Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and .../menu/standard/...Peter S. Piispanen Stockholm University Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and Moksha cognates

Peter S. Piispanen

Stockholm University

Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and Moksha cognates

No English Finnish PU/PFU/PFP/PFV

(UEW ref. unless

otherwise noted)

Estonian

(205

words)

Estonian

Proposed

sound

change

Northern

Saami

(205

words)

Northern

Saami

Proposed

sound

change*

Mokša

(205 words)

Mokšan

Proposed

Sound

Change

1 I minä PU *mV ’I’ (294)

*mun

ma

mina

2 mun1 unchanged mon 4

2 thou

(sing.)

sinä PU *tV ’thou’ (539)

*tun

sa

sina

2 don2 22, 28 ton 4

3 he hän

(he/she)

se (it)

PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’

(453-454)

PU *će-~*ći- ‘this,

that, the’ (33-34)

ta

tema3

10 son 34 śä

son

35, 36

4 we me PU *mV ’we’ (294-

295)

me none mii

moai

(dual)4

20? miń 36

5 you

(plural)

te PU *tV ’you’ (539) te

teie

none dii

doai (dual)5

20?, 28 t’iń 35, 36

1 From Proto-Saamic *mon ‘I’, cf. Mordvinic mon ‘I’. The Finnish first person pronoun originates from a similar, but not identical, word (see the entry of ‘we’). 2 From Proto-Saamic *ton ‘you’, cf. Mordvinic ton ‘you’. The Finnish first person pronoun originates from a similar, but not identical word (see the entry of ‘you’ (pl.)). 3 Cf. Fin. tämä ‘this one’, i.e. a demonstrative pronoun. 4 From Proto-Saamic *monōj,’we, dualis’, cf. Fin. minä ‘I’.

Peter S. Piispanen

20

6 they he (of

people)

ne

(454)

PU *ne ’this, that, it’

(300-301)

nad 1 sii6

soai (dual)7

20?, 33 siń 35

7 this tämä PU *tä-~*te~*ti ’this’

(513-515)

see8 10 dát 16, 28 ťä 12?, 35

8 that tuo PU *to ’that’ (526-528) too 6 duot, diet,

dot

19, 28 tona

śa

36

9 here tässä PU *tä~*te~*ti ’this’

(513-515)

siin9

kohal10

10 dás

dáppe11

16, 28 ťasa 35, 36, 37

10 there siellä PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’

(453-454)

seal 2, 8 dohko

diehko,

doppe

28?, 35 tovǝla12 38

11 who ken

kuka

PU *ke-~*ki ’who’

(140-141)

PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,

which, what’ (191-192)

kes none gii 20?, 28 kijä 36

12 what mikä PU *mE ’what, thing’

(296)

mida 1, 2 mii none meze 1, 36

5 From Proto-Saamic *tonōj ‘you, dualis’, cf. Fin. sinä ‘I’. 6 From Proto-Saamic *sij ‘they’, and earlier from PFU *sV ‘he, she, it’, cf. Fin. he ‘they’. 7 From Proto-Saamic *sonōj ‘they, dualis’. 8 Cf. Fin. se ‘it’. 9 Cf. Fin. siinä ‘there’. 10 Cf. Fin. kohalla ‘at the place’. 11 From PU *tā-mbē-nē ‘this + comp. suffix + essive suffix’. Cf. Fin. tännempänä ‘closer to here’. 12 Cf. Fin. tuolla ‘over there’. Compare with EM tombale ‘over there’.

Dating Finno-Mordvinic by statistics & sound laws: Appendix

21

13 where missä PU *mE ’what, thing’

(296)

kus 10 gosa13 35 kosa 38

14 when milloin

kun



millal

kunas

6 goas14 35 mǝźarda 38

15 how miten,

kuinka



kuidas 1, 3 mot

got

22?, 34 koda 4, 30

16 not ei PU *e- ’not’ (68-69) ei none ii 20? e-, a, af

apak

none

17 all kaikki PU *weńćV~*wećV

’whole, all’ (568-567)

kõik 8 buot15

veśe, väśij

17?, 28, 35 śembä 38

18 many monet

monta

PFU *mone ’much, a

certain quantity’ (279-

280)

palju16 10 moadde

máŋga17

ol(l)u

18, 28, 30 lama18 38

19 some jotkut PFV *jo ’any, each,

the’ (637)

mõni19 10 muhtun20

baljo21

35 af lamnja22 38

20 few muutama ?PFU *mu ’other, this, mõni 10 veaháš25 16, 35 kǝrža 31, 38

13 Cf. ?Fin. ‘in where, inessive’. 14 Cf. Fin. koska ‘when, as, interrogative’. 15 From Proto-Saamic *puohkḙn. 16 Cf. Fin. paljon ‘a lot’, PU *paljV ‘thick, many’ (UEW 350-351). 17 From Proto-Scandinavian *manga- ‘many’, cf. Norwegian mange ‘many’. 18 Cf. Fin. laama ‘large amount’, cf. ?Fin. lauma ‘horde’. 19 Cf. Fin. moni/monta ‘many’. 20 Cf. Fin. muutama ‘a few’. 21 Cf. Fin. paljon ‘a lot’, PU *paljV ‘thick, many’ (UEW 350-351). 22 Lit. ‘not many’, which is a way of saying a few.

Peter S. Piispanen

22

that’ (281-282) vähene23

üksik24

21 other muu

toinen

PFU *mu ’other, this,

that’ (281-282)

muu

teine

none eará26 16, 20, 35 nona

lija27

38

22 one yksi PFU *ykte~*ikte ’one’

(81)

üks 8 okta 20, 22 fkä, ifkä 12, 13, 36

23 two kaksi PU *käktä~*kakta

’two’ (118-119)

kaks 8 guokte 17, 28 kafta 36

24 three kolme PFU *kolme~*kulme

’three’ (174-175)

kolm 8 golbma 20, 28, 32 kolma 12?

25 four neljä PFU *ńeljä~*neljä

’four’ (315-316)

neli 8, 9 njeallje 16, 20, 27,

32

ńil'ä 5, 35, 36

26 five viisi PU *witte ’five’ (577) viis 8 vihtta 20, 32 vetä́ 1, 12, 19,

35

27 big suuri

iso

PFV *śure ’porridge’

(779)

PU *ićä ’father, big’

suur 8 stuoris28 19, 35 oću29 38

25 From Proto-Saamic *väšä- ‘a little’, cf. Fin. vähän ‘a little’. 23 Cf. Fin. vähän ‘a little’. 24 Cf. Fin. yksi ‘one’, yksikkö ‘unit’. 26 Cf. Fin. erä- ‘separate’, eräs ‘a certain’. 27 Lija may be a Baltic borrowing. 28 From Proto-Germanic *stōra- ‘big, large’, i.e. a loanword. Alternatively, Fin. suuri ‘big’ may be a separate invention from PFV *śure ‘porridge’ (UEW 779), and thus would be a different cognate. 29 ińä ‘big’ is also used, which originates from Proto-Uralic *enä ‘big, much, many’ (UEW 74-75), a cognate of which is found in Finnish enää ‘mehr, weiter, ferner’.


23

(78)

28 long pitkä

pidi-

PU *piδe(-kä) ’high,

long’ (377-378),

*kåśi

pikk 3, 8 guhkki30 35 kuvaka

śeŕi

29, 36

29 wide leveä ?PFV *lewedä ’wide’ lai 10 lávda31

ládje

17?, 20?,

32?

kel’i32 1, 35, 36

30 thick paksu PFP *sakV~*sakka

’thick, dense’ (750)

PFP *ičV~*üčV ’thick,

big’ (627)

paks 8 assái

suohkat33

35 tusta

eckä

38

31 heavy painava

raskas

PU *pajna-~*pajńa- ’to

press’ (348)

raske 7 lossat34 35 staka 36

32 small pieni35 PFV *wäšä ’small,

few’ (818-819)

väike

pisi-36

10 uhca, unni

smávis37

35 jom(b)la 38

33 short lyhyt PFU *ona ’short’ (339) lühike38 9 oatni,

oanehaš39

18?, 35 ńuŕχkäńä 38

30 N. Saami guhkki ‘long’ (

Peter S. Piispanen

24

34 narrow ankea

kapea

PFU *aŋke ’(to be)

narrow, oppressed,

distress’ (12)

?PU *tijä ‘narrow’

(523)

piirama

kitsas

10 gárži 12, 17, 20?,

28

ťäjńä 1, 35, 36

35 thin ohut PFU *čupa ‘thin, lean’

(63)

õhuke

peenike

9 asehaš 8, 35 osal

šuvańä

36, 37

36 woman nainen PFU *naje ’woman, to

marry’ (297)

*näxi

*ńiŋä

*käd’wä

naine 7 nisu40 19, 33, 34 ava 38

37 man

(male)

mies PU *koje ’man, human

being’ (166-167)

PFU *urV ’man,

human being’ (545-

546)

mees41 6 dievdu 35 al’ä42 38

38 human

being

ihminen PFV *inše ’human

being’ (627-628)

inemine 9 almmái,

olmmoš43

34 lomań44 38

39 From Proto-Saamic *oa`nē- ‘small’. Finnish cognancy is found in one ‘schwach; untauglich, unfähig; unheimlich’. 40 From Proto-Saamic *nisōn-, *ni`sunḙ- ’woman’. Fin. nainen ‘woman’, however, originates from PFU *naje ‘woman, wife, to marry’ (UEW 297-298), a different cognate. 41 Cf. Kar. mies ‘man’. 42 Cf. Fin. äijä ‘guy, old man’? 43 From Proto-Saamic *ḙlmḙńʒ´e ‘human being’, cf. *ḙlmē ‘air, world’, cf. Fin. ilma ‘air’, ilminen ‘man, archaic’. 44 Cf. N. Saami almmái ‘human being’. Lymanj likely originates from an Old or Middle Iranian borrowing and is currently found in Ossetian lymæn ‘human being’. The cognate of Fin. ihminen ‘human’ is found in MM inži ‘guest’.


