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2
Worldwide development of food supply
0 2 4 6 8 10
2050
2025
2000
1975
1950
World population(in Mrd)
0 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5
2050
2025
2000
1975
1950
Cultivated area(in Mrd ha)
Arable land per-capita
( in ha)
Ressource: UNO, 2007.
0 0,2 0,4 0,6
2050
2025
2000
1975
1950
3
Possible solution
Breeding of high yielding and resistance to abiotic
and biotic stress cultivars will play a key role
4
Agronomic traits� Yield StabilityQuality
� Nutrition
� Processing
Resistance� Diseases
Yield� Grain yield
Nutrient use efficiency
� Nitrogen
Conventional Plant Breeding
5
Conventional Plant Breeding
GENETIC RESOURCES
Evaluation of plants
Crossing
Evaluation
Selection
Official testing
Variety
years, places,
replications
resistances,
yield, quality
2 to 4 years
6 to >8 years
8 to >12 years, 5 to 6 mn €, release rate < 10%
V a
r i a
t i o
nS e
l e
c t
i o
n
6
State of the art in plant breeding technologies
Breeding speed-up and add-on technologies
Yield improvement
Gene technology
DNA diagnostics
Cell- and tissue culture
Hybrid breeding
Cross breeding and selection
Genomic research
1856 1910 1940 1970 Today
7
Advantages of molecular markers:
• environment independent detection of trait(s)
• application in early generations
• possibility for HT automatisation ☺☺☺☺
����
Molecular markers
☺☺☺☺
Disadvantages of molecular markers:
� relatively high cost of application
� limited application on quantitative trait(s)
9
Pre-basic seed (1st year)
Basic seed( 2nd year)
Certified seed
(3rd year)
Hybrid rye,commercially grown (4th year)
A line B line Restorer synthetic C
general formula of a hybrid rye variety: (A-cms x B-N) x R-Syn
Seed Production of Hybrid Rye
10
Ergot
Germinating sclerotia
Ergot intoxification in the middle
ages (fire of St. Anton)
Altar of Isenheim (Alsassia, France)
Pollen grains
germinating on
pistils
Fertility restoration in rye
11
4RS26.4
0.9
1.8
2.7
0.1
0.1
1.7
21.4
11.3
19.6
0.1
10.2
4.5
6.6
1.4
10.9
11.1
4.1
5.1
3.3
Xmwg77
Xscb230Xmwg2299
Xiag120
Xpsr150
Xscb258a
Xpsr584Xiag115
Xmwg89
Px(en)
Xscb52Xmwg530
Xmwg539
Xpsr119
Xpsr392
Xscb21
Xcmwg652
Xmwg2053b
Xpsr899
Xmwg2202
Xpsr167
4RL
Xpsr8
S4R09
AFLP1555
RfS4R04
AFLP1455
PSR167
4RL
PSR8
STSR022
STS4R014
SNP4R015
SNP4R028
Fertility restoration in rye
15
Hybrid Rye with PollenPlus
increased pollen shedding
= less ergot
tolerant of stress
medium hybrid
rye
medium
conventional rye
PollenPlus
hybrid rye
high · ergot infection level · low
An additional information about POLLEN+ strategy see on www. pollenplus.de
Fertility restoration in rye
17
Foto: Prof. Ruckenbauer (IFA, Tulln)
�Winter wheat is most prominent in Germany, followed by barley, rye and triticale
�Complex of Fusarium species: Fusarium
graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae
�Main focus on deoxynivalenol (DON), but nivalenol (NIV) occurs also
�Epidemics do not occur regularly (1998 and 2002 in Germany), however, mycotoxins can be found every year
�Mycotoxin contamination is of greater concern than yield loss (food safety)
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in cereals
18
Commission Regulation (EC) No 856/2005
DON in unprocessed cereals: 1250 µg kg-1
DON in bread and bakeries: 500 µg kg-1
DON in baby food: 200 µg kg-1
Durum products
Cereals for human consumption
except Bread, pastries, beer
Baby food
-
500
350
100
Germany1
1 Since February 2004 valid
Mycotoxins in cereals
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
Note 1-9, (1 is full resistant)
Powdery
mildew
FHB
Resistance to
BSL 1986-2005
Selection success by resistances breeding
20
Molecular breeding Geneticengineering
HOH/LP/LfLLfL/HOH/LPLfL/IFA PLT/MPI/LP
Phenotypic
selection
Marker-
based
selection
Recurrent selection
QTL-
Mapping
QTL-
Validation
Marker development
Strategies towards improving resistance to Fusarium Head Blight
21
Benefit of exotic resistance sources
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sumai
3
Arin
aPet
rus
Dre
am
His
tory
G16
_92
Spark
Ren
an
Arc
heA
pach
eF20
1_R
Bra
ndo
Cha
rger
G
CH
GB
C
10 environments, 2003-2004% FHB rating
LSD5%
FR
1. Resistance level of Sumai 3 is much higher
2. Low number of QTL with high effects that are less
dependent on environment
22
CM 82036
(CHINA)
Munk
(D)
Frontana
(BRAS)
G16-92 Brando Dream LP 235.1
Spring wheat Winter wheat
FHB resistance of parents
23
(ER • F) x (GR • H)
S+MBS
CM
Phenotyp. Sel. Marker-based Sel.
