Application Biotechnology in Agribusniss_ Group 5

5/18/2018 Application Biotechnology in Agribusniss_ Group 5

I. Introduction

Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and

improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value (Ania

Wieczorek, 2003) !iotechnology has applications in four ma"or industrial areas,

including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food

(industrial) uses of crops and other products (eg #iodegrada#le plastics,

vegeta#le oil,#iofuels), and environmental uses $or e%ample, one application of

#iotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic

products (e%amples include#eerand milkproducts) Another e%ample is using

naturally present#acteria#y the mining industry in#ioleaching !iotechnology

is also used to recycle, treat &aste, cleanup sites contaminated #y industrial

activities (#ioremediation) removal heavy metal #y e%opolymeric su#stances

produced #y resistant purple nonsulfur #acteria isolated from contaminated

shrimp ponds , and also to produce#iological &eapons

A series of derived terms have #een coined to identify several #ranches

of #iotechnology' for e%ample

Bioinformaticsis an interdisciplinary field &hich addresses #iological pro#lems

using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis

of #iological data possi#le he field may also #e referred to as computational

biology, and can #e defined as, *conceptualizing #iology in terms of molecules

and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the

information associated &ith these molecules, on a large scale !ioinformatics

plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics,structural

genomics, andproteomics, and forms a key component in the #iotechnology and

pharmaceutical sector

Blue biotechnologyis a term that has #een used to descri#e the marine and

aquatic applications of #iotechnology, #ut its use is relatively rare

Red biotechnologyis applied to medicalprocesses +ome e%amples are the

designing of organisms to produce anti#iotics, and the engineering of genetic

cures through genetic manipulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_genomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceuticalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil


White biotechnology, also kno&n as industrial #iotechnology, is #iotechnology

applied to industrialprocesses An e%ample is the designing of an organism to

produce a useful chemical Another e%ample is the using ofenzymesas

industrial catalyststo either produce valua#le chemicals or destroy

hazardouspolluting chemicals White #iotechnology tends to consume less in

resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods

Green biotechnologyis #iotechnology applied toagriculturalprocesses An

e%ample &ould #e the selection and domestication of plants via

micropropagation Another e%ample is the designing of transgenic plantsto gro&

under specific environments in the presence (or a#sence) of chemicals -ne hope

is that green #iotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly

solutions than traditional industrial agriculture An e%ample of this is the

engineering of a plant to e%press apesticide,there#y ending the need of e%ternal

application of pesticides An e%ample of this &ould #eBt corn.Whether or not

green #iotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally

friendly is a topic of considera#le de#ate

II. Biotechnology Techniques and Applications

he development of #iotechnology may #e the #eginning of a ne&

agricultural revolution !iotechnology can #e #roadly defined as the use of

living organisms to solve pro#lems or make useful products his definition

includes traditional plant and animal #reeding methods, and #ioprocessing, such

as fermentation he ne& #iotechnology is the application of cellular and

molecular #iology to meet human needs, a definition that includes the use of

monoclonal anti#odies, cell culture, #iosensors, and genetic engineering

technologies

.any #iotechnology applications are an e%tension of traditional plant and

animal #reeding techniques !iotechnology tools are often complements of

traditional methods rather than replacements he traditional methods are

limited, ho&ever, to species that are se%ually compati#le !iotechnology can

e%pand the range of traits #eyond those found in compati#le species, #ut the use

of genetic engineering is limited to materials that can #e #iologically
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropropagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropropagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_maize


manipulated /urrent #iotechnology techniques are most effective &hen applied

to one gene at a time o&ever, many of the more important economic traits in

plants are controlled #y multiple genes

he term 1#iotechnology refers to all parts of an industry that creates,

develops, and markets a variety of products using monoclonal anti#odies, cell

culture, #iosensors, and genetic engineering techniques

Monoclonal antibodies are 1identical anti#odies that recognize a single, specific

antigen (su#stance that elicits an immune response) and are produced in #atches

#y fusing tumor cells &ith the anti#odyproducing cells his technique is a

diagnostic tool that detects cell proteins and is #eing used commercially for

improved diagnostics and vaccines in human health care 4n agriculture,

monoclonal anti#odies can #e used for the diagnosis of plant diseases or the

detection of pesticides in foods, and for developing animal vaccines

Cell culture is used to rapidly propagate cells isolated from living organisms to