25

PFU *ilma ‘sky,

weather, God’ (81-82)

39 child lapsi - laps45 8 mánná46 35 id’

šaba

38

40 wife vaimo PFV *wajmV ’heart’

(809-810)

abikaasa 10 áhkká47

eamit48

17, 32 ǝŕvä 31, 38

41 husband aviomies

mies

- abielumees

mees

1, 6 isit49 35 mird́ä50 10, 18, 38

42 mother äiti51

emä52

(archaic)

PU *emä ’mother’ (74) ema 2 eadni53 35 t’äd́ä54 18, 35

43 father isä PU *ićä ’father, big’

(78)

isa 2, 9 áhčči 7, 16, 25,

27, 32

al’ä55 38

44 animal eläin PU *elä- ’to live’ (73) loom 10 ealli56 20, 27, 34 rakša 38

45 Cf. Kar. lapsi ‘child’. 46 From Proto-Saamic *mā`nā, a borrowing. Cf. Swe. man ‘man’. 47 Cf.Fin. akka ‘old woman, dial. wife’. 48 From PU *emä ‘mother, wife’ (UEW 74), cf. Fin. emäntä ‘hostess’. 49 From PU *ićä ’father’ (UEW 78), cf. Fin. isäntä ‘master’, isä ‘father’. 50 Mirde is likely a proto-Indo-Iranian loanword (*m~rtá- ‘human’). 51 Fin. äiti ‘mother’ is a Germanic borrowing. Cf. Gothic aithei ‘mother’. 52 The use of emä is semantically shifted to describe animals only in modern Finnish and considered archaic for humans. Hence it does not constitute a valid cognate pair with Est. ema ‘mother’. 53 From Proto-Saamic *ea`nnē, augmentation of *ea`nē- ‘big’. 54 Cf. Fin. täti ‘aunt’, Est. tädi ’Tante bes. Mutterschwester; Kusine’. Possible proto-item is PFV *tätä ‘a kind of female relative’ (UEW 794). 55 The cognate of Fin. isä ‘father’ is found in EM oćä ‘brother of father’. 56 From Proto-Saamic *ea`lējē- ‘animal?’.

Peter S. Piispanen

26

45 fish kala PU *kala ’fish’ (119) kala none guolli 17, 27, 28 kal 32

46 bird lintu PFU *linta ’bird’ (249) lind 1, 8 loddi 5, 29?, 30 narmǝń 38

47 dog koira PU *kojera ’male’

(168-169)

koerasitt 9 beana57

goairre

20, 28 pińä58 36

48 louse täi PFU *täje ’louse’ (515)

PFU *täji ’louse’

(Aikio, A. 2012:235)

täi none dihkki 16, 20, 27,

28, 32

śi 38

49 snake käärme PU *kije~*küje ’snake’

(154-155)

madu59 10 gearpmaš60 16?, 28, 32 kuj61

ińǝkuj

32, 36

50 worm mato - uss 10 máhtu62 17, 32 suks63 32, 39

51 tree puu PU *puwe ’tree, wood’

(410-411)

PU *puxi (Janhunen, J.

1981)

puu none muorra64 18, 20, 27,

35

šufta65 38

52 forest metsä PFU *mećä ’edge, side

of something’ (269-

mets 8 vuovdi66 35 viŕ 29, 32, 35,

36

57 From PFU *pene ‘dog’ (UEW 371) and later Proto-Saamic *peaŋ̀ē, cf. Fin. peni ‘dog puppy’, pentu ‘small child’. North Saami goairre ‘dog’ is an obvious Finnish borrowing. 58 Cf. Fin. peni ‘dog puppy’, and thus a different cognate. 59 Cf. Fin. mato ‘worm’. 60 Possibly from PFV *karmV~*karpV~*karwV ‘fly’ (UEW 647-648). Cf. Fin. kärpänen ‘fly’. 61 Cf. Fin. kyy ‘a species of snake’. 62 Cf. Est. madu ‘snake’, Kar. madojne ‘worm’; apparently a Germanic borrowing, cf. German made ‘maggot’. 63 Cf. PFV *sokse ‘worm’ (UEW 764), cf. N. Saami suok’sâ ‘larva of meat fly, maggot in fish or meat’, cf. Mari šukš ‘worm’. 64 Cf. PFU *morз ‘a kind of tree’ (UEW 281), ?Hung. mórágy ‘a species of tree’. 65 Cf. Fin. huhta ‘ager silvestris, a species of tree’. 66 From Proto-Saamic *vuo`vdē ‘forest, wood’. The cognate of Fin. metsä ‘forest’ is the N. Saami meahcci, which originates from Proto-Saamic *mea`hcē-, but now means backland or wilderness and thus is semantically shifted.


27

270)

53 stick keppi - kepp67 8 čuukkohat 35 sard(ǝń)a 38

54 fruit hedelmä PFV *marja ’berry’

(264-265)

vili 10 šaddu 35 maŕ68

imǝž69

31, 35

55 seed siemi PFV *śeeme ’sip, (to)

drink, to swallow’

(773)

seeme 2, 7 siepman 20, 32 viďme70 38

56 leaf lehti PFV *lešte ’leaf’ (689) leht 8 lasta

bláđđ71

8, 20, 25 lopa 38

57 root juuri PFP *jure ’root(end)’

(639)

PU *wančV~*wačV

’root’ (548-549)

juur 8 ruohtas72 35 jur

uŋks

32

58 bark kaarna73 *kari ’bark, shell’

(Aikio. A. 2012)

koor74 6, 8, 10 garra75

bárku76

20, 25, 27,

28

sud77 36

67 Probably a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. käpp ‘stick’. 68 Cf. Finnish marja ‘berry’ 69 Imozh is likely a 13th century Tatar borrowing. 70 Fin. siemen ‘seed’ has a cognate in MM śimo- ‘to drink’. 71 Cf. Swe. blad ‘leaf’. 72 The word appears to be a Scandinavian borrowing, cf. Nor. and Swe. rot ‘root’. 73 Rédei considers Fin. kaarna ‘bark’ a possible Baltic borrowing (UEW 139). 74 PU *kari ‘bark, shell’ (Aikio. A. 2012), cf. Fin. kuori ‘shell, layer’. 75 Cognancy is found in Fin. keri ‘outer layer (of Birch bark); snow crust’. 76 Cf. Swe. bark ‘bark’. 77 Cf. Udm. sul ‘bark’ and KZ so̯l-ko̯r ‘tree bark’.

Peter S. Piispanen

28

PU *kopa ’skin, bark’

(180-181)

ostu

59 flower kukka78 - lill 10 rássi 35 pańčf 38

60 grass ruoho PFP *tarna ‘grass, hay’

(792)

PU *ńačV ’a kind of

grass’ (311)

PUg *pimV ‘grass’

(839-840)

rohi 6 rasse79 34 t’išä 38

61 rope köysi PFU *kälV~*kewδe

’string, cord’ (135)

PU *piksV ’rope,

string’ (380)

köis 8 kievđâ80 16, 25, 32 piks 32

62 skin iho

nahka

PFP *(j)iša ’skin’ (636-

637)

PFU *ńačkV ’wet,

moist, raw’ (311)

PFU *keδ’e ’skin, fur,

leather, shell’ (142-

nahk 8 náhkki81

liiki

assi

17, 20, 27,

32

ked’82

kiśkä

jož(a)

30, 32, 35

78 Cf. Kar. kukkajne ‘flower’. 79 The Fin., Est. and N. Saami items likely originate from *gruozo ‘grass’, a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. gräs ‘grass’. 80 While, for example, K. Saami kiudta ‘string, rope’ is a cognate of PFU *kälV~*kewδe (UEW135) ‘string, cord’ the case is not as clear with the Finnish and Estonian items, cognates to each other, which must here be considered unrelated to N. Saami kievđâ ‘rope’. 81 Cf. Kar. nahku ‘skin’, Fin. nahkea ‘leathery’. 82 cf. Fin. kesi ‘Häutchen, Membrane’.


