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Mansour Solaimanian The Pennsylvania State University October 28, 2019 Application of Bio‐binders as Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Asphalt Binders

Application of Bio‐binders as Sustainable Alternative to ... › assets › docs › recent... · 1.E+09 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08 Complex Shear Modulus,

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Page 1: Application of Bio‐binders as Sustainable Alternative to ... › assets › docs › recent... · 1.E+09 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08 Complex Shear Modulus,

Mansour Solaimanian

The Pennsylvania State UniversityOctober 28, 2019

Application of Bio‐binders as Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Asphalt Binders

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PhD Candidate, Saman Barzegari

The Researcher

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Introduction, background, and problem statement

Application of bio‐binders in asphalt pavements.

Discussion of E\experiment and results Summary, 

conclusions, and recommendations

3

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Introduction, background, and 

problem statement

• Why consider alternatives to asphalt binders?

• What are bio‐binders?

• What materials can be used?

3

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https://www.quora.com/How‐many‐gallons‐of‐gas‐can‐you‐get‐to‐a‐barrel‐of‐oil

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Why need alternatives to asphalt binders?

• Production of asphalt binders is energy‐intensive

1) Environment

Production of each ton of asphalt binder from 

crude oil:

126 kg Eq. CO2 emissions

Extraction and transport of each ton of crude oil:

130 kg Eq. CO2 emissions Production of bio‐oils:no carbon footprint!

Through use of renewable fuels created during the 

process

Large Carbon Footprint

4

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• 36% drop in production over 12 years!

• Demand increases by average rate of 3.3%

• Global price of asphalt binder is on an increasing trend

2) Economy

4Why need alternatives to asphalt binders?

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How are the bio‐binders produced?

Bio‐oils are biomass liquefied through different thermochemical processes:

• Steam gasification• Pyrolysis• Solar gasification• Supercritical fluid extraction• Microbial fermentation

Bio‐binders are made through processing of bio‐oils!

5

Biomass is any organic material (plant or animal based) used for energy production

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Production of bio‐oil

Biomass

5

Chemical Decomposition at Elevated Temperatures

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Production of Bio‐OilBio‐oil is a thick black‐brown substance which smells 

heavily like burnt wood! 

5

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Production of Bio‐binderBio‐oils are treated inside a shear blender at high temperatures to:• Remove water and volatiles• Increase viscosity• Improve stability

The end product is called bio‐binder

5

Blending bio‐binder into conventional asphalt produces bio‐asphalt

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Past studies on bio‐binders.Majority of studies concluded that bio‐binders

1) soften asphalt

2) age drastically.

3) manifest brittle behavior at low‐temperature

Recommendation to address this issue:

Minimize the bio‐binder content in bio‐asphalts!

6

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Question:

• Is it possible to replace substantial quantities of petroleum‐based asphalt binders with sustainable bio‐binders?

• Is there a way to address the severe aging of bio‐asphalts to improve low‐temperature properties?

• How do mixtures made with bio‐asphalts perform?

7

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Discussion of experiments and results

• Bio‐binders used in this study• Properties of bio‐oils and bio‐binders• Properties of bio‐asphalts and effect of aging• Improving the aged bio‐asphalt properties • Performance of mixtures with bio‐asphalts• Chemical characterization of bio‐oils, bio‐binders 

and bio‐asphalts 

10

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Four different plant‐based bio‐binders were used in this study. 

SwitchgrassA non‐woody plant

White PineA softwood tree

White OakA hardwood tree

11

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Four different plant‐based bio‐binders was used in this study. 

