a) PULL FACTORS: Millions of immigrants were lured by the promise of a better life.

b) PUSH FACTORS: sought to escape famine, land shortages, religious or political persecution.

a) Many immigrants traveled in steerage, the ship's cargo holdb) Conditions:

• Rarely allowed on deck, • crowded • no fresh air. • louse-infested bunks • disease spread quickly, many died

a) East Coast- Ellis Island: Mainly European Immigrantsb) West Coast- Angel Island: Mainly Asian Immigrantsc) They had to pass a health inspectiond) About 20 percent were detained e) about 2 percent of those were denied entry.

a) Many immigrants sought out their own people b) The ethnic communities were life rafts for immigrants.

c) The Americanization movement: assimilate wide-ranging cultures into the

dominant culture. d) Associations taught immigrants skills needed for citizenshipe) Immigrants were taught ways of native-born Americans.

a) Nativism-favoritism toward native-born Americans.

b) gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions.

a) These nativists wanted immigrants from Western and Northern Europe

b) Thought that problems were caused by immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

c) The increase of immigration from these undesirable countries caused increased social tension.

• In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act.

• This act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.

• In 1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely

• 1906- Gentlemen’s Agreement- Limited immmigration from Japan.

a) Urbanization: or growth of cities, mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.

b) Most of the immigrants became city dwellers because: cheapest

c) convenient d) offered unskilled laborers steady jobs in mills and

factories.

• Apartment buildings: with two or three families occupying a one-family residence.,

• were overcrowded and unsanitary.• garbage was picked up infrequently.• To keep out the stench, residents nailed windows shut.• Many slept on the roof for fresh air- some fell to their deaths from

overcrowded rooftops.

a) Horse manure piled up on the streets b) sewage flowed through open guttersc) factories spewed foul smoke into the air. d) people dumped garbage on the streets.

a)Preached salvation through service to the poor. b)Reformers responded to the call to help the urban poor

a. Settlement Houses- community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. b. Jane Addams–one of the most influential members of the movement founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889. c. The settlement houses hoped to assimilate immigrants into American culture.

13. Settlement Houses13. Settlement Houses

a. THE POLITICAL MACHINE- an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.

b. Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

14. 14. Political Machine?Political Machine?

a. Local precinct workers and captains- gain voters' support on a city block or in a neighborhood.

b. The Ward Boss- secure the vote in all the precincts or electoral district. Helped the poor immigrants and gained their votes by doing favors or providing services.

c. The City Boss- at the top, controlled the activities of the political party throughout the city.

* The Goal- elect their candidates and guarantee the success of the machine.

Precinct Captain Precinct Captain

Ward Boss

Precinct Captain

Ward Boss

Precinct Captain

Ward Boss

City Boss

Political Candidate

Precinct Captain

15. The Structure of a Political Machine?15. The Structure of a Political Machine?

a. Graft- the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

b. Politicians were able to get away with shady dealings because the police were

controlled by the political bosses.

16. A Graft16. A Graft

a. Patronage- giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected

b. Government employees were not qualified for the positions they filled.

c. Civil Service – should go to the most qualified persons.

17. Patronage17. Patronage

a. Pendleton Civil Service Act- make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates' performance on an examination.

18. Pendleton Civil Service Act 18. Pendleton Civil Service Act

• The Morrill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges.

• When crop prices were high, farmers could repay their loans.

• When crop prices fell, farmers grew more, which caused prices to fall even more

• Railroads charged Western farmers a higher fee than Eastern farmers

• Farmers needed to organize.

• In 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley started the Grange. Members learned how to: 1. Support political candidates, 2. create legislation to regulate railroads, 3. fight the power of the banks.

• Leaders of the Farmer’s alliance created the Populist Party, in 1892.

The Populist Party demanded reforms:

1) to reduce debt from farmers and laborers

2) give the people a greater voice in their government.

• The Populists' share the platform of the Democratic Party believe: The government is responsible for reforming social injustices.

• The Democrats and populist’s favored bimetallism, either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks.

• The Republican favored the gold standard –backing dollars solely

with gold.

• Republican Party nominated William McKinley for president. • The Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan

• The voters of the industrial Middle West, with their fear of inflation, brought McKinley into office.

• With McKinley's election, Populism collapsed, burying the hopes of the farmers..