29

143)

63 meat liha PFP *siwV-ĺV ’meat’

(763)

liha83 none biergu

oažži84

35 sivǝĺ85

pal

29, 32

64 blood veri

vere-

PFU *wire ’blood’

(576)

PFU *weri

(Sammallahti, P. 1988)

*kem (PS)

veri none varra 20, 25, 27 ver 29, 32

65 bone luu PU *luwe ’bone’ (254-

255)

PU *luxi ’bone’

(Janhunen, J. 1981)

luu none dákti86 35 pakaŕ87 38

66 fat

(noun)

rasva PU *śilä ’fat’ (478-

479)

PFU *kuje ’fat’ (195-

rasv88 8, 9 buoidi89

vuodja90

35 kujä91

vaj92

12

83 Cf. Kar. liha ‘meat’; supposedly an old Nordic borrowing. 84 Cf. Fin. osua ‘to hit’. However, the word may instead be an Indo-European borrowing. 85 Cf. Mari šel ‘meat’, cf. Udm. siĺ̮ ‘meat’, cf. KZ nir̮ siĺan ‘meat’. 86 Cognancy is found in Fin. tähde ‘(über)rest’. 87 The cognate of Fin. luu ‘bone’ is found in MM lovaža ‘body, corpse’. 88 Cf. Kar. rasv ‘fat’. 89 Buoidi ‘fat’ appears to be a Germanic loanword. It appears to be cognate with Fin. paita ‘Bauchfell; Magenwand’. 90 Cognancy is found in Fin. voi ‘butter’, voidella ‘to grease’. 91 Cf. Fin. kuu ‘tallow’, cf. Hung. háj ‘butter, fat’. 92 Cf. PFU *woje ‘fat matter’ (UEW 578-599), ?PFU *waji ‘fat’ (Aikio. A. 2012:236), cf. Fin. voi ‘butter’.

Peter S. Piispanen

30

196)

67 egg muna PU *muna ’egg,

testicle’ (285-286)

muna none monni 22, 27, 29 al93 38

68 horn sarvi PFU *śorwa ’horn’

(486-487)

sarv 8, 9 čoarvi 7, 18 śura94 36, 37, 39

69 tail häntä95 PFU *čänčä ’back’ (56)

PFU *poĺa ’tail’ (393-

394)

*ponci

saba 10 seaibi96 16, 20, 28 pula 38, 39

70 feather sulka PFU *tulka ’feather’

(Aikio, A. 2012:245)

sulg 1, 8 dolgi 22, 28, 29 tolga 4, 34

71 hair karva

hius,

tukka

PFU *puna ’hair’ (402)

PU *apte ’hair’ (14-15)

PFU *ïpti ’hair’


karv97

juuksed

8 vuokta98

vuovttat

17, 20, 30,

32

pona99

śäjäŕ100

4

72 head pää PFU *päŋe ’head’

(365-366)

pea 2 oaivi 18, 29 pe

pŕä101

3, 31

93 The cognate of Fin. muna ‘egg, testicle’ is found in MM and EM mona ‘testicle’. 94 PFU *śorwa ‘horn’ is an ancient Indo-Iranian loanword into PFU. Cf. Proto-Indo-Iranian *śarva- ‘horn’. 95 Cf. Kar. hjandü ‘tail’. 96 Cf. PU *sejpä ‘tail (not of birds)’ (UEW 438-439). 97 cf. Kar. karvu ‘hair’. 98 Cf. PU *apte ‘hair’ (UEW 14-15), cf. Fin. hapsi ‘fine hair’, and hence a different cognate than Fin. hius ‘hair(strand)’, Fin. tukka ‘human head hair’ and Fin. karva ‘thicker hair, fur’. 99 Cf. Fin. punainen ’red’. 100 Cf. Hung. szőr ’hair’. 101 Cf. PFU *perä ‘behind, place behind’ (UEW 373). MM pe means both ‘head’ and ‘end point’ and hence is a cognate of Fin. pää ‘head’.


31

PFU *päŋi ’head’

(Aikio. A. 2012:235)

PU *ojwa ’head’ (336-

337)

73 ear korva PFU *peljä ’ear’ (370-

371)

PFU *korV ’leaf’ (187-

188)

kõrv 8 beallji102 16, 20, 27?,

28

pil’ä 5

74 eye silmä PU *śilmä ’eye’ (479) silm 8, 9 čalbmi103 7, 16, 25,

32

śel'mä 1, 35, 37

75 nose nenä ?PFV *nere ’nose’ nina 2 njunni 16, 27, 32,

34

šalχkal104 38

76 mouth suu PU *śuwe ’mouth’

(492-493)

PU *śuxi ’mouth’

(Janhunen, J. 1981)

PFU *šule ’mouth, lip’

(903)

suu 9 njálbmi105 35 kurga106 16, 34

77 tooth hammas PFU *piŋe ’tooth’ hammas107 none bátni108 25, 28, 32 pej109 1, 24

102 FromProto-saamic *pea`ljē, cf. Fin. pielus ‘cushion’. 103 Possible Finnic loanword. 104 The cognate of Fin. nenä ‘nose’ is found in MM ńäŕ ‘snout’. 105 The cognate of Fin. suu ‘mouth’ is found in N. Saami čoddâ-d’dâg- ‘throat’. 106 Cf. PFV *kurk(k)V ‘throat’ (UEW 676), Cf. Fin. kurkku ‘throat’, cf. Est. kurk ‘throat’. 107 Fin. and Est. hammas ‘tooth’ are borrowed from Baltic *žambas ‘tooth’, cf. Lith. žambas ‘edge, corner’, Latv. zobs ‘tooth’, also: Rus. Зуб ‘tooth’.

Peter S. Piispanen

32

(382)

78 tongue kieli PU *käxli ’tongue,

language’ (Janhunen, J.

1981)

PFU *keeli ’tongue,

language’


PU *käli ’tongue,

language’ (Aikio, A.

2012:234)

keel 6, 8 giella,

njuovčča

20, 21, 27,

28

käl’ 7, 32, 35,

37

79 fingernai

l

kynsi PU *künče~*kinče

’nail, claw’ (157)

küüs 3, 8 gazza 10, 24, 25,

28, 30

keńžä 2, 12, 35,

34

80 foot jalka PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’

(88-89)

PFU *jïlkå ’foot, leg’


PU *pälkä ’thumb’

(363)

jalg 1, 8 juolgi110 17, 28, 29 pil’gä111 5

81 leg jalka PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’

(88-89)

jalg 1,8 juolgi 17, 28, 29 pil’gä 5

108 From Proto-Saamic *pāŋ̀ē ‘head’. 109 PU *piŋe ‘tooth’ (UEW 382), Cf. Hung. fog ‘tooth’, cf. Fin. pii ‘tooth of a comb’, pii-kivi ‘flint stone’ 110 From Proto-Saamic *juo`lgē ‘foot’. 111 MM piĺge ‘foot’ may be related to Mansi pɔ̄ĺ̈kǝnt ‘kleine Klaue bei der Kuh, dem Elentier, dem Rentier’, in which case a possible proto-item would be PU ?*pälkä’ thumb’ (UEW 363), although Rédei connects MM pilge ‘foot’ to PFU *jalka ’foot, leg’ (UEW 88-89). The cognate of Fin. jalka ‘foot’, however, is found in MM jalga ‘by foot’, jakams ‘to walk’.


33

PFU *jïlkå ’foot, leg’


PU *pälkä ’thumb’

(363)

82 knee polvi PU *polwe ’knee’

(393)

PU *po/u(x/wi)(-n)-

luwi ’knee, i.e. knee’s

bone’ (Aikio, A.

2012:230)

põlv 8 buolva

čibbi

18, 25, 28 pǝlmańža 35, 36, 39

83 hand käsi PFU *käte ’hand’ (140-

141)

PFU *käti ’hand’


käsi none giehta,

gieđa

16, 20, 28,

32

käď 18, 32, 35,

37

84 wing siipi - tiib112 1, 8 soadji 35 paćä 38

85 belly maha

vatsa

PFU *waća ’stomach’

(547)

PFU *pikkä~*päkkä

’stomach, abdomen,

magu113

vats114

8 čoavji 35 pekä115 1, 16

112 Cf. Kar. sijbi ‘wing’. 113 Fin. maha and Est. magu appear to be a Germanic borrowing (?*maga), cf. Swe. mage ‘stomach’. 114 Cognates of Fin. vatsa (dial. vatta) and Est. vats are found in EM vačo, vača &, MM vača ‘hungry’ and EM vaće & MM vaćä ‘dirt, feces’. Also as a borrowing in N. Saami fatte ‘dried and inflated stomach of reindeer’. 115 MM pekä ‘belly’ has a cognate in Fin. päkkä ‘thick meat’.

Peter S. Piispanen

34

bulge’ (379-380)

86 gut suoli PFU *śola (483-484) söakus 10 čoalle 7?, 18, 27,

29?

śula

jorma

37, 39

87 neck kaula PFU *śepä ’neck’ (473-

474)

kael116 8 čeabet

niehkki

7, 16, 20,

28

śaldaz117

kǝrga118

38

88 back selkä PFV *śelkä ’back’

(772)

PU *muka ’back’

(Janhunen, J. 1981)

selg 1, 8 sealgi 7, 16, 20,

28

kopǝŕ 38

89 breast rinta PFU *mälke~*mälγe

’breast’ (267)

PFP *poŋi ’breast’


rind119 1, 8 čičči120

beađđi

35 mälkä

mäšt’ä

12

90 heart sydän PU *śüδämV~*śiδämV

’heart’ (477)

süda 7, 9 váibmu121 35 śeďi

śezǝm

2, 30, 31,

35

91 liver maksa PU *maksa ’liver’

(264)

PU *mïkså


maks 8 mueksie

vuoivvas

17, 34 maksa none

116 Cf. Kar. kaglu ‘neck’; apparently a Baltic borrowing (?*kakla), cf. Lith. kaklas ‘neck’. 117 The cognate of PFU *śepä ‘neck’ (UEW 473-474) is found in MM śivä ‘Hemdkragen, Hemdleist’. 118 Cf. Fin. kurkku ’throat’ 119 Cf. Kar. rindu ‘breast’. Possibly originates from a borrowing into Early Proto-Finnic or PFV. 120 Cf. ?Fin. tissi ‘female breast’ or ?Rus. Сиськи, титьки ‘tits’. 121 From Proto-Saamic *vā`jmō ‘heart’, cf. Fin. vaimo ‘wife’.