Material Cellulose (%)

Hemicellulose (%)

Lignin(%)

Switchgrass(Sun and Cheng 2002) 33‐37 24‐40 12‐17

Pine wood(Räisänen and Athanassiadis 

2013)35‐40 27‐32 20‐27

Oak wood (Le Floch et al. 2015) 38‐42 22‐30 25‐30

11

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Investigate physical properties of bio‐oils, bio‐binders and bio‐asphalts

Rheological Properties 

• Bio‐oils Viscosity

• Bio‐binders, asphalt binders and bio‐asphalts Viscosity Temperature Sensitivity Rutting Potential Cracking PotentialMultiple Stress Creep Recovery Linear Amplitude Sweep

13

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Evaluate properties of bio‐oils, bio‐binders and bio‐asphalts in asphalt concrete

Mixture Properties• Strength of Mixtures• Moisture Damage Resistance• Rutting Resistance• Fracture Properties

13

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Investigate chemical properties of bio‐oils, bio‐binders and bio‐asphalts

Chemical Composition

• Comparing different bio‐oils and bio‐binders

• Effect of upgrading

• Effect of aging

13

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Basic Properties of bio‐oilsFlash point95‐100°C for all bio‐oils

Boiling point105‐110°C for all bio‐oils

Effect of temperatureViscosity decreases with temperature

→ Way below asphalt binders with boiling point of above 350 °C

→ Way below asphalt binders with flash point of above 230 °C

15

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Effect of upgradingViscosity increases during upgrading

Bio‐binders are still softer than asphalt binders(below 3 Pa.s at 135 °C)

@85°C

15Basic Properties of bio‐oils

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Bio‐binders behave differently from asphalt binders.High‐temperature properties• Unaged: Comparable with 

asphalt binders• Aged: Properties changed 

significantly

Material Unaged true grade (°C)

RTFO true grade (°C)

Switchgrass 54.7 82.4

Oakwood 77.2 N/AB1 Pine 55.2 83.1B2 Pine 56.7 84.7

PG64‐22 binder 68.6 68.1

16

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Sensitive to reheating

Bio‐binders behave differently from the asphalt binders.

17

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Adding bio‐binders to asphalt binders

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

PG 76‐16 PG 70‐22 PG 64‐22

Viscosity

 at 1

35°C (m

Pa.s)

Asphalt Binder Pure Bio‐binder20% BB 35% BB50% BB

First step: determining the blending ratio

Bio‐binder content was limited to 35%

Bio‐binder Base binder Continuous grade (°C)

PG64 SG0 N/A PG 64‐22 68.6PG64 SG35 Switchgrass PG 64‐22 63.9PG64 B1‐35 Blend 1 Pine PG 64‐22 68.2PG64 B2‐35 Blend 2 Pine PG 64‐22 67.3

Softening effect on the unaged bio‐asphalts at 35% replacement

19

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How does aging impact bio‐asphalts?

Short‐term aged bio‐asphalts:Sample ID Bio‐binder

Unaged Grade Temperature 

(°C) 

Grade Temperature 

(°C)PG64 SG0 N/A 68.6 68.1PG64 SG35 Switchgrass 63.9 68.2PG64 B1‐35 B1 Pine 68.2 69.5PG64 B2‐35 B2 Pine 67.3 69.5

MSCR results:

1) Lower recovery2) Lower creep 

compliance 

High‐temperature grade:

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

SG BB PG64-22 PG64 SG35 PG64 B1-35 PG64 B2-35

Rec

over

y (%

)

0.1 kPa Load3.2 kPa Load

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

SG BB PG64-22 PG64 SG35 PG64 B1-35 PG64 B2-35

Cre

ep C

ompl

ianc

e (1

/kPa

)

0.1 kPa Load3.2 kPa Load

20

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How does aging impact bio‐asphalts?And Long‐term aged bio‐asphalts:

Binder TypeIntermediateTemperature 

(°C)

Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)

Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS)

Temperature (℃)

Stiffness (kPa)

m‐value

Nf at 2.5% binder Strain

Nf at 5.0%  binder Strain

SG BB N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/APG 64 SG0 23.5 ‐12 207 0.315 9231 152PG64 SG35 28.3 ‐12 349 0.287 554 14PG64 B1‐35 28.4 ‐12 364 0.282 726 15PG64 B2‐35 29.2 ‐12 399 0.268 533 11