produce nearidentical clones he ne& organism is gro&n in vitro (literally 1in

glass) from a single cell, em#ryo, or plant part his technique gives the a#ility to

screen a large num#er of individual cells for a trait at a relatively small cost

Biosensors can detect and measure the presence of specific #iomolecules

/hemical #iosensors consist of an immo#ilized enzyme that #inds to the target

chemical -ften a color reagent is included to visually indicate the presence of the

trace chemical 5lectronic #iosensors are created #y fusing organic matter to

electrodes to convert chemical reactions to electric currents that can then #e

monitored

Genetic engineering is the selective, deli#erate alteration in the genetic material of

organisms 4t is the use of genetic engineering to create transgenic organisms that

has engendered the most discussion among scientists and mem#ers of the pu#lic A

transgenic organism is one 1&hose hereditary 67A has #een augmented #y the

addition of 67A from a source other than parental germplasm using genetic

engineering techniques 4n current usage, the term 1genetic engineering is

synonymous &ith gene splicing and recom#inant 67A (r67A) he key

components of genetic engineering techniques are to isolate the desired gene, to use

a delivery system to introduce the gene into the recipient cells, and then to detect

the e%pression of the ne& genetic information in the recipient cells he gene


transfer systems currently #eing used are (8) iplasmids ofAgrobucterium

tumefaciens; (2) plant viruses' and (3) direct 67A systems such as protoplast

transformations and microin"ection ( .argriet $ et all, Agricultural !iotechnology

An 5conomic 9erspective, 8::;)

III. cope and limitation

!ioteknologi merupakan penerapan ilmu ilmu #iologi untuk

kepentingan umat manusiakarena luasnya ilmu #iologi itu maka tidak ada

kesatuan definisi untuk #ioteknologi +etiap negara mempunyai definisi

tersendiriper#edaan definisi ini dise#a#kan per#edaan #atasan sistem #iologi

yang dipergunakan untuk #ioteknologi itu Ada yang mem#atasi sistim #iologi

itu hanya pada tingkat sel (9akar #iomolekuler, mikro#iologi ) ada yang pada

tingkat organ dan tanaman (pakar agronami, horticultural, kehutanan) +e#agai

seorang #iologi (pertanian) kami mendefinisikan #ioteknologi itu se#agai

#erikut 1Bioteknologi adalah pemanfaatan sistem biologi secara aseptik dan

non aseptik untuk kepentingan umat manusia

!ioteknologi tanaman adalah #agian dari #ioteknologi dan didalam

tulisan ini #ioteknologi tanaman adalah sama dengan kultur "aringan tanaman

elima

ruang lingkup itu akan mendapat sorotan le#ih mendalam didalam pemanfaatan

#ioteknologi dalam agri#isnis

9ada petani tradisional fungsi produksi dan fungsi pemasaran dilakukan

oleh petani itu sendiri 9ada pertanian modern dengan adanya teknologi ?

teknologi #aru fungsi produksi dan pemasaran itu sudah dilakukan oleh #adan ?

#adan khusus >omponen komponen produksi dan pemasaran merupakan

komponen yang #e#as dan dengan peran khusus etapi perkem#angan masing

? masing komponen se#agian #esar "uga dipengaruhi oleh komponen lain

seluruh mata rantai itu dise#ut se#agai agri#isnis +ecara sektoral agribisnis itu

