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Appendix C-1
Appendix C
Networking
www.prenhall.com/jessup
Appendix C-2Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Human Communication
MessagesHuman communication - sharing of information, in the form of a message, between senders and receivers.
SenderInitiates message by formulating content in the brain and coding in a form that can be communicated to the receiver (e.g. voice)
SenderInitiates message by formulating content in the brain and coding in a form that can be communicated to the receiver (e.g. voice)
Receiver Uses receiving mechanism (e.g. eyes, ears) to receive encoded message and then decodes contents or requests message be resent
Receiver Uses receiving mechanism (e.g. eyes, ears) to receive encoded message and then decodes contents or requests message be resent
Communication Pathway
Appendix C-3Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Requirements for Communication (Computer)
Senders and Receivers Must have both, with message to share, to facilitate communication
Senders and Receivers Must have both, with message to share, to facilitate communication
Communication Medium A medium to transfer message must exist between sender and receiver (e.g., a cable)
Communication Medium A medium to transfer message must exist between sender and receiver (e.g., a cable)
ProtocolsProcedures, rules, or standards that must be followed by computers when sending or receiving data
ProtocolsProcedures, rules, or standards that must be followed by computers when sending or receiving data
Appendix C-4Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Distributed Computing (1980s)Small computers networked together allowing users to perform subset of tasks that in total are equal to that of a centralized computer while sharing information between computers
Distributed Computing (1980s)Small computers networked together allowing users to perform subset of tasks that in total are equal to that of a centralized computer while sharing information between computers
Centralized Computing (1970s)Central computer (mainframe) connected to terminals (dumb). All processing done on central computer
Centralized Computing (1970s)Central computer (mainframe) connected to terminals (dumb). All processing done on central computer
Collaborative Computing (1990s)Synergistic form of distributed computing -networked computers do common processing tasks by sharing data and processing responsibilities
Collaborative Computing (1990s)Synergistic form of distributed computing -networked computers do common processing tasks by sharing data and processing responsibilities
Appendix C-5Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Computing
Distributed Computing
Collaborative Computing
Centralized Computing
Appendix C-6Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Networks
NetworksCollections of computers and other devices to facilitate communication – Types:
• Private Branch Exchange (PBX)• Local Area Network (LAN)• Wide Area Network (WAN)• Global Networks• Enterprise Network• Value-added Network (VAN)• Metropolitan Network (MAN)• Personal Area Network (PAN)
NetworksCollections of computers and other devices to facilitate communication – Types:
• Private Branch Exchange (PBX)• Local Area Network (LAN)• Wide Area Network (WAN)• Global Networks• Enterprise Network• Value-added Network (VAN)• Metropolitan Network (MAN)• Personal Area Network (PAN)
Appendix C-7Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Private Branch Exchange
PBXA telephone system in one location - connects one telephone to another to an outside telephone network. Can also connect PCs, fax, but at low phone- cable speeds
PBXA telephone system in one location - connects one telephone to another to an outside telephone network. Can also connect PCs, fax, but at low phone- cable speeds
Appendix C-8Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Network Types – Local Area Network
Local Area NetworkSpans a relatively small area allowing all users to connect with each other to share information and peripheral devices (e.g., printers)
Local Area NetworkSpans a relatively small area allowing all users to connect with each other to share information and peripheral devices (e.g., printers)
Appendix C-9Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Networks – Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)Spans a relatively large area and connects two or more LANs using different kinds of hardware and transmission media
Wide Area Networks (WANs)Spans a relatively large area and connects two or more LANs using different kinds of hardware and transmission media
GlobalA WAN that spans multiple countries and may include the networks of several organizations (e.g. the Internet)
GlobalA WAN that spans multiple countries and may include the networks of several organizations (e.g. the Internet)
Value-added Network (VAN)A medium-speed, third-party-managed network. Shared by multiple customer organizations that lease lines rather than investing in dedicated network equipment
Value-added Network (VAN)A medium-speed, third-party-managed network. Shared by multiple customer organizations that lease lines rather than investing in dedicated network equipment