Long‐term aging severely affects the properties of bio‐asphalts with high bio‐binder content

21

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How does aging impact bio‐asphalts?Effect of aging on thermorheological properties of bio‐asphalts 

Unaged bio‐asphaltsStiffer at higherfrequencies 

Softer at lower frequencies 

Unaged bio‐asphalts have higher temperature susceptibility than the base binder

22

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How does aging impact bio‐asphalts?Effect of aging on thermorheological properties of bio‐asphalts 

Short TermRTFO‐aged bio‐asphalts

RTFO‐aging does not affect the behavior of bio‐asphalts significantly 

22

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How does aging impact bio‐asphalts?Effect of aging on thermorheological properties of bio‐asphalts 

Long‐TermPAV‐aged bio‐asphalts 

22

PAV‐aging does not affect the behavior of bio‐asphalts significantly 

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Is there a Practical way to address the aging of bio‐asphalts?

Investigate effect of rejuvenators to reduce aging effect

If effective, it can be an inexpensive method to mitigate the effect of aging of bio‐binders

25

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Adding Rejuvenator to Encounter Aging Effect

Effect on Viscosity at high and intermediate temperatures:

Binder Type

Unaged Short Term Aged Long Term Aged

Grade Temperature 

(°C)

Viscosity at 135°C (mPa.s)

Grade Temperature 

(°C)

Viscosity at 135°C (mPa.s)

Intermediate Grade Temperature (°C)

Viscosity at 135°C (mPa.s)

PG 64 SG0 68.6 670 68.1 905 22.1 1695PG64 SG35 63.9 498 68.2 1065 28.3 N/A

PG64 SG35 RT5% 57.6 335 59.8 550 19.9 1213

26

Reduces viscosity and stiffness

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Binder Type

‐18 °C ‐12 °C ‐6 °C

Stiffness (kPa) m‐value Stiffness (kPa) m‐value Stiffness  (kPa) m‐value

PG 64 SG0 377 0.28 207 0.32 N/A

PG64 SG35 N/A 349 0.29 158 0.339

PG64 SG35 RT5% 248 0.30 119 0.36 N/A

Effect on stiffness and relaxation at low‐temperature

Helps with the low‐temperature properties as well!

But how much rejuvenator should be used?

26Adding Rejuvenator to Encounter Aging Effect

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Optimizing the rejuvenator contentGoal: Restore the aged bio‐asphalt properties to those of the base asphalt binder

Approach: Prepare bio‐asphalts with different rejuvenator contents and look at: 

1) Viscosity and intermediate grade temperature of long term‐aged binders

27

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Optimizing rejuvenator content

3) Cold temperature properties of PAV‐aged binders

2.5% rejuvenator was considered as optimum for the bio‐asphalts in our study.

29

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Effect of rejuvenator content on thermorheological properties 1) Unaged bio‐asphalts:

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08

Com

plex

She

ar M

odul

us, P

a

Reduced Frequency, rad/s

PG64SG35PG64-22PG64SG35RT1.5PG64SG35RT2.5PG64SG35RT3.5

30

Softer in all frequencies/temperatures

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Effect of rejuvenator content on thermorheological properties 2) RTFO‐aged bio‐asphalts:

30

Softer in all frequencies/temperatures

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E+00 1.E+02 1.E+04 1.E+06 1.E+08

Com

plex

She

ar M

odul

us, P

a

Reduced Frequency, rad/s

PG64SG35PG 64-22PG64SG35RT1.5PG64SG35RT2.5PG64SG35RT3.5

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3) PAV‐aged bio‐asphalts:

Bio‐asphalt with 1.5% to 2.5% rejuvenator has a mastercurve most similarly matching the base asphalt binder.