terdiri dari se!tor pertanian dan se!tor industri e!tor industriini terdiri

dari industri pengolahan hasil produksi pertanian 6engan istilah seakarang le#ih

dikenal dengan istilah agro" industri huludan agro" industri hilir +ecara


sederhana dapat kita definisikan #ah&a Agrobisnisitu adalah semua kegiatan

pada tingkat agroindustri hilir dan mekanisme pasar yang memungkinkan

produk produk terse#ut mencapai sipemakai (konsumen)6ari uraian terse#ut

kita dapat melihat #ah&a ciri agri#isnis itu multi sektoral, #e#as tetapi saling

ketergantungan dan ciri lain yang penting #ah&a agri#isnis itu adalah

#erorientasi pada pasar keuntungan

6alam agri#isnis terdapat istilah pertanian ( Agriculture ) 9ertanian

dapat diartikan secara luas atau secara sempit 9ertanian dalam arti luas

termasuk pertanian dalam arti sempit , perikanan dan peternakan 9ertanian

dalam arti luas termasuk semua usaha pertanian yang #erhu#ungan dengan

tanaman, yaitu perke#unan, kehutanan, pertanian tanaman pangan, tanaman

o#ato#atan dan industry, tanaman holtikultura dan lainlain Agri#isnis di#atasi

dalam pengertian yang sempit ( pra produksi tanaman ? produksi tanamanpasca

produksi tanaman), tidak termasuk agri#isnis yang #erhu#ungan dengan usaha

perikanan dan peternakan

+o, as descri#e a#ove that @reen #iotechnologyis #iotechnology applied

toagriculturalprocesses 4n agriculture, kno&n agri#usiness. Agribusinessis a

generic term for the various #usinesses involved in food production, including

farming and contract farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery,

&holesale and distri#ution, processing, marketing, and retail sales

Within the agricultureindustry, agri#usiness is &idely used simply as a

convenientportmanteauof agriculture and #usiness, referring to the range of

activities and disciplines encompassed #y modern food production here are

academic degreesin and departments of agri#usiness, agri#usiness trade

associations, agri#usinesspu#lications, and so forth, &orld&ide ere, the termis only descriptive, and is synonymous in the #roadest sense &ith food industry

he 7Bs $ood and Agriculture -rganization, for e%ample, operates a section

devoted to Agri#usiness 6evelopment, &hich seeks to promote food industry

gro&th in the hird World 5%amples of agri#usinesses include .onsanto, seed

and agrichemical producer' A6.,grain transport and processing'Cohn 6eere,

farm machinery producer' -cean +pray, farmerBs cooperative' and9urina $arms,

agritourismfarm
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o promote e%ports of food products, many government agencies pu#lish

on the &e# economic studies and reports categorized #y product and country

Among these agencies include four of the largest e%porters of food products,

such as the $A+of the nited +tates 6epartment of Agriculture, Agriculture and

Agri$ood /anada(AA$/), Austrade, and7D5 he$ederation of

4nternational rade Associationspu#lishes studies and reports #y $A+ and

AA$/, as &ell as other nongovernmental organizations on its &e#site

@lo#alradenet

-ne of application of !iotechnology is agricultural process ( green

#iotechnology &hich involve crop production and agriculture, kno&n as

Agricultural Biotechnology.

I#. Agricultural Biotechnology

Agricultural #iotechnology is the area of #iotechnology involving

applications to agriculture 4n !rief of U.S. Agency for International

Development Agricultural Biotechnology Support !ro"ect II and the !rogram

for Biosafety Systems, Agricultural biotechnologyis a collection of scientific

techniques used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms !ased on an

understanding of 67A, scientists have developed solutions to increase

agricultural productivity +tarting from the a#ility to identify genes that may

confer advantages on certain crops, and the a#ility to &ork &ith such

characteristics very precisely, #iotechnology enhances #reedersE a#ility to make

improvements in crops and livestock !iotechnology ena#les improvements that

are not possi#le &ith traditional crossing of related species alone

Agricultural #iotechnology has #een practiced for a long time, as people

have sought to improve agriculturally important organisms #y selection and

#reeding An e%ample of traditional agricultural #iotechnology is the

development of diseaseresistant &heat varieties #y cross#reeding different

&heat types until the desired disease resistance &as present in a resulting ne&

variety

$istory of Agricultural Biotechnology
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he first food product of #iotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese

