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EPA 9285.7-42 May 2007
540-K-01-005
APPENDIX C
IEUBKwin PARAMETER DICTIONARY
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DE
SC
RIP
TIO
N O
F P
AR
AM
ET
ER
S I
N T
HE
IE
UB
Kw
in M
OD
EL
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
U-1
c,d
,i,j
, T
ota
l ab
sorp
tio
n f
or
du
st a
t lo
w s
atu
rati
on
AB
SD
0
.30
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
Bas
ed o
n U
.S. E
PA
(1
98
9a)
.(m
axim
um
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent,
act
ive)
U
-2
To
tal
abso
rpti
on
fo
r fo
od
at
low
sat
ura
tio
n
U-1
a,g
, A
BS
F
0.5
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
Bas
ed o
n U
.S. E
PA
(1
98
9a)
.(m
axim
um
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent,
act
ive)
U
-2
Fra
ctio
n a
bso
rpti
on
fro
m p
ain
t in
ges
ted
at
U-1
f,l,
B
ased
on
th
e d
efau
lt c
on
dit
ion
th
at t
her
e is
no
so
urc
e A
BS
O
low
sat
ura
tio
n (
max
imu
m a
bso
rpti
on
0
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
of
lead
pai
nt
for
ing
esti
on
in
th
e h
ou
seh
old
. U
-2co
effi
cien
t, a
ctiv
e)
Fra
ctio
n a
bso
rpti
on
fro
m s
oil
at
low
U
-1e,
k,
AB
SS
sa
tura
tio
n (
max
imu
m a
bso
rpti
on
co
effi
cien
t,
0.3
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
Bas
ed o
n U
.S. E
PA
(1
98
9a)
. U
-2ac
tiv
e)
To
tal
abso
rpti
on
fo
r w
ater
at
low
sat
ura
tio
n
U-1
b,h
, A
BS
W
0.5
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
Bas
ed o
n U
.S. E
PA
(1
98
9a)
.(m
axim
um
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent,
act
ive)
U
-2
Dep
osi
tio
n e
ffic
ien
cies
of
airb
orn
e le
ad p
arti
cles
wer
e
esti
mat
ed b
y U
.S. E
PA
(1
98
9a)
. A
res
pir
ato
ry
dep
osi
tio
n/a
bso
rpti
on
rat
e o
f 2
5%
to
45
% i
s re
po
rted
Net
per
cen
tag
e o
f lu
ng
ab
sorp
tio
n o
f ai
rai
r_ab
sorp
[AG
E]
32
.00
0
%
0B8
4
E
for
yo
un
g c
hil
dre
n l
ivin
g i
n n
on
-po
int
sou
rce
area
s U
-4
lead
w
hil
e a
rate
of
42
% i
s ca
lcu
late
d f
or
tho
se l
ivin
g n
ear
po
int
sou
rces
. A
n i
nte
rmed
iate
val
ue
of
32
% w
as
cho
sen
.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
low
er e
nd
of
the
ran
ge
0.1B0
.3 µ
g P
b/m
3
E-1
, th
at i
s re
po
rted
fo
r o
utd
oo
r ai
r le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
air_
con
cen
trat
ion
[AG
E]
Ou
tdo
or
air
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
0.1
00
µ
g/m
3 0B8
4
E
E-2
, U
.S. ci
ties
wit
ho
ut
lead
po
int
sou
rces
(U
.S. E
PA
,
19
89
a).
E-1
1a,
b
Sto
res
var
iab
le a
nd
co
nst
ant
val
ues
. T
he
exp
on
ent,
AL
LO
ME
T[1
5]
Sto
rag
e ar
ray
0
.33
3
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
I 0
.33
3, in
Eq
uat
ion
s B
-1a
thro
ug
h B
-1e
is s
tore
d i
n t
his
B
-1aB
B-1
e
arra
y.
Var
iab
le a
dd
ed f
or
late
r fl
exib
ilit
y i
n d
escr
ibin
g t
he
AV
D
Fra
ctio
n a
vai
lab
le f
or
du
st
1.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
I U
-1c,
d,i
,jab
sorp
tio
n p
roce
ss;
has
no
eff
ect
in c
urr
ent
alg
ori
thm
.
Var
iab
le a
dd
ed f
or
late
r fl
exib
ilit
y i
n d
escr
ibin
g t
he
AV
F
Fra
ctio
n a
vai
lab
le f
or
foo
d/d
iet
1.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
I U
-1a,
gab
sorp
tio
n p
roce
ss;
has
no
eff
ect
in c
urr
ent
alg
ori
thm
.
Val
ue
calc
ula
ted
/ass
ign
ed b
ased
on
alt
ern
ate
du
st l
ead
Av
gH
ou
seD
ust
A
ver
age
ho
use
ho
ld d
ust
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
15
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
I so
urc
es (
e.g
., d
ay c
are,
sec
ho
me,
pai
nt,
sch
oo
l, a
nd
—
wo
rkp
lace
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
3
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Bas
ed o
n t
he
con
trib
uti
on
of
lead
fro
m s
oil
, ai
r an
d
Av
gM
ult
iSrc
M
ult
iple
So
urc
e A
nal
ysi
s av
erag
e 1
50
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
I al
tern
ate
ind
oo
r so
urc
es (s
uch
as
day
car
e, s
ech
om
e,
—
pai
nt,
sch
oo
l, a
nd
wo
rkp
lace
).
U-1
g,h
,i,j
,k,l
, A
VIN
TA
KE
[MO
NT
H]
Av
aila
ble
in
tak
e U
-2
µg
/day
0B8
4
I T
he
amo
un
t o
f le
ad t
hat
is
avai
lab
le f
or
inta
ke.
Var
iab
le a
dd
ed f
or
late
r fl
exib
ilit
y i
n d
escr
ibin
g t
he
AV
O
Fra
ctio
n a
vai
lab
le f
or
pai
nt
1.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
I U
-1f,
lab
sorp
tio
n p
roce
ss;
has
no
eff
ect
in c
urr
ent
alg
ori
thm
.
Var
iab
le a
dd
ed f
or
late
r fl
exib
ilit
y i
n d
escr
ibin
g t
he
AV
S
Fra
ctio
n a
vai
lab
le f
or
soil
1
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
I U
-1e,
kab
sorp
tio
n p
roce
ss;
has
no
eff
ect
in c
urr
ent
alg
ori
thm
.
Var
iab
le a
dd
ed f
or
late
r fl
exib
ilit
y i
n d
escr
ibin
g t
he
AV
W
Fra
ctio
n a
vai
lab
le f
or
wat
er
1.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
I U
-1b
,hab
sorp
tio
n p
roce
ss;
has
no
eff
ect
in c
urr
ent
alg
ori
thm
.
0B1
1
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
12B2
3
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
2
4B3
5
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e
bev
erag
e[A
GE
] o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m b
ever
ages
by a
ge
E-4
d
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5o
2
00
6).
Av
aila
ble
on
lin
e:4
8B5
9
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
60B7
1
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
bev
erag
eCo
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
bev
erag
es
0.0
02
10
9
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
d
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
87
.99
3
0B1
1
11
6.4
87
1
2B2
3
20
9.6
77
2
4B3
5
bev
erag
e_C
on
sum
p[A
GE
] D
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f b
ever
ages
1
94
.98
2
gra
ms/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
d
17
7.0
61
4
8B5
9
18
3.3
33
6
0B7
1
18
8.7
10
7
2B8
4
Su
mm
atio
n v
aria
ble
use
d t
o g
et t
he
aver
age
blo
od
lea
d
BL
OO
D[S
TE
PS
] B
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
B-1
0a,
c µ
g/d
L
0B8
4
I B
-10
a,c
con
cen
trat
ion
fo
r m
on
thly
per
iod
.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
4
U-2
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e b
read
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m b
read
s b
y a
ge
E-4
e µ
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I E
-5m
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
bre
adC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n b
read
0
.00
89
27
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
e T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
0B1
1
15
.86
2
4.9
92
12B2
3
13
.31
1
24B3
5
bre
ad_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
bre
ad
16
.63
9
gra
ms/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
e
19
.96
7
48B5
9
22
.62
9
60B7
1
27
.89
8
72B8
4
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m c
ann
ed f
ruit
, w
hen
fru
it i
s C
ente
r fo
r F
oo
d S
afet
y a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e ca
n_
fru
it[A
GE
] E
-4f
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5d
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
con
sum
ed o
nly
in
can
ned
fo
rm, at
ag
e ra
ng
e 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
can
Fru
itC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n c
ann
ed f
ruit
0
.02
38
73
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
f T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
13
.94
1
0B1
1
8.1
83
1
2B2
3
8.1
45
2
4B3
5
can
Fru
it_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
can
ned
fru
it
7.6
91
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
f
7.2
36
4
8B5
9
7.4
60
6
0B7
1
7.9
06
7
2B8
4
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
5
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
ned
veg
etab
les,
wh
en
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e ca
n_
veg
[AG
E]
veg
etab
le i
s co
nsu
med
on
ly i
n c
ann
ed f
orm
, E
-4g
µ
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I E
-5b
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
by
ag
e 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e ca
nd
y[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
die
s b
y a
ge
E-4
h
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5p
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
can
dyC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n c
and
y
0.0
11
55
4
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
h
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
0B1
1
11
.27
3
9.9
55
12B2
3
32
.90
9
24B3
5
can
dy_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
can
dy
2
4.4
09
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
h
16
.00
0
48B5
9
14
.81
8
60B7
1
12
.45
5
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
can
Veg
Co
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
can
ned
veg
etab
les
0.0
04
00
3
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
g
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
0.6
68
0B1
1
2.2
74
1
2B2
3
2.5
63
2
4B3
5
can
Veg
_C
on
sum
p[A
GE
] D
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f ca
nn
ed v
eget
able
s 2
.66
2
gra
ms/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
g
2.7
71
4
8B5
9
2.6
26
6
0B7
1
2.3
56
7
2B8
4
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
6
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Bas
ed o
n M
arcu
s= (
19
83
) re
anal
ysi
s o
f in
fan
t b
abo
on
dat
a fr
om
Mal
lon
(1
98
3).
S
ee M
arcu
s (1
98
5a)
fo
r
asse
ssm
ent
of
form
of
rela
tio
nsh
ip a
nd
est
imat
es f
rom
M
axim
um
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
cap
acit
y o
f C
ON
RB
C
12
00
.00
0
µg
/dL
0B8
4
I d
ata
on
hu
man
ad
ult
s [d
ata
fro
m d
eSil
va,
19
81
a,b
; B
-2.5
re
d b
loo
d c
ells
M
anto
n a
nd
Mal
loy,
19
83
; an
d M
anto
n a
nd
Co
ok
19
84
]; a
nd
in
fan
t an
d j
uv
enil
e b
abo
on
s (M
allo
n,
19
83
).
E-9
a,
Air
Qual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, co
nst
ant_
du
st_
con
c[A
GE
] D
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
age
ran
ge
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
19
86
).
E-1
1d
Co
nst
ant
ind
oo
r d
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
Air
Qual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, C
con
stan
t_in
do
or_
du
st
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
age
ran
ge
19
86
).
Co
nst
ant
ou
tdo
or
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t A
ir Q
ual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, C
con
stan
t_o
utd
oo
r_d
ust
2
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
age
ran
ge
19
86
).
Co
nst
ant
ou
tdo
or
soil
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
Air
Qual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, C
con
stan
t_o
utd
oo
r_so
il
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
age
ran
ge
19
86
)
Air
Qual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, co
nst
ant_
soil
_co
nc[
AG
E]
So
il l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t ag
e ra
ng
e 2
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
E-8
a 1
98
6).
Bas
ed o
n a
nal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
fro
m t
he
Am
eric
an W
ater
co
nst
ant_
wat
er_
con
c W
ater
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
age
ran
ge
4.0
00
µ
g/L
0B8
4
E
E-6
a W
ork
s S
erv
ice
Co
. (M
arcu
s, 1
98
9)
An
alysi
s o
f so
il a
nd
du
st d
ata
fro
m 1
98
3 E
ast
Hel
ena
µg
/g
stu
dy
(U
.S. E
PA
, 1
98
9a)
. A
dd
itio
nal
in
form
atio
n o
n
Rat
io o
f in
do
or
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n t
o
con
trib
_p
erce
nt
0.7
00
p
er
0B8
4
E
this
var
iab
le c
an b
e o
bta
ined
fro
m t
he
MS
D s
ho
rt s
hee
t E
-11
a,b
soil
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
(E
PA
54
0-F
-00
8,
OS
WE
R 9
28
5.7
-34
[Ju
ne
19
98
])
µg
/g
avai
lab
le o
n t
he
TR
W w
ebsi
te.
