APPENDIX TO SP0402 - Defra, UK - Science Searchrandd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SP0402_424_FRA.doc · Web viewBIBLIOGRAPHY References directly relevant to the upland erosion

APPENDIX IBIBLIOGRAPHY

1 References directly relevant to the upland erosion project R. Evans, Anglia Polytechnic University

Introduction This is not an exhaustive list of references but it is reasonably comprehensive. The information contained in these references describes what happens as the uplands became more intensively used by humans. The upland landscapes before settlers came along in sufficient numbers to modify it are described. In these landscapes natural erosion rates were low, although rare storms could cause severe localised erosion. Once modified, especially by the removal of trees, peat could form and mass movements of soils and regoliths could take place more frequently and extensively in the uplands. Again, rare storms would cause severe but local erosion. Channel erosion and channel headward extension could be related to variations in climate but also to humankind's activities, as could erosion of the peat but that probably did not become extensive until the uplands became more intensively used, particularly in Medieval times and especially since about 1700-50. More animals grazing the uplands, air pollution which killed protective moorland mosses, changes in management of the moors so that burning became widespread, and accidental fires occurred more often, along with a drying of the climate all speeded up erosion and made it more extensive. Modern afforestation methods, moorland drainage and recreational usage of the uplands and the even greater grazing pressures further lowered erosional thresholds in the second half of the twentieth century. Erosion in the uplands may be more widespread now than at any time since humans first settled the land, but there are indications that different forest and moorland management and a reduction in grazing pressures will curtail the extent and severity of upland erosion. Repairing footpaths will also alleviate erosion. Bare mineral soil exposed by erosion processes will recolonise by vegetation, but much more slowly at higher altitudes, decades rather than years, especially where sites are exposed to the weather and where grazing pressures are high. But peat, because it is such an unstable substrate, may not be recolonised at high and exposed sites.

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APPENDIX I - BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIX TO SP0402 - Defra, UK - Science Searchrandd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SP0402_424_FRA.doc · Web viewBIBLIOGRAPHY References directly relevant to the upland erosion