35

92 to drink juoda PFU *juγe-~*juke- ’to

drink’ (103)

PFU *juxi- ’to drink’


jooma 4, 6 juhkat 31, 32 śimǝms122

kopǝrdams

33, 36

93 to eat syödä PFU *sewe-~*seγe- ’to

eat’ (440)

sööma 4, 6 borrat123 18, 25, 31 śivǝ(ńd’ǝ)ms

poŕǝms124

jarχcams

29, 33, 35,

36

94 to bite purra PU *soske- ’to bite, to

chew’ (448-449)

PU *pure- ’to bite’

(405-406)

PFP *kačka ‘to bite, to

gnaw, to chew’ (641)

närimä 4, 10 gáskit 31, 35 poŕǝms 1, 4, 33, 35

95 to suck imeä PU *ime- ’to suck’ (82-

83)

imema 4 njammat125 31, 35 šokšǝms

nozǝms

poććǝms126

33, 38

96 to spit sylkeä PFU *śül’ke-~* śil’ke-

’(to) spit’ (479-480)

sülgama

sülitama

4, 10 čolgadit 7, 28, 31,

34

śel'gǝms 2, 33, 34,

35, 37

97 to vomit oksentaa PFP *oksa-~*okse- ’to oksendama 1, 4 vuovssadit 18, 30, 31, uksǝndǝms 33, 34, 36,

122 Cf. Fin. siemi ‘seed’, ?sima ‘a brewed beverage’, from PFV *śēme- ‘to gulp, to drink, to swallow’ (UEW 773). 123 The cognate of Fin. syöda is likely N. Saami suoskat, from PU *soske- through 18, 25 and 31. N. Saami borrat ‘to eat’ originates from PFU *pure- ‘to bite’ (UEW 405-406). 124 Cf. Fin. purra ‘to bite, to chew’. 125 N. Saami njammat ‘to suck’ originates from Proto-Saamic *n'im-ǝjr- ‘to suck’, and while a difficult item to categorize it is here considered a different cognate than Fin. imeä ‘to suck’. 126 Likely an onomatopoetic word or a borrowing.

Peter S. Piispanen

36

vomit, to spit’ (716-

717)

32 39

98 to blow puhaltaa PU *pušV- ’to blow’

(409-410)

PU *puwa- ’to blow’

(Janhunen, J. 1981)

puhuma 4 bossut 8, 22, 27,

28, 31

ufams127 31, 33, 36

99 to

breathe

hengittää PFU *čeŋke ‘steam,

haze, warm‘ (57)

PU *wajŋe- ’(to)

breath, soul’ (552-553)

hingama 4 vuoigŋat 17, 31, 32 targams

vajmä128

l’äkǝvǝms-129

12, 24, 33,

36

100 to laugh nauraa LPF ?*nagra- ’to

laugh’

naerma130 4 boagustit131

čaibmat

31, 35 raχams

rakams

38

101 to see nähdä PFU *näke- (302) nägema 1, 4 geahččat132

oaidnit133

20, 27, 28,

31, 32, 34

ńäjǝms 33, 35, 36

102 to hear kuulla PU *kule- ’ear, to hear’

(197-198)

kuulma 4 gullat 23, 27, 28,

31

kul’(ǝńd’)ǝms

maŕśǝms

33, 35

103 to know tietää, PU *tumte- ’to feel, to teadma 1, 4 dovdat,134 28, 31, 32 sodams 33, 38

127 While Fin. puhaltaa ‘to blow’, as well as puhua ‘to speak’, originate from PU *pušV- ‘to blow’ (UEW 409-410), MM ufams ‘to blow’ instead originates from a similar item, PU *puwV-~*puγV- ‘to blow’ (UEW 411). 128 Cf. ?Fin. vainaja ‘deceased, departed’. 129 Cf. PFV *läkkä ‘to breathe’ (UEW 685), cf. Fin. läkähtää ‘des Atems berauben, ersticken machen’. 130 Cf. Kar. nagrua ‘to laugh’. 131 From Proto-Saamic *poagōstē- ‘to laugh’. 132 Cf. PFP *kaće ‘to see, look, notice’ (UEW 640), cf. Fin. katsoa ‘to view, to look at’. 133 Probably a Germanic borrowing. 134 From Proto-Saamic *to`mdḙ- ‘to feel, to know’ (< *PU *tumte-). The use of Fin. tuntea for ‘to know’ is considered archaic.


37

tuntea

(archaic)

touch’ (536-537) tundma diehtit135

104 to think ajatella PU *ojwa ’head’ (336-

337)

mõtlema 4, 10 jurddašit

smiehtastit

gáddit136

31, 35 aŕś(ǝkšń)ǝms137 33, 35, 36

105 to smell haistaa *ipV~*ipVsV~*ipVśV

’taste, odor’ (83-84)

haistma 4 haksit 25, 30, 31,

32

ńiksams 33, 38

106 to fear pelätä PU *pele- ’to fear’

(370)

kartma138 4, 10 ballat 20, 27, 28,

31

pel’ǝms 33, 35

107 to sleep nukkua PFU *oδa- ’to sleep, to

lie’ (334)

magama139 4, 10 oađđit140

nagir141

18, 27, 31 udǝms

utćams

30, 33, 39

108 to live elää PU *elä- (73) elama 2, 4 eallit142 20, 27, 31 eŕams 33, 35, 35,

36

109 to die kuolla PU *kVxlV ’to die’

(Janhunen, J.

surema143 4, 10 jápmit144 17, 31, 32 kulǝms 33, 39

135 From Proto-Saamic *tie`tē- ‘to know’, cf. Fin. tietää ‘to know’. 136 From Proto-Saamic *kā`ndē- ‘to think, to suppose’. 137 Cf. PFU *arwa~*arγa ‘price, value’ (UEW 16-17), cf. Fin. arvo ‘worth’, arvata ‘to guess’, arvella ‘to suppose’. Related to Fin. ajatella ‘to think’ (and Kar. ajatella ‘to think’, semantically ‘to use one’s head’), cf. PU *ojwa ‘head’ (UEW 336-337), is also Fin. aivo ‘brain’. 138 Cf. Fin. karttaa ’to shun, to avoid’. 139 Cf. Fin. maata ‘to lie down’, Kar. muata ‘to lie down’. 140 PFU *oδa- ‘to sleep, to lie’ (UEW 334), Cf. Hung. álszik ‘to sleep’. The cognate to the Fin. nukkua ‘to sleep’ is N. Saamic nohkkat ‘to go to sleep’, through sound changes 22, 27, 31 & 32, and is thus semantically shifted. Cf. Fin. nukahtaa ‘to fall asleep’. 141 From Proto-Saamic *nḙgēr ‘to sleep’. 142 From Proto-Saamic *ea`lê- ‘to live’. 143 Cf. Fin. surma ‘death’, and hence Est. surema ‘to die’ is based on a different cognate. 144 From Proto-Saamic *jā`mē- ‘to die’, cf. ?Fin. jämä ‘rest, remains of food’.

Peter S. Piispanen

38

1981:263-264)

PU *kola- ’to die’

(173)

PU *kali- ’to die’

(Aikio, A. 2012)

PU *śure- ’to die’

(489)

PU *jama- ’to be sick,

to die’ (89)

110 to kill tappaa PU *tappa- ’to stomp

with feet, to beat, to

knock’ (509-510)

PFU *weδV- ’to kill’

(566-567)

PU *widi- ‘to beat, to

kill’ (Aikio. A. 2013)

PFU *ćappa ‘to chop,

to beat with popping

sound’ (29)

tapma 4 goddit145 28, 30, 31 šavǝms146

kulǝf’tams147

kulǝf’ńǝms

33, 38

111 to fight taistella

torua

PU *torV- ’quarrel,

struggle, to argue, to

võitlema148 4, 10 doarrut

riidalit149

18, 27, 28,

31

ťuŕ(ǝŋ’kšń)ǝms150

33, 35, 39

145 From Proto-Saamic *ko`ndē- ‘to kill’. 146 The cognate of Fin. tappaa ‘to kill’ is found in MM and EM tapa- ‘to hit, to whip’. 147 Cf. Fin. kuolettaa ‘to kill (a plant, a card or a relationship etc.)’. 148 Est. võitlema ‘to fight’ (and või- ‘to be able to’) has cognates in Fin. voittaa ‘to win, to defeat, to profit’, voi- ‘to be able to’, voima ‘force, strength’.