Dat
a in
Bar
ry (
19
81
) w
ere
use
d. B
on
e le
ad
con
cen
trat
ion
was
cal
cula
ted
as
an a
rith
met
ic a
ver
age
of
the
con
cen
trat
ion
s in
th
e ri
b, ti
bia
, an
d c
alv
aria
.
Th
e b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
wer
e ta
ken
dir
ectl
y f
rom
Rat
io o
f le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
g/k
g)
in b
on
e th
e st
ud
y.
B-1
h,
CR
BO
NE
BL
[MO
NT
H]
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
/L)
at a
ge
B-4
c L
/kg
0B8
4
I B
-4c
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in e
ach
of
the
foll
ow
ing
eig
ht
age
gro
up
s w
ere
con
sid
ered
: st
illb
irth
s, 0B1
2 d
ays,
1B1
1 m
os,
1B5
yrs
, 6B9
yrs
, 1
1B1
6 y
rs, ad
ult
(m
en),
and
ad
ult
(w
om
en).
A
ges
0 a
nd
40
yrs
wer
e as
sum
ed
for
stil
lbir
ths
and
ad
ult
s, r
esp
ecti
vel
y.
ran
ge
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
7
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Dat
a in
Bar
ry (
19
81
) w
ere
use
d. L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in k
idn
ey (
com
bin
ed v
alu
es f
or
cort
ex a
nd
med
ull
a)
and
blo
od
wer
e ta
ken
dir
ectl
y f
rom
th
e st
ud
y.
Rat
io o
f le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
g/k
g)
in
B-2
h,
CR
KID
BL
[MO
NT
H]
kid
ney
to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
gL
) at
B
-4a
L/k
g
0B8
4
I C
on
cen
trat
ion
s in
eac
h o
f th
e fo
llo
win
g e
igh
t ag
e B
-4a
gro
up
s w
ere
con
sid
ered
: st
illb
irth
s, 0B1
2 d
ays,
1B1
1 m
os,
1B5
yrs
, 6B9
yrs
, 1
1B1
6 y
rs, ad
ult
(m
en),
and
ad
ult
(w
om
en).
A
ges
0 a
nd
40
yrs
wer
e as
sum
ed
for
stil
lbir
ths
and
ad
ult
s, r
esp
ecti
vel
y.
age
ran
ge
Dat
a in
Bar
ry (
19
81
) w
ere
use
d. L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in l
iver
an
d b
loo
d w
ere
tak
en d
irec
tly f
rom
th
e st
ud
y.
Rat
io o
f le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
g/k
g)
in l
iver
B
-2e,
f,
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in e
ach
of
the
foll
ow
ing
eig
ht
age
CR
LIV
BL
[MO
NT
H]
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
/L)
at a
ge
B-4
b
L/k
g
0B8
4
I g
rou
ps
wer
e co
nsi
der
ed:
stil
lbir
ths,
0B1
2 d
ays,
B
-4b
ra
ng
e 1B1
1 m
os,
1B5
yrs
, 6B9
yrs
, 1
1B1
6 y
rs, ad
ult
(m
en),
and
ad
ult
(w
om
en).
A
ges
0 a
nd
40
yrs
wer
e as
sum
ed
for
stil
lbir
ths
and
ad
ult
s, r
esp
ecti
vel
y.
Dat
a in
Bar
ry (
19
81
) w
ere
use
d. L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
rati
o f
or
soft
tis
sues
was
cal
cula
ted
as
a w
eig
hte
d
arit
hm
etic
av
erag
e o
f co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
s fo
r m
usc
le
(53
.8%
), f
at (
24
.0%
), s
kin
(9
.4%
), d
ense
co
nn
ecti
ve
tiss
ue
(4.4
%),
bra
in (
2.7
%),
GI
trac
t (2
.3%
), l
un
g
(1.9
%),
hea
rt (
0.7
%),
sple
en (
0.3
%),
pan
crea
s (0
.2%
),
and
ao
rta
(0.2
%),
wh
ere
the
wei
gh
ts a
pp
lied
are
giv
en
in p
aren
thes
es.
Th
e w
eig
ht
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
eac
h s
oft
Rat
io o
f le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
g/k
g)
in o
ther
ti
ssu
e co
mp
on
ent
was
eq
ual
to
th
e w
eig
ht
of
the
B-2
n,o
, C
RO
TH
BL
[MO
NT
H]
soft
tis
sue
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
B-4
d
L/k
g
0B8
4
I co
mp
on
ent
(kg
) d
ivid
ed b
y w
eig
ht
of
all
soft
tis
sues
B
-4d
(µ
g/L
) at
ag
e ra
ng
e (k
g).
T
hes
e w
eig
hts
wer
e es
tim
ated
fro
m S
chro
eder
and
Tip
ton
(1
96
8)
and
are
ass
um
ed t
o a
pp
ly i
n t
he
ran
ge
0B8
4 m
on
ths
of
age.
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
in e
ach
of
the
foll
ow
ing
eig
ht
age
gro
up
s w
ere
con
sid
ered
: st
illb
irth
s, 0B1
2 d
ays,
1B1
1 m
os,
1B5
yrs
, 6B9
yrs
, 1
1B1
6 y
rs, ad
ult
(m
en),
and
ad
ult
(w
om
en).
A
ges
0 a
nd
40
yrs
wer
e as
sum
ed
for
stil
lbir
ths
and
ad
ult
s, r
esp
ecti
vel
y.
Cu
toff
B
loo
d l
ead
lev
el o
f co
nce
rn
10
µ
g/d
L
0-8
4
E
US
EP
A, 1
98
6, 1
99
0;
CD
C, 1
99
1.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
8
C
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e d
airy
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m d
airy
pro
du
cts
by a
ge
E-4
i µ
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I E
-5j
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
dai
ryC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n d
airy
pro
du
cts
0.0
04
47
6
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
i T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
0B1
1
35
.32
1
41
.78
4
12B2
3
38
.52
7
24B3
5
dai
ry_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
dai
ry p
rod
uct
s 3
8.3
27
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
i
38
.17
6
48B5
9
40
.63
1
60B7
1
45
.59
1
72B8
4
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
the
tota
l am
ou
nt
of
du
st
E-9
c,
DA
YC
AR
E[A
GE
] D
ust
lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m d
ayca
re
E-1
2c
µg/d
ay
0B8
4
I in
ges
ted
dai
ly, fr
acti
on
of
tota
l d
ust
in
ges
ted
as
E-1
2c
day
care
du
st, an
d d
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
day
care
.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
def
ault
day
care
du
st
Day
care
Co
nc
Du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n f
rom
day
care
2
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
con
cen
trat
ion
s ar
e th
e sa
me
as d
efau
lt r
esid
ence
du
st
E-1
2c
con
cen
trat
ion
s.
E-9
.5,
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
du
st i
ng
este
d d
aily
fro
m
Bas
ed o
n t
he
def
ault
ass
um
pti
on
th
at t
he
chil
d d
oes
no
t D
ayca
reF
ract
ion
0
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
day
care
du
st
atte
nd
day
care
. E
-12
c
0B1
1
2.6
00
3.1
60
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
2.8
70
T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e 2
4B3
5
die
t_in
tak
e[A
GE
] U
ser-
spec
ifie
d d
iet
lead
in
tak
e b
y a
ge
2.7
40
µ
g/d
ay
36B4
7
E
E-4
a o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
2.6
10
4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
2.7
40
h
ttp
://w
ww
.cfs
an.f
da.
go
v/~
com
m/t
ds-
toc.
htm
l
2.9
90
60B7
1
72B8
4
Die
tTo
tal[
AG
E]
To
tal
die
tary
in
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-4b
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I S
um
of
all
die
tary
so
urc
es;
sam
e as
IN
DIE
T[A
GE
].
E-4
b
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
9
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Un
der
alt
ern
ate
du
st s
ou
rces
mo
del
, b
ased
on
U
ser-
spec
ifie
d i
nd
oo
r d
ust
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
td
ust
_in
do
or[
AG
E]
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
bo
th s
oil
an
d o
utd
oo
r ai
r co
ntr
ibu
te t
o
E-1
1c
age
ran
ge
ind
oo
r d
ust
lea
d.
E-9
b,
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
tota
l am
ou
nt
of
soil
an
d d
ust
Du
stT
ota
l[A
GE
] D
aily
am
ou
nt
of
du
st in
ges
ted
at
age
ran
ge
E-1
0
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I in
ges
ted
dai
ly a
nd
fra
ctio
n o
f th
is c
om
bin
ed i
ng
esti
on
E
-10
,
that
is
du
st a
lon
e.
E-1
2a-
e
Th
e av
aila
ble
cap
acit
y o
f th
e re
d b
loo
d c
ells
EX
PR
[0]
to c
arry
lea
d;
i.e.
,1 -
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
B
-7i
un
itle
ss
0
I C
alcu
late
d v
alu
e.
B-7
i
RB
C a
t b
irth
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m f
resh
fru
it,
if n
o h
om
e-C
ente
r fo
r F
oo
d S
afet
y a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e f_
fru
it[A
GE
] E
-4j
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5e
gro
wn
fru
it i
s co
nsu
med
, b
y a
ge
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
fFru
itC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n f
resh
fru
its
0.0
04
46
2
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
j T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
0B1
1
12
.54
0
2.4
95
12B2
3
11
.19
6
24B3
5
fFru
it_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
fres
h f
ruit
1
1.1
96
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
j
11
.45
2
48B5
9
12
.98
8
60B7
1
16
.05
9
72B8
4
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
fre
sh v
eget
able
s, i
f n
o
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e f_
veg
[AG
E]
ho
me-
gro
wn
veg
etab
les
are
con
sum
ed, b
y
E-4
k
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5c
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, ag
e 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
fVeg
Co
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
fre
sh v
eget
able
s 0
.00
67
19
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
k
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
10
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
8.7
73
0B1
1
15
.94
5
12B2
3
28
.15
6
24B3
5
fVeg
_C
on
sum
p[A
GE
] D
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f fr
esh
veg
etab
les
27
.62
3
gra
ms/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
k
27
.03
0
48B5
9
29
.16
4
60B7
1
33
.37
3
72B8
4
Bas
ed o
n a
nal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
fro
m t
he
Am
eric
an W
ater
F
irst
Dra
wC
on
c F
irst
dra
w w
ater
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
4
.00
0
µg
/L
0B8
4
E
E-6
b
Wo
rks
Ser
vic
e C
o. (M
arcu
s, 1
98
9).
Co
nse
rvat
ive
val
ue
corr
esp
on
din
g t
o c
on
sum
pti
on
E
-6b
, F
ract
ion
of
tota
l w
ater
co
nsu
med
dai
ly a
s F
irst
Dra
wF
ract
ion
0
.50
00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
larg
ely a
fter
fo
ur
fou
rs s
tag
nat
ion
tim
e w
as u
sed
(e.
g.,
fi
rst
dra
w
E-7
earl
y m
orn
ing
or
late
aft
ern
oo
n).
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e fo
rmu
la[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
bab
y f
orm
ula
by a
ge
E-4
l µ
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I E
-5r
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
form
ula
Co
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
fo
rmu
la
0.0
02
43
3
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
l T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
45
.15
3
0B1
1
22
.97
5
12B2
3
0.7
97
2
4B3
5
form
ula
_C
on
sum
p[A
GE
] D
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f fo
rmu
la
0.0
00
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
l
0.0
00
4
8B5
9
0.0
00
6
0B7
1
0.0
00
7
2B8
4
Def
ault
ass
um
pti
on
is
that
th
e d
rin
kin
g f
ou
nta
in h
as a
lead
-lin
ed r
eser
vo
ir, b
ut
that
co
nsu
mp
tio
n i
s n
ot
Fo
un
tain
Co
nc
Fo
un
tain
wat
er l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
10
.00
0
µg
/L
0B8
4
E
E-6
b
alw
ays
firs
t dra
w. T
her
efore
, a
val
ue
was
sel
ecte
d
fro
m t
he
ran
ge
of
5B2
5 µ
g/L
.
E-6
b,
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
wat
er c
on
sum
ed d
aily
fro
m
A d
efau
lt v
alu
e w
as b
ased
on
4B6
tri
ps
to t
he
wat
erF
ou
nta
inF
ract
ion
0
.15
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
wat
er f
ou
nta
ins
fou
nta
in a
t 4
0B5
0 m
L p
er t
rip
. E
-7
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
11
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Fra
ctio
n o
f fr
uit
co
nsu
mp
tio
n t
hat
is
der
ived
E
-5g
, fr
uit
Fra
ctio
n
fro
m m
ark
et b
ask
et (
i.e.
, to
tal
fru
it
E-5
c u
nit
less
0
-84
E
C
alcu
late
d v
alu
e.