production and a yeast used for #aking) appeared on the market in 8::0 he

first genetically engineered food product to enter the market &as recom#inant

chymosin, &hich replaces the enzyme rennet in the production of cheese and

other processed dairy products he $6A declared recom#inant chymosin as

1generally regarded as safe (@


Application of agricultural Biotechnology

%. Genetic &ngineering ' G& (

@enetic 5ngineering is the introduction of a specific gene into the

D#A of a plant to obtain a desired trait he gene introduced may come

not only from another plant species, #ut also from other organisms

While traditional plant #reeding involves crossing related plants,

#iotechnology is a ne& tool that enhances the capa#ility of #reeders to#e

more precise

4n the 8:F0s, advances in the field of molecular #iology provided

scientists &ith the a#ility to manipulate 67AHthe chemical #uilding

#locks that specify the characteristics of living organismsHat the

molecular level his technology is called genetic engineering 4t also


allo&s transfer of 67A #et&een more distantly related organisms than

&as possi#le &ith traditional #reeding techniques oday, this technology

has reached a stage &here scientists can take one or more specific genes

from nearly any organism, including plants, animals, #acteria, or viruses,

and introduce those genes into another organism An organism that has

#een transformed using genetic engineering techniques is referred to as a

transgenic organism, or a genetically engineered organism

+cientists have learned ho& to move genes from one organism to

another his has #een called genetic modification (@.), genetic

engineering (@5) or genetic improvement (@4)


recom#ines randomly, and desira#le traits such as pest resistance are

#undled &ith undesira#le traits, such as lo&er yield or poor quality

raditional #reeding programs are timeconsuming and la#orintensive

A great deal of effort is required to separate undesira#le from desira#le

traits, and this is not al&ays economically practical $or e%ample, plants

must #e #ackcrossed again and again over many gro&ing seasons to

#reed out undesira#le characteristics produced #y random mi%ing of

genomes

/urrent genetic engineering techniques allo& segments of 67A

that code genes for a specific characteristic to #e selected and

individually recom#ined in the ne& organism -nce the code of the gene

that determines the desira#le trait is identified, it can #e selected and

transferred +imilarly, genes that code for un&anted traits can #e

removed hrough this technology, changes in a desira#le variety may #e

achieved more rapidly than &ith traditional #reeding techniques he

presence of the desired gene controlling the trait can #e tested for at any

stage of gro&th, such as in small seedlings in a greenhouse tray he

precision and versatility of todayEs #iotechnology ena#le improvements

in food quality and production to take place more rapidly than &hen

using traditional #reeding

The Goals and Benefits )f Genetic &ngineering in Agriculture

he goals of genetic engineering are the same as &ith traditional

#reeding hey may aim to improve crop performance in the field #y

conferring pest and disease resistance, her#icide resistance, or tolerance

to environmental stresses (such as drought or flooding) hey may also

aim to develop products &ith enhanced value, such as improved post

harvest life, nutritional value, or other health #enefits $ollo&ing are a

fe& e%amples of #enefits resulting from applying currently availa#le

genetic engineering techniques to agricultural #iotechnology

a. &nhanced crop protection


$armers use cropprotection technologies #ecause they provide cost

effective solutions to pest pro#lems &hich, if left uncontrolled, &ould

severely lo&er yields +ome crop protection technologies, are

Insect resistance4n the last fe& years, several crops have #een genetically

engineered to produce their o&n !t proteins, making them resistant

to specific groups of insects *Bt+ is short forBacillus

thuringiensis,a soil #acterium that contains a protein that is to%ic to

a narro& range of insects, #ut not harmful to animals or humans

Applications of !t #acteria have #een used to control insect pests for

many years, #efore the advent of the current !t crops made using

#iotechnology Iarieties of !t insectresistant corn and cotton are

no& in commercial production -ther crops #eing investigated

include co&peas, sunflo-er, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, -alnut,

sugar cane, and rice.