39

(archaic) wrestle’ (531)

PFU *woje- ‘to be able

to’ (579)

112 to hunt metsästä

ä

PFU *mećä ’edge, side

of something’ (269-

270)

PU *piwtä- ‘to follow

the trail of wildlife’

(387)

jahtima151 4, 10 bivdit152 31, 34 kundams

kunćǝms

33, 38

113 to hit lyödä PFU *lewe- ’throw,

shoot’ (247)

PFU *ćappV- ’to beat

with popping sound, to

hew’ (29)

lööma 4, 6 časkit153

deaivat154

fađđut155

31, 35 ćapa-

eŕχt’ǝms

pikś(śǝkšń)ǝms

t’äjǝms

22, 33

114 to cut leikata PU *le(j)kka ’gap,

crack, to cut, to cleave’

(244)

lõikama 4 čuohppat156 17, 31, 32 ker(’)ǝms 33, 38

149 Cf. Fin. riidellä ‘to argue’, riita ‘dispute, quarrel’. An apparent Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe strida ‘to conflict, to fight’, strid ‘battle’. 150 N. saami doarrut ‘to fight’ and MM t’uŕems ‘to fight’ are cognates. However, the use of Fin. torua for ‘to fight’ is considered archaic (and currently means to knock out), and hence is not an accepted cognate for our purposes. 151 Cf. Fin. jahdata ‘to pursue’, jahti ‘hunt’. Apparently a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe jakt ‘hunt’. 152 cf. Fin. pyytää ‘to request, to invite, to catch, to hunt’, pyynti ‘caught fish, game, bird’. The cognate of Fin. metsä ‘forest’ (and metsästää ‘to hunt’) is found in N. Saami mæc’ce ‘pasture land, open country, waste country, wilds, wilderness, desert’. 153 Cf. Fin. sitkain ‘a marked stick inserted into the ground to mark sowed land’? 154 From Proto-Saamic *tea`jvḙ- ‘to hit, to meet’. 155 Cf. PU *widi- ‘beat, kill’ as per Aikio, A. 2013. 156 From Proto-Saamic *cuo´jpḙ- ‘to cut’ (> PFU *ćappV-), cf. Hung. csap- ‘to strike’.

Peter S. Piispanen

40

PFU *ćappV- ’to beat

with popping sound, to

hew’ (29)

115 to split halkaista PFU *śale- ’to cut, to

cleave’ (459-460)

lõnenema 4, 10 čallit157 7, 16, 27,

31

lazǝms 33, 38

116 to stab pistää PFV *pis(e)-tä ’to put,

to set, to insert, to lay’

(733)

torkama 4, 10 čuoggut 31, 35 pupams 33, 38

117 to

scratch

raapia

repiä

PFU *reppV- ’to burst,

to split, to tear’ (427)

kraapima

158

kratsima159

4, 10 ruohkastat

160

35 seńd’ǝms

kǝrkśǝms

norgǝms

aŋgǝrdams

33, 38

118 to dig kaivaa PU *kojwa- ’to dig’

(170-171)

kaevama 2, 4 roggat 31, 35 karams

kavǝŕams

šuvǝms

33, 36

119 to swim uida PU *uje-~*oje- ’to

swim’ (542)

ujuma 4 vuodjat 18, 31, 32 ujǝms

äšǝl’ams

33

120 to fly lentää PFU *rVppV ’to beat

with wings, to fly’

lendama 1, 2, 4 girdit161 26, 28, 31,

32

l’ijǝms162 5?, 33, 36

157 Cf. Fin. sali- ‘to splice’. 158 Cf. Swe. skrapa ‘to scratch’. Possible independent Scandinavian/Germanic loanword, or of onomatopoetic origin, and therefore not a cognate. 159 Cf. Eng. scratch ‘to scratch’. Possible loanword or of onomatopoetic origin, and therefore not cognate. 160 The cognate of Fin. raapia or repiä in N. Saamic is râppât ‘to open’, through sound changes 17, 25, 27 & 31, and thus N. Saami čuohppat ‘to cut’ is a different cognate. 161 From Proto-Saamic *ki`rdē- ‘to fly’, cf. Fin. kiire- ‘to rush, to hurry’. 162 Cf. Kar. lendiä ‘to fly’, a Slavic borrowing – Cf. Rus. Летать (letat’) ‘to fly’?


41

(428)

121 to walk kävellä PFV *käwe- ’to go’

(654-655)

PFU *wanča- ’to pass,

to exceed’ (557)

PU *juta- ’to go, to

wander’ (106)

käima

jalutama

4, 5 vázzit163

johtalit

10?, 17, 30,

31

jakams

šäjams

33, 38

122 to come tulla PU *tule- ’to come’

(535)

PU *saγe ‘to obtain, to

arrive, to come’ (429-

430)

tulema 4 boahtit164 28, 31, 32 sams165 31, 33

123 to lie maata PU *maγe ‘land, earth’

(263-264)

PFU *kujV ‘to lie’

(197)

lebama166 1, 2, 4, 10 veallát 31, 35 madǝms

kožäŕams

18, 33

124 to sit istua PFV *isV- ’to sit

(down)’ (629)

istuma 4 čohkkát 31, 35 ozams

lańd’ams

33, 36

125 to stand seistä PFU *saŋće- ’to stand’

(431-432)

seisma 4 čuožžut

čuoččut

7, 18, 30,

31

śťams 24, 33, 35,

36, 37

163 From Proto-Saamic *vā`nzē- ‘to walk’ (< PFU *wanča-). 164 From Proto- Saamic *poa`tē- ‘to come’. 165 Cognates are found in Fin. saapua ‘to arrive’, saada ‘to get, to receive’, saakka ‘until’. 166 Cf. Fin. levätä ‘to rest’. Fin. maata ‘to lie (down)’ has a cognate in Kar. muata ‘to lie (down)’.

Peter S. Piispanen

42

126 to turn kääntyä PFP *känčä ’to turn, to

rotate’ (651)

PFU *kerä ‘round,

rolling, to turn, to

rotate’ (147-148)

PFU *peŋe(-rä) ‘ring,

circle, to rotate, to roll,

to turn’ (372-373)

keerama167

pöörama168

4, 6, 10 botjnat 31, 35 šarǝms169

šarftǝms

33, 35, 38

127 to fall pudota PFP *pVra ’to fall

down’ (742)

kukkuma

langema170

4, 10 gahččat,171

goaikkehit

20, 28, 31 prams172 apocope

128 to give antaa PFU *amta- ’to give’

(8)

PU *mexi- ’to give, to

sell’ (Janhunen, J.

1981)

andma 1, 4 addit 28, 30, 31 maksoms173 33

129 to hold pitää PFU *pitä- ’to hold’

(386)

PFV *kärte- ’to hold, to

pidama 1, 2, 4 gierda 31, 35 kiŕd’ǝms174 18, 33, 35,

36

167 Cf. Fin. kiero ‘crooked’, kiertää ‘to rotate’, kiertyä ‘to twist’, etc. 168 Cf. Fin. pyöriä ‘to rotate, to turn around’, etc. 169 cf. POUg *sarV ‘quickly, hurry, to rush, to turn fast’ (UEW 885)? 170 Cf. Fin. langeta ‘to indulge, to let fall’. 171 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`hčḙ- ‘to fall’. N. Saami may have a cognate with Fin. pudota ‘to fall’ in bođo ‘irrelevant, deviating from the rest, separated from its natural connection, which keeps separate from the rest’ (UEW 399). 172 Cf. EM pra- ’to fall, to overthrow’, Udm. pe̮r- ‘umfallen, fallen, niederstürzen, einstürzen’, etc. Fin. pudota ‘to fall’ seems to be a late Finnic invention. 173 Cf. Fin. maksaa ‘to pay for’. The cognate of Fin. antaa ‘to give’ is found in MM ando- ‘nähren, ernähren, füttern’. 174 Cf. Fin. kärsiä ‘to suffer’. The cognate of Fin. pitää ‘to hold’ is found in EM peďa- ‘sich anschließen, ankleben; eigensinnig anfangen’.


43

bear’ (652-653)

130 to

squeeze

puristaa - pigistama 4, 10 čárvut 31, 35 puvǝrdams 33, 36

131 to rub hieroa PFP *šera~*šeera ’to

rub, to grind, to whet,

grindstone, whetstone’

(783-784)

hõõruma 4, 6 vasko,

fasko

31, 35 nardams 33, 38

132 to wash pestä PFV *pese- ‘to wash

the head’ (729)

PU *muśke-~*mośke-

’to wash’ (289)

pesema 4, 5 basadit 20, 28, 31 muśk(ǝńd’)ǝms175

štams

33, 39

133 to wipe pyyhkiä - pühkima 4 sihkkut 31, 35 nardams 33, 38

134 to pull vetää PFU *wetä- ’to lead, to

guide, to pull’ (569-

570)

tõmbama 4, 10 geassit176 27, 28, 31 targams

uskǝms

33, 38

135 to push työntää PFV *tewe ‘work’

(796)

PFU *δ’VkkV ’to

sting, to bump’ (66)

tõukama177 4, 10 hoigat 31, 35 tolχmad’ǝms

ŕafcodims

33, 38

136 to throw heittää PFP *šajtta- ’to throw, heitma 4 sátti, sette, 8?, 20, 31 jordams 33, 38

175 Cf. Est. mõskema ‘to wash’. 176 From Proto-saamic *kea`sē- ‘to pull’. 177 Cf. Fin. tokkaa- ’to stick, to peck’? If Fin. työntää ‘to push’ is related to PFV *tewe ‘work’ (UEW 796) then a cognate is found in Est. töö ‘work’.

