APPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By RONALD J. SAVILL, ASA APPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By RONALD J. SAVILL, ASA INTERNATIONAL APPRAISALS, INC

APPRAISINGAPPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By By

RONALD J. SAVILL, ASARONALD J. SAVILL, ASA

APPRAISINGAPPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By By

RONALD J. SAVILL, ASARONALD J. SAVILL, ASA

INTERNATIONAL APPRAISALS, INC.

www.internationalappraisals.com

The Machinery & Equipment Appraiser Tested, Certified, and Designated

by the

American Society of Appraisers

American Society of AppraisersAmerican Society of Appraisers

Requirements for Professional Designations in ASA

1. Education A degree from a recognized institution of learning or such

other education, knowledge or experience as may be

deemed to be equivalent of such professional education

by the International Board of Examiners of the American

Society of Appraisers.

2. Experience Member status requires a minimum of two years full time

appraisal experience. Senior Member (ASA) status

requires a minimum of five years full time appraisal experience.

American Society of AppraisersAmerican Society of Appraisers

3. Examinations In addition to other mandatory requirements, individuals must pass comprehensive examinations covering areas of: General Value Theory, Technical Expertise, Professional Ethics.

4. Appraisal Reports As part of the professional designation process, candidates must submit several appraisal reports for evaluation and grading.

5. Personal Investigation Each individual seeking a designation must furnish numerous professional and personal references and be subject to local credit and background investigations.

6. Continuing Education

To ensure that competent, relevant, and current valuation counsel is available to the public, ASA requires Accredited Senior Appraisers to reaccredit.

Reaccredidation CertificateReaccredidation Certificate

Replacement Value

Insurance

Fair Market Value In Place

Fair Market Value

Liquidation Value In Place

Orderly Liquidation Value

Liquidation Value

Once you have determined that you need an appraisal, we can help you decide what type of appraisal is appropriate for your situation. The

following concept definitions are recognized as standard by the American Society of Appraisers.

Types of AppraisalsTypes of Appraisals


• Replacement Cost New Is the current cost of a similar new property having the nearest equivalent utility as the property being appraised, as of a specific date.

• Reproduction Cost New Is the cost of producing a new replica of a property on the basis of current prices with the same or closely similar materials, as of a specific date.

• Insurance Replacement Cost Is the replacement cost new as defined in the insurance policy. It is the cost new of the items specifically excluded in the policy, if any.

• Insurance Value Depreciated Is the insurance replacement cost less accrued depreciation considered for insurance purposes.


• Forced Liquidation Value Is the estimated gross amount expressed in terms of money which

could be typically realized from a properly advertised and conducted public auction with the seller being compelled to sell with a sense of immediacy on an as is-where is basis, as of a specific date.

• Orderly Liquidation Value Is the estimated gross amount expressed in terms of money which

could be typically realized from a liquidation sale given a reasonable period of time to find a purchaser, the seller being compelled to sell on an as is-where is basis, as of a specific date.


• Liquidation Value In Place Is the estimated gross amount expressed in terms of money which

is projected to be obtainable from a failed facility assuming that the facility would be sold intact within a limited time to complete the sale, as of a specific date.

• Fair Market Value Is the estimated amount expressed in terms of money that may

reasonably be expected for a property in exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller with equity to both, neither under any compulsion to buy or sell, and both fully aware of all relevant facts, as of a specific date.


• Fair Value

Is the estimated amount at which an asset ( or liability) could be

bought (or incurred) or sold (or settled) in a current transaction between willing parties, that is, other than in a forced or liquidation sale.

• Fair Market Value In Continued Use Is the estimated amount in terms of money that may reasonably be

expected for a property in exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller with equity to both, neither under any compulsion to buy or sell and both fully aware of all facts, including installation

and assuming the earnings support the value reported.


• Fair Market Value-Installed Is the estimated amount of an installed property expressed in terms

of money that may reasonably be expected in exchange between a willing buyer and a willing seller with equity to both, neither under any compulsion to buy or sell and both fully aware of all the relevant facts, as of a specific date.

• Fair Market Value-Removal Is the estimated amount expressed in terms of money that may

reasonably be expected for an item of property between a willing buyer and a willing seller with equity to both, neither under any compulsion to buy or sell and both fully aware of all relevant facts, considering the removal of the property to another location, as of a specific date.


Replacement Value

Insurance


Fair Market Value



Liquidation Value

Replacement Value

Insurance


Fair Market Value



Liquidation Value

Three Approaches to ValueThree Approaches to Value

For every appraisal assignment, an appraiser must consider all three of the approaches to

value: Cost Approach, Market Approach, Income Approach

1. The Cost Approach is that approach which measures value by determining the current cost of an asset and deducting for the various elements of depreciation, physical deterioration and functional and economic obsolescence. The logic behind the cost approach is the principle of substitution: a prudent buyer will not pay more for an item than the cost of acquiring a substitute new item with the same utility as the subject asset.

Three Approaches to ValueThree Approaches to Value

2. The Market Approach is that approach to value where recent sales and offering prices of similar property are analyzed to arrive at an indication of the most probable selling price of the property being appraised. The logic behind the market approach is that a prudent purchaser would pay no more for an item than the cost of acquiring an existing replacement in the used market.

The market approach is the truest indicator of what an asset would bring on the open market. The type of sale-auction or negotiated, conditions of the sale, and condition of the equipment at the time of the sale need to be considered.

3. The Income Approach is that approach where the net income that the property can produce is capitalized. The logic is that a prudent purchaser would likely base his buying decision upon potential future income generated by ownership of the assets.

