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Appreciative Inquiry
Marcelle SmithNovember 6, 2004
What is Appreciative Inquiry (AI)?
• 4-D Cycle• Tradition (deficit-based) training versus
Appreciative Inquiry (asset-based) training• Principles of AI• Change Theories Embedded in AI• Assumptions of AI
Design
Destiny
Appreciative Inquiry
4-D Cycle Discovery
DreamAffirmative Topic Choice
Design
Destiny
What gives life?
Appreciating
What might be?
Envisioning Results
What should be the ideal?
Co-constructing
How to empower/ learn/adjust?
Sustaining
Appreciative Inquiry
versus
Six Sigma
What is Six Sigma?
• The central idea behind Six Sigma is that if you
can measure how many “defects” you have in a
process, you can systematically figure out how
to eliminate them and get as close to “zero
defects” as possible.General Electric
http://www.ge.com/commitment/quality/whatis.htm
Six Sigma Business Strategy The Goal: Become a corporation that produces
goods and provide services with six sigma capabilities. Increase customer satisfaction. Reduce production and development costs . Eliminate defects. Minimize cycle times. Minimize inventories. Increase profit margin.
The Methodology: Use proven tools in a structureddata-driven manner to attack sources of COPQ (Cost Of Poor Quality).
Six Sigma Process of Kennecott Copper Corp.
• Define scope• Define deliverables• Activate Project Center• Plan team structure
Define
Analyze• Prioritize / Analyze possible X’s• Identify critical X’s (root cause)• Execute project plan
Improve• Optimize settings for critical X’s• Define best practices• Develop plan to implement
improvements• Execute project plan
• Baseline capabilities• Verify measurements• Initiate root – cause
analysis (ID possible X’s)
• Develop project plan
Measure
Control• Implement improvements• Provide CONTROL & RESPONSE Plans• Document changes• Verify sustained results
Deficit-based thinking Appreciative Inquiry (The Quest)
Problems Possibilities“The glass is half empty” “The glass is half full”Problem-driven Vision-ledMoney MeaningScarcity of resources Abundance of resourcesCritical thinking Generative thinkingResistance EnergyIncremental advances Unprecedented breakthroughsToken promises Full-of-meaning commitmentsUsing others Collaborating with othersTransactions RelationsProfessionally-directed Self-directedTaught—as admonitions Learned—by example
Presented by: Philanthropic Quest Internationalhttp://www.appreciative-inquiry.org/AI-Chart.htm
Five Principles of Appreciative Inquiry
• Principle of Constructionism
• Principle of Simultaneity
• Poetic Principle
• Anticipatory Principle
• Positive Principle
Five Change Theories Embedded in Appreciative Inquiry
• Socially Constructing Reality
• Heliotropic Hypothesis
• Organization’s Inner Dialogue
• Resolving Paradoxical Dilemmas
• Appreciative Process
Neuro-Logical Levels
Easier to change
More difficult to change
Spiritual
Identity
Beliefs/Values
Capability
Behavior
Environment
Appreciative Inquiry Assumptions
• Whatever you want more of, already exists in all organizations.
• In every society, organization or group, something works.
• What we focus on becomes our reality.
Appreciative Inquiry Assumptions
• Reality is created in the moment and there are multiple realities.
• The act of asking questions of an organization or group influences the group in some way.
• If we carry parts of the past forward, they should be what is best about the past.
Appreciative Inquiry Assumptions
• People have more confidence and comfort to journey to the future (the unknown) when they carry forward parts of the past (the known).
• It is important to value differences.
• The language we use creates our reality.
Continued
Appreciative Inquiry
“The power of positive suggestion plants a
seed which redirects the mind—and
through the mind, the body—toward a
positive goal.”
Asjaffe and Bresler