$erbicide tolerance

/hemical her#icides are frequently used to control &eeds Weeds

gro&ing in the same field &ith crop plants can significantly reduce

crop yields #ecause the &eeds compete for soil nutrients, &ater, and

sunlight .any farmers no& control &eeds #y spraying her#icides

directly onto the crop plants !ecause these her#icides generally kill

only a narro& spectrum of plants (if they didnEt, they &ould kill the

crop plants, too), farmers apply mi%tures of multiple her#icides to

control &eeds after the crop has started to gro&


is ongoing on many other crops -ne application of this technology is

that her#icide could #e coated on seed from an herbicide resistant

ariety 'for e/ample, mai0e( and &hile the maize &ould germinate

and thrive, &eeds and parasites such as Striga&ould #e killed

#irus resistance

.any plants are suscepti#le to diseases caused #y viruses, &hich

are often spread #y insects (such as aphids) from plant to plant across

a field he spread of viral diseases can #e very difficult to control

and crop damage can #e severe 4nsecticides are sometimes applied to

control populations of transmitting insects, #ut often have little

impact on the spread of the disease -ften the most effective methods

against viral diseases are cultural controls (such as removing diseased

plants) or plant varieties #red to #e resistant (or tolerant) to the virus,

#ut such strategies may not al&ays #e practical or availa#le

+cientists have discovered ne& genetic engineering methods that

provide resistance to viral disease &here options &ere limited #efore

4n the +, several varieties of squash and zucchini resistant

to three important viral diseases have #een developed and

commercialized

!eginning in 8::2, a devastating out#reak of 9apaya


left to mature on the plant longer, &ill have longer shelflife in shipping,

and may last longer for consumers

c. 2oods -ith improed nutritional alue

@enetic engineering has allo&ed ne& options for improving the

nutritional value, flavor, and te%ture of foods ransgenic crops in

development include soy#eans &ith higher protein content, potatoes

&ith more nutritionally availa#le starch and an improved amino acid

content, #eans &ith more essential amino acids, and 1golden rice

&ith the a#ility produce #etacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, to

help prevent #lindness in people &ho have nutritionally inadequatediets

!iotechnology has also #een used to alter the content of many oil

crops, either to increase the amount of oil or to alter the types of oils

they produce


Industri penun3ang Biote!nologi pertanian

9engem#angan !iotenologi tanaman di 4ndonesia #aik pada

pemerintahan, universitas dan s&asta masih #anyak kendala karena kurang

tersedia sarana produksi dan peralatan secara mudah dan murah#anyak alat

dan sarana produksi yang se#enarnya dapat di#uat di 4ndonesia dengan harga

yang "auh le#ih murah dari pada alat dan sarana produksi impor !e#erapa

contoh yang dapat dikemukakan se#agai #erikut

%. Wadah4 botol tempat tanaman

Wadah tanaman untuk kultur "aringan dieropa atau di +A dapat

dipesan dalam #er#agai macam ukuran dan #entuk +emua &adah itu

sudah di#uat khusus untuk kultur "aringan termasuk penutupnya 6i

4ndonesia mencari &adah untuk kultur "aringan harus dicari pada

pemulung yang kalau dapatpun "umlahnya sedikit dan #entuknya

#ermacam macam 6isampng itu harus ditam#ah ekstra #iaya untuk

mem#eli aluminium foil se#agai penutup #otol

6i Cepang, pemikiran sudah le#ih praktis lagi, mereka telah

mengem#angkan &adah tanaman itu dari kantung plastik yang dapat di

ovenkan 9emakaian &adah plastik ini "auh le#ih menguntungkan dari

pada &adah #otol dan mem#antu proses adaptasi planlet untuk

penanaman di lapangan !agi 4ndonesia hal ini pun dapat digunakan

apakah pa#rik gelas dan pa#rik plastik di indonesia tidak dapat

mendiverfikasikan produknya demi memperluas usahanya dan

mem#antu usaha #ioteknologi tanaman

5. 6ota! 7indah dan ha!er

>otak pemindah, shaker dan #e#erapa peralatan lainnya

merupakan peralatan standar didalam la# kultur "aringankotak pemindah

(transfer laminar flo&) yang #erasal dari luar negeri harganya #erkisar

antara


kalah dengan #uatan luar negri tetapi tidak didalam fungsinya !agi

pemasok transfer #o% indonesia ini harus mampu meningkatkan produksi

dan ragam transfer #o% dengan mem#uat #er#agai tipe transfer #o%

+elain itu menyediakan fungsi filter yang dapat di#eli untuk

menggantikan filter dari transfer #o% yang sudah #erfungsi diatas satu

lahan

8. Agar

Agar merupakan suatu #ahan kultur "aringan yang utama arga

#acto agar di indonesia sangat mahal sekitar


terse#ut "uga mempercepat pertum#uhan #isnis kultur "aringan tanaman

yang menopang agri#isnis hilirnya

he #iotechnology tools that are important for agricultural #iotechnology

include

/onventional plant #reeding

issue culture and micropropagation

.olecular #reeding or marker assisted selection

@enetic engineering and @. crops

.olecular 6iagnostic ools

Conentional 7lant Breeding+ince the #eginning of agriculture eight to ten thousand years ago, farmers have #een

altering the genetic makeup of the crops they gro& 5arly farmers selected the #est

looking plants and seeds and saved them to plant for the ne%t year he selection for

features such as faster gro&th, higher yields, pest and disease resistance, larger seeds,

or s&eeter fruits has dramatically changed domesticated plant species compared to their