E-5
h
con
sum
pti
on
- u
ser-
gro
wn
)
geo
_m
ean
C
C
C
Geo
met
ric
Mea
n
µg
/dL
I
Cal
cula
ted
val
ue.
CG
SD
G
eom
etri
c S
tan
dar
d D
evia
tio
n
1.6
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
U.S
. E
PA
, 1
99
4.
Dat
a fr
om
Sil
ve
et
al.
(1
98
7);
als
o S
pec
tor
(19
56
) an
dH
CT
0
Hem
ato
crit
at
bir
th
0.4
50
%
0
I
B-7
b,d
A
ltm
an a
nd
Dit
tmer
(1
97
3).
Bas
ed o
n a
nal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
fro
m t
he
Am
eric
an W
ater
H
om
eFlu
shed
Co
nc
Ho
me
flu
shed
wat
er l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
1.0
00
µ
g/L
0B8
4
E
E-6
b
Wo
rks
Ser
vic
e C
o. (M
arcu
s, 1
98
9).
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e su
m o
f al
l re
sid
enti
al
E-6
b,
Ho
meF
lush
edF
ract
ion
F
ract
ion
of
ho
me
flu
shed
wat
er
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
wat
er f
ract
ion
s ca
nn
ot
exce
ed 1
. E
-7
Fra
ctio
n o
f d
ust
ex
po
sure
th
at i
s fr
om
E
-9.5
, B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
sum
of
all
resi
den
tial
H
ou
seF
ract
ion
1
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0-8
4
E
resi
den
tial
du
st
du
st f
ract
ion
s ca
nn
ot
exce
ed 1
. E
-9b
Pro
du
ct o
f av
erag
e ai
r le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
an
d
E-3
, IN
AIR
[AG
E]
Air
lea
d i
nta
ke
at a
ge
ran
ge
E-3
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I v
enti
lati
on
rat
e.
U-4
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
bev
erag
e co
nsu
med
, an
d t
he
lead
E
-4c,
In
Bev
erag
e[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
bev
erag
es a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5o
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n b
ever
age(
s).
E-5
o
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
bre
ad c
on
sum
ed, an
d t
he
lead
E
-4c,
In
Bre
ad[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
bre
ad a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5m
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n b
read
(s).
E
-5m
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f ca
nd
y c
on
sum
ed, an
d t
he
E-4
c,
InC
and
y[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
dy a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5p
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
th
e ca
nd
y
E-5
p
Pro
du
ct o
f th
e fr
acti
on
of
no
n-h
om
e g
row
n f
ruit
s E
-4b
, In
Can
Fru
it[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
ned
fru
it a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5d
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I co
nsu
med
dai
ly, an
d l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
ned
fru
its
E-5
d
wh
en f
ruit
s ar
e co
nsu
med
on
ly i
n c
ann
ed f
orm
.
Pro
du
ct o
f th
e fr
acti
on
of
veg
etab
les
con
sum
ed d
aily
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m c
ann
ed v
eget
able
s at
ag
e E
-4b
, as
no
n-h
om
e g
row
n, an
d l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
can
ned
In
Can
Veg
[AG
E]
E-5
b
µg
/day
0B8
4
I ra
ng
e v
eget
able
s w
hen
veg
etab
les
are
con
sum
ed o
nly
in
E
-5b
ca
nn
ed f
orm
.
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m d
airy
pro
du
cts
at a
ge
E-4
c,
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f d
airy
pro
du
cts
con
sum
ed,
InD
airy
[AG
E]
E-5
j µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I ra
ng
e an
d t
he
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n t
he
dai
ry p
rod
uct
s.
E-5
j
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
12
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e In
Dai
ry[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
dai
ry p
rod
uct
s b
y a
ge
E-5
m
µg
Pb
/day
0B8
4
E
E-4
c o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
Tw
o o
pti
on
s ar
e p
rov
ided
.
E-4
a E
-4a,
b
Def
ault
op
tio
n -
Co
nsi
der
s co
mp
osi
te d
iet
lead
in
tak
e.
IND
IET
[AG
E]
Die
tary
lea
d i
nta
ke
at a
ge
range
or
µg
/day
0B8
4
I U
-1a,
g,
E-4
b
U-2
ind
ivid
ual
co
mp
on
ents
of
die
t.
Alt
ern
ate
op
tio
n -
Co
mb
ines
lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m s
ever
al
E-1
, In
do
orC
on
c[A
GE
] In
do
or
air
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-1
µg
/m3
0B8
4
I A
lgeb
raic
ex
pre
ssio
n o
f re
lati
on
ship
. E
-2
Bas
ed o
n h
om
es n
ear
lead
po
int
sou
rces
. T
he
def
ault
R
atio
of
ind
oo
r d
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
to
in
do
orp
erce
nt
30
.00
0
%
0B8
4
E
val
ue
is r
epo
rted
in
OA
QP
S (
U.S
. E
PA
, 1
98
9a,
pp
A-
E-1
co
rres
po
nd
ing
ou
tdo
or
con
cen
trat
ion
1
) an
d i
s es
tim
ated
by C
oh
en a
nd
Co
hen
(1
98
0).
Tw
o o
pti
on
s ar
e p
rov
ided
.
E-9
a E
-9a,
b,e
D
efau
lt o
pti
on
- A
ssu
mes
th
at a
ll d
ust
lea
d e
xp
osu
re i
s
IND
US
T[A
GE
] H
ou
seh
old
du
st l
ead
in
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e o
r
µg
/day
0B8
4
I fr
om
th
e h
ou
seh
old
. U
-1c,
i,
E-9
b,d
U
-2
Alt
ern
ate
op
tio
n -
Co
nsi
der
s d
ust
lea
d e
xp
osu
re f
rom
sev
eral
alt
ern
ativ
e so
urc
es a
s w
ell.
Tw
o o
pti
on
s ar
e p
rov
ided
.
E-9
c E
-9c
Def
ault
op
tio
n -
Ass
um
es t
hat
lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m a
lter
nat
e d
ust
so
urc
es a
t IN
DU
ST
A[A
GE
] o
r
µg
/day
0B8
4
I al
tern
ate
sou
rces
is
zero
. U
-1d
,j,
age
ran
ge
E-9
d
U-2
A
lter
nat
e o
pti
on
- C
om
bin
es l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
sev
eral
alte
rnat
e so
urc
es.
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e in
fan
t[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
in
fan
t fo
od
by a
ge
E-4
m
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5s
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
13
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
infa
ntC
on
c C
on
cen
trat
ion
of
lead
in
in
fan
t fo
od
0
.00
40
47
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
m
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
13
1.7
67
0B1
1
66
.90
5
12B2
3
1.6
34
2
4B3
5
infa
nt_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
infa
nt
(bab
y)
foo
d
0.0
00
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
m
0.0
00
4
8B5
9
0.0
00
6
0B7
1
0.0
00
7
2B8
4
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
mea
t co
nsu
med
dai
ly, fr
acti
on
of
mea
t E
-4b
, In
Fis
h[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
fis
h a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5h
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I co
nsu
med
a l
oca
lly c
aug
ht
fish
, an
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
E-5
k
in f
ish
.
B-6
a,b
B
-6a,
bT
issu
e le
ad m
asse
s an
d b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t IN
FL
OW
[ST
EP
S]
Lea
d i
np
ut
to E
CF
-pla
sma
po
ol
fro
m o
rgan
s µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I b
irth
. B
-6.5
a,b
B
-6.5
a,b
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m i
nfa
nt
form
ula
at
age
E-4
c,
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
infa
nt
form
ula
co
nsu
med
dai
ly, an
d
InF
orm
ula
[AG
E]
E-5
r µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I ra
ng
e th
e le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
th
e fo
rmu
la.
E-5
r
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m n
on
-ho
me
gro
wn
fre
sh
E-4
b,
Pro
du
ct o
f th
e fr
acti
on
of
fru
its
con
sum
ed d
aily
as
InF
rFru
it[A
GE
] E
-5e
µg
/day
0B8
4
I fr
uit
s at
ag
e ra
ng
e n
on
-ho
me
gro
wn
an
d l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
fre
sh f
ruit
s.
E-5
e
Pro
du
ct o
f th
e fr
acti
on
of
veg
etab
les
con
sum
ed d
aily
E
-4b
, L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
no
n-h
om
e g
row
n f
resh
In
FrV
eg[A
GE
] E
-5c
µg
/day
0B8
4
I as
no
n-h
om
e g
row
n a
nd
lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m f
resh
v
eget
able
s at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5c
veg
etab
les.
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
mea
t co
nsu
med
dai
ly, fr
acti
on
of
mea
t
E-4
b,
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m g
ame
anim
al m
eat
at a
ge
InG
ame[
AG
E]
E-5
i µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I co
nsu
med
as
gam
e an
imal
mea
t, a
nd
lea
d
ran
ge
E-5
i co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n g
ame
anim
al m
eat.
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f fr
uit
co
nsu
med
dai
ly,
E-4
b,
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m h
om
e g
row
n f
ruit
s at
ag
e In
Hom
eFru
it[A
GE
] E
-5f
µg
/day
0B8
4
I fr
acti
on
of
fru
it c
on
sum
ed a
s h
om
e g
row
n,
and
le
ad
ran
ge
E-5
f co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n h
om
e g
row
n f
ruit
.
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f v
eget
able
co
nsu
med
dai
ly,
E-4
b,
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m h
om
e g
row
n v
eget
able
s at
In
Ho
meV
eg[A
GE
] E
-5g
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I fr
acti
on
of
veg
etab
les
con
sum
ed a
s h
om
e g
row
n,
and
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5g
le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
ho
me
gro
wn
veg
etab
les.
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f in
fan
t fo
od
co
nsu
med
dai
ly,
E-4
c,
InIn
fan
t[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
in
fan
t fo
od
at
age
ran
ge
E-5
s µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I an
d t
he
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n t
he
infa
nt
foo
d.
E-5
s
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f ju
ice
con
sum
ed d
aily
, an
d
E-4
c,
InJu
ice[
AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m j
uic
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5k
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I th
e le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
ju
ice.
E
-5k
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
14
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f m
eat
con
sum
ed d
aily
,
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m n
on
-gam
e an
d n
on
-fis
h
E-4
b,
frac
tio
n o
f m
eat
con
sum
ed a
s n
on
-gam
e an
d n
on
-fis
h
InM
eat[
AG
E]
E-5
a µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I m
eat
at a
ge
ran
ge
mea
t, a
nd
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
no
n-g
ame
and
no
n-f
ish
E
-5a
mea
t.
E-4
c,
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f n
uts
co
nsu
med
dai
ly,
and
In
Nu
ts[A
GE
] L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
nu
ts a
t ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5l
µg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
nu
ts.
E-5
l
Co
mb
ined
oth
er s
ou
rces
of
ing
este
d l
ead
, U
-1d
,f,l
, IN
OT
HE
R[A
GE
] su
ch a
s p
ain
t ch
ips,
eth
nic
med
icin
es, et
c.,
0.0
00
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I A
ssu
mes
no
oth
er s
ou
rces
of
ing
este
d l
ead
. U
-2at
ag
e ra
ng
e
0B1
1
Su
m o
f th
e am
ou
nts
of
lead
in
ges
ted
in
fo
od
ite
ms
no
t
sub
stit
ute
d b
y t
he
calc
ula
tio
n o
f ex
po
sure
to
lea
d i
n
12B2
3
ho
me
gro
wn
fru
its
and
veg
etab
les,
wil
d g
ame
or
fish
.
24B3
5C
om
bin
ed l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
dai
ry f
oo
d,
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
E-4
b,
InO
ther
Die
t[A
GE
] ju
ice,
nu
ts, b
ever
age,
pas
ta, b
read
, sa
uce
, E
-4c
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
E
-4c
can
dy, in
fan
t an
d f
orm
ula
fo
od
at
age
ran
ge
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e 4
8B5
9
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 6
0B7
1
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
72B8
4
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
E-4
c,
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f p
asta
co
nsu
med
dai
ly, an
d
InP
asta
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m p
asta
at
age
ran
ge
E-5
n
µg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
pas
ta.
E-5
n
E-4
c,
Pro
du
ct o
f to
tal
amo
un
t o
f sa
uce
co
nsu
med
dai
ly, an
d
InS
auce
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m s
auce
s at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-5q
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I th
e le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
sau
ce.
E-5
q
E-8
a,b
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
tota
l am
ou
nt
of
soil
an
d d
ust
INS
OIL
[AG
E]
So
il l
ead
in
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-8a,
b
µg
/day
0B8
4
I in
ges
ted
dai
ly, fr
acti
on
of
this
co
mb
ined
in
ges
tio
n t
hat
U
-1e,
k,
is s
oil
alo
ne,
an
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n s
oil
. U
-2
Tw
o o
pti
on
s ar
e p
rov
ided
.