Peter S. Piispanen

44

to fling’ (781)

PFU *kaja- ‘to throw’

(116-117)

sitte kajams178

137 to tie sitoa

solmia

PFV *sitV ’to bind, to

attach’ (762-763)

PFU *ćolme ‘knot,

bundle, to tie’ (38-39)

siduma 1, 4 čatnat179 7, 25, 31,

32

sotǝms

kikams

33, 36

138 to sew ommella

neuloa

- õmblema

180

nõeluma181

1, 4 goarrut 31, 35 stams

snims

33, 38

139 to count laskea

lukea

(archaic)

PU *luke- ’number, to

count’ (253)

lugema 1, 4, 10 lohkat182 22, 31, 32 luvǝms 33, 36

140 to say sanoa PFU *jukta- ’to speak,

to tell’ (104)

ütlema183 4, 10 lohjat,

cealkit

fadjat,

dadjat,

fovddahit,

muitalit ‘to

31, 35 azoms185 38

178 Cf. Hung. hajít ‘to throw’. 179 Alternatively suggested to be from Pre-Proto-Saamic *śini- ? < PIE *şHi-ne-H- ‘to tie’, in which case it would not be a cognate. 180 Cf. Kar. ommella ‘to sew’. 181 From Proto-Germanic *nēÞla ‘needle’ > Swe. nål ‘needle’, German Nadel ’needle’, borrowed as: Kar. nieglu ‘needle’, N. Saami nallu ‘needle’. 182 From Proto-Saamic *lo`kḙ- ‘to read, to count’ (< PU *luke ‘number, to count’ (UEW 253)), cf. Est. lugema ‘to count’, cf. Fin. luke- ‘to read, archaic for to count’, cf. EM luvyms ‘to count’, ?Latin legere ‘to read’. Fin. lukea is considered archaic for use with counting, and this therefore counts as a semantic shift. 183 Cf. Fin. jutella ‘to discuss', juttu ‘conversation, narrative, tale’ (< *PFU *jukta- ‘to speak, to tell (UEW 104)).


45

tell’184

141 to sing laulaa PFU *mura- ’crying,

singing, to cry, to sing’

(287-288)

laulma 4 lávlut186 17, 31, 32 morams187 4, 33

142 to play leikkiä PFV *nalja ’game,

joke’ (706)

mängima 4, 10 stoahkat,

maksit

31, 35 nalχk(ś)ǝms188 33, 36

143 to float kellua PU *uje-~*oje- ’to

swim’ (542)

ujutama189 4, 10 govdut 31, 35 ujǝms 33

144 to flow virrata PFU *uŋa ’stream, to

flow’ (544-545)

PFV *šooδ(‘)e- ‘to

penetrate (through a

hole), to flow’ (786)

voolama 4, 10 golgat 31, 35 šuďims 33, 38

145 to freeze jäätyä PFU *jäŋe ‘ice’ (93)

PFP *külme~*kilme-

’(to be) cold, frost, to

jäätuma 4 galbmot190 24, 28, 31,

32

äjǝnda(kšńǝ)ms191

kel’mǝ(śǝ)ms192

33, 36

185 MM azoms would seem to not be a cognate, although it could arguably, but unconvincingly, originate from a metathesis followed by voicing and elimination as per sound change 14 of a root like sano-. 184 The cognate of Fin. sanoa ‘to say’ (& Fin. sana ‘word’) in N. Saamic is sátnet, but this seems to be an archaic word. 186 Cf. Kar. laulua ’to sing’ 187 Cf. Mari mǝ̑rǝ̑ ’singing’, cf. Khanty mora- ’bei der Ankunft im Dorf rufen die Ruderer’. 188 Cf. Fin. nalja ’Scherz, Spaß, Spiel’. Fin. leikkiä ’to play’ appears to be a Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. leka ‘to play’. 189 Cf. ?Fin. uideskella ‘to swim around’, which indicates a semantic shift. 190 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`lmujḙ- ‘to freeze’, cf. Fin. kylmä ‘cold’. 191 While MM äjǝndakšńǝms - may seem very different from Fin. jääty-, the initial MM äjǝ- root does signify ice (being a cognate of Fin. jää ’ice’) and the original verb root seems to be subject to extensive grammaticalization while keeping the original root, followed by a verbal ending. The two words are thus cognates. 192 Cf. Fin. kylmä ‘cold’.

Peter S. Piispanen

46

freeze (to death)’ (663) kažakǝdǝms

146 to swell paisua PU *puwVlV- ’to

swell’ (Aikio, A.

2012:244)

paisuma 4 báisat193 28, 31 pajgǝt’k’šńǝms194

pajgǝd’ǝms

targǝźǝms

4?, 33, 36

147 sun aurinko PFP *umrV ’flame’

(804)

PFU *päjwä ’fire’

(360)

päike 10 beaivváš195 16, 27, 28,

30

ši 38

148 moon kuu PU *kuŋe ’moon,

month’ (211-212)

kuu none mánnu196 17, 27, 33,

34, 35

kov 4, 24, 32

149 star tähti PFV *täštä ’sign, star’

(793-794)

täht 8 násti 35 ťäšťä 35, 37

150 water vesi

vete-

PU *wete ’water’ (570)

PFU *śäčä ’water,

flooding’ (469)

vesi 9 čáhci 7, 10, 16,

32

veď 18, 32

151 to rain sataa PFV *śada ’to rain’

(Janhunen, J. 1981)

PFV *pisa~*piśa ’to

drip, to drop’ (732)

sadama 4 arvit 31, 35 piźǝms197 28, 33

193 Possible Finnic loanword. 194 Item appears to be extensively grammaticalized. 195 From Proto-Saamic *peajvānʒḙ ‘day, sun w/ diminutive suffix’, cf. Fin. päivä ‘day, sun’, Est. päike ‘sun’. 196 From Proto-Scandinavian *mānan- ‘moon’, cf. Swe. måne ‘moon’. 197 Cf. Fin. pisara ’drop’.


47

152 river joki PU *joke ’river’ (99-

100),

PU *juka ’river’


jõgi 1 johka198 22, 32 l’äj 38

153 lake järvi PFV *järwä ’sea’ (633) järv 8 jávri199 metathesis äŕχk’ä 35, 36

154 sea meri - meri none mearra200 20, 25, 27 moŕa201

ineved’

35

155 salt suola PFP *salV~*sala ’salt’

(750-751)

sool 6, 8 sálti202 35 sal 32

156 stone kivi PFU *kiwe ’stone’

(163-164)

kivi none geaðgi203 21, 28, 35 kev 1, 32

157 sand hiekka PFU *liwa ’sand’ (250) liiv204 10 sáttu 35 šuvar

päsok

pisok

38

158 dust tomu

pöly

- tolm205

pulber206

10 jáffut 35 pul’ 32, 35, 36

198 From Proto-Saamic *jo`kḙ ‘river’. 199 From Proto-Saamic *jā`vrē ‘lake’. 200 From Proto-Saamic *mea`rḙ ‘sea’. All items appear to be from a very early Slavic borrowing, cf. Rus. море ‘sea’. However, some of the items may be later, independent borrowings, which complicates the analysis. 201 Appears to be an early Russian loanword. 202 A Germanic borrowing as shown by the vowel and the -t-, cf. Swe. salt ’salt’. 203 From Proto-Saamic *kea`δgē ‘stone’. 204 Cf. Fin. liiva ‘gelatin’. 205 Cf. Fin. tomu ’dust’, Kar. tomu ‘dust’. Estonian tolm ’dust’ may be a cognate of Fin. tomu ‘dust’ if the -l- is epenthetic. 206 A borrowing, cf. Swe. pulver ‘powder’.

Peter S. Piispanen

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159 earth maa PFU *mïxi ‘earth’


PU *maɣe ’land, earth’

(263-264)

maa none eanan207 20, 34 moda208 4, 30

160 cloud pilvi PFU *pilwe~*pilŋe

’cloud’ (381)

pilv 8 balva 25, 28 peĺ

tućä

1, 31, 35,

36, 37

161 fog sumu

utu

usva

PFV *sume ’fog’ (767-

768)

udu209 1 sopmu210

mierka

22, 32 suv

tuman

tusta

32, 36

162 sky taivas PFU *mińV ’sky’ (276)

PFU *ilma ’sky,

weather, god’ (81-82)

taevas211 2 albmi212 21, 25, 32,

35

men’ǝl’213 1, 36

163 wind tuuli PFP *tule ’wind’ (800) tuul 8 biegga214 20, 28, 30 varma 38

164 snow lumi PFU *lume ’snow’

(253-254)

lumi none lopme,

muohta215

22, 32 lov 4, 32, 36

165 ice jää PFU *jäŋe ’ice’ (93) jää 9 jieŋa 16, 20 (j)äj 24, 36

207 From Proto-Saamic *ea`nḙmḙ ‘land, ground, earth’. While the last syllable of the proto-Saamic item could perhaps constitute a cognate of Fin. maa ‘earth, ground’ the N. Saami item cannot be considered a cognate. 208 Cf. PFV *muδ(’)a ‘dirt’ (UEW 705), cf. Fin. muta ‘dirt, clay’. MM moda is also a borrowing meaning ‘fashion’. 209 The cognate of Fin. sumu ’fog, mist’ is found in Est. sume ‘cloudy, gentle, mild’. 210 Very probable Finnic borrowing. The cognate of Fin. sumu ‘fog’ is found in N. Saami sǫbmo~sâbmo -m- 'dull, hazy atmosphere (in summer) with fine rain'. 211 A Baltic borrowing, cf. Lith. dievas ‘god’ > Kar. tajvas ‘sky’. 212 From Proto-Saamic *ḙ`lmē ‘air, world’, cf. Fin. ilma ‘air’. 213 Cf. Hung. mënny ’sky, flash’. 214 From Proto-Saamic *pie`ngḙ ‘wind’. 215 From Proto-Saamic *muohtḙk ‘snow’, cf. Est. matta- ‘to cover’.


