APPENDIX A11 ANCESTRY, ESS7-2014 ed. 1 · 2016. 5. 26. · ancestry or origins rather than current ethnic identity. The term ‘ethnicity’ is not used because these terms are not

APPENDIX A11 ANCESTRY,

ESS7-2014 ed. 1.0

General information on the ESS Ancestry measure .................................2

Country specific information for:

Austria ..............................................................................................5

Belgium ............................................................................................6

Czech Republic ..................................................................................7

Denmark ...........................................................................................8

Estonia .............................................................................................9

Finland ...........................................................................................10

France ............................................................................................11

Germany .........................................................................................12

Hungary ..........................................................................................13

Ireland ...........................................................................................14

Israel .............................................................................................15

Lithuania .........................................................................................16

Netherlands .....................................................................................17

Norway ...........................................................................................18

Poland ............................................................................................19

Portugal ..........................................................................................20

Slovenia ..........................................................................................21

Sweden ..........................................................................................22

Spain .............................................................................................23

Switzerland .....................................................................................24

United Kingdom ...............................................................................25

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Measuring ancestry i.e. socio-cultural origins in the ESS

1. Background

ESS Round 7 contains a new item on ancestry. The item – which is intended to enhance the ESS’ measurement of respondents’ socio-cultural origins - was developed in consultation with the Question Module Design Team for the ESS7 rotating module on immigration, led by Prof. Anthony Heath (University of Oxford).

Ethnic and national divisions are of great importance in contemporary Europe, as shown for example by the various movements for independence in several European countries, the conflicts that have occurred in neighbouring countries, and the public policy concerns about the integration of migrants and their descendants. Ethnic identification is a powerful predictor of a wide range of outcomes covered in the ESS including party identification attitudes to immigration and to asylum seekers, and to a wide range of other attitudes, values and practices1. Having an appropriate measure of ethnic and cultural background is important if the ESS is to be used to study these outcomes.

Whilst the classical countries of immigration (Australia, Canada and the USA) have long-established traditions and official measures for cultural and ethnic background or heritage, most European scholars and official bodies have been reluctant to ask about this, preferring to use measures such as country of birth or nationality (if any). However, these measures are becoming increasingly inappropriate as (migration related) minority populations in Western Europe become more established and also more diverse. The growing number of third-generation people with a ‘migration background’ are invisible in surveys which rely on country of birth measures and ask about respondents and their parents but not grandparents. In addition, and particularly relevant in many Eastern European countries (and some western ones), country of birth simply cannot identify indigenous ethnic or cultural minorities such as Roma or Basques, longstanding sub-national cultural groups such as Scots, Catalans, or Swedish-speaking Finns or the official national minorities in a number of countries.

The ancestry item provides a measure which can be used to identify majority and minority national groups and indigenous populations as well as respondents with a migration background. It allows respondents to give up to two ancestries, and is fielded using a country-specific showcard with responses post-coded into the newly developed European Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ESCEG) in order to create an ESS-harmonised measure of ancestry.

2. The concept of socio-cultural origins

The central concept which the ancestry item is intended to measure is that of ‘cultural or ethnic origins’. This concept should not be confused with nationality or citizenship, country of birth, or language. While related to the concept of ethnic identity, it is nevertheless distinct: it is possible to acknowledge a cultural or ethnic background without necessarily strongly identifying with the group currently.

The standard definition of ethnic group comes from Max Weber. Weber stated that “we shall call ‘ethnic groups’ those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of

1 See, for example, A.F. Heath, S. Fisher, M. Sobolewska, G. Rosenblatt and D. Sanders (2013) The Political Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Britain. Oxford: OUP for recent evidence from Britain

22

colonization and migration” (Weber [1922] 1978, p. 3892). The key component of this definition, as in most sociological approaches to ethnicity, is the central role accorded to subjective belief: whether a particular group of people can be counted as an ethnic or cultural group is a matter for the members of that group to decide, not for outside observers to stipulate on the basis of so-called ‘objective’ criteria. Ethnicity is essentially a self-defined social identity, akin to national identity, party identification, class identity or religious affiliation; and ancestry a self-defined ethnic or cultural background. As with membership of a nation, ethnicity will typically be associated with a distinctive shared culture, history and traditions, and with distinctive patterns of commensality and intermarriage. It will sometimes involve a distinct language or religion, although these are by no means universal features. As Weber makes clear, there is no one defining characteristic shared by all ethnic groups.