Def
ault
op
tio
n -
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
wat
er
E-6
a E
-6a,
b
con
sum
ed d
aily
an
d a
co
nst
ant
wat
er l
ead
INW
AT
ER
[AG
E]
Wat
er l
ead i
nta
ke
at a
ge
range
or
µg
/day
0B8
4
I co
nce
ntr
atio
n.
U-1
b,h
,
E-6
b
U-2
A
lter
nat
e o
pti
on
- W
ater
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
dep
end
s
on
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n f
rom
sev
eral
in
div
idu
al s
ou
rces
of
wat
er.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
15
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e ju
ices
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m j
uic
es b
y a
ge
E-4
n
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5k
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
juic
eCo
nc
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f le
ad i
n j
uic
e 0
.00
42
92
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
n
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
0B1
1
11
.65
6
2.0
18
12B2
3
15
.69
2
24B3
5
juic
e_C
on
sum
p[A
GE
] D
aily
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f ju
ice
15
.69
2
gra
ms/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
n
15
.69
2
48B5
9
19
.64
6
60B7
1
27
.47
1
72B8
4
tota
l el
imin
atio
n r
ate
fro
m E
CF
-pla
sma
po
ol
–
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
–K
PL
EC
F[0
]
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f an
ass
um
ed b
on
e to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io, b
loo
d l
ead
con
cen
trat
ion
, an
d w
eig
ht
of
cort
ical
bo
ne.
B
asis
fo
r
val
ue
of
bo
ne
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
was
B
-6b
,i,
hu
man
au
top
sy d
ata
(Bar
ry, 1
98
1).
B
-7e
0
B-6
.5b
,i,
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n c
ort
ical
bo
ne
at a
ge
ran
ge
MC
OR
T[S
TE
PS
] a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I 0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f t
he
Bac
kw
ard
Eu
ler
B-7
e,(s
olu
tio
ns
alg
ori
thm
) so
luti
on
alg
ori
thm
to
th
e sy
stem
of
dif
fere
nti
al
B-9
f 0B8
4
B-8
d,
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a-B
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
B-9
e,f
Bo
th c
ases
ab
ov
e as
sum
e th
at t
he
cort
ical
bo
ne
to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io i
s eq
ual
to
th
e b
on
e
(co
mp
osi
te)
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
16
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m m
eat
if n
o g
ame
mea
t o
r E
-4o
, C
ente
r fo
r F
oo
d S
afet
y a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e m
eat[
AG
E]
E-4
o
µg
/day
3
6B4
7
I fi
sh i
s co
nsu
med
at
age
ran
ge
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, E
-5a
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
mea
tCo
nc
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f le
ad i
n m
eat
0.0
07
82
2
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
o
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
0B1
1
29
.60
5
12
.50
0
12B2
3
38
.11
1
24B3
5
mea
t_co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f m
eat
at a
ge
ran
ge
40
.93
0
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I Q
uan
tity
co
nsu
med
bas
ed o
n P
enn
ing
ton
(1
98
3).
E
-5k
,l
43
.75
0
48B5
9
47
.36
8
60B7
1
54
.55
8
72B8
4
Fra
ctio
n o
f m
eat
con
sum
pti
on
th
at i
s
mea
tFra
ctio
n
der
ived
fro
m m
ark
et b
ask
et (
i.e.
, to
tal
mea
t E
-5a
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
Cal
cula
ted
val
ue.
E
-5d
co
nsu
mp
tio
n -
use
r-ca
ug
ht
fish
an
d g
ame)
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f an
ass
um
ed k
idn
ey
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
, b
loo
d l
ead
B
-6b
,f,
con
cen
trat
ion
, an
d w
eig
ht
of
kid
ney
. B
asis
fo
r th
e B
-7f
0
B-6
.5b
,f,
val
ue
of
the
kid
ney
to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n k
idn
ey a
t ag
e ra
ng
e M
KID
NE
Y[S
TE
PS
] a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I w
as h
um
an a
uto
psy
dat
a (B
arry
, 1
98
1).
B
-7f,
(so
luti
on
s al
go
rith
m)
B-9
c 0B8
4
B-8
d,
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r B
-9c
solu
tio
n a
lgo
rith
m t
o t
he
syst
em o
f d
iffe
ren
tial
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a-B
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f an
ass
um
ed l
iver
to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io, b
loo
d l
ead
B
-6b
,e,
con
cen
trat
ion
, an
d w
eig
ht
of
the
liv
er.
Bas
is f
or
the
B-7
g
0
B-6
.5b
,e,
val
ue
of
the
liv
er t
o b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
was
M
ass
of
lead
in
liv
er a
t ag
e ra
ng
eM
LIV
ER
[ST
EP
S]
an
d
µg
an
d
I h
um
an a
uto
psy
dat
a (B
arry
, 1
98
1).
B
-7g
, (s
olu
tio
ns
alg
ori
thm
) B
-9b
0B8
4
B-8
d,
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r B
-9b
so
luti
on
alg
ori
thm
to
th
e sy
stem
of
dif
fere
nti
al
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a-B
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
17
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f an
ass
um
ed s
oft
tiss
ue
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
, b
loo
d l
ead
con
cen
trat
ion
, an
d w
eig
ht
of
the
soft
tis
sues
at
bir
th.
B-6
b,g
, B
asis
fo
r th
e v
alu
e o
f so
ft t
issu
e to
blo
od
lea
d
B-7
h
0
B-6
.5b
,g,
con
cen
trat
ion
rat
io w
as h
um
an a
uto
psy
dat
a (B
arry
et
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n s
oft
tis
sues
at
age
ran
ge
MO
TH
ER
[ST
EP
S]
an
d
µg
an
d
I a
l., 1
98
1),
usi
ng
to
tal
lead
an
d t
ota
l w
eig
ht
of
oth
er
B-7
h,
(so
luti
on
s al
go
rith
m)
tiss
ue.
B-9
d
0B8
4
B-8
d,
B-9
d
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r
solu
tio
n a
lgo
rith
m t
o t
he
syst
em o
f d
iffe
ren
tial
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a-B
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f th
e m
ass
of
lead
in
B-7
d
blo
od
an
d r
ed b
loo
d c
ells
.0
B-7
d,
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n p
lasm
a p
oo
l at
ag
e ra
ng
e M
PL
AS
M[S
TE
PS
] a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I B
-9g
, (s
olu
tio
ns
alg
ori
thm
) 0B8
4 m
on
ths
- B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
lead
B
-9g
0B8
4
B-1
0a
equ
al t
o t
he
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n t
he
pla
sma.
con
cen
trat
ion
in
pla
sma-
extr
acel
lula
r fl
uid
(E
CF
) is
0 m
on
ths
- B
ased
on
tw
o a
ssu
mp
tio
ns.
B-6
a,cB
i,
B-7
b
(1)
mas
ses
of
lead
in
pla
sma-
EC
F a
nd
red
blo
od
cel
ls
are
in k
inet
ic q
uas
i-eq
uil
ibri
um
, an
d;
(2)
lead
0
B-6
.5a,
cBi,
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n p
lasm
a-ex
tra-
cell
ula
r fl
uid
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n t
he
pla
sma-
EC
F i
s eq
ual
to
lea
d
MP
LE
CF
[ST
EP
S]
(pla
sma-
EC
F)
at a
ge
ran
ge
(so
luti
on
s a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I B
-7b
,d,
con
cen
trat
ion
in
th
e p
lasm
a.
alg
ori
thm
) B
-8a
0B8
4
B-8
a,
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r B
-9a,
b,c
,d,e
,f,g
so
luti
on
alg
ori
thm
to
th
e sy
stem
of
dif
fere
nti
al
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a-B
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
B-6
b,d
, 0
mo
nth
s -
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e m
asse
s o
f
lead
in
pla
sma-
EC
F a
nd
red
blo
od
cel
ls a
re i
n k
inet
ic
B-6
.5b
,d,
B-7
c 0
qu
asi-
equ
ilib
riu
m.
B-7
c,M
ass
of
lead
in
red
blo
od
cel
ls a
t ag
e ra
ng
eM
RB
C[S
TE
PS
] a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I (s
olu
tio
ns
alg
ori
thm
) B
-8d
, 0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r B
-9a
0B8
4
solu
tio
n a
lgo
rith
m t
o t
he
syst
em o
f d
iffe
ren
tial
B
-9a,
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
a BB
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
B-1
0a
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
18
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0 m
on
ths
- S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f an
ass
um
ed b
on
e to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io, b
loo
d l
ead
con
cen
trat
ion
, an
d w
eig
ht
of
trab
ecu
lar
bo
ne.
B
asis
for
the
val
ue
of
bo
ne
to b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
B
-6b
,h,
was
hu
man
au
top
sy d
ata
(Bar
ry, 1
98
1).
B
-7i
0
B-6
.5b
,h,
Mas
s o
f le
ad i
n t
rab
ecu
lar
bo
ne
at a
ge
ran
ge
MT
RA
B[S
TE
PS
] a
nd
µ
g
an
d
I 0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
pp
lica
tio
n o
f th
e B
ack
war
d E
ule
r B
-7i,
(so
luti
on
s al
go
rith
m)
solu
tio
n a
lgo
rith
m t
o t
he
syst
em o
f d
iffe
ren
tial
B
-9e
0B8
4
B-8
d,
equ
atio
ns
(B-6
aBB
-6i
in T
able
A-3
).
B-9
e
Bo
th c
ases
ab
ov
e as
sum
e th
at t
rab
ecu
lar
bo
ne
to b
loo
d
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n r
atio
is
equ
al t
o b
on
e (c
om
po
site
) to
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io.
An
alyse
s o
f th
e 1
98
3 E
ast
Hel
ena
stu
dy (
in U
.S. E
PA
,
µg
/g
1
98
9a,
Ap
pen
dix
B-8
) su
gg
est
abo
ut
26
7 µ
g/g
Rat
io o
f in
-do
or
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n t
o
incr
emen
t o
f le
ad i
n d
ust
fo
r ea
ch µ
g/m
; l
ead i
n a
ir.
A
mu
ltip
ly_
fact
or
10
0.0
00
p
er
0B8
4
E
E-1
1a,
bai
r le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
m
uch
sm
alle
r fa
cto
r o
f 1
00
µg
/g d
ust
lea
d p
er µ
g/m
; i
s µ
g/m
3
assu
med
fo
r n
on
-sm
elte
r co
mm
un
ity e
xp
osu
re.
[Var
iab
le c
an e
xce
ed 1
00
.]
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
NB
CO
RT
0
.40
0
un
itle
ss
0
I V
aria
ble
co
nst
ant.
le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
bir
th
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
NB
TR
AB
0
.20
0
un
itle
ss
0
I V
aria
ble
co
nst
ant.
le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
bir
th
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e n
uts
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m n
uts
by a
ge
E-4
p
mg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5l
of
Pla
nt
and
Dai
ry F
oo
ds
and
Bev
erag
es (
May
16
, 4
8B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
nu
tsC
on
c L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n n
uts
0
.00
57
98
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
p
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
19
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
0.0
87
0B1
1
0.9
62
1
2B2
3
0.8
75
2
4B3
5
nu
ts_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
nu
ts
0.9
62
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
p
0.9
62
4
8B5
9
0.9
62
6
0B7
1
0.8
75
7
2B8
4
Th
is u
ser-
sele
ctab
le p
aram
eter
is
avai
lab
le m
ain
ly f
or
adju
stin
g t
he
mo
del
ru
n t
ime
to t
he
spee
d o
f th
e
com
pu
ter.
N
ewer
, fa
ster
co
mp
ute
rs c
an r
un
th
e m
od
el
B-6
.5a,
d-i
,
at t
he
sho
rtes
t ti
mes
tep
(1
5 m
in)
in l
ess
than
on
e B
-7b
,c,
Len
gth
of
tim
e in
terv
al i
n s
olu
tio
n
min
ute
. T
he
def
ault
val
ue,
4 h
ou
rs, is
bas
ed o
n a
N
S
1/6
d
ays
0B8
4
E
B-8
a,c,
d,
alg
ori
thm
tr
adeo
ff b
etw
een
nu
mer
ical
acc
ura
cy o
f re
sult
s an
d
com
pu
ter
run
-tim
e. E
xce
pt
in t
he
case
of
extr
eme
B-9
a-f,
exp
osu
re s
cen
ario
s, t
her
e is
no
dif
fere
nce
in
th
e B
-10
b
num
eric
al a
ccura
cy a
t an
y u
ser
sele
ctab
le v
alue
for
tim
este
p.