&ild relatives 9lant #reeding came into #eing &hen man learned that crop plants could

#e artificially mated or crosspollinated to #e a#le to improve the characters of the plant

6esira#le characteristics from different parent plants could #e com#ined in the

offspring When the science of plant #reeding &as further developed in the 20th century,

plant #reeders understood #etter ho& to select superior plants and #reed them to create

ne& and improved varieties of different crops his has dramatically increased the

productivity and quality of the plants &e gro& for food, feed and fi#er

/onventional plant #reeding has #een the method used to develop ne& varieties

of crops for hundreds of years o&ever, conventional plant #reeding can no longer

sustain the glo#al demand &ith the increasing population, decline in agricultural

resources such as land and &ater, and the apparent plateauing of the yield curve of the

staple crops hus, ne& crop improvement technologies should #e developed and

utilized


Conentional breeding entails se/ual hybridi0ation follo-ed by careful selection

Mutation breeding

he art of recognizing desira#le traits and incorporating them into future generations is

very important in plant #reeding !reeders inspect their fields and travel long distances

in search of individual plants that e%hi#it desira#le traits A fe& of these traits

occasionally arise spontaneously through a process called mutation, #ut the natural rate

of mutation is very slo& and unrelia#le to produce plants that #reeders &ould like to

see 4n the late 8:20s, researchers discovered that they could greatly increase the

num#er of these variations or mutations #y e%posing plants to Lrays and mutation

inducing chemicals 1.utation #reeding accelerated after World War 44, &hen the

techniques of the nuclear age #ecame &idely availa#le 9lants &ere e%posed to gamma

rays, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and #eta particles to see if these &ould induce

useful mutations /hemicals such as sodium azide and ethyl methanesulphonate, &ere

also used to cause mutations .utation #reeding efforts continue around the &orld

today -f the 2,2=2 officially released mutationderived varieties, 8,08: or almost half

have #een released during the last 8= years +ome varieties of &heat, #arley, rice,

potatoes, soy#eans, onions and others &ere produced via mutation #reeding &ith

agronomicallydesira#le characteristics


7ure line and hybrid seed technology

he end result of plant #reeding is either an openpollinated (-9 for corn) or in#red (for

rice) varieties or an $8 (first filial generation) hy#rid variety -9 and in#red varieties,

&hen maintained and properly selected and produced, retain the same characteristics

&hen multiplied y#rid seeds are an improvement over -9 and in#red seeds in terms

of yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and time to maturity y#rid seeds are

developed #y the hy#ridization or crossing of diverselyrelated parent lines 9ure lines

are offsprings of several cycles of repeated selfpollination that 1#reed true or produce

se%ual offspring that closely resem#le their parents

9ure line development involves firstly, the selection of lines in the e%isting germplasm

&hich e%press the desired characteristics such as resistance to pest and diseases, early

maturity, yield, and others hese traits may not #e present in only one line, thus

selected lines are #red together #y hand 4n selfpollinated plants, flo&ers are

emasculated #y removing the anthers or the male part of the flo&er #y hand, and are

pollinated #y pollen from another line he female parent is usually the line that

possesses the desired agronomic trait &hile the male parent is the donor of the ne& trait

$8 (first filial generation) offsprings are planted and selfed, as &ell as the $2 generation

!reeders then select in the $3 and $; generation the lines &hich e%hi#it their desired

agronomic characteristics and the added trait esting for resistances to pests and a#iotic

stresses are conducted also at this time Mines &ith desired traits and are rated

intermediate to resistanttolerant to the pests and a#iotic stresses are selected and selfed

in t&o to three more generations Mines &hich do not lose the ne& traits and are sta#leare termed pure lines and are sta#le 4n hy#rid seed technology, t&o pure lines &ith

complementing traits and are derived from diversely related parents are #red together #y

hand $8 hy#rids are tested for hy#rid vigor in all agronomic and yield parameters and

compared to #oth parents he resulting offsprings &ill usually perform more

vigorously than either parents


+ince the technology has #een developed, it has #rought tremendous impact in ma"or

crops including rice, corn, &heat, cotton, and other crops including many vegeta#les 4n

the +A, the &idespread use of corn hy#rids, coupled &ith improved cultural practices