The sociological concept of ethnic group is very close to political scientists’ concept of a nation. The main distinction is that nations typically (although not invariably) lay claim to, or already have rights over, a particular territory. However, in a world of migration, the distinction can be contingent and contextual. Thus Kurds in the Middle East might think of themselves as a nation with a homeland to which some would make a territorial claim, whereas people of Kurdish background living in Sweden might be regarded as an ethnic minority. For practical purposes, then, it is not helpful to make a hard and fast distinction between the concepts of ethnic group and nation. Indeed, members of the dominant ethnic group within most European countries will think of themselves as members of a nation, reserving the concept of ethnic group (often referred to as a minority ethnic group) to people of a migration background or indigenous minorities, although members of the majority group may well be regarded as an ethnic minority group themselves if they migrate to another country. The aim therefore is to construct a measure that can identify both national minorities, indigenous minorities, and minorities of a migration background.

Following the emphasis in Weber’s definition on common descent, the ESS approach emphasizes ancestry or origins rather than current ethnic identity. The term ‘ethnicity’ is not used because these terms are not equally familiar in all European countries: there are many countries where the term is not in regular everyday use. In addition, even where it is used, members of national minorities may not apply the term to themselves. Also, non-majority ancestry may not coincide with non-majority ethnic identity, and we are more interested in the former than the latter, which may be an indicator of cultural assimilation rather than diversity.

3. Country-specific showcards

The ancestry item was fielded using a country-specific showcard. Categories appearing on the showcard were agreed between Prof. Heath and the ESS National Coordinator in each country and were chosen to include:

� The majority nation in each country

� Any established nations within the country (e.g. Scots in the UK)

� Any distinctive indigenous ethnic minorities/nations, even if very small (e.g. Sami in the Nordic countries)

2 Weber, Max ([1922]1978) ‘Ethnic groups’. In G. Roth and C. Wittich (eds) Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Vol I, Part II. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp 385-98.

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� The major minorities with a migration background; these will typically be groups originating in specific countries (e.g. French, German, Turkish)

� Any major divisions within country-of-origin categories (e.g. Kurds or Berbers), even if likely to be very small in number.

� All showcards included an OTHER option which interviewers recorded verbatim.

Major minorities with a migration background were identified from the most recent OECD statistics on the stock of foreign-born populations by country of birth.

4. Post-coding into the European Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups(ESCEG)

The country-specific ancestry variables have been post-coded into the European Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ESCEG) to create a harmonised measure of ancestry across ESS countries. There are two ancestry variables (ANCTRY1 and ANCTRY2) reflecting the fact that the respondent was able to select two different ancestries. There is no ranking or hierarchy implied in the two ancestry variables - they simply record the ancestries in the order they were mentioned by the respondent and/or coded by the interviewer.

The ESCEG was developed for the ESS based on the code-frame developed for the comparable measurement of socio-cultural groups used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011)3 but adapted for the European context. The hierarchical classification aggregates socio-cultural groups on the basis of cultural similarity. The classification has four levels:

� Broad (1-digit) groups largely corresponding to broad geographic and cultural regions (e.g. Europe)

� Narrow (2-digit) groups corresponding to more narrowly defined geographic or cultural regions (e.g. West European)

� Cultural or ethnic unit (4-digit) groups which represent national groups (e.g. Belgian, Polish) or ethnic or cultural groups which extend beyond national borders (e.g. Roma, Silesian, Basque, Frisian)

� Sub-national (5-digit) groups which distinguish between country-specific regional cultural or ethnic minority indigenous groups (e.g. Walloon)

The full ESCG code-frame is provided in ESS7 Appendix 6: Classifications and coding standards.