Market Approach Resource MaterialsMarket Approach Resource Materials

1. Internet

2. Published Cost Guides

3. Auction Monitoring Services

4. Trade Journals

5. Machinery Dealers

6. Other Appraisers & Auctioneers

7. Attending & Monitoring Auction Sales

Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)

Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)

The purpose of the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) is to promote and maintain a high level of public trust in appraisal practice by establishing requirements for appraisers. It is essential that appraisers develop and communicate their analyses, opinions, and conclusions to intended users of their services in a manner that is meaningful and not misleading.

To document recognition and acceptance of his or her USPAP-related responsibilities in communicating an

appraisal completed under USPAP, an appraiser is required to certify compliance with USPAP.

USPAPUSPAP

USPAP Reflects the Current Standards of the Appraisal Profession

USPAPUSPAP

USPAP USPAP

An appraiser must not disclose confidential information or assignment results prepared for a client to anyone other than the client and persons

specifically authorized by the client.

Appraisal Report ContentsAppraisal Report Contents

Proper appraisal practice requires the following elements be included in any appraisal report.

1. Letter of Transmittal

2. Identification of Appraisal Property

3. Certification and Limiting Conditions

4. Appraisal Methodology Narrative

Letter of TransmittalLetter of Transmittal

All appraisals should begin with a letter of transmittal. This letter should state the identity of the client and any intended users; state the intended use of the appraisal; state the type and definition of the value; state the property interest being appraised; state the value conclusion; state the effective date of the appraisal and the date of the report. This letter should be signed by the appraiser responsible for the value conclusion contained in the report.

Identification of PropertyIdentification of Property

All items being appraised should be sufficiently identified so as to avoid any misunderstanding or confusion over what specifically is included. This identification could include, when available, the following:

a) Manufacturer

b) Model Number

c) Serial Number

d) Size and Capacity

e) Year of Manufacture

f) Attachments & Auxiliary Equipment

g) Special Features

h) Photographs

Certification and Limiting ConditionsCertification and Limiting Conditions

Each written machinery appraisal report must contain a signed certification that is similar in

content to the following form:

a) The statements of facts contained in this report are true and correct.

b) The reported analyses, opinions, and conclusions are limited only by the reported assumptions and limiting conditions and are my personal , impartial, and unbiased professional analyses, opinions, and conclusions.

c) I have (or have not) made a personal inspection of the property that is the subject of this report

d) The appraiser has no financial interest in the items appraised, and no personal interest with respect to the parties involved.

Certification And Limiting ConditionsCertification And Limiting Conditions

e) The fee was not contingent on the value reported

.

f) Statements, information, or data supplied by others, on which the conclusions were based, should be summarized.

g) My analyses, opinions, and conclusions were developed, and this report has been prepared, in conformity with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice.

A signed certification is an integral part of the appraisal report. An appraiser who signs any part of the appraisal report, including a letter of transmittal, must also sign this certification.

Methodology NarrativeMethodology Narrative

Because intended users’ reliance on an appraisal may be affected by the scope of work, the report must enable them to be properly informed and not misled. Sufficient information includes disclosure of research and analyses performed and might also include disclosure of research and analyses not performed.

Furthermore, the appraiser must provide sufficient information to enable the client and intended users to understand the rationale for the opinions and conclusions, including reconciliation of the data and approaches.

When an opinion of highest and best use is developed by an appraiser, there should be a description of the support and rationale for that opinion.

Causes & EffectsCauses & Effects

When the time comes to actually liquidate assets, there are certain circumstances which tend to have a positive or negative influence on the actual outcome of the sale. These factors effecting value are often the least understood by both the appraiser and the client. A client can readily understand why the condition of the particular machine will have a direct relationship on the liquidation value of the machine. However, it is often much more difficult to understand why the condition of the building in which that machine is located can have a similar effect on its value. Causes and effects can be divided into four categories.


1. Total Draw of M&E There is a direct relationship between the selling price of machinery and equipment and the “appeal” of the overall sale. If there are insufficient quantities, too many of the same item, or if the majority of the equipment is somewhat obsolete, it will be difficult to draw enough buyers to create a favorable selling situation. It is for this reason that sellers should consider carefully the decision to “sell off” assets prior to a total liquidation.

2. Physical Appearance The appearance of the machinery and equipment can be of more importance than actual condition. The appraiser must consider the appearance as well as condition

when arriving at a liquidation value.


3. Location and Industry Economics The appraiser has to consider the health of the industry that would likely produce the buyers for the subject machinery and equipment as well as the practical aspects for transporting the machinery and

equipment.

4. Psychological Effects It is a fact that the assets sold after an enterprise has failed will usually sell for less than if sold prior to failure. This is an effect of psychological factors, rather

than the machinery and equipment itself.

How An Appraisal Is ConductedHow An Appraisal Is Conducted

1. Before We Begin

A) Determine The Purpose

B) Request Asset Schedule

C) Estimate Cost And Time

D) Preliminary Inspection


2. On Site Procedure

A) Physically Inventory And Inspect Each Asset

B) Photograph

C) Note Age And Condition

D) Interview Maintenance Personnel


3. In Office Procedure

A) Research Data Base

B) Interview Industry Experts

C) Arrive At Final Value Conclusion

D) Deliver Final Report

Documents

APPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By RONALD J. SAVILL, ASA APPRAISING MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT By RONALD J. SAVILL, ASA INTERNATIONAL APPRAISALS, INC