Appendix C-10
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Networks – Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Enterprise Network & MAN
EnterpriseA WAN connecting the disparate networks of a single organization
EnterpriseA WAN connecting the disparate networks of a single organization
Metropolitan Area (MAN) A WAN network of limited geographic scope, typically in a city-wide area that combines both LAN and high-speed fiber-optic technologies
Metropolitan Area (MAN) A WAN network of limited geographic scope, typically in a city-wide area that combines both LAN and high-speed fiber-optic technologies
Appendix C-11
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Types of Networks – Personal Area Network (PAN)
Personal Area NetworkAn emerging technology that uses wireless communication to exchange data between computing devices using short-range radio communication (Bluetooth), typically within an area of ten meters
BluetoothIs the enabling technology of the Personal Area Network
Appendix C-12
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Networking Fundamentals – Servers and Clients
ServerAny computer on a network that makes access to files, printing, communication, and other services available to users on the network
ServerAny computer on a network that makes access to files, printing, communication, and other services available to users on the network
ClientAny computer, such as a workstation/PC on the network, or software application that uses services provided by the server. Only requests service - usually has only one user. (Fat vs. Thin)
ClientAny computer, such as a workstation/PC on the network, or software application that uses services provided by the server. Only requests service - usually has only one user. (Fat vs. Thin)
NetworkA network consists of three separate components: servers, clients and peers
NetworkA network consists of three separate components: servers, clients and peers
Appendix C-13
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Networking Fundamentals – Peers
PeerA computer that may both request and provide services PeerA computer that may both request and provide services
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)Enables any computer or device on the network to provide or request services with all peers having equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (e.g., Napster)
Peer-to-Peer Networks (P2P)Enables any computer or device on the network to provide or request services with all peers having equivalent capabilities and responsibilities (e.g., Napster)
Appendix C-14
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Wired Media•Twisted-pair Cable•Coaxial Cable•Optical Fiber
Wired Media•Twisted-pair Cable•Coaxial Cable•Optical Fiber
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Wireless Media•Infrared•Microwave•Satellite
Wireless Media•Infrared•Microwave•Satellite
Appendix C-15
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Wired Media•Twisted-pair Cable
Wired Media•Twisted-pair Cable
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Appendix C-16
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Wired Media•Coaxial Cable
Wired Media•Coaxial Cable
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Appendix C-17
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Wired Media•Optical Fiber
Wired Media•Optical Fiber
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Appendix C-18
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Wireless Media•Microwave
Wireless Media•Microwave
Appendix C-19
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Computer Networks
Telecommunications Media – Paths That Carry InformationTelecommunications Media – Paths That Carry Information
Wireless Media•Satellite
Wireless Media•Satellite
Appendix C-20
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)
Network TopologiesRefers to the shape of a network and comes in three types:
Network TopologiesRefers to the shape of a network and comes in three types:
Star NetworkConfigured in shape of a star with all nodes or workstations connected to a central hub through which all messages pass (polling)
Star NetworkConfigured in shape of a star with all nodes or workstations connected to a central hub through which all messages pass (polling)
Ring NetworkConfigured in the shape of a circle with each node connecting to the next node. Messages travel around the circle in one direction. Each node examines the message and uses it or regenerates it and passes it to the next node (token passing)
Ring NetworkConfigured in the shape of a circle with each node connecting to the next node. Messages travel around the circle in one direction. Each node examines the message and uses it or regenerates it and passes it to the next node (token passing)
Bus NetworkConfigured in the shape of an open-ended line with all nodes or workstations connected to the bus individually (contention)
Bus NetworkConfigured in the shape of an open-ended line with all nodes or workstations connected to the bus individually (contention)
Appendix C-21
Information Systems Today (©2006 Prentice Hall)
Network Hardware and Software (Network Topologies)
Star Network
Ring Network
Bus Network