3 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG). Retrieved January 15, 2016, from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/1249.0

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http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/1249.0

Austria

Code Category label Code Category label01 Austrian 11010 Austrian nfs02 Bosniak 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian03 Croatian 14040 Croatian nfs04 Czech 15020 Czech nfs05 German 11070 German nfs06 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti07 Hungarian 15040 Hungarian nfs08 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish09 Polish 15090 Polish nfs10 Romanian 14090 Romanian11 Serbian 14110 Serbian nfs12 Slovak 15130 Slovak nfs13 Turkish 23000 Turkish nfs14 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)

ESCEG code (ANCTRY1 & ANCTRY2) Country-specific showcard

5

Belgium

Code Category label Code Category label01 Belgian 11020 Belgian nfs02 Brussels/Bruxellois 11023 Brussels/Bruxellois03 Flemish 11021 Flemish04 Walloon 11022 Walloon05 Berber 25030 Berber06 Congolese 31110 Congolese07 Dutch 11040 Dutch nfs08 French 11050 French nfs09 German 11070 German nfs10 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti11 Italian 13040 Italian nfs12 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish13 Moroccan 21130 Moroccan14 Polish 15090 Polish nfs15 Turkish 23000 Turkish nfs16 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)

Country-specific showcard ESCEG code (ANCTRY1 & ANCTRY2)

6

Czech Republic

Code Category label Code Category label01 Czech 15020 Czech nfs02 Moravian 15080 Moravian03 Slovak 15130 Slovak nfs04 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs05 Polish 15090 Polish nfs06 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese07 German 11070 German nfs08 Russian 15110 Russian nfs09 Silesian 15120 Silesian10 Hungarian 15040 Hungarian nfs11 Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti12 Bulgarian 14030 Bulgarian nfs13 Mongolian 52030 Mongolian14 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs15 Moldovan 14070 Moldovan16 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


7

Denmark

Code Category label Code Category label01 Danish 12010 Danish nfs02 Bosniak 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian03 Faroese 12011 Faroese04 German 11070 German nfs05 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti06 Iraqi 21070 Iraqi07 Iranian 24040 Iranian08 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish09 Lebanese 21100 Lebanese10 Palestinian 21150 Palestinian11 Pakistani 41080 Pakistani nfs12 Polish 15090 Polish nfs13 Somali 32090 Somali14 Turkish 23000 Turkish15 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


8

Estonia

Code Category label Code Category label01 Armenian 25010 Armenian02 Estonian 15030 Estonian nfs03 Estonian Russian 15111 Estonian Russian04 Georgian 25060 Georgian05 Ingrian 12022 Ingrian06 Jewish 22000 Jewish07 Latvian 15050 Latvian nfs08 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti09 Polish 15090 Polish nfs10 German 11070 German nfs11 Finnish 12020 Finnish nfs12 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs13 Belarusian 15010 Belarusian14 Russian 15110 Russian nfs15 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


9

Finland

Code Category label Code Category label01 Finnish-speaking Finnish 12020 Finnish nfs02 Swedish-speaking Finnish 12021 Swedish-speaking Finnish03 Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti04 Sami 12050 Sami05 Estonian 15030 Estonian nfs06 Ingrian 12022 Ingrian07 Russian 15110 Russian nfs08 Swedish 12060 Swedish nfs09 Somali 32090 Somali10 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish11 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese12 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs13 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


10

France

Code Category label Code Category label01 French 11050 French nfs02 Algerian 21010 Algerian03 German 11070 German nfs

04 Antillais, Guianan or other DOM-TOM 72010 Antillais

05 Basque 13010 Basque06 Belgian 11020 Belgian nfs07 Breton 11051 Breton08 Berber 25030 Berber09 British 11030 British nfs10 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs11 Corse 11052 Corse12 Spanish 13070 Spanish nfs13 Italian 13040 Italian nfs14 Malian 31160 Malian15 Moroccan 21130 Moroccan16 Portuguese 13060 Portuguese nfs17 Roma/Gypsy 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti18 Senegalese 31190 Senegalese19 Turkish 23000 Turkish20 Tunisian 21200 Tunisian21 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese22 Other French region 11058 French city or region nec23 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


11

Germany

Code Category label Code Category label01 German 11070 German nfs02 Bosniak 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian03 Danish 12010 Danish nfs04 Greek 13030 Greek nfs05 Italian 13040 Italian nfs06 Kazakh 24050 Kazakh07 Kosovar 14050 Kosovar nfs08 Croatian 14040 Croatian nfs09 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish10 Montenegrin 14080 Montenegrin11 Polish 15090 Polish nfs12 Portuguese 13060 Portuguese nfs13 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs14 Russian 15110 Russian nfs15 Serbian 14110 Serbian nfs16 Sinti/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti17 Sorbian 15150 Sorbian/Wendish18 Spanish 13070 Spanish nfs19 Turkish 23000 Turkish20 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


