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Approach to Anemia - Summary. Approach to Anemia – Case 1. 37 year old female patient of Caucasian origin referred to the Emergency Room because of anemia Medical background: generally healthy, normal diet; during the last week treated with an antibiotic - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Approach to Anemia - Approach to Anemia - SummarySummary
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
• 37 year old female patient of Caucasian origin 37 year old female patient of Caucasian origin
referred to the Emergency Room because of anemiareferred to the Emergency Room because of anemia
• Medical background: generally healthy, normal Medical background: generally healthy, normal
diet; during the last week treated with an antibiotic diet; during the last week treated with an antibiotic
because of suspected pharyngitisbecause of suspected pharyngitis
• Complains of weakness and low-grade feverComplains of weakness and low-grade fever
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
On examination: pallor, slight jaundice; spleen On examination: pallor, slight jaundice; spleen mildly enlarged, soft, tendermildly enlarged, soft, tender
No lymphadenopathy, no bleeding tendency, No lymphadenopathy, no bleeding tendency, no glossitisno glossitis
Pulse 100, regular, blood pressure and oxygen Pulse 100, regular, blood pressure and oxygen saturation normalsaturation normal
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Laboratory evaluation - Set I:Laboratory evaluation - Set I:
- Hemoglobin – 7.9 gr%- Hemoglobin – 7.9 gr%
- MCV – 100- MCV – 100
- RDW – 17- RDW – 17
- WBC – normal- WBC – normal
- Platelets - normal- Platelets - normal
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Interpretation: Interpretation: macrocyticmacrocytic anemia anemia Differential diagnosis:Differential diagnosis:
- Megaloblastic anemia- Megaloblastic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia- Hemolytic anemia
- Myelodysplastic syndrome/Aplastic anemia- Myelodysplastic syndrome/Aplastic anemia
- Other- Other
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Laboratory evaluation - Set IILaboratory evaluation - Set II::
- Reticulocytes – - Reticulocytes – 14%14%
- - Corrected reticulocyte countCorrected reticulocyte count: :
/%/% Retics X (Retics X (measured to the expected Hb ratio)/measured to the expected Hb ratio)/
14% x 7.9/15 = 14% x 7.9/15 = 7.4%7.4%
- - Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI):Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI):
/Corrected reticulocyte count/shift correction factor//Corrected reticulocyte count/shift correction factor/
7.4 / 2 = 7.4 / 2 = 3.73.7 (>2) (>2)
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Interpretation: Interpretation: hyperproliferative hyperproliferative anemiaanemia Differential diagnosis:Differential diagnosis:
-- Megaloblastic anemia? Megaloblastic anemia? NoNo
- Myelodysplastic syndrome/Aplastic anemia?- Myelodysplastic syndrome/Aplastic anemia?
NoNo
- Hemolytic anemia? - Hemolytic anemia? YesYes
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Laboratory evaluation - Set IIILaboratory evaluation - Set III: :
- LDH – high- LDH – high
- Bilirubin – high (unconjugated)- Bilirubin – high (unconjugated)
- Haptoglobin – low- Haptoglobin – low
Diagnosis confirmed: Diagnosis confirmed: Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Hemolytic anemia – differential diagnosis:Hemolytic anemia – differential diagnosis:
- - Intra-corpuscularIntra-corpuscular (hemoglobinopathy, (hemoglobinopathy, enzymopathy)enzymopathy)
- - Red cell membraneRed cell membrane (cytoskeleton, PNH, (cytoskeleton, PNH, spur cell anemia)spur cell anemia)
- - Extra-corpuscularExtra-corpuscular (hypersplenism, (hypersplenism, mechanic hemolysis, immune hemolysis, mechanic hemolysis, immune hemolysis, toxic/infectious agents)toxic/infectious agents)
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Laboratory evaluation - Set IVLaboratory evaluation - Set IV::
Blood smearBlood smear
- - AnisocytosisAnisocytosis (high RDW) (high RDW)
- - PolychromasiaPolychromasia (reticulocytosis) (reticulocytosis)
-- Spherocytes? - Ellyptocytes?Spherocytes? - Ellyptocytes?
-- Bite cells? - Spur cells?Bite cells? - Spur cells?
-- Schistocytes?Schistocytes? - Sickle cells? - Sickle cells?
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
Laboratory evaluation – Set VLaboratory evaluation – Set V::
- Direct anti-globulin (Coombs) test – IgG +3- Direct anti-globulin (Coombs) test – IgG +3
Approach to Anemia – Case 1Approach to Anemia – Case 1
SummarySummary::- Mild splenomegaly, fever, jaundice- Mild splenomegaly, fever, jaundice- Macrocytic anemia- Macrocytic anemia- Reticulocytosis- Reticulocytosis- Spherocytosis- Spherocytosis- Positive direct anti-globulin test- Positive direct anti-globulin testWarm-type immune hemolytic anemia, possibly Warm-type immune hemolytic anemia, possibly
– drug related– drug related
An approach to anemia is based on asking 3 An approach to anemia is based on asking 3
main questions:main questions:
1. 1. MCV?MCV?
2.2. Reticulocyte count? (Bone marrow function) Reticulocyte count? (Bone marrow function)
3. 3. Involvement of additional lineages?Involvement of additional lineages?