49

PFU *jäŋi ’ice’


166 smoke savu PFV *sawe ’smoke’

(754)

PFP *kačkV ’smoke,

smell’ (641-642)

suits 10 suovvâ216 17, 20, 27 kačam217 31, 36

167 fire tuli PU *tule ’fire’ (535)

PU *tulï ’fire’


tuli none dolla218 20, 22, 27,

28

tol 4, 32

168 ashes tuhka PFU *kuδ’mV ’ashes’

(194-195)

tuhk219 8 gutna 35 kulu220 30?, 31

169 to burn

(INTR)

palaa PFU *pal’a ’ice crust,

frost, to freeze’ (352)

põlema~pa

la-221

4, 5 buollit 17, 27, 28,

31

palǝms 33

170 road tie PFP *teje ’road’ (794) tee 6 luódda222

bálggis

20, 30 ki

kurǝńä

38

171 mountain vuori PU *were~*woore mägi223 1, 10 várri224 17, 21, 27 panda 38

216 From Proto-Saamic *suo`vḙ ‘smoke’, cf. Kar. savvu ‘smoke’. 217 Cf. Fin. katku ‘stench, pungent odor, intense fire haze’. The cognate of Fin. savu’ smoke’ & savuttaa ‘to smoke (TR.)’ is found in MM sufta- ‘to burn incense, to fumigate’. 218 From Proto-Saamic *to`lḙ ‘fire’. 219 Cf. Kar. tuhku ’ashes’. 220 Cognates are found in all the Ob-Ugric languages, i.e. Hung. hamu ‘ashes’, Khanty χɔjǝm ‘ashes of wood’ and Mansi kōĺǝ.m ‘id.’. 221 Also Fin. palele- ‘to feel cold’, polttaa ‘to burn (TR.)’, N. Saami buollit ‘to burn (INTR), to be on fire, to burn down’, MM paloms also means ‘to freeze (to death)’. Curiously, as stated the meanings of both ‘to freeze’ and ‘to burn’ are found originating from this Uralic root; the different vowels, while explainable by labialization, may instead suggest two different but very similar proto-items that had originated from one earlier etymon for extreme temperatures, i.e. ‘very hot, very cold’. Also compare with the footnote below for N. Saami báhkas ’warm’ which also exhibits similar semantic development. 222 From Proto-Saamic *luo`ndḙ ‘track, road, trace’.

Peter S. Piispanen

50

’mountain’ (571)

PFU *mäke ’hill,

mountain’ (266)

PU wara ’mountain,

hill’ (Aikio. A.

2012:233)

PFU *wari ’forest, hill’

(Aikio. A. 2012:233)

172 red punainen PFU *puna ’hair’ (402) punane225 6, 7 ruoksat226 35 jakśt’ǝŕ 38

173 green vihreä PU *piša ‘gall, green,

yellow’ (384-385)

PFP *wiša ’poison,

green, yellow’ (823-

824)

roheline227 10 ruonas 35 pižä

śäŋ’äŕä

10, 28?

174 yellow keltainen PFP *čoša ’yellow’ kollane228 3, 6, 7 fiskat 35 ťužä229 10, 34

223 Cf. Fin. mäki ‘hill’. 224 Proto-Saamic *vā`rē, cf. Fin. vaara ‘hill’, cf. Mansi wur ‘hill’. However, Fin. vaara is archaic and found in place names; perhaps it has fallen out of use due to the homonym Fin. vaara ‘danger, risk’, an obvious Germanic borrowing, cf. Swe. fara ‘danger’ (also found as N. Saami varra ‘danger’). Fin. vuori ‘mountain’ and vaara ‘hill’ may originate in one common etymon. 225 Semantically it has been assumed that the hair of Balto-Finnic populations was often red(dish), the word for hair therefore also being the origin of the word for red color in Finnish and Estonian. 226 While commonly believed to be a Germanic borrowing, it could perhaps be related to Fin. ruskea ‘brown’.

227 However, contrary to what one could believe, Est. rohi ‘grass’ (see semantics for Fin. punainen ‘red’ above) and Fin. ruoho ‘grass’ do not go back to the same root! The Fin. word is a Germanic borrowing, i.e. Proto-Germanic *grōsō-~*grōzō, cf. Swe. gräs ‘grass’, Middle Dutch groese ‘young grass’, while the Est. word is from the weak grade *rohδ- of roht (gen. rohu) ‘grass, plant, etc.’ from an earlier IE word connected to Proto-Germanic *grōÞu- ‘growth; plant, etc.’ (Koivulehto, J. 1999:213). The PFP root is also the origin of Fin. viha ‘hatred, anger, wrath’, vihata ‘to hate’, vihainen ‘angry, evil’, vihanta ‘green’, vihava ‘bitter, vigorous, burning’ & N. Saami vâšše ‘hate, hatred, grudge’. The cognate of Fin. vihreä ‘green’ is found in Est. viha ‘anger, hatred, poison, sharp, bitter, angry’ and Veps vihä ‘snake venom, hatred, anger’. 228 Cf. Kar. keldajne ‘yellow’, obviously a Baltic borrowing, cf. Lith. geltas ‘yellow’. 229 Cf. Udm. čuž ‘yellow’.


51

(621-622)

175 white valkoine

n

PFU *walkV ‘white,

light, to shine’ (554-

555)

PFU *ačka ‘white’ (3-

4)

valge 1, 6 vielgat230 28, 34 akša 25,

metathesis

176 black musta - must231 8 čáhppat232 20, 34, 35 ravža 38

177 night yö PFU *eje~*üje ’night’

(72)

öö 6 idja233 20, 32 ve 13

178 day päivä PFU *päjwä ’fire’

(360)

päev 8 beaivi234 20, 21, 28,

29

ši 38

179 year vuosi

(ikä)

PFU *ōδe~*oδe ’year’

(335-336)

PU *ïde ‘year, autumn’

(Aikio, A. 2012)

PFU *(j)ikä ‘age, year’

PFV *kesä ‘summer’

(660-661)

aasta 10 jahki235 21, 25, 32 kizä236 5, 27

230 From Proto-Saamic *vie`lgḙdē ‘white’, cf. Fin. valkea ‘white, bright, luminous flame, light of the fire’, valkaise-, valaise- ‘to make bright, to enlighten, to bleach, to explain, to peel off’, valko ‘white ox or horse’. 231 Cf. Kar. mustu ‘black’. 232From Proto-Saamic *čā`hpḙdē ‘black’. 233 From Proto-Saamic *i`jḙ ‘night’ (the N. Saami -d- appears to be epenthetic), cf. Fin. yö ‘night’, Kar. üö ‘night’, Hung. ej ‘night’. 234 From Proto-Saamic *pea`jvē ‘day’. 235 From Proto-Saamic *i`kē ‘year’, cf. Fin. ikä ‘age’, i.e. the cognates are semantically different. 236 Cf. Fin. kesä ‘summer’.

Peter S. Piispanen

52

180 warm lämmin PFV *lämpV ’warm,

warmth’ (685)

soe 10 báhkas237

liekkas238

17, 28, 35 l’ämbä 35, 36, 37

181 cold kylmä PFP *kilmä~*külmä

’cold, frost, to be cold,

to freeze (to death)’

(663)

külm 8 galmmas239 20, 27, 28 kel’mä

jakšam(a)

1 or 2, 35

182 full täysi PFU *täwδe~*tälke

’full’ (518)

täis 8 dievva240 16, 25, 27,

28

päškśä 38

183 new uusi PFU *wuδ’e ’new’

(587)

uus 8 ođas241 20, 22, 25 od 4, 29, 30,

32, 37

184 old vanha PFP *wanša ’old’ (813)

PFV *sirV ’straight,

tall’ (761)

vana 5 boaris242

vuođđo

21, 27, 28,

35

śirä243

tašta

35

185 good hyvä PFU *šeŋä ’good,

healthy’ (499)

PFP *para ’good’ (724)

hea 2, 5 buorre244 17, 27, 28 para245

ćebäŕ

none

186 bad paha - paha none bahá246 17, 28 kal’ďav 38

237 From Proto-Saamic *pakka- ‘hot, cold’, cf. Fin. pakkanen ‘frost, cold’. 238 From Proto-Saamic *lieŋgḙs ‘hot’, cf. ?Fin. liekki ‘open flame’. 239 From Proto-Saamic *kḙ`lmḙ- ‘cold’. 240 cf. Kar. täüzi ‘full’. From Proto-Saamic *oe`vdḙ ‘full’. 241 From Proto-Saamic *o`δḙ- ‘new’. 242 From Proto-Saamic *poarēs ‘old’, cf. Aryan *paras ‘old’, cf. Swe. forn- ‘old’. 243 Cf. Fin. siro ‘petite, slim, fine’. 244 From Proto-Saamic *puo`rē. 245 Cf. Fin. parempi ‘better’ & paras ‘best’.


53

huono neavri247

187 rotten laho

mätä

PU *sexji ’pus, to rot’


PU *säje ’pus, to rot’

(434)

PFU *kačke ‘bitter’

(641)

mädä248 1 siedja

guohka

21, 25, 32 naksada

naksatks

38

188 dirty likainen - räpane249

ropp

6, 7, 10 loakke 25, 27, 34 lebǝńu

ǝrdazu

1, 35, 36?