12

Hungary

Code Category label Code Category label01 Hungarian 15040 Hungarian nfs02 Croatian 14040 Croatian nfs03 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs

04 Danube Swabian/Saxon 11077 German diaspora/ethnic Germans

05 German 11070 German nfs

06 Gypsy/Roma (or any of its subgroups: Vlah, Boyash, Musician) 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti

07 Jewish 22000 Jewish08 Polish 15090 Polish nfs09 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs10 Russian 15110 Russian nfs11 Ruthenian 15100 Ruthenian/Rusyn12 Slovak 15130 Slovak nfs13 Serbian 14110 Serbian nfs14 Slovene 14120 Slovene nfs15 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs16 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese17 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


13

Ireland

Code Category label Code Category label01 Irish 11080 Irish nfs02 Irish Traveller 11081 Irish Traveller03 Brazilian 61050 Brazilian04 British 11030 British nfs05 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs06 Filipino 62040 Filipino07 German 11070 German nfs08 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti09 Indian 41030 Indian nfs10 Latvian 15050 Latvian nfs11 Lithuanian 15060 Lithuanian nfs12 Nigerian 31170 Nigerian13 Northern Irish 11032 Northern Irish14 Polish 15090 Polish nfs15 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs16 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


14

Israel

Code Category label Code Category label01 Israeli 25070 Israeli nfs02 Arab 21000 Arab03 Palestinian 21150 Palestinian04 Muslim 21220 Muslim nfs05 Jewish 22000 Jewish06 Ashkenazi 22011 Ashkenazi07 Mizrahi 22013 Mizrahi08 Sephardi 22012 Sephardi09 Bedouin 21040 Bedouin10 Druze 25050 Druze11 Ethiopian 32050 Ethiopian12 Iraqi 21070 Iraqi13 Moroccan 21130 Moroccan14 Polish 15090 Polish nfs15 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs16 Russian 15110 Russian nfs17 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs18 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


15

Lithuania

Code Category label Code Category label01 Lithuanian 15060 Lithuanian nfs02 Belarusian 15010 Belarusian03 German 11070 German nfs04 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti05 Jewish 22000 Jewish06 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish07 Latvian 15050 Latvian nfs08 Polish 15090 Polish nfs09 Russian 15110 Russian nfs10 Tatar 24090 Tatar11 Turkish 23000 Turkish12 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs13 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


16

Netherlands

Code Category label Code Category label01 Dutch 11040 Dutch nfs02 Antillais 72010 Antillais03 Berber 25030 Berber04 Bosniak 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian05 German 11070 German nfs06 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti07 Indonesian 43020 Indonesian nfs08 Italian 13040 Italian nfs09 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish10 Moluccan 43024 Moluccan11 Moroccan 21130 Moroccan12 Polish 15090 Polish nfs13 Surinamese 72050 Surinamese14 Turkish 23000 Turkish15 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


17

Norway

Code Category label Code Category label01 Norwegian 12040 Norwegian nfs02 Bosnian 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian03 Danish 12010 Danish nfs04 Filipino 62040 Filipino05 Iraqi 21070 Iraqi06 Iranian 24040 Iranian07 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish08 Lithuanian 15060 Lithuanian nfs09 Pakistani 41080 Pakistani nfs10 Polish 15090 Polish nfs11 Russian 15110 Russian nfs12 Sami 12050 Sami13 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti14 Somali 32090 Somali15 Swedish 12060 Swedish nfs16 Turkish 23000 Turkish17 German 11070 German nfs18 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese19 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


18

Poland

Code Category label Code Category label01 Polish 15090 Polish nfs02 Armenian 25010 Armenian03 Belarusian 15010 Belarusian04 Czech 15020 Czech nfs05 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti06 German 11070 German nfs07 Jewish 22000 Jewish08 Karaim 15092 Karaim09 Kashubian 15093 Kashubian10 Lemko 15091 Lemko11 Lithuanian 15060 Lithuanian nfs12 Russian 15110 Russian nfs13 Silesian 15120 Silesian14 Slovak 15130 Slovak nfs15 Tatar 24090 Tatar16 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs17 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese18 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


