmon P. Chase and Abraham Lincoln, who favored colonization as the only workable solution to slavery. Despite their differences, however, all of these groups shared a conviction that the western territories should be saved for free labor. "Free labor, free soil, free men," was the Republican slogan as it had been for the Free Soil Party before them.

By 1856 the Republicans will run their first Presidential Candidate, John C. Frémont of California.

Bleeding Kansas

The Kansas-Nebraska Act stated that the future status of slavery in the territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty both antislavery Northerners and proslavery Southerners competed to win the region for their section. Since Nebraska was too far north to attract slave owners, Kansas became the arena of

sectional conflict. For six years, proslavery and antislavery factions fought in Kansas as popular sovereignty degenerated into violence.

There was cheating on both sides ahead of the election. Even before the 1854 act had been passed, Eli Thayer, a businessman and educator from Worcester, Massachusetts, had organized the New England Emigrant Aid Company to promote the emigration of antislavery New Englanders to Kansas to "vote to make it free." By the summer of 1855, more than 9,000 pioneers had settled in Kansas. Slaveholders from Missouri feared that the New England Emigrant Aid Company wanted to convert Kansas into a haven for runaway slaves. One Missouri lawyer told a cheering crowd that he would hang any "free soil" emigrant who came into Kansas.

Competition between proslavery and antislavery factions reached a climax on May 30, 1855, when Kansas held territorial elections. Although only 1,500 men were registered to vote, 6,000 ballots were cast, many of them by proslavery "border ruffians" from Missouri. As a result, a proslavery legislature was elected and met at Lecompton Kansas, which passed laws stipulating that only proslavery men could hold office or serve on juries. One statute imposed five years imprisonment for anyone questioning the legality of slavery in Kansas. This was known as the Lecompton Constitution.

Free Soilers held their own "Free State" convention in Topeka in the fall of 1855, and drew up a constitution that prohibited slavery in Kansas, and also barred free blacks from the territory. Like the Free Soilers who settled California and Oregon, most Northerners in Kansas wanted the territory to be free and white. They submitted the Topeka Constitution to the territory's voters, who approved it by an overwhelming majority. The Topeka government then asked Congress to admit Kansas as a free state. Kansas now had two legislatures--one pro-slavery, the other against. President Franklin Pierce threw his support behind the proslavery legislature and asked Congress to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state

Acts of Terrorism

John Brown, a devoted Bible-quoting Calvinist who believed he had a personal duty to overthrow slavery, announced that the time had come "to fight fire with fire" and "strike terror in the hearts of proslavery men. The next day, in reprisal for the "sack of Lawrence" and the assault on Sumner, Brown and six companions dragged five proslavery men and boys from their beds at Pottawatomie Creek, split open their skulls with a sword and cut off their hands. This came to be known as the “Pottawatomie Massacre”

A war of revenge erupted in Kansas. Columns of proslavery Southerners ransacked free farms and took "horses and cattle and everything else they can lay hold of" while they searched for Brown and the other "Pottawatomie killers." Armed bands looted enemy stores and farms. At Osawatomie, proslavery forces attacked John Brown's headquarters, leaving a dozen men dead. John Brown's men killed four Missourians, and proslavery forces retaliated by blockading the free towns of Topeka and Lawrence. Before it was over, guerilla warfare in eastern Kansas left 200 dead

Homework for TUESDAY/WEDNESDAY NightUsing your textbook complete the “Margin Questions” in Chapter 13 pp: 413 – 433 Due Thursday in class

“Don’t mess with me. I’m John Freakin'

Brown.”

THURSDAY (TEXTBOOK NEEDED) Analysis primary and secondary text sources on the events leading to the Civil War: 1855 - 1860

Materials Strategy/FormatTextbook and sources Text analysis/close text readings

(R.CCR.1)(L.CCR.4,6)Student SkillsPeriodizationContextEvaluationSynthesis

Instructions Some of what we will do today involves use of text related primary sources on the events leading to the

Civil War. Essentially you will be answering some guided questions on the socio-economic, political, and culture nature of the mid-19th century!

This again will not be a partner assignment……hey relax you can work together on the weekend DBQ ESSAY (see below)…………..insert evil laughter here!!!!

