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APUS History – Chapters 25
The Wave
• True Story!– 1967 California Middle
School Social Studies– Experiment was
terminated after 4 days because the teacher felt it was spinning out of control
• 1981 Movie• 2008 German Movie
New Deal Essay
• Before you submit:1. Underline your thesis statement2. Place an * next to your evidence in
paragraphs 2, 3, 4 that supports your thesis.
3. Place a $ next to any outside information within your essay.
A People’s War?
• On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following:– According to Zinn, why was WWII
not a people’s war? (one paragraph)• Provide at least three examples (one
paragraph)
10 Steps to WWII
1.The Versailles Treaty1.The Versailles Treaty
2.The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations
2.The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations
No control of major conflicts.No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.No effective military force.
3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
German soldiers are German soldiers are dissatisfied.dissatisfied.
4.The Great Depression4.The Great Depression
5.The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
5.The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Emperor Haile Haile
SelassieSelassie
7. Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
7. Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
TheNational
Front[Nationalists]
TheNational
Front[Nationalists]
ThePopularFront
[Republicans]
ThePopularFront
[Republicans]
8.The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939
8.The Spanish Civil War:1936 - 1939
The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in Madrid
Italian troops in Madrid
9.The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
9.The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
10.The “Problem” of theSudetenland
10.The “Problem” of theSudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
British Prime Minister Neville British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainChamberlain
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”
The “Pact of Steel”
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &
MolotovMolotov
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
German Troops March into Warsaw
German Troops March into Warsaw
3 Things to Remember….
1. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Both countries agreed not to fight each other and to split Poland
2. Germany attacks Poland: Start of WWII because Britain & France declare war on Germany
3. Blitzkrieg: Lightening War – multiple attacks by air and land to produce a highly mobile fast moving army
The “Phoney War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
The “Phoney War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
France SurrendersJune, 1940
France SurrendersJune, 1940
A Divided FranceA Divided France
Henri PetainHenri Petain
The French ResistanceThe French Resistance
The Free The Free FrenchFrench
General Charles General Charles DeGaulleDeGaulle
The MaquisThe Maquis
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940
Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Roosevelt and
Churchill sign Churchill sign treaty of treaty of friendship in friendship in August 1941.August 1941.
Calls for League Calls for League of Nations type of Nations type organization organization after the end of after the end of WWII.WWII.
Lend-LeaseLend-Lease
More Things to Remember:
1. Germany takes over most of Europe leaving Britain to fight alone
2. Britain survives the Battle of Britain and avoids invasion because its air force successfully fights off the Germans
3. Lend Lease Act – allows the US to lend or lease military goods to any country considered vital to the defense of the US
Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941
Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941
3,000,000 German 3,000,000 German soldiers.soldiers. 3,400 tanks.3,400 tanks.
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
What about the United States?
US Reasons for Isolation
• Memories of WWI• Relationship / relatives on both sides• Economic issues
Three Stages of US Involvement
• Stage 1 – Isolationism• Stage 2 – Assistance
– Lend Lease Act• Supplies, Cash to allies
• Stage 3 - Involvement
U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
America-First Committee
America-First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh
Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of WarPresident Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War
USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans 2,887 Americans Dead!Dead!
Why?
• Japan wanted to conquer East Asian nations to secure raw materials
• Japan wanted to control East Asia• US supplied aid to China (Japan’s
enemy)• US froze Japanese assets in
American banks• US blocked the export of vital
resources (including oil) to Japan
Impacts of Pearl Harbor
1. US Naval power in the Pacific greatly weakened – creates the opportunity for Japan to conquer significant territories
2. Mobilizes Americans for WAR!1. Industry, Armed Services Volunteers,
Draft, Financial Support
3. Greatly expands anti-Japanese attitudes
1. Fear of additional attacks2. Fear of espionage
Japanese Internment Camps
• During the winter of 1942, in the first months of America’s war with Japan, the United States government ordered tens of thousands of people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, to report to assembly centers throughout the West for transfer to internment camps.
• Approximately 120,000 people• Hundreds of millions in personal property
lost
Why?
Why?
Japanese Internment Camps
Population and Location
Relocation Camp
Horse Stalls for Homes
America on the Home Front
The “Big Three”The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph StalinStalin
European Theatre
• Why did the Allies focus on Europe 1st?
– Allies needed to invade Europe to regain lost territory
– Russia wanted Allied invasion as soon as possible to reduce German pressure on Russian troops
D-DayD-DayJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944
D-DayD-DayJune 6, 1944June 6, 1944
The invasion would begin on the beaches of Normandy, France.
The largest amphibious force in the history of warfare.
Considered by some to be the greatest military achievement of the 20th century.
PreparationPreparationPreparationPreparation 9 battleships
23 Cruisers
104 destroyers
71 U-boats
150,000 troops set to cross the English Channel in the invasion of Hitler’s fortress of Europe – 1st Wave
500,000 first 24 hours
Germans Anticipated Germans Anticipated attack in 1944attack in 1944
Germans Anticipated Germans Anticipated attack in 1944attack in 1944
D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower
The success of the invasion was far from a certainty in Eisenhower's mind.