19

Portugal

Code Category label Code Category label01 Portuguese 13060 Portuguese nfs02 Angolan 31020 Angolan03 Brazilian 61050 Brazilian04 Cabo Verdean 31070 Cabo Verdean05 Bissau-Guinean 31040 Bissau-Guinean06 Gypsy 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti07 Indian 41030 Indian nfs08 Mozambican 33070 Mozambican09 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs10 Ukrainian 15140 Ukrainian nfs11 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


20

Slovenia

Code Category label Code Category label01 Slovene 14120 Slovene nfs02 Croatian 14040 Croatian nfs03 Bosniak 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian04 Serbian 14110 Serbian nfs05 Montenegrin 14080 Montenegrin06 Macedonian 14060 Macedonian07 Kosovar 14050 Kosovar nfs08 Albanian 14010 Albanian nfs09 Austrian 11010 Austrian nfs10 German 11070 German nfs11 Italian 13040 Italian nfs12 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti13 Hungarian 15040 Hungarian nfs14 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


21

Spain

Code Category label Code Category label01 Spanish 13070 Spanish nfs02 Andalusian 13071 Andalusian03 Balearic 13072 Balearic04 Basque 13010 Basque05 Canarian 13073 Canarian06 Catalan 13074 Catalan07 Galician 13075 Galician08 Navarran 13076 Navarran09 Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti10 Argentinian 61020 Argentinian11 Berber 25030 Berber12 Bolivian 61040 Bolivian13 Bulgarian 14030 Bulgarian nfs14 British 11030 British nfs15 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs16 Colombian 61070 Colombian17 Ecuadorian 61080 Ecuadorian18 French 11050 French nfs19 German 11070 German nfs20 Italian 13040 Italian nfs21 Moroccan 21130 Moroccan22 Peruvian 61100 Peruvian23 Portuguese 13060 Portuguese nfs24 Quechuan 61110 Quechuan25 Romanian 14090 Romanian nfs26 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)

ESCEG code (ANCTRY1 & ANCTRY2) Country-specific showcard

22

Sweden

Code Category label Code Category label01 Swedish 12060 Swedish nfs02 Bosnian 14020 Bosniak/Bosnian03 Chilean 61060 Chilean04 Danish 12010 Danish nfs05 Finnish 12020 Finnish nfs06 Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti07 Iranian 24040 Iranian08 Iraqi 21070 Iraqi09 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish10 Norwegian 12040 Norwegian nfs11 Polish 15090 Polish nfs12 Sami 12050 Sami13 Somali 32090 Somali14 Vietnamese 42090 Vietnamese15 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


23

Switzerland

Code Category label Code Category label01 Swiss 11100 Swiss nfs02 Swiss-German 11101 Swiss language region nec03 Swiss-French 11101 Swiss language region nec04 Swiss-Italian 11101 Swiss language region nec05 Swiss-Romansch 11101 Swiss language region nec06 Swiss Canton 11102 Swiss Canton07 Yeniche 11110 Yeniche08 French 11050 French nfs09 German 11070 German nfs10 Italian 13040 Italian nfs11 Kenyan 33030 Kenyan12 Kosovar 14050 Kosovar nfs13 Kurdish 25080 Kurdish14 Portuguese 13060 Portuguese nfs15 Serbian 14110 Serbian nfs16 Tamil 41120 Tamil17 Turkish 23000 Turkish18 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


24

United Kingdom

Code Category label Code Category label01 British 11030 British nfs02 English 11031 English03 Northern Irish 11032 Northern Irish04 Scottish 11033 Scottish05 Welsh 11035 Welsh06 Bangladeshi 41010 Bangladeshi07 Chinese 51010 Chinese nfs08 Gypsy/Roma 14100 Roma/Gypsy/Sinti09 Indian 41030 Indian nfs10 Irish 11080 Irish nfs11 Jamaican 71080 Jamaican12 Nigerian 31170 Nigerian13 Pakistani 41080 Pakistani nfs14 Polish 15090 Polish nfs15 Somali 32090 Somali16 (Other-Write in) (Other-Write in)


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Appendix A11 Ancestry, ESS7 - 2014 edition 1.0AustriaBelgiumCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryIrelandIsraelLithuaniaNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom

Documents

APPENDIX A11 ANCESTRY, ESS7-2014 ed. 1 · 2016. 5. 26. · ancestry or origins rather than current ethnic identity. The term ‘ethnicity’ is not used because these terms are not