C0
B. Winter wheat
S0
Recomb.
xS
C1
Test 1
MBS
(AR • B) x (CR • D)
S0
Test 1 xS
Recomb.
2000
2001
Year
Test 2
S0
Test 1‘ xS
CP1 CP1‘
unsel. sel.
2003
2004
2005
Phenotyp.Sel.
MBS
S+MBS
CM
S+MBS
Marker-based Sel.
2002
C0
A. Spring wheat
Data analysis, use of selected lines in breeding programmes
Phenotypic vs. marker-based selection
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
3B+5
A+3
A
3B+5
A
3B+3
A
3A+5
A 3B 5A 3AS
usce
pt.
a
e
dcd
bcbcb
a
DON content [mg/kg]
Donor-QTL alleles
-80%
Effect of exotic QTL on DON content in spring wheat
25
Variant
N Total Per year
Phenotypic
selection
1000 6.2 (2) 3.1
Marker-based
selection CM 35 3.3 (1) 3.326 8.8 (1) 8.8
40 9.6 (2) 4.8
N Total Per year
Spring wheat Winter wheat
135 12.6 (3) 4.2
CP1
CP1‘
FHB rating (%)
EUREKA – 2004, 4 locations
Mean realised selection gain
26
GABI-Canada
Canadian-German Collaboration on Plant Genomics Research
Reducing Fusarium Toxins in Wheat Through Genomics - Guided Strategies
Duration: 4 Years 1.04.2006 - 31.03.2010
Project coordination (Canada): Project coordination (Germany):Dr. Daryl Somers /Christof Rampitsch scientific: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Wenzel / Dr. M. Schmolke (TUM)
industrial: Dr. E. Ebmeyer (KWS-L)
Cooperating Partners in Germany:
University of Hohenheim (UHOH)Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL)Technical University of Munich (TUM)Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants (JKI)Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)
KWS LOCHOW GMBHSaaten-Union Resistenzlabor GmbH
30
1. Marker based transfer of the exotic resistance QTL 3B und 5A into elitewinter wheat
2. Linkage drag: Evaluation of possible negative effects of the exoticresistance loci on yield and other characters
3. Dissection of QTL: Diminution of the exotic chromosome segment byretaining the FHB resistance
GABI Canada: Aims of our part (module 2) of the project
31
Development of material for Dissection and Linkage Drag
Generation Sowing Marker Analysis Dissection (Opus) Linkage Drag (Opus/Anthus)
Nov. 2002
F1 x Opus/Anthus Aug. 2003 1.940 GT
BC1 x Opus/Anthus Feb. 2004 2.500 GT
BC2 x Opus/Anthus Oct. 2004 3.300 GT
BC3 F1 July 2005 3.600 GT Selection: Bbaa, bbAa Selection: aaBb, bbAa, AaBb
Jan. 2006BC3 F2 3.076 GT Selection: Bbaa, bbAa Selection: aabb, aaBB, bbAA, AABB
Aug. 2006BC3 F3 7.700 GT B_aa: 402 GT with recomb. BC3 F2:3
(3.000 GT) bbA_: 300 GT with recomb.
Jan. 2007BC3 F4 BC3 F2:4
BC3 F4:5 BC3 F2:5Yield and resistance trial 2008
T=180, P=5, R=2
Yield and resistance trial 2009
3B: 165 GT, 5A: 183 GT T=180, P=5, R=2
GT: Genotypes Resistance Donor: SW1-91 (CM 82036 x Nandu) x (Frontana x Munk)
Marker assisted background selection
Propagation 2008
FHB resistance Trial 2009 (P=4)
Homozygous sub-NILs
Opus x Donor Anthus x Donor
Marker assisted background selection
Marker assisted background selection
32
Exotic resistance loci in elite winter wheatSusceptibility for FHB in different marker classes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
AABB AAbb aaBB aabb Opus AABB AAbb aaBB aabb Anthus
c
a
b
d
cbb
a
FHB rating (%)
33
TraitGenetics GmbH
Syngenta Seeds GmbH
KWS LOCHOW GmbH
Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)
GABI-Wheat: Establishment of a platform for genome-wide association mapping in wheat
Poster ITMI2009_036