30Effect of rejuvenator content on thermorheological properties

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05 1.E+07

Com

plex

She

ar M

odul

us, P

a

Reduced Frequency, rad/s

PG64SG35PG64-22PG64SG35RT1.5PG64SG35RT2.5PG64SG35RT3.5

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1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

1.E-07 1.E-05 1.E-03 1.E-01 1.E+01 1.E+03 1.E+05 1.E+07

Com

plex

She

ar M

odul

us, P

a

Reduced Frequency, rad/s

PG64-22PG64SG35RT2.5PG64 B1-35 RT2.5PG64 B2-35 RT2.5

rejuvenator with other bio‐asphaltsPAV‐aged bio‐asphalts

Behaving very similar to the base binder

32

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Mixtures performanceA standard 9.5 mm Superpave mix design

Locally sourced dolomite and limestone aggregates was used 

Blend of Fine (B3) and Coarse (A8) aggregates

Binder content: 5.4%

Properties investigated:• Tensile strength• Resistance to moisture 

damage

• Rutting resistance• Fracture properties

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Mixture performance1) Indirect Tensile Strength (IDT)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00

Load

, kN

Extension, mm

PG64-22PG64 SG35 RT2.5PG64 B1-35 RT2.5PG64 B2-35 RT2.5However!

Loss of Flexibility with Bio‐asphalt

Material G* @ 25C 𝛿 @ 25°C

PG 64‐22 1.91E+06 54.76

PG64 SG35 RT2.5 1.01E+06 66.77

PG64 B1‐35 RT2.5 1.47E+06 63.04

PG64 B2‐35 RT2.5 1.20E+06 64.51

35

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-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

00 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

Rut

Dep

th (m

m)

Number of Passes

PG64-22SG BAB1 Pine BAB2 Pine BA

Mixture performance3) Resistance to rutting and stripping

Hamburg Wheel‐Track Testing (HWTT)

Material PG64‐22 Switchgrass BA

B1 Pine BA

B2 Pine BA

Stripping Inflection Point 

(SIP)N/A 6616 6534 8375

Material G* @ 50C 𝜹 @ 50°C Rutting ParameterPG 64‐22 36,598 70.5 38,822

Switchgrass BA 12,218 79.7 12,416B1 Pine BA 17,673 78.1 18,062B2 Pine BA 14,803 78.8 15,089

Bio‐asphalts at 50°C are considerably softer than the base asphalt binder

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Mixture performance4) Resistance of mixtures to moisture damage through Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR)

Significant strength loss 

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0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

Load

, kN

Extension, mm

PG64-22Switchgrass BAB1 Pine BAB2 Pine BAPG58-28

Mixture performance6) Fracture properties of samples through Semi‐Circular Bend (SCB) test

All bio‐asphalt samples have:• lower peak load All bio‐asphalt samples have:• lower peak load • Lower fracture energy• lower Flexibility

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Summary, conclusions, and recommendations for future 

work 

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Summary and Conclusions:

1) Four different plant‐based bio‐binders were investigated.

2) Bio‐oils require upgrading to remove water and volatiles.

3) Unaged and short‐term aged bio‐asphalts have comparable properties with conventional asphalt binders

4) Properties of pure bio‐binders are significantly affected with long‐term aging.

5) Incorporation of small quantities of rejuvenator offsets the effect of severe aging.

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6)   Flexibility of mixtures with bio‐asphalt is lower than control mixtures

7) Mixtures with bio‐asphalts have lower tensile strength, rutting resistance and fracture energy due to the softer nature of binder

8) Moisture resistance of bio‐asphalt mixtures was found to be lower than the control mixture

48Summary and Conclusions:

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Recommendations:

1) Need methods/additives to facilitate chemical interaction between bio‐binders and the base asphalt binder.

2) Need methods/additives to stabilize the bio‐oils/bio‐binders prior to blending with asphalt binders.

3) Effect of using additives such as cross‐linkers such as sulfur, polymers, antistripping agents should be studied.

4) Study should be expanded to include other aggregate types.

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Thank You!

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