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
amo
un
t o
f d
ust
in
ges
ted
,
Du
st l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
sec
on
dar
y o
ccu
pat
ion
E
-9c,
fr
acti
on
of
the
tota
l d
ust
in
ges
ted
as
seco
nd
ary
OC
CU
P[A
GE
] E
-12
a Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I at
ag
e ra
ng
e o
ccu
pat
ion
al d
ust
, an
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n s
eco
nd
ary
E
-12
a o
ccu
pat
ion
al d
ust
.
Sec
on
dar
y o
ccu
pat
ion
du
st l
ead
A
ir Q
ual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, O
ccu
pC
on
c 1
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
E-1
2a
con
cen
trat
ion
1
98
6).
E-9
.5,
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
du
st i
ng
este
d a
s se
con
dar
y
Th
e d
efau
lt c
on
dit
ion
is
that
th
ere
is n
o a
du
lt i
n t
he
Occ
up
Fra
ctio
n
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
occ
up
atio
n d
ust
re
sid
ence
wh
o w
ork
s at
a l
ead
-rel
ated
jo
b.
E-1
2a
e.g
., S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f am
ou
nt
of
du
st i
ng
este
d
Du
st l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
oth
er h
om
e ex
po
sure
E
-9c,
d
aily
, fr
acti
on
of
the
tota
l d
ust
in
ges
ted
as
lead
-bas
edO
TH
ER
[AG
E]
E-1
2e
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I so
urc
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e h
om
e p
ain
t, a
nd
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
lea
d-b
ased
ho
me
E-1
2e
pai
nt.
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
ho
use
du
st c
on
tain
ing
A
ir Q
ual
ity C
rite
ria
Docu
men
t fo
r L
ead (
U.S
. E
PA
, O
ther
Co
nc
12
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
E-1
2e
lead
bas
ed p
ain
t 1
98
6).
E-9
.5
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
du
st i
ng
este
d t
hat
res
ult
s T
he
def
ault
is
that
lea
d p
ain
t is
no
t ac
tiv
ely
O
ther
Fra
ctio
n
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
fro
m le
ad-
bas
ed h
om
e p
ain
t co
ntr
ibu
tin
g t
o h
ou
se d
ust
. E
-12
e
Co
ther
_in
tak
e L
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
oth
er m
edia
0
µ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I U
ser
def
ined
.
B-6
a,c,
B-6
a,c
Lea
d o
utp
ut
fro
m t
he
EC
F-p
lasm
a p
oo
l O
UT
FL
OW
[ST
EP
S]
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I C
alcu
late
d v
alu
e.
fro
m o
rgan
s B
-6.5
a,c
B-6
.5a,
c
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
20
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
PA
FD
B
ased
on
in
vit
ro e
ver
ted
rat
in
test
ine
dat
a (A
un
gst
an
dP
AF
F
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
abso
rpti
on
as
pas
siv
e F
un
g, 1
98
1),
rea
nal
yse
s (M
arcu
s, 1
99
4)
of
infa
nt
PA
FP
ab
sorp
tio
n f
or
du
st, d
iet,
pai
nt,
so
il, an
d
0.2
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
U-1
a-l
bab
oo
n d
ata
(Mal
lon
, 1
98
3),
an
d i
nfa
nt
du
pli
cate
die
tP
AF
S
wat
er a
t lo
w d
ose
st
ud
y (
Sh
erlo
ck a
nd
Qu
inn
, 1
98
6).
P
AF
W
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e p
asta
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m p
asta
by a
ge
E-4
q
Ȃg
/day
3
6B4
7
I E
-5n
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
pas
taC
on
c C
on
cen
trat
ion
of
lead
in
pas
ta
0.0
06
16
3
µg
/kg
0B8
4
E
E-4
q
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y.
10
.40
9
0B1
1
18
.90
2
12B2
3
26
.26
3
24B3
5
pas
ta_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
lead
2
5.9
15
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
q
25
.56
6
48B5
9
27
.13
4
60B7
1
30
.18
3
72B8
4
Bas
ed o
n 8
5%
of
mat
ern
al b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
PB
BL
D0
L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n b
loo
d
B-7
a µ
g/d
L
0
I B
-7a,
b,c
, eB
i (U
.S. E
PA
, 1989a)
.
Mat
ern
al b
loo
d l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t P
BB
LD
MA
T
1.0
µ
g/d
L
adu
lt
E
Bas
ed o
n T
RW
an
aly
sis
of
19
99
-20
02
NH
AN
ES
dat
a.
B-7
a ch
ild
bir
th
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
the
blo
od
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
s P
BB
LO
OD
EN
D[M
ON
TH
L
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n b
loo
d a
t ag
e ra
ng
e B
-10
c µ
g/d
L
0B8
4
I d
eter
min
ed i
n e
ach
ite
rati
on
in
th
e so
luti
on
alg
ori
thm
B
-10
c ]
bet
wee
n t
he
pre
vio
us
mo
nth
an
d t
hat
mo
nth
.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
low
er e
nd
of
the
50B5
00
ran
ge
for
the
red
B
-2bBd
,g,i
,k,m
, R
atio
of
lead
mas
s in
blo
od
to
lea
d m
ass
in
RA
TB
LP
L
10
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
I ce
ll/p
lasm
a le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
rat
io r
eco
mm
end
ed i
n
pla
sma-
EC
F
Dia
mo
nd
an
d O
'Fla
her
ty (
19
92
a).
Ass
um
e ch
ild
rat
io i
s la
rger
th
an t
he
adu
lt r
atio
; v
alu
es
Rat
io o
f en
do
gen
ou
s fe
cal
lead
eli
min
atio
n
RA
TF
EC
UR
0
.75
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
I d
eriv
ed f
rom
a re
anal
ysi
s o
f d
ata
fro
m Z
ieg
ler
et
al.
B
-1f
rate
to
uri
nar
y l
ead
eli
min
atio
n r
ate
(19
78
) an
d R
abin
ow
itz
and
Wet
her
ill
(19
73
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
21
B-3
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Wit
hin
th
e ra
ng
e o
f v
alu
es d
eriv
ed f
rom
a re
anal
ysi
s R
atio
of
elim
inat
ion
rat
e v
ia s
oft
tis
sues
to
R
AT
OU
TF
EC
0
.75
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
I o
f d
ata
fro
m Z
ieg
ler
et
al.
(1
97
8)
and
Rab
ino
wit
z an
d
B-1
g
end
og
eno
us
feca
l le
ad e
lim
inat
ion
rat
e W
eth
eril
l (1
97
3).
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
RC
OR
T0
7
8.9
00
u
nit
less
0
I
Var
iab
le c
on
stan
t.
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t b
irth
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o a
ll
B
BR
EC
SU
M[S
TE
PS
] d
ays
0-8
4
I C
alcu
late
d v
alu
e co
mp
artm
ents
ex
cep
t p
lasm
a
0.1
00
20
.00
0
10
.00
0
10
.00
0
10
.00
0
1.0
00
10
0.0
00
B
-1a-
g;
Sto
res
par
amet
er v
alu
es t
hat
are
use
d i
n
BR
esC
oef
[15
] 0
.75
0
I C
alcu
late
d v
alu
e B
-2a;
var
iou
s eq
uat
ion
s in
th
e b
iok
inet
ic m
od
ule
0
.75
0
B-3
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
00
0.0
00
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
RK
IDN
EY
0
10
.60
0
un
itle
ss
0
I V
aria
ble
co
nst
ant.
le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
bir
th
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
RL
IVE
R0
1
3.0
00
u
nit
less
0
I
Var
iab
le c
on
stan
t.
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t b
irth
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
RO
TH
ER
0
16
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0
I V
aria
ble
co
nst
ant.
le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
at
bir
th
Var
iab
le f
or
tiss
ue
lead
mas
ses
and
blo
od
C
RT
RA
B0
5
1.2
00
u
nit
less
0
I
Var
iab
le c
on
stan
t.
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t b
irth
Ass
um
ed p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o t
he
wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y. T
he
Hal
f sa
tura
tio
n a
bso
rbab
le l
ead
in
tak
e at
ag
e U
-1g-l
,co
effi
cien
t o
f p
rop
ort
ion
alit
y i
s as
sum
ed t
o d
epen
d o
n
SA
TU
PT
AK
E[M
ON
TH
] U
-3
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I ra
ng
e th
e es
tim
ate
of
the
var
iab
le f
or
a 2
4 m
on
th o
ld a
nd
th
e U
-3
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y w
eig
ht.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
22
U-3
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Ex
trap
ola
ted
fro
m r
ean
alysi
s o
f h
um
an i
nfa
nt
dat
a H
alf
satu
rati
on
ab
sorb
able
lea
d i
nta
ke
for
a S
AT
UP
TA
KE
2
10
0.0
00
Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
E
(Sh
erlo
ck a
nd
Qu
inn
, 1
98
6)
and
in
fan
t b
abo
on
dat
a 2
-yea
r-o
ld
(Mal
lon
, 1
98
3).
0B1
1
12B2
3
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
24B3
5
To
tal
Die
t S
tud
y. U
. S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
Cen
ter
for
Fo
od
Saf
ety a
nd
Ap
pli
ed N
utr
itio
n O
ffic
e sa
uce
[AG
E]
Lea
d i
nta
ke
fro
m s
auce
s b
y a
ge
E-4
r m
g/d
ay
36B4
7
I E
-5q
o
f P
lan
t an
d D
airy
Fo
od
s an
d B
ever
ages
(M
ay 1
6,
48B5
9
20
06
). A
vai
lab
le o
nli
ne:
60B7
1
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
fsan
.fd
a.g
ov
/~co
mm
/td
s-to
c.h
tml
72B8
4
U.S
. F
oo
d a
nd
Dru
g A
dm
inis
trat
ion
(F
DA
). 2
00
6.
sau
ceC
on
c C
on
cen
trat
ion
of
lead
in
to
mat
o s
auce
0
.01
02
15
µ
g/k
g
0B8
4
E
E-4
r T
ota
l D
iet
Stu
dy
.
1.6
47
0B1
1
4.7
84
1
2B2
3
5.5
69
2
4B3
5
sau
ce_
Co
nsu
mp
[AG
E]
Dai
ly c
on
sum
pti
on
of
tom
ato
sau
ce
6.9
02
g
ram
s/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Qu
anti
ty c
on
sum
ed b
ased
on
Pen
nin
gto
n (
19
83
).
E-4
r
8.1
57
4
8B5
9
8.2
35
6
0B7
1
8.2
35
7
2B8
4
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
amo
un
t o
f d
ust
in
ges
ted
dai
ly,
E-9
c,
SC
HO
OL
[AG
E]
Du
st l
ead
in
tak
e fr
om
sch
oo
l at
ag
e ra
ng
e E
-12
b
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e fr
acti
on
of
tota
l d
ust
in
ges
ted
dai
ly a
s sc
ho
ol
du
st,
E-1
2d
an
d le
ad c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
du
st a
t sc
ho
ol.
By
def
ault
, th
is d
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
is
set
to t
he
Sch
oo
lCo
nc
Du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t sc
ho
ol
20
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
E-1
2b
sa
me
as t
he
resi
den
tial
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n.
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
du
st i
ng
este
d d
aily
as
E-9
.5,
Bas
ed o
n t
he
def
ault
ass
um
pti
on
th
at c
hil
dre
n a
re n
ot
Sch
oo
lFra
ctio
n
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
sch
oo
l d
ust
in
sch
oo
l.
E-1
2b
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
amo
un
t o
f d
ust
in
ges
ted
dai
ly,
E-9
c,
Du
st l
ead
in
tak
e at
sec
on
dar
y h
om
e at
ag
e S
EC
HO
ME
[AG
E]
E-1
2d
Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I fr
acti
on
of
du
st i
ng
este
d d
aily
as
seco
nd
ary h
om
e d
ust
, ra
ng
e E
-12
d
and
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
du
st a
t th
e se
con
dar
y h
om
e.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
Sec
Ho
meC
on
c S
eco
nd
ary h
om
e d
ust
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
2
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
in a
sec
on
dar
y h
om
e is
th
e sa
me
as t
he
def
ault
du
st
E-1
2d
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n i
n t
he
pri
mar
y h
om
e.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
def
ault
ass
um
pti
on
th
at t
he
chil
d d
oes
no
t E
-9.5
, F
ract
ion
of
tota
l d
ust
in
ges
ted
dai
ly a
sS
ecH
om
eFra
ctio
n
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
spen
d a
sig
nif
ican
t am
ou
nt
of
tim
e in
a s
eco
nd
ary
se
con
dar
y h
om
e d
ust
E
-12
d
ho
me.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
23
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Up
per
bo
un
d v
alu
e fo
r a
pla
usi
ble
urb
an b
ack
gro
un
d
E-8
b,
soil
_co
nte
nt[
AG
E]
Ou
tdo
or
soil
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
2
00
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
soil
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
(U
.S. E
PA
, 1
98
9a;
HU
D,
E-1
1a
19
90
).