189 straight suora PFV *sirV ’straight,

tall’ (761)

PFU *ńïlki ‘straight,

open’ (Sammallahti, P.

1988)

PFV *wojke ‘straight’

(824-825)

sirge250 10 njuolga251

beanta252

17?, 25, 28,

32

vid’ä253 12, 29, 34,

36

190 round pyöreä PFU *peŋe(-rä) ’circle, ümber254 1, 8, 10 jorbbas 35 pokaŕav 24, 35, 36

246 Possible Finnic borrowing. Cf. Kar. paha ’bad’. 247 From Proto-Saamic *nea`vrē ‘bad’, cf. ?Fin. nöyrä ‘humble’. 248 Also Est. mädanema ‘to rot’. Fin. laho ‘rotten’ has a cognate in Kar. lahota ‘to rot’. 249 Cf. Fin. rapainen ‘dirty from clay’? Fin. likainen ‘dirty’, lika ‘dirt’ have a cognate in Kar. liga ‘dirt’. The N. Saami and MM items are both very difficult to analyze regarding cognancy. 250 Cf. Fin. siro ’petite, slim, fine’. 251 From Proto-Saamic *ńuo`lgḙ- ‘straight, directly’. 252 A likely borrowing, cf. Nor. bent ‘straight’. 253 Cf. Fin. oikea ‘right, correct’. 254 Cf. Fin. ympyrä ‘circle’, ympäri ‘around’, Kar. ümbari ‘around’.

Peter S. Piispanen

54

ring, to rotate, to roll,

to turn’ (372-373)

191 sharp terävä PFU *terä- ’blade,

edge’ (522)

*kaća (end, point)

terav255 2, 8 bastil 35 orža 38

192 dull tylsä

tylppä

PFP *nišV~*nüšV

’blunt’ (708)

nüri

tuhm

10 jorbbas? 35 noška 36

193 smooth sileä,

lattea,

tasainen

PU *tasa ’even,

exactly’ (513)

sile 8 duolba256 35 takǝr

aŕśä

valaźä

38

194 wet märkä PFU *ńačkV ‘wet,

moist, raw’ (311)

märg 1, 8 njuoskkas 35 načka257 none

195 dry kuiva PFU *kujwa ’dry’

(196-197)

PU *kuśka~*kośka ’(to

be) dry’ (223-224)

kuiv 8 goikkis 35 kośkä258 10

196 correct oikea PFV *wojke ’right,

correct’ (824-825)

õige 1, 6 riekta259 20, 30, 32,

35

lac tif

äχäŕ

38

197 near lähellä PFV *läse ’nearby’ lähe(-dal, - 1, 9 lahka261 25, 32, 35 malasa 38

255 Cf. Kar. terja ‘sharp’. 256 The cognate of the Fin. sileä ‘smooth’ & Kar. silej ‘smooth’ has, in N. Saami, semantically changed to šillju ‘yard, field’. 257 Cf. N. Saami njuosskas ‘wet’, cf. Fin. nahkea ‘ledern; feuchtig, dumpfig’. The MM item has undergone a possible depalatalization. 258 Cf. ?Fin. kostea ‘moist’. 259 From Proto-Scandinavian *reht- ‘right’, cf. Swe. rätt ‘right’.


55

(687) dane)260 bokte262

198 far kaukana PU *kuwakka ’long’

(Aikio, A. 2012:244)

kaug- 1 olgas

olkus

guhkás263

guhkkin264

17, 28, 32,

34

ičkezä265 5

199 right oikea PFV *wojke ’right,

correct’ (824-825)

õige 1, 8 olge266 28, 32 viďä 12, 29, 34,

36

200 left vasen PU *wasa ’left hand,

left’ (559)

vasak 9 gurut 35 kéŕži 38

201 at -lla/-llä - -l - - - - -

202 in -ssa/-ssä - -s - - - - -

203 with kanssa PFP *kansa ’people,

comrade, friend’ (645)



koos267 10 mielde268 35 marχta 38

261 From Proto-Saamic *lḙ`kḙ ‘near, from near’, cf. Fin. suffix liki- ‘near, close by’. 260 Cf. Kar. ljahjajne ‘near’. 262 Cf. Meadow Mari βoktel ‘luokse, viereen, laitaan, lähelle, sivulle’. 263 From Proto-Saamic *kuhkāsḙ ‘(going) far’. 264 From Proto-Saamic *kuhkēnē- ‘far, from far’, cf. Fin. kaukana ‘far away’. 265 Cf. PFV *ečkä/*ečä + case suffix? cf. Fin. etäällä ‘far away’. 266 While clearly the here compared items are somewhat similar, a sound change explanation is phonologically too problematic to accept these as cognates. N. Saami olge ‘right’ may be related to PFU *wolka ‘shoulder’ (UEW 581), Fin. olkapää ‘shoulder, lit. shoulder head’ and N. Saami oal’ge ‘shoulder’. Semantically it makes sense since most people are right-handed. 267 PU *ko-~*ku- > Est. koos ‘with’. A cognate of Fin. kansa ‘people, nation’ & kanssa ‘(together) with’ is found in Est. kaasa ‘comrade, companion, husband, wife’ & the suffix –ga ‘(together) with’. 268 From Proto-Saamic *mie`ldē ‘along’. Apparently cognate with Fin. myö(tä)- ‘with’.

Peter S. Piispanen

56

204 and ja -- ja none ja269 none i270

(ä-)dǝ

38

205 if jos PU *ku-~*ko- ’who,


kui271

kas272

10 jos273 none ďäŕäj

kǝda

35

206 because koska

sillä

PU *ku-~*ko- ‘who,


?PU *će-~*ći- ‘this,

that, the’ (33-34)

tõttu

sest

10 geažil 28, 34 śas mes274 35, 38

207 name nimi PU *nime ’name’ (305) nimi none namma275 25, 27 l’em276 1, 32, 35,

36

Clarifications: Words 201 and 202 are cases in Finnish, i.e. morphologic properties, which is why they are not used for cognate comparison in this study. Estonian, Northern Saamic and Moksha Mordvin words marked in blue are cognates of the Finnish words. Particular care has been taken in root analyses and sound changes. The proposed sound changes concern the uppermost item in the cell if several word alternatives are given. Possible, later Finnic loanwords in Northern Saami include items: 74, 146, 161, 186 & 204. Mokshan cognates marked by 37 also display noteworthy, semi-regular sound correspondences between Finnish and Moksha Mordvin (see the main text for details).

269 The N. Saami item is possibly a Finnic borrowing, but the word may originally have been an earlier Germanic borrowing, cf. Gothic jah ‘and’. 270 A likely borrowing from Russian и ‘and’. 271 Cf. Fin. kun ‘when, as’. 272 Kas is a common, semantically shifted interjection in Finnish. 273 Both the Finnish and N. Saami items may be related to N. Saami juo ‘already’ and be a Germanic borrowing, cf. Gothic ju ‘already’. 274 Literarily equal to Fin. sillä mitä ‘because of what’, and used like Fin. sillä että ‘in order that, provided that’? 275 From Proto-Saamic *nḙ?mḙ ‘name’, cf. ?PIE *nōmn- ‘name’. 276 I suggest the possible pathway of: *nime -> *ńime -> *ńem -> *jem > ĺem. However, compare this to Meadow Mari lüm ‘name’ and Hill Mari lǝm ‘name’, which there appear to have originated in a conditional development in inherited words only (since Russian, Chuvash or Tatar borrowings have not undergone this change) as n- > l-/_Vm. It is thus possible that the Moksha word instead simply represents an areal influence (i.e. borrowing) instead of irregular, local phonological change.


57

Sources of lexical data: Estonian cognates used in the table have been obtained from the UEW with additional data collected from Greenberg, J.H. (2002). Northern Saami cognates used in the table are in accordance with the UEW and the Àlgu teitokanta unless otherwise noted. Additional data has been collected from: Sammallahti, P., 1990. & Sammallahti, P., 1998. & Greenberg, J.H. 2002. & Korhonen, M., 1981 and through personal communication with Prof. Mikael Svonni. Mokshan glossary was collected from: Herrala, E. & Feoktistov, A. (1998) Mokšalais-suomalainen sanakirja, Turun yliopiston suomalaisen ja yleisen kielitieteen laitoksen julkaisuja, 58, Turku & Abondolo, D. (1998) & Greenberg, J.H. (2002).

Additional lexical data and proto-items unless otherwise specified have been collected from: Aikio. A (2000) Suomen kauka, Virittäjä, 104, p. 612-614. Aikio. A. (2012) On Finnic long vowels, Samoyed vowel sequences, and Proto-Uralic *x, Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia, 264, p. 227-250. Aikio, A. (2013) Studies in Uralic Etymology I: Saami Etymologies, Linguistica Uralica XLIX, 3, p. 161-174. Àlgu tietokanta: http://kaino.kotus.fi/algu/index.php?t=etusivu&kkieli=fi Janhunen, J. (1981) Koivulehto, J. (1999) Pohjan Poluilla. Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan, Helsinki p. 213. Rédei, K. (1988) Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (UEW), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.

Peter S. Piispanen

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Documents

Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and .../menu/standard/...Peter S. Piispanen Stockholm University Appendix ABC - Finnish, PFU, Estonian, North Saami and Moksha cognates