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Aplle DOS se refera la sistemele de operare destinateseriei Apple II de microcalculatoare produse intre1978 si inceputul lui 1983.Cunoscut de asemeneamai simplu ca DOS 3.x,Apple DOS avea 3 versiuni

importante:DOS 3.1,DOS 3.2,DOS 3.3 ,fiecare dintreacestea fiind urmata de o varianta secundara '' bug-fix''.Doar in cazul versiunii DOS 3.2 variantasecundara primind un nume propriu,DOS 3.2.1.Ceamai cunoscuta si utilizata versiune este DOS 3.3datind din 1980 si 1983.Anterior versiunii DOS3.1,utilizatorii Apple trebuiau sa foloseasca caseteaudio pt stocarea si salvarea datelor,metoda extrem

de lenta,greoaie si neproductiva.DOS 1 si DOS 2 erau simple versiuni interne;DOS 3.0nu a fost lansat pe piata niciodata intrucit prezentaerori.Apple DOS a fost creat de catre SteveVozniak,Randy Wigginton si Paul Laughton fiind strinslegat de limbajul de programare Basic Integer.Initialnu a existat nici un fel de documentatie scrisa de laApple pina la aparitia versiunii 3.2.Apple DOS

3.1,primul sistem de operare de gen disk operatingsystem pt orice calculator Apple,a fost produs in1978 pt Apple II,care era pe piata de ceva mai putinde 1 an la data respectiva.O varianta secundara aaparut ulterior (ce aborda cu caracteristica MASTERCREATE o problema ) utilizata pt a crea DOS "masterdisks''. (Comanda interna INIT crea discuri ce putea fiincarcate doar pe dispozitive cu aceeasi cantitate de

memorie ca si cel care le crease.MASTER CREATEincludea si o versiune de DOS care se auto-reloca cese putea incarca pe orice dispozitiv Apple indiferentde configuratia de memorie ).Apple DOS 3.2 a fostprodus in 1979 pt a reflecta schimbarile majoreproduse in metodele de pornire a calculatoarelor in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series

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cazul Apple II Plus,succesorul lui Apple II.In loculInteger Basic initial,noul Applesoft Basic a fost scrispe memoria ROM a II+.De asemenea noua memorieROM prezenta o functie de reset

imbunatatita,denumita Autostart,ce permiteaincarcarea automata a unui disc atunci cind Apple +se conecta in retea.Apple DOS 3.3 a aparut in1980,imbunatatind diverse functii ale DOS 3.2 si inacelasi timp permitind progrese importante in ceeace privea capacitatea de stocare pe dischete;noilememorii P5A/P6A puteau citi si scrie cu o densitatesuperioara ,asa incit in loc de 13 sectoare,16

sectoare de date puteau fi stocate pe pista,crescindcapacitatea la 140 kb pe fiecare fata,cu aproximativ130 kb disponibili pt programele utilizatorilor. Dinpacate aceasta a avut ca efect secundar citirea cudificultate a discurilor formatate cu DOS 3.1 sau DOS3.2 atunci cind calculatorul rula DOS 3.3.Pt acontracara situatia respectiva,Apple Computer aprodus o utilitate numita ''MUFFIN'' cu ajutorul careia

fisierele si programele DOS 3.2 erau transferate inDOS3.3.Pt a efectua transferul in sens invers catreDOS 3.2, utilizatorii au folosit o caracteristica numita''NIFFUM'' ce nu s-a bucurat niciodata de acorduloficial al Apple Computer. DOS 3.3 imbunatatea deasemenea abilitatea de a comuta intre vechiulInteger Basic si noul Applesoft Basic, in cazul in careutilizatorul poseda un card '' Language Card'' de

memorie extinsa.Understanding

(comprehension of spokenlanguage) Speaking fluency Writing skills

1 Reasonable comprehension

when the speaker speaks

slowly and considerately.

Very limited

vocabulary causing

great communication

Can write simple

short sentences; great

uncertainty with

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Great difficulty in group

situations.

difficulties (still at the

phrase-book level).

spelling and

grammar.

2

Good comprehension of asingle speaker and

reasonable comprehension in

group situations where topicsare simple. Difficulty on the

telephone.

Can conversesimplistically with a

single person but with

restricted activevocabulary. Grammar

also uncertain.

Difficulties on thetelephone.

Have reasonablevocabulary and can

write simple letters

and reports with thehelp of a dictionary.

Errors, however in

structure, grammarand spelling. Great

difficulties with more

complicated text.

3

Good comprehension ofrelatively simple

conversations. Can have

difficulty understanding fine

points of phrasing and/orspeech involving dialects or

foreign accents. Reasonable

comprehension on thetelephone but sometimes

need the speaker to repeat his

message.

Excellent passivevocabulary in a range

of topics but

difficulties with

speaking at goodtempo. Rather slow at

meetings and on the

telephone.

Have a reasonablegrasp of grammar and

vocabulary to write

routine business

letters and reports.Regular reference to

the dictionary is

necessary.

4

Excellent comprehension in

all everyday situations and in

many more specializedsituations. A few remaining

difficulties adjusting todialects, speaking styles and

certain topics, especiallywhen under pressure.

Generally no difficulties on

the telephone.

Can speak freely and

confidently with good

vocabulary. Limited inthe use of idiom and/or

terminology.

Have advanced

vocabulary, grammar

and phrasing skills.Can carry out nearly

all written tasksquickly and correctly.

Occasionaldifficulties with

highly advanced

phrasing. Spellingmistakes are rare.

5

Unhampered comprehension

in a wide variety ofsituations. Can adjust quickly

to different dialects and

understand immediately,without intenseconcentration, even under

pressure.

Extensive vocabulary

and good use of idiom.Can speak fluently and

confidently on a wide

range of topics withoutintense concentrationeven when under

pressure.

Have written abilities

comparable to aneducated native's.

Able to use precise,

varied vocabulary andphrasing, also incomplex subject

areas.