Un
der
alt
ern
ate
du
st s
ou
rces
mo
del
, b
ased
on
E
-9b
,d,
Ind
oo
r h
ou
seh
old
du
st l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n a
t so
il_
ind
oo
r[A
GE
] E
-11
aBd
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
bo
th s
oil
an
d o
utd
oo
r ai
r co
ntr
ibu
te t
o
age
ran
ge
E-1
1aB
din
do
or
du
st l
ead
.
0.0
85
0B1
1
0.1
35
1
2B2
3
Bas
ed o
n v
alu
es r
epo
rted
in
OA
QP
S r
epo
rt (
U.S
. E
PA
,
0.1
35
1
98
9a,
pp
. A
-16
). T
he
val
ues
rep
ort
ed w
ere
esti
mat
ed
24B3
5
E-8
a,b
, S
oil
an
d d
ust
(co
mb
ined
) co
nsu
mp
tio
n a
t fo
r ch
ild
ren
, ag
es 1
2B4
8 m
os,
by s
ever
al a
uth
ors
su
ch
soil
_in
ges
ted
[AG
E]
0.1
35
g
/day
3
6B4
7
E
E-9
a,d
,e,
age
ran
ge
as B
ind
er e
t a
l. (
19
86
) an
d C
lau
sin
g e
t a
l. (
19
87
).
0.1
00
4
8B5
9
Sed
man
(1
98
7)
extr
apo
late
d t
hes
e es
tim
ates
to
th
ose
0.0
90
fo
r ch
ild
ren
, ag
es 0B8
4 m
on
ths.
0.0
85
60B7
1
72B8
4
CS
TE
PS
It
erat
ion
s p
er m
on
th
B-1
0b
d
ays
I It
erat
ion
in
terv
al.
B-1
0b
Co
mp
artm
enta
l le
ad m
asse
s so
luti
on
F
or
Bac
kw
ard E
ule
r ca
lcu
lati
on. I
nte
rmed
iate
C
SU
M1[S
TE
PS
] B
-8b
0B8
4
I B
-8a,
bal
go
rith
m
var
iab
les
for
Eq
uat
ion
s B
-8b
to
B-8
d.
Co
mp
artm
enta
l le
ad m
asse
s so
luti
on
F
or
Bac
kw
ard E
ule
r ca
lcu
lati
on. I
nte
rmed
iate
C
SU
M2[S
TE
PS
] B
-8c
0B8
4
I B
-8a,
cal
go
rith
m
var
iab
les
for
Eq
uat
ion
s B
-8b
to
B-8
d.
Co
mp
artm
enta
l le
ad m
asse
s so
luti
on
F
or
Bac
kw
ard E
ule
r ca
lcu
lati
on. I
nte
rmed
iate
C
SU
M3[S
TE
PS
] B
-8d
0B8
4
I B
-8a,
dal
go
rith
m
var
iab
les
for
Eq
uat
ion
s B
-8b
to
B-8
d.
24
mo
nth
s -
Init
iali
zati
on
is
key
ed t
o t
he
24
mo
nth
old
chil
d, b
ased
in
par
t o
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
fro
m H
eard
an
d
Ch
amb
erla
in (
19
82
) fo
r ad
ult
s, a
nd
O'F
lah
erty
(1
99
2).
On
ce t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
rat
ios
are
fix
ed, th
e ex
act
val
ue
of
this
var
iab
le, w
ith
in a
wid
e ra
ng
e o
f p
oss
ible
T
BL
BO
NE
v
alu
es, h
as l
ittl
e ef
fect
on
th
e b
loo
d l
ead
val
ue.
B
-1e,
h,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
blo
od
to
bo
ne
at
B-1
e d
ays
0B8
4
I ag
e ra
ng
e B
-2i,
kT
BL
BO
NE
is
not
an a
rray
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
ssu
med
pro
po
rtio
nal
bo
dy s
urf
ace
area
. T
he
coef
fici
ent
of
pro
po
rtio
nal
ity
is
assu
med
to
dep
end
on
an
est
imat
e o
f th
e v
aria
ble
fo
r a
24
mo
nth
old
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. A
lso
, it
is a
ssu
med
th
at b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
var
ies
as 1
/3 p
ow
er
of
the
wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y b
ased
on
Mo
rden
ti (
19
86
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
24
E-1
0
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
an a
ssu
med
rat
io o
f u
rin
ary
lead
eli
min
atio
n r
ate
to e
nd
og
eno
us
feca
l le
ad
elim
inat
ion
rat
e, a
nd
lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
blo
od
to
T
BL
FE
C
B-1
f,g
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m b
loo
d t
o f
eces
at
uri
ne
(See
RA
TF
EC
UR
).B
-1f
day
s 0B8
4
I ag
e ra
ng
e B
-2e,
fT
BL
FE
C i
s not
an a
rray
T
he
rati
o o
f el
imin
atio
n r
ates
was
est
imat
ed f
or
adu
lts
usi
ng
Ch
amb
erla
in e
t a
l. (
19
78
) an
d C
ham
ber
lain
(19
85
) an
d i
s as
sum
ed t
o a
pp
ly t
o a
ges
0B8
4 m
on
ths.
24
mo
nth
s -
Init
iali
zati
on
is
key
ed t
o t
he
24
mo
nth
old
chil
d, b
ased
in
par
t o
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
fro
m H
eard
an
d
Ch
amb
erla
in (
19
82
) fo
r ad
ult
s, a
nd
O'F
lah
erty
(1
99
2).
On
ce t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
rat
ios
are
fix
ed, th
e ex
act
val
ue
of
this
var
iab
le, w
ith
in a
wid
e ra
ng
e o
f p
oss
ible
10
TB
LK
ID
val
ues
, h
as l
ittl
e ef
fect
on
th
e b
loo
d l
ead
val
ue.
B
-1d
,g,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
blo
od
to
kid
ney
at
an
d
day
s 0B8
4
I ag
e ra
ng
e B
-2g
,h
TB
LK
ID i
s not
an a
rray
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
ssu
med
pro
po
rtio
nal
bo
dy s
urf
ace
area
. T
he
coef
fici
ent
of
pro
po
rtio
nal
ity
is
assu
med
to
dep
end
on
an
est
imat
e o
f th
e v
aria
ble
fo
r a
24
mo
nth
old
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. A
lso
, it
is a
ssu
med
th
at b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
var
ies
as 1
/3 p
ow
er
of
the
wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y b
ased
on
Mo
rden
ti (
19
86
).
24
mo
nth
s -
In
itia
liza
tio
n i
s k
eyed
to
th
e 2
4 m
on
th o
ld
chil
d, b
ased
in
par
t o
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
fro
m H
eard
an
d
Ch
amb
erla
in (
19
82
) fo
r ad
ult
s, a
nd
O'F
lah
erty
(1
99
2).
On
ce t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
rat
ios
are
fix
ed, th
e ex
act
val
ue
of
this
var
iab
le, w
ith
in a
wid
e ra
ng
e o
f p
oss
ible
B-1
d
10
TB
LL
IV
val
ues
, h
as l
ittl
e ef
fect
on
th
e b
loo
d l
ead
val
ue.
B
-1b
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m b
loo
d t
o l
iver
at
age
an
d
day
s 0B8
4
I ra
ng
e B
-2d
,eT
BL
LIV
is
not
an a
rray
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
ssu
med
pro
po
rtio
nal
bo
dy s
urf
ace
B-1
b
area
. T
he
coef
fici
ent
of
pro
po
rtio
nal
ity
is
assu
med
to
dep
end
on
an
est
imat
e o
f th
e v
aria
ble
fo
r a
24
mo
nth
old
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. A
lso
, it
is a
ssu
med
th
at b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
var
ies
as 1
/3 p
ow
er
of
the
wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y b
ased
on
Mo
rden
ti (
19
86
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
25
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
24
mo
nth
s -
Init
iali
zati
on
is
key
ed t
o t
he
24
mo
nth
old
chil
d, b
ased
in
par
t o
n i
nfo
rmat
ion
fro
m H
eard
an
d
Ch
amb
erla
in (
19
82
) fo
r ad
ult
s, a
nd
O'F
lah
erty
(1
99
2).
On
ce t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
rat
ios
are
fix
ed, th
e ex
act
val
ue
of
this
var
iab
le, w
ith
in a
wid
e ra
ng
e o
f p
oss
ible
1
0T
BL
OT
H
val
ues
, h
as l
ittl
e ef
fect
on
th
e b
loo
d l
ead
val
ue.
B
-1c
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
blo
od
to
oth
er s
oft
a
nd
d
ays
0B8
4
I ti
ssu
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e B
-2m
,n
TB
LO
TH
is
not
an a
rray
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
ssu
med
pro
po
rtio
nal
bo
dy s
urf
ace
B-1
c ar
ea.
Th
e co
effi
cien
t o
f p
rop
ort
ion
alit
y i
s as
sum
ed t
o
dep
end
on
an
est
imat
e o
f th
e v
aria
ble
fo
r a
24
mo
nth
old
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. A
lso
, it
is a
ssu
med
th
at b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
var
ies
as 1
/3 p
ow
er
of
the
wei
gh
t o
f b
od
y b
ased
on
Mo
rden
ti (
19
86
).
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
an a
ssu
med
rat
io o
f
TB
LO
UT
B
-1g
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m b
loo
d t
o
elim
inat
ion
rat
e v
ia s
oft
tis
sues
to
en
do
gen
ou
s fe
cal
B-1
g
day
s 0B8
4
I el
imin
atio
n p
oo
l v
ia s
oft
tis
sue
at a
ge
ran
ge
lead
eli
min
atio
n r
ate,
tim
es t
he
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m
B-2
n,o
T
BL
OU
T i
s not
an a
rray
b
loo
d t
o f
eces
(S
ee R
AT
OU
TF
EC
).
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
26
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
24
mo
nth
s -
Ass
um
ed p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. T
he
coef
fici
ent
of
pro
po
rtio
nal
ity
is
assu
med
to
dep
end
on
an
ad
ult
est
imat
e fo
r th
e v
aria
ble
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
. T
he
adu
lt e
stim
ate
of
39
day
s w
as o
bta
ined
usi
ng
Ara
ki
et
al.
(1
98
6a,
19
86
b, 1
98
7),
Ass
enat
o e
t a
l. (
19
86
), C
amp
bel
l et
al.
(19
81
), C
arto
n e
t a
l. (
19
87
), C
ham
ber
lain
et
al.
(1
97
8),
Fo
lash
ade
et
al.
(1
99
1),
Hea
rd a
nd
Ch
amb
erla
in
(19
82
), H
e et
al.
(1
98
8),
Kaw
aii
et
al.
(1
98
3),
Keh
oe
(19
61
), K
ost
er e
t a
l. (
19
89
), M
anto
n a
nd
Mal
loy
(19
83
), R
abin
ow
itz
and
Wet
her
ill
(19
73
), R
abin
ow
itz
et
al.
(1
97
6),
an
d Y
ok
oyam
a et
al.
(1
98
5).
20
TB
LU
R
0B8
4 m
on
ths
- A
ssu
med
pro
po
rtio
nal
bo
dy s
urf
ace
B-1
a,f,
L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m b
loo
d t
o u
rin
e at
a
nd
d
ays
0B8
4
I ar
ea.
Th
e co
effi
cien
t o
f p
rop
ort
ion
alit
y i
s as
sum
ed t
o
age
ran
ge
B-2
cT
BL
UR
is
not
an a
rray
B
-1a
dep
end
on
an
est
imat
e o
f th
e v
aria
ble
fo
r a
24
mo
nth
old
an
d t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
.
Bo
th c
ases
ab
ov
e as
sum
e th
at (
a) b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
var
ies
as 1
/3 p
ow
er o
f w
eig
ht
of
bo
dy b
ased
on
Mo
rden
ti (
19
86
) an
d (
b)
resp
ecti
vel
y, 7
0 k
g a
nd
12
.3 k
g a
re s
tan
dar
d a
du
lt a
nd
24
-mo
nth
-old
bo
dy
wei
gh
ts b
ased
on
Sp
ecto
r (1
95
6).
Sin
ce g
lom
eru
lar
filt
rati
on
rat
e (G
FR
) is
pro
po
rtio
nal
to b
od
y s
urf
ace
area
fo
r ag
es �
24
-mo
nth
bas
ed o
n
Wei
l (1
95
5),
su
rfac
e ar
ea s
cali
ng
is
equ
ival
ent
to
scal
ing
by
GF
R f
or
ages
�2
4 m
on
ths.