HomeworkBe sure to look over DBQ materials below

FRIDAY Examine the Election of 1860 (POL-3,6, 7) Outline key details in the first and second waves of secession (POL-3,6, 7)

Materials Strategy/FormatPpt lecture-discussion/doc. Analysis (SL.CCR.1)

Student Thinking SkillsChronological Reasoning 1,3Comp/Context 4,5Historical Argument 6Interpretation/Synthesis 8,9

Introduction Last week we saw the birth of the Republican Party. While John C. Fremont did not defeat his Democratic

opponent, the hapless James Buchanan, a clear message seemed to be sent; the northern states would no longer accept compromises on the spread of slavery. We saw that the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania voted Democrat and delivered their high electoral vote count but these states thereafter would firmly move toward the Democratic fold.

Another feature of the political landscape was the demise of the Free-Soil Party (mostly because the new Republican Party adopted that position is a key party plank). After a strong showing in the 1856, the American or Know Nothing Party also fell apart and most of its advocates moved toward the Republicans as well.

The Buchanan Presidency was a study in failure. The chief executive was neither willing nor able to deal with “Bleeding Kansas,” the most important issue of the day. Furthermore, he announced his unwillingness to pursue a second term while still early in his first term. This made him a lame duck President in advance. The focus shifted to the events of 1860.

The Election of 1860

In the run-up to the 1860 election William Seward confidently anticipated the nomination from the Republican Party in 1860. The party leaders, however, realized that they had to become more than simply the focal point for antislavery sentiment. Included in the platform were calls for a moderately higher tariff, federally sponsored internal improvements, a homestead bill to help populate the west and federal assistance for a transcontinental railroad to be built over the central route. On slavery, the Republicans

proclaimed that each state could decide the issue within its own borders and that no one (Congress or the territorial legislatures) could legalize slavery in the territories (this was the free soil position).

However, Lincoln was a respected state politician in Illinois. He was attractive to the Republican delegates because he was a talented speaker, had a moderate position on slavery and was a Westerner who could mount a challenge to Stephen A. Douglas the expected Democratic nominee. Seward led on the first few ballots, but Lincoln remained in contention. On the third ballot Lincoln prevailed, his victory due largely to the skillful maneuverings of his campaign managers. They lined up votes with promises of patronage and jammed the convention with Lincoln supporters. Lincoln’s homespun image was a marked contrast the to the career politician image of Seward.

The Democrats were now exhibiting the divide that we saw forming all the way back with the Wilmot Proviso. In the 1860 election, the Democratic Party split into two factions. The northern Democrats nominated Lincoln’s perennial rival, Senator Stephen A. Douglas. The southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckenridge, the incumbent vice president, a pro-slavery man from Kentucky. The difference between the two candidates was not great. Both men had supported Popular Sovereignty but the Freeport Doctrine during the 1858 Senate race had crushed any hopes of a united Democratic party if Douglas won the nomination. When it was clear that Douglas had the nomination, the southern wing of the party bolted the convention. Still abjuring a Deep South candidate, Breckinridge, it was hoped could at least poll some Midwestern support.

A wildcard also presented itself. The Constitutional Union Party formed was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. John Bell of Tennessee was named its candidate. These former Whigs teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party. Its name comes from its extremely simple platform, a simple resolution "to recognize no political principle other than the Constitution...the Union...and the Enforcement of the Laws." They hoped that by failing to take a firm stand either for or against slavery or its expansion, the issue could be pushed aside. This was of course unlikely to happen now. The nation seemed headed for an apocalyptic disaster as southern Democrats proclaimed secession if Lincoln won.

The Election Results

In some respects the result of the election of 1860 did not necessarily make secession inevitable. Read in a certain light, the outcome provided hope for those who sought to maintain the Union and find a resolution to the sectional crisis. Lincoln, while receiving a majority vote among northerners, did not receive a majority of all the popular votes. This could be seen as lacking a mandate of the people on the free soil position. The combined opposition outpolled him by almost one million votes. Lincoln would be a minority President, lacking a clear mandate and, perhaps vulnerable to defeat in the next election.

In the South, Breckinridge won only a bare majority in the Deep South states and, overall, lost the popular vote in the slave states to a combined opposition which garnered fifty-five percent of the vote. Sentiment for secession was by no means all pervasive in the South, especially in the upper South where the Constitutional Union Party won three populous states.

The Lame Duck Period and “Secessionitis”

One aspect of the rising tensions can be seen through the period before Lincoln could take office and while Buchanan still held the reins of government. The state of South Carolina drafted an “ordinance of secession” reading as follows:

AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the United States of America."               We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by us in convention on the twenty-third day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved.