#y farmers, has more than tripled corn grain yields over the past =0 years from an

average of 3= #ushels per acre in the 8:30s to 88= #ushels per acre in the 8::0s 7o

other ma"or crop any&here in the &orld even comes close to equaling that sort of

success story

y#rid rice technology helped /hina to increase its rice production from 8;0 million

tons in 8:FG to 8GG million tons in 8::0


Tissue Culture and Micropropagation

9lants usually reproduce through se%ual means ? they have flo&ers and seeds to create

the ne%t generation 5gg cells in the flo&ers are fertilized #y pollen from the stamens

(male part) of the flo&er of the same plant (selfpollination) or another plant (cross)

5ach of these se%ual cells contains genetic material in the form of 67A 6uring se%ual

reproduction, 67A from #oth parents is com#ined creating offsprings similar to the

parents (in selfpollinated crops), or in ne& and unpredicta#le &ays, creating unique

organisms (in crosspollinated crops) +ome plants and trees on the other hand need

several years #efore they flo&er and set seeds, making plant improvement difficult

9lant scientists have developed the science and art of tissue culture to assist #reeders in

this task

issue culture is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated

nutrient media nder the right conditions, an entire plant can #e regenerated from a

single cell 9lant tissue culture is a technique that has #een around for more than 30

years here are several types of tissue culture depending on the part of the plant

(e%plant) used


Anther culture ($igure 3) is a tissue culture method used to develop improved varieties

in a short time 9ollen &ithin an anther contains half dose of the genome (haploid)

&hich spontaneously dou#le (diploid) during culture 4n some species ho&ever,

colchicine treatment is necessary to induce dou#ling

6ou#ling of the genome &ill allo& the e%pression of recessive traits &hich &ere

suppressed, masked or undetected in routine plant #reeding Anthers are placed in a

special medium, and immature pollen &ithin the anther divide and produce a mass of

dividing cells termed as callus ealthy calli (plural of callus) are picked and placed in

another medium to produce shoots and roots (regeneration) +ta#le plantlets are allo&ed

to gro& and mature in the greenhouse 9lant #reeders can then select the desired plants

from among the regenerated plants

Anther culture of $8 plants &hich are progenies in a specific #reeding o#"ective &ould

allo& many more different types of regenerantEs his is #ecause the genetic constitution

of the pollen &ill #e more varied than those from the in#red, thus #reeders &ill have a

&ider range of traits to choose from his technology has #een employed in the

successful development of dou#led haploid lines of rice, &heat, sorghum, #arley, and

other field crops

Anther culture of rice

Micropopagation is a tissue culture method developed for the production of disease

free, high quality planting material and for rapid production of 80 many uniform plants


Activelydividing young cells (meristem) are placed in a special medium and treated

&ith plant hormones to produce many similar sister plantlets +ince the meristem

divides faster than diseasecausing virus, clean materials are propagated and hundreds

of uniform plantlets are produced in a short time hrough micropropagation, it is no&

possi#le to provide clean and uniform planting materials in plantations ? oil palm,

plantain, pine, #anana, a#aca, date, ru##er tree' field crops ? eggplant, "o"o#a, pineapple,

tomato' root crops ? cassava, yam, s&eet potato' and many ornamental plants such as

orchids and anthuriums .icropropagated plants &ere found to esta#lish more quickly,

gro& more vigorously and taller, have a shorter and more uniform production cycle, and

produce higher yields than conventional propagules

5m#ryo rescue

&mbryo rescue involves the culture of immature em#ryos of plants in a special

medium to prevent a#ortion of the young em#ryo and to support its germination ($igure

a#ove ) his is used routinely in #reeding parental lines having different or

incompati#le genome such as in introducing important traits of &ild relatives into

cultivated crops

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@A+ ku

8 mem#uat contoh2 penerapan #iotechnology dalam food production, proses2nya,

produk2 nya, -ld #iotechnology ( fermentasi ) and ne& ( recom#inant 67A )

genetic engineering more complete ),

2 mencari video2 proses2 penerapan #iotechnology dalam agriculture and food

production )

3 apa itu pertanian, peternakan, kehutanan, perikanan,

Documents

Application Biotechnology in Agribusniss_ Group 5