TB
ON
EB
L
B-1
h,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
bo
ne
to b
loo
d a
t B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at m
asse
s o
f le
ad i
n b
on
e B
-1h
d
ays
0B8
4
I ag
e ra
ng
e an
d b
loo
d a
re i
n k
inet
ic q
uas
i-eq
uil
ibri
um
. B
-2j,
lT
BO
NE
BL
is
not
an a
rray
B-2
l,
B-6
b,i
,B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
cort
ical
an
d
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
co
rtic
al b
on
e to
T
CO
RT
PL
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
l d
ays
0B8
4
I tr
abec
ula
r b
on
e p
oo
ls h
ave
sim
ilar
lea
d k
inet
ics
for
B-6
.5b
,i,
pla
sma-
EC
F a
t ag
e ra
ng
e ch
ild
ren
yo
un
ger
th
an 8
4 m
on
ths.
B
-8c,
d,
B-9
f
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
27
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
1.0
00
0B1
1
2.0
00
1
2B2
3
Val
ues
are
rep
ort
ed i
n t
he
OA
QP
S s
taff
rep
ort
(U
.S.
3.0
00
2
4B3
5
EP
A, 1
98
9a,
p. A
-2)
and
th
e IE
UB
K T
ech
nic
al
tim
e_o
ut[
AG
E]
Tim
e sp
ent
ou
tdo
ors
by a
ge
4
.00
0
Hr/
day
3
6B4
7
E
Su
pp
ort
Do
cum
ent
(U.S
. E
PA
, 1
99
0a)
. T
he
val
ues
hav
e b
een
der
ived
fro
m a
lit
erat
ure
rev
iew
(P
op
e,
4.0
00
4
8B5
9
19
85
).
4.0
00
6
0B7
1
4.0
00
7
2B8
4
B-2
h,
B-6
b,f
, B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
kid
ney
to
pla
sma-
TK
IDP
L[M
ON
TH
] B
-2h
d
ays
0B8
4
I fr
om
kid
ney
to
blo
od
is
equ
al t
o t
he
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
B-6
.5b
,f,
EC
F a
t ag
e ra
ng
e fr
om
kid
ney
to
pla
sma-
EC
F.
B-8
c,d
,
B-9
c
B-8
c,d
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m l
iver
to
all
tis
sues
A
ver
age
tran
siti
on
tim
e fr
om
liv
er t
o a
ll t
issu
es f
rom
T
LIV
AL
L
B-9
i d
ays
0B8
4
I fo
r S
UM
2
SU
M2
.
B-9
b,i
B-2
e,f,
Lea
d t
ransf
er t
ime
from
liv
er t
o f
eces
at
age
B-4
i,B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
mas
ses
of
lead
in
T
LIV
FE
C[M
ON
TH
] B
-2e
day
s 0B8
4
I ra
ng
e li
ver
an
d b
loo
d a
re i
n k
inet
ic q
uas
i-eq
uil
ibri
um
. B
-6e,
B-6
.5e
B-2
e,
B-6
b,e
,B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
liv
er t
o p
lasm
a-T
LIV
PL
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
f d
ays
0B8
4
I fr
om
liv
er t
o b
loo
d i
s eq
ual
to
th
e le
ad t
ran
sfer
tim
e B
-6.5
b,e
,E
CF
at
age
ran
ge
fro
m l
iver
to
pla
sma-
EC
F.
B-8
c,d
,
B-9
i
B8
c,d
Fra
ctio
nal
per
cen
t d
ue
to a
ll s
eco
nd
ary
C
To
tAlt
So
urc
e N
on
e %
I
To
tal
frac
tio
nal
per
cen
t d
ue
to a
ll s
eco
nd
ary s
ou
rces
. so
urc
es
B-9
d,h
B-8
c,d
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m o
ther
so
ft t
issu
es t
o
Av
erag
e tr
ansi
tio
n t
ime
fro
m o
ther
so
ft t
issu
es t
o a
ll
TO
TH
AL
L
B-9
h
day
s 0B8
4
I al
l ti
ssu
es f
or
SU
M2
ti
ssu
es f
rom
SU
M2
. B
-9d
,h
B-2
o,
B-6
g,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
so
ft t
issu
es t
o
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e m
asse
s o
f le
ad i
n s
oft
T
OT
HO
UT
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
o
day
s 0B8
4
I B
-6.5
g,
elim
inat
ion
po
ol
at a
ge
ran
ge
tiss
ues
an
d b
loo
d a
re i
n k
inet
ic q
uas
i-eq
uil
ibri
um
. B
-8c,
d,
B-9
h
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
28
E-2
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
B-2
n,
B-6
b,g
, B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
so
ft t
issu
es t
o
TO
TH
PL
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
n
day
s 0B8
4
I fr
om
so
ft t
issu
es t
o b
loo
d i
s eq
ual
to
th
e le
ad t
ran
sfer
B
-6.5
b,g
, p
lasm
a-E
CF
at
age
ran
ge
tim
e fr
om
so
ft t
issu
es t
o p
lasm
a-E
CF
. B
-8c,
d,
B-9
h
Bas
ed o
n t
he
foll
ow
ing
ass
um
pti
on
s:
Th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
lea
ves
th
e p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
rea
ch
B-2
k,
the
bo
ne
is p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o t
he
rate
at
wh
ich
lea
d l
eav
es
B-6
c,i,
the
blo
od
to
rea
ch t
he
sam
e p
oo
l.
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o
TP
LC
OR
T[M
ON
TH
]
B-2
k
day
s 0B8
4
I B
-6.5
c,i,
cort
ical
bo
ne
at a
ge
ran
ge
Th
e co
rtic
al a
nd
tra
bec
ula
r b
on
e p
oo
ls h
ave
sim
ilar
B
-8b
,c,
lead
kin
etic
s fo
r ch
ild
ren
yo
un
ger
th
an 8
4 m
on
ths.
B
-9e,
f
Th
e co
rtic
al b
on
e is
80
% o
f th
e w
eig
ht
of
bo
ne
bas
ed
on
Leg
get
t et
al.
(1
98
2).
B-2
g,
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
B
-6c,
f,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o
leav
es t
he
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o r
each
th
e k
idn
ey i
s T
PL
KID
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
g
day
s 0B8
4
I B
-6.5
c,f,
kid
ney
at
age
ran
ge
pro
po
rtio
nal
to
th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
lea
ves
th
e b
loo
d
to r
each
th
e sa
me
po
ol.
B
-8b
,c,
B-9
c
B-2
d,
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
B
-6c,
e,
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o
leav
es t
he
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o r
each
th
e li
ver
is
TP
LL
IV[M
ON
TH
] B
-2d
d
ays
0B8
4
I B
-6.5
c,e,
liv
er a
t ag
e ra
ng
e p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o t
he
rate
at
wh
ich
lea
d l
eav
es t
he
blo
od
to r
each
th
e sa
me
po
ol.
B
-8b
,
B-9
b
B-2
m,
Bas
ed o
n th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
rate
at
wh
ich
lea
d
B-6
c,g
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
so
ft
leav
es t
he
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o r
each
th
e so
ft t
issu
es i
s T
PL
OT
H[M
ON
TH
]
B-2
m
day
s 0B8
4
I B
-6.5
c,g
,ti
ssu
es a
t ag
e ra
ng
e p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o t
he
rate
wh
ich
lea
d l
eav
es t
he
blo
od
to
reac
h t
he
sam
e p
oo
l.
B-8
b,c
,
B-9
d
Init
iali
zati
on
val
ue
of
0.1
was
ass
ign
ed a
s p
lau
sib
le
B-2
a,b
, n
om
inal
val
ue
refl
ecti
ng
bes
t p
rofe
ssio
nal
ju
dg
emen
t L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
red
T
PL
RB
C
0.1
00
d
ays
0B8
4
I o
n a
pp
rop
riat
e ti
me
scal
e fo
r co
mp
osi
te p
roce
ss o
f B
-2.5
, b
loo
d c
ells
fo
r S
UM
2
tran
sfer
of
lead
th
rou
gh
th
e re
d b
loo
d c
ell
mem
bra
ne
to
B-7
b,c
le
ad b
ind
ing
co
mp
on
ents
.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
29
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
B-2
.5,
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
the
lead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o r
ed
B-6
c,d
, p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
red
blo
od
cel
ls, an
d t
he
rati
o o
f re
d
blo
od
cel
ls c
on
stra
ined
by t
he
max
imu
m
TP
LR
BC
2
B-2
.5
day
s 0B8
4
I b
loo
d c
ell
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n t
o t
he
corr
esp
on
din
g
B-6
.5c,
d,
cap
acit
y o
f re
d b
loo
d c
ell
lead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
max
imu
m c
on
cen
trat
ion
. B
ased
on
Mar
cus
(19
85
a)
B-8
b,c
,at
ag
e ra
ng
e an
d r
ean
alysi
s o
f in
fan
t b
abo
on
dat
a.
B-9
a
Bas
ed o
n t
he
foll
ow
ing
ass
um
pti
on
s:
Th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
lea
ves
th
e p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
rea
ch
B-2
i,
the
bo
ne
is p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o t
he
rate
at
wh
ich
lea
d l
eav
es
B-6
c,h
, th
e b
loo
d t
o r
each
th
e sa
me
po
ol.
L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m p
lasm
a-E
CF
to
T
PL
TR
AB
[MO
NT
H]
B-2
i d
ays
0B8
4
I B
-6.5
c,h
,tr
abec
ula
r b
on
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e T
he
cort
ical
an
d t
rab
ecu
lar
bo
ne
po
ols
hav
e si
mil
ar
B-8
b,c
, le
ad k
inet
ics.
B
-9e
Th
e tr
abec
ula
r b
on
e is
20
% o
f th
e w
eig
ht
of
bo
ne
bas
ed o
n L
egg
ett
et
al.
(1
98
2).
B-2
c,B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
rate
at
wh
ich
lea
d
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
pla
sma-
EC
F t
o
B-6
c,le
aves
th
e p
lasm
a-ex
tra-
cell
ula
r fl
uid
to
rea
ch t
he
uri
ne
TP
LU
R[M
ON
TH
] B
-2c
day
s 0B8
4
I u
rin
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e p
oo
l is
pro
po
rtio
nal
to
th
e ra
te a
t w
hic
h l
ead
lea
ves
th
e B
-6.5
c,
blo
od
to
rea
ch t
he
sam
e p
oo
l.
B-8
b
B-2
b,
B-6
b,d
,
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
th
e tr
ansf
er t
ime
ou
t o
f B
-6.5
b,d
, L
ead
tra
nsf
er t
ime
fro
m r
ed b
loo
d c
ells
to
T
RB
CP
L
B-2
b
day
s 0B8
4
I re
d b
loo
d c
ells
is
sim
ilar
at
all
ages
, si
nce
mea
n r
ed
pla
sma-
EC
F
B-7
b,c
,ce
ll v
alu
e is
sim
ilar
.
B-8
c,d
,
B-9
a
B-2
j,
B-6
b,h
, B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at t
he
cort
ical
an
d
Lea
d t
ran
sfer
tim
e fr
om
tra
bec
ula
r b
on
e to
T
TR
AB
PL
[MO
NT
H]
B
-2j
day
s 0B8
4
I tr
abec
ula
r b
on
e p
oo
ls h
ave
sim
ilar
lea
d k
inet
ics
for
B-6
.5b
,h,
pla
sma-
EC
F f
luid
at
age
ran
ge
chil
dre
n y
ou
ng
er t
han
84
mo
nth
s.
B-8
c,d
,
B-9
e
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
ou
tdo
or
and
in
do
or
air
lead
E
-2,
Tim
e w
eig
hte
d a
ver
age
air
lead
T
WA
[AG
E]
E-2
µ
g/m
3 0B8
4
I co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
and
th
e n
um
ber
of
ho
urs
sp
ent
con
cen
trat
ion
at
age
ran
ge
E-3
ou
tdo
ors
.
U-4
,S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f m
edia
-sp
ecif
ic l
ead
in
tak
e an
d
UP
AIR
[MO
NT
H]
A
ir l
ead
up
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e U
-4
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
30
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
U-1
a,g
, S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f m
edia
-sp
ecif
ic l
ead
in
tak
e an
d
UP
DIE
T[M
ON
TH
]
Die
t le
ad u
pta
ke
at a
ge
ran
ge
U-1
a Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
Lea
d u
pta
ke
rate
fro
m a
lter
nat
e so
urc
es a
t U
-1d
,j,
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
med
ia-s
pec
ific
lea
d i
nta
ke
and
U
PD
US
TA
[MO
NT
H]
U-1
f Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I ag
e ra
ng
e th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
med
ia-s
pec
ific
lea
d i
nta
ke
and
U
-1c,
i,
UP
DU
ST
[MO
NT
H]
Du
st l
ead
up
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e U
-1c
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
med
ia-s
pec
ific
lea
d i
nta
ke
and
U
-1e,
k,
UP
SO
IL[M
ON
TH
] S
oil
lea
d u
pta
ke
at a
ge
ran
ge
U-1
e Ȃ
g/d
ay
0B8
4
I th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
B-6
a,
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
the
med
ia-s
pec
ific
dai
ly l
ead
B
-6.5
a,
UP
TA
KE
[MO
NT
H]
To
tal
lead
up
tak
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e U
-5
µg
/mo
0B8
4
I u
pta
ke
rate
s, t
ran
slat
ed t
o a
mo
nth
ly r
ate.