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
MCVMCV::
- - LowLow: Iron deficiency: Iron deficiency
Thalassemia traitThalassemia trait
Chronic diseaseChronic disease
Sideroblastic anemiaSideroblastic anemia
- - NormalNormal: Iron deficiency (early): Iron deficiency (early)
Chronic diseaseChronic disease
Renal failureRenal failure
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
- - HighHigh: Megaloblastic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia
Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia
MDS / Aplastic anemiaMDS / Aplastic anemia
Drug-relatedDrug-related
HypothyroidismHypothyroidism
AlcoholismAlcoholism
Liver diseaseLiver disease
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia Reticulocyte countReticulocyte count::
- - AdequteAdequte (RPI>2): Hemolytic anemias (most) (RPI>2): Hemolytic anemias (most) Acute blood lossAcute blood loss Liver diseaseLiver disease - - InadequateInadequate (RPI<2): Iron deficiency (RPI<2): Iron deficiency Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia Anemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic disease Bone marrow failure Bone marrow failure (malignancy, chemotherapy, (malignancy, chemotherapy, MDS/Aplastic anemia)MDS/Aplastic anemia)
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
Additional lineage(s) involvementAdditional lineage(s) involvement::
- - LeukopeniaLeukopenia: Malignancy: Malignancy
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
HypersplenismHypersplenism
Drug-relatedDrug-related
Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia
Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
- - ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia: Malignancy: Malignancy ChemotherapyChemotherapy HypersplenismHypersplenism Drug-relatedDrug-related Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia TTPTTP DICDIC
Approach to AnemiaApproach to Anemia
In addition, In addition, blood smearblood smear always needs to be always needs to be carefully assessed:carefully assessed:
Schistocytes? Spherocytes?Schistocytes? Spherocytes?
Target cells? Normoblasts?Target cells? Normoblasts?
Spur cells (acanthocytes)? Burr cells? Spur cells (acanthocytes)? Burr cells?
Malignant cells (leukemia, lymphoma)?Malignant cells (leukemia, lymphoma)?
Malaria parasites? Sickle forms?Malaria parasites? Sickle forms?
Anemia With Low MCV and Low Anemia With Low MCV and Low ReticulocytesReticulocytes
Iron deficiencyIron deficiency
Hereditary defects in hemoglobin synthesis Hereditary defects in hemoglobin synthesis
(thalassemia trait)(thalassemia trait)
Defects in heme synthsis (sideroblastic anemia)Defects in heme synthsis (sideroblastic anemia)
Anemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic disease
Anemia With Normal MCV and Low Anemia With Normal MCV and Low ReticulocytesReticulocytes
Early or mild iron deficiency anemiaEarly or mild iron deficiency anemia
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
Anemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic disease
Anemia of renal failureAnemia of renal failure
Anemia with High MCV and Low Anemia with High MCV and Low ReticulocytesReticulocytes
Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia Myelodysplastic syndrome / Aplastic anemiaMyelodysplastic syndrome / Aplastic anemia Drug-related anemiaDrug-related anemia HypothyroidismHypothyroidism AlcoholismAlcoholism
Anemia with High ReticulocytesAnemia with High Reticulocytes
Low MCVLow MCV:: - Thalassemia Major (some cases)- Thalassemia Major (some cases) - Spherocytosis- Spherocytosis High MCVHigh MCV:: - Sickle cell anemia- Sickle cell anemia - G-6PD deficiency- G-6PD deficiency - Immune hemolytic anemia- Immune hemolytic anemia - Malaria infection- Malaria infection
Anemia with Leukopenia and/or Anemia with Leukopenia and/or ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia
Low reticulocytesLow reticulocytes:: - Aplastic anemia/Myelodysplastic syndrome- Aplastic anemia/Myelodysplastic syndrome - Chemotherapy- Chemotherapy - Alcoholism- Alcoholism - Megaloblastic anemia- Megaloblastic anemia High reticulocytesHigh reticulocytes:: - TTP / DIC- TTP / DIC - Hypersplenism- Hypersplenism
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
63 year old male patient presented to your clinic 63 year old male patient presented to your clinic with weakness and anemia; generally healthy, with weakness and anemia; generally healthy, no permanent medications. no permanent medications.
On examination: afebrile, normal pulse and On examination: afebrile, normal pulse and blood pressure. No hepatosplenomegaly and blood pressure. No hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Scattered purpura over lymphadenopathy. Scattered purpura over lower extremities and chest.lower extremities and chest.
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Laboratory evaluation - Set I:Laboratory evaluation - Set I:
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Interpretation: Interpretation: macrocyticmacrocytic anemiaanemia with with thrombocytopeniathrombocytopenia
Differential diagnosis:Differential diagnosis:
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Laboratory evaluation - Set II:Laboratory evaluation - Set II:
Interpretation: High MCV, Low RPIInterpretation: High MCV, Low RPIDifferential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis::
Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia Myelodysplastic syndrome Myelodysplastic syndrome Aplastic anemiaAplastic anemia Drug-related Drug-related AlcoholismAlcoholism
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Laboratory evaluation - Set III:Laboratory evaluation - Set III:
- B12 and Folate levels- B12 and Folate levels
Thorough history taking: alcohol? medications?Thorough history taking: alcohol? medications?
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Laboratory evaluation - Set IV: Laboratory evaluation - Set IV:
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
Laboratory evaluation - Set V:Laboratory evaluation - Set V:
Ringed Sideroblast Iron
Approach to Anemia – Case 2Approach to Anemia – Case 2
SummarySummary:: - Macrocytic anemia- Macrocytic anemia - Thrombocytopenia- Thrombocytopenia - Low RPI- Low RPI - Dysplastic maturation (peripheral smear, - Dysplastic maturation (peripheral smear, bone marrow)bone marrow) - Normal B12 and Folate levels- Normal B12 and Folate levels
Myelodysplastic syndromeMyelodysplastic syndrome
Table 29-05Table 29-05
Copyright Copyright ©© 2005 Elsevier Inc. (USA) All rights reserved 2005 Elsevier Inc. (USA) All rights reserved..