Between January and February 1861 Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas drafted and passed similar ordinances. The resulting creation was often times known as the Gulf Coast confederation or simply the Confederate States of America. In some of the other slave holding states the vote to secede was not so clear cut.

The Inaction by James Buchanan

The Buchanan Presidency was similar to that of Van Buren in that there never seemed to be any happy times. In 1857 just months after the inauguration a depression struck, the Panic of 1857. This panic started as the previous one had in 1837 where banks had facilitated the crash with bad lending practices this time involving themselves in railroad speculation. However, another key seemed to the American purchase of European products. In the gold based economy of the day, this meant gold flowed out of the country with little arriving.

The Republican Party blamed the panic on lowered Democratic tariffs for making foreign goods more attractive. The panic struck the North far worse than the agricultural South. This may have emboldened the South to believe that their economy could be sustained without being part of the US. It was also Buchanan who launched an attack on the Mormons in Utah for ignoring Federal court rulings. It is then perhaps with some irony that when Southern states began to secede, he did nothing at all.

The Crittenden Compromise

As tensions escalated, the former Attorney General offered a solution. His compromise proposed six constitutional amendments and four Congressional resolutions. It guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and addressed Southern demands in regard to fugitive slaves and slavery in the District of Columbia. It proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line to the west, with: slavery prohibited north of the 36° 30′ parallel and guaranteed south of it. The compromise included a clause that it could not be repealed or amended. The amendment was obviously pro-Southern. Lincoln publicly disagreed with the measure so unless the bill was passed before he assumed office in March, it would be vetoed anyway. It was nonetheless defeated in both houses.

The War Begins: April 12, 1861 Midnight Charleston Harbor

Before Buchanan left office, all arsenals and forts in the seceding states were lost (except Fort Sumter, off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, and three island outposts in Florida). In Texas, political icon Sam Houston was deposed for trying to keep Texas in the Union. Knowing that secessionist fervor was strongest in South Carolina, Buchanan made a quiet pact with South Carolina's legislators that he would not reinforce the Charleston garrison in exchange for no interference from the state. However, Buchanan did not inform the Charleston commander, Major Robert Anderson, of the agreement, and on December 26 Anderson violated it by moving his command to Fort Sumter. Southerners responded with a demand that Buchanan remove Anderson, while northerners demanded support for the commander.

In what seemed like a half-hearted attempt to show Presidential vigor, Buchanan sent civilian ship to carry reinforcements and supplies to Fort Sumter, which was located in Charleston harbor. On January 9, 1861, South Carolina state batteries opened fire on the ship, which returned to New York. Buchanan was again criticized by both north (for lack of retaliation against the hostile South Carolina batteries) and south (for attempting to reinforce Fort Sumter), further alienating both factions. Buchanan made no further moves either to prepare for war or to avert it. The ship of state simply drifted without power or a rudder.

When Lincoln became President he had already condemned SC actions and affirmed the right of the military to reinforce the base as Federal property. After an ultimatum that the fort would be fired upon if not evacuated, shore batteries opened up. The return fire by Sumter’s defenders was ineffective as their guns were shorter range. When the defenders surrendered the bloodiest war in American History concluded with no deaths (other than a horse).

The Next Wave of Secession

Following the fall of Sumter, the President called for the issuance of a force bill to call and equip troops to defend the nation. It was easily approved as most Democrats from the south were gone and while some northern Democrats voted no, the majority supported the President. Upon news of the call-up, four more southern states joined the Confederacy, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee. They reasoned, correctly in the case of Virginia and Tennessee that most of the battles would occur on their soil as the Union armies would invade their states.

Virginia's ordinance was approved by a referendum but rejected by 26 counties of the northwestern section of the state, leading to the creation of West Virginia. In Tennessee North Carolina and Arkansas, the first ordinance was initially rejected.

In Kentucky and Missouri the ordinance of secession was passed by the state governments without a referendum and immediately people rose against the government. The same was true in Maryland and Delaware. Collectively these four came to be known as the "border states."

HomeworkComplete the following short review Quiz

HomeworkFor the DBQ essay (Due on Monday November 20) you may type or handwrite the essay

The documents have questions that you that you will NOT be answering. Use this as your prompt! There are 9 documents on this DBQ but you will ONLY CHOOSE SEVEN to use in this

assignment.

Evaluate the relative importance of slavery, sectionalism, and states’ rights as major causes of the Civil War.

http://www.binghamtonschools.org/Downloads/Causes_of_Civil_War_DBQ.pdf