B
-8a,
U-5
Sim
ple
co
mb
inat
ion
of
med
ia-s
pec
ific
lea
d i
nta
ke
and
U
-1b
,h,
UP
WA
TE
R[M
ON
TH
] W
ater
lea
d u
pta
ke
at a
ge
range
U-1
b
Ȃg
/day
0B8
4
I th
e co
rres
po
nd
ing
net
ab
sorp
tio
n c
oef
fici
ent.
U
-5
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
lo
call
y c
aug
ht
fish
are
U
serF
ish
Co
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
fis
h
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
E-5
h
con
sum
ed µ
g P
b/g
fis
h a
s p
rep
ared
.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
lo
call
y c
aug
ht
fish
are
u
serF
ish
Fra
ctio
n
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
mea
t co
nsu
med
as
fish
0
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
E-5
a,h
con
sum
ed.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
ho
me
gro
wn
fru
its
are
U
serF
ruit
Co
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
ho
me
gro
wn
fru
its
0.0
00
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
E-5
f co
nsu
med
µg
Pb
/g f
ruit
as
pre
par
ed.
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
fru
its
con
sum
ed a
s h
om
e B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at h
om
e g
row
n f
ruit
s ar
e u
serF
ruit
Fra
ctio
n
0.0
00
u
nit
less
0B8
4
E
E-5
d,e
,f
gro
wn
fru
its
con
sum
ed.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
gam
e m
eat
is c
on
sum
ed
Use
rGam
eCo
nc
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
gam
e an
imal
mea
t 0
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
E-5
i µ
g P
b/g
gam
e as
pre
par
ed.
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
mea
t co
nsu
med
as
gam
e u
serG
ameF
ract
ion
0
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
Bas
ed o
n t
he
assu
mp
tio
n t
hat
gam
e m
eat
is co
nsu
med
. E
-5a,
ian
imal
mea
t ex
clu
din
g f
ish
Lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
in
ho
me
gro
wn
B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at h
om
e g
row
n v
eget
able
s U
serV
egC
on
c 0
.00
0
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
E-5
g
veg
etab
les
are
con
sum
ed µ
g P
b/g
veg
etab
les
as p
rep
ared
.
Fra
ctio
n o
f to
tal
veg
etab
les
con
sum
ed a
s B
ased
on
th
e as
sum
pti
on
th
at h
om
e g
row
n v
eget
able
s u
serV
egF
ract
ion
0
.00
0
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
E-5
b,c
,gh
om
e g
row
n v
eget
able
s ar
e co
nsu
med
.
var
y_
ind
oo
r C
C
Ind
oo
r so
il l
ead
co
nce
ntr
atio
n
µg
/g
0B8
4
E
Use
r sp
ecif
ied
.
C
Cv
ary_
ou
tdo
or
Ou
tdo
or
soil
lea
d c
on
cen
trat
ion
µ
g/g
0B8
4
E
Use
r sp
ecif
ied
.
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
31
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
Fra
ctio
n o
f v
eget
able
co
nsu
mp
tio
n t
hat
is
E-5
e,
veg
Fra
ctio
n
der
ived
fro
m m
ark
et b
ask
et (
i.e.
, to
tal
E-5
b
un
itle
ss
0B8
4
E
Cal
cula
ted
val
ue.
E
-5f
veg
etab
le c
on
sum
pti
on
- u
ser-
gro
wn
)
2.0
00
0B1
1
3.0
00
1
2B2
3
Val
ues
are
rep
ort
ed i
n t
he
OA
QP
S r
eport
(U
.S. E
PA
, 5
.00
0
24B3
5
19
89
a, p
p. A
-3)
and
th
e IE
UB
K T
ech
nic
al S
up
po
rt
ven
t_ra
te[A
GE
] V
enti
lati
on
rat
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e 5
.00
0
M3/d
ay
36B4
7
E
Do
cum
ent
(U.S
. E
PA
19
90
a). T
hes
e es
tim
ates
are
bas
ed o
n b
od
y s
ize
in c
om
bin
atio
n w
ith
sm
oo
thed
dat
a 5
.00
0
48B5
9
fro
m P
hal
en e
t a
l. (
19
85
).
7.0
00
6
0B7
1
7.0
00
7
2B8
4
B-1
h,
Sta
tist
ical
fit
tin
g o
f d
ata
fro
m S
ilv
e et
al.
(1
98
7),
B
-2e,
f,h
,n,o
, V
OL
BL
OO
D[M
ON
TH
] V
olu
me
of
blo
od
at
age
ran
ge
B-5
a d
L
0B8
4
I S
pec
tor
(19
56
). a
nd
Alt
man
an
d D
ittm
er (
19
73
) B
-5a,
d,e
, m
,
B-1
0a
Th
e v
olu
me
of
extr
acel
lula
r fl
uid
th
at e
xch
ang
es
rap
idly
wit
h p
lasm
a is
est
imat
ed t
o b
e 7
3%
of
the
blo
od
vo
lum
e b
ased
on
Rab
ino
wit
z (1
97
6).
T
his
B
-5d
, V
olu
me
of
extr
a-ce
llu
lar
flu
id (
EC
F)
at a
ge
VO
LE
CF
[MO
NT
H]
B-5
d
dL
0B8
4
I ad
dit
ion
al v
olu
me
of
dis
trib
uti
on
is
assu
med
to
be
the
ran
ge
B-9
g
vo
lum
e o
f th
e ex
tra-
cell
ula
r fl
uid
po
ol,
wh
ich
is
the
dif
fere
nce
bet
wee
n t
he
vo
lum
e o
f th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n a
nd
the
blo
od
vo
lum
e.
B-5
c,
Sta
tist
ical
fit
to
V
OL
PL
AS
M[M
ON
TH
] V
olu
me
of
pla
sma
at a
ge
ran
ge
B-5
c d
L
0B8
4
I B
-7b
,c,
VO
LB
LO
OD
(MO
NT
H)
- V
OL
RB
C(M
ON
TH
) B
-9g
B-2
.5,
VO
LR
BC
[MO
NT
H]
Vo
lum
e o
f re
d b
loo
d c
ells
at
age
ran
ge
B-5
b
dL
0B8
4
I S
tati
stic
al f
it t
o h
emat
ocr
it +
blo
od
vo
lum
e.
B-5
b
0.2
00
0B1
1
0.5
00
1
2B2
3
0.5
20
2
4B3
5
Dai
ly a
mo
un
t o
f w
ater
co
nsu
med
at
age
wat
er_
con
sum
pti
on
[AG
E]
0.5
30
L
/day
3
6B4
7
E
Ex
po
sure
Fac
tors
Han
db
oo
k (
U.S
. E
PA
, 1
98
9b
).
E-6
a,b
ra
ng
e 0
.55
0
48B5
9
0.5
80
6
0B7
1
0.5
90
7
2B8
4
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
32
E-3
Def
au
lt
Va
lue
or
Ag
e
Eq
uati
on
R
an
ge
Eq
uati
on
Pa
ram
eter
Na
me
Des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
er
Un
its
(mos)
I
or
E
Basi
s fo
r V
alu
es/E
qu
ati
on
s W
her
e U
sed
E-8
a,b
, P
erce
nta
ge
of
tota
l so
il a
nd
du
st i
ng
esti
on
IE
UB
K G
uid
ance
Man
ual
, S
ecti
on
2.3
(U
.S. E
PA
,w
eig
ht_
soil
4
5.0
00
%
0B8
4
E
E-9
a,d
,e,
that
is
soil
1
99
4).
E
-10
Bas
ed o
n a
blo
od
den
sity
of
1.0
56
kg
/L (
Sp
ecto
r W
TB
LO
OD
[MO
NT
H]
Wei
gh
t o
f b
loo
d a
t ag
e ra
ng
e B
-5m
k
g
0B8
4
I B
-5l,
m
19
56
).
Sta
tist
ical
fit
tin
g o
f d
ata
fro
m S
ilv
e et
al.
(1
98
7);
als
o
B-1
aBe,
S
pec
tor
(19
56
) an
d A
ltm
an a
nd
Dit
tmer
(1
97
3).
A
lso
,W
TB
OD
Y[M
ON
TH
] W
eig
ht
of
bo
dy
at
age
ran
ge
B-5
f k
g
0B8
4
I B
-5f,
g,l
, b
od
y w
eig
ht
of
24
mo
nth
old
is
assu
med
to
be
12
.3 k
g
(Sp
ecto
r 1
95
6).
U
-3
WT
BO
NE
[MO
NT
H]
= 0
.11
1 *
WT
BO
DY
[MO
NT
H]
WT
BO
NE
[MO
NT
H]
Wei
gh
t o
f b
on
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e B
-5g
k
g
0B8
4
I
[MO
NT
H] �1
2 m
on
ths
B-5
gBi
= 0
.83
8 +
0.0
2 *
[M
ON
TH
]
B-1
h,
Ass
um
ed t
o b
e 8
0%
of
the
wei
gh
t o
f th
e b
on
e b
ased
on
W
TC
OR
T[M
ON
TH
] W
eig
ht
of
cort
ical
bo
ne
at a
ge
ran
ge
B-5
h
kg
0B8
4
I B
-5h
,l,
Leg
get
t et
al.
(1
98
2).
B
-7e
Wei
gh
t o
f ex
tra-
cell
ula
r fl
uid
(E
CF
) in
lea
d
Bas
ed o
n a
n a
ssu
med
EC
F d
ensi
ty a
pp
rox
imat
ely t
he
WT
EC
F[M
ON
TH
] B
-5e
kg
0B8
4
I B
-5e,
lv
olu
me
dis
trib
uti
on
at
age
ran
ge
sam
e as
wat
er, o
f 1
.0 k
g/L
.
Sta
tist
ical
fit
tin
g o
f d
ata
fro
m S
ilv
e et
al.
(1
98
7);
als
o
B-2
h,
Sp
ecto
r (1
95
6)
and
Alt
man
an
d D
ittm
er (
19
73
). A
lso
,W
TK
IDN
EY
[MO
NT
H]
Wei
gh
t o
f k
idn
ey a
t ag
e ra
ng
e B
-5j
kg
0B8
4
I B
-5j,
l,b
od
y w
eig
ht
of
24
mo
nth
old
is
assu
med
to
be
12
.3 k
g
(Sp
ecto
r, 1
95
6).
B
-7f
Sta
tist
ical
fit
tin
g o
f d
ata
fro
m S
ilv
e et
al.
(1
98
7);
als
o
B-2
e,f,
S
pec
tor
(19
56
) an
d A
ltm
an a
nd
Dit
tmer
(1
97
3).
A
lso
,W
TL
IVE
R[M
ON
TH
] W
eig
ht
of
liv
er a
t ag
e ra
ng
e B
-5k
k
g
0B8
4
I B
-5k
,l,
bo
dy w
eig
ht
of
24
mo
nth
old
is
assu
med
to
be
12
.3 k
g
(Sp
ecto
r, 1
95
6).
B
-7g
B-2
n,o
, S
imp
le c
om
bin
atio
n o
f th
e w
eig
ht
of
bo
dy a
nd
th
e
WT
OT
HE
R[M
ON
TH
] W
eig
ht
of
oth
er t
issu
es a
t ag
e ra
ng
e B
-5l
kg
0B8
4
I w
eig
hts
of
kid
ney
, li
ver
, b
on
e, b
loo
d, an
d e
xtr
a-B
-5l,
cell
ula
r fl
uid
. B
-7h
B-1
h,l
, A
ssu
med
to
be
20
% o
f th
e w
eig
ht
of
the
bo
ne
bas
ed o
n
WT
TR
AB
[MO
NT
H]
Wei
gh
t o
f tr
abec
ula
r b
on
e at
ag
e ra
ng
e
B-5
i k
g
0B8
4
I B
-5i,
l,L
egg
ett
et
al.
(1
98
2).
B
-7i
No
te:
I =
in
tern
al m
od
el p
aram
eter
; E
= e
xte
rnal
, u
ser-
spec
ifie
d p
aram
eter
33
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