In advance, he wrote a short speech for the potentially catastrophic failure.
D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersGeneral Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower
Our landings have failed and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the navy did all that bravery could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.
"to preserve … our civilization and to set free a suffering humanity." - Franklin D. Roosevelt
“The whole of the South Coast of England is a bastion of defense against the invasion of Hitler; you've got to turn it into the springboard for our attack." - Winston Churchill
“I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty, and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full victory.”
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day LeadersD-Day LeadersField Marshall RommelField Marshall RommelD-Day LeadersD-Day Leaders
Field Marshall RommelField Marshall Rommel
Commander of the 7th German Army.
Told Hitler about the severity of the invasion but was rejected.
Planned with other officers to possibly overthrow Hitler in hopes of negotiating with the Allies.
Rommel accused of assassination attempt on Hitler—Suicide!
Real D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning MapReal D-Day Planning Map
German Defense SystemGerman Defense SystemGerman Defense SystemGerman Defense System
Invasion at Utah Invasion at Utah BeachBeach
Invasion at Utah Invasion at Utah BeachBeach
I remember seeing all the dead bodies littering the beach. Some were killed on the first landing. They were fodder for the Germans gun. Others were washed in by the tide where their boats had been caught.
- Sr. Bernard Morgan
““Welcome to Hell”Welcome to Hell”““Welcome to Hell”Welcome to Hell”
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts
German German PrisonersPrisoners
FatalitiesFatalities FatalitiesFatalities
4,500 Allied and 4,500 Allied and American American troops deadtroops dead
National D-day Memorial National D-day Memorial FoundationFoundation
National D-day Memorial National D-day Memorial FoundationFoundation
D-Day: Turning the D-Day: Turning the Tide of WarTide of War
D-Day: Turning the D-Day: Turning the Tide of WarTide of War
Invasion of Normandy was the decisive Allied victory that turned the tide of World War 2.
Success of the invasion was necessary for the Allies to launch an attack to liberate France.
Allies moved permanently to the offensive as the armies marched through Europe to liberate the other conquered nations.
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus Major Claus vonvon
StauffenbergStauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!
U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944
U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944
French Female Collaborators
French Female Collaborators
The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto
Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945
Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into FDR wants quick Soviet entry into
Pacific war.Pacific war. FDR & Churchill concede Stalin FDR & Churchill concede Stalin
needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak spheres of influence and a weak Germany.Germany.
Churchill wants Churchill wants strong Germany strong Germany as buffer as bufferagainst Stalin.against Stalin.
FDR argues FDR argues for a ‘United for a ‘United Nations’.Nations’.
Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!
Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!V-1 Rocket:V-1 Rocket:
“Buzz “Buzz Bomb”Bomb”
V-2 V-2 RocketRocket
Werner von Werner von BraunBraun
Mussolini & His Mistress,
Claretta Petacci
Are Hung in Milan, 1945
Mussolini & His Mistress,
Claretta Petacci
Are Hung in Milan, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
The FThe Füührer’s hrer’s BunkerBunker
Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols
Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel General Keitel
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]
Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to
POW camps in the Philippines.POW camps in the Philippines.
4th Marines Patch
Bataan Death March
Details of the March• The only way to get the men to
the camp was to make them march the 70 miles. The Japanese High Command believed that it should only require a few days, but the men taken as prisoners of war were not in good health and were malnourished. That set the stage for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality. – Japanese soldiers committed random beatings
and killings of all kinds – 1000 soldiers died on the nine day hike
Bataan: British SoldiersBataan: British Soldiers
A A LiberateLiberated British d British
POWPOW
Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien
Island
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien
Island
Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests
Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests
Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Kamikaze PilotsPilots
Suicide Suicide BombersBombers
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the
Philippines! [1944]
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the
Philippines! [1944]
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
WW II Casualtie
s
WW II Casualtie
s
Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded
Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864
Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117
Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311
BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222
Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878
Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145
ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1
1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017
Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——
Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000
France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000
Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0
3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000
Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290
Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313
India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354
Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716
Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000
Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860
New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000
Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——
Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000
Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——
South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——
U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000
United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267
United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6
291,557 291,557 670,846670,846
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000
1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period
July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847 against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.
Massive Human Dislocations
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The Creation of the U. N.
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Japanese War Crimes Trials
Japanese War Crimes Trials
General General Hideki TojoHideki Tojo
Bio-Bio-Chemical Chemical
ExperimentExperimentss
7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II
7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II
Early Computer Technology
Came Out of WW II
Early Computer Technology
Came Out of WW II
Mark I, 1944Mark I, 1944
Admiral Grace Admiral Grace Hooper, 1944-1992Hooper, 1944-1992COBOL languageCOBOL language
Colossus, Colossus, 19411941