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1-3 S3 copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Learning Outcomes 4.List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices 5.Describe the eight categories of computers by size 6.Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software
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Appendix AAppendix A
Hardware & Software BasicsHardware & Software Basics
Baltzan, Business Driven Information Systems, 3rd Canadian Edition
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S2copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each
2. Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses
3. Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage
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S3copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Learning Outcomes
4. List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices
5. Describe the eight categories of computers by size
6. Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software
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S4copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Introduction
• Information technology (IT)– any computer-based tool that people use to work
with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization
• Hardware– the physical devices associated with a computer system
• Software – the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry
out specific tasks
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S5copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Hardware Basics
• Computer– an electronic device operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data
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S6copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Hardware Components
• Central processing unit (CPU)• Primary storage• Secondary storage• Input device• Output device• Communication device
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S7copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Hardware Basics
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S8copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Central Processing Unit• Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor)
– the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together
• Control unit – interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware
devices what to do, based on the software instructions• Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
– performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)
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S9copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Central Processing Unit
• The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU – Megahertz (MHz)
• the number of millions of CPU cycles per second
– Gigahertz (GHz)• the number of billions of CPU cycles per second
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S10copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Central Processing Unit• CPU speed factors
– Clock speed– Word length– Bus width– Chip line width
• Binary digit (bit)– the smallest unit of information that a computer can process
• Byte– a group of eight bits representing one natural language character
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S11copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Advances in CPU Design• Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip
– type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly
• Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip– limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to
increase processing speed• Virtualization
– a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines
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S12copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Primary Storage
• Primary storage– the computer’s main memory, which consists of
the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU
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S13copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Random access memory (RAM) – the computer’s primary working memory, in
which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus
• RAM is volatile meaning information is lost if power is interrupted
• Cache memory used for frequently accessed data
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S14copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Read-only memory (ROM)– the portion of a computer’s primary storage that
does not lose its contents when one switches off the power
• Flash memory • Memory card• Memory stick
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S15copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage– consists of equipment designed to store large
volumes of data for long-term storage• Megabyte (MB or M or Meg)
– roughly 1 million bytes• Gigabyte (GB)
– roughly 1 billion bytes• Terabyte (TB)
– roughly 1 trillion bytes
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S16copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Secondary Storage
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S17copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Magnetic Medium
• Magnetic medium– a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store
and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials
• Magnetic tape– an older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic
coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium
• Hard drive– a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with
a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism
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S18copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Optical Medium
• Optical medium types include:– Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM) – Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive– Digital video disk (DVD) – DVD-ROM drive– Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)
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S19copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Input Devices• Input device - equipment used to capture
information and commands– Manual input devices
• Joystick• Keyboard• Microphone
– Automated input devices• Bar code scanner• Digital camera• Magnetic ink character reader
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S20copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Output Devices
• Output device– equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept
the results of information processing requests • Cathode-ray tube (CRT)• Liquid crystal display (LCD)• Laser printer• Ink-jet printer• Plotter
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S21copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Communication Devices
• Communication device– equipment used to send information and receive
it from one location to another• Dial-up access• Cable• Digital subscriber line• Wireless• Satellite
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S22copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Computer Categories
• For the past 20 years, federally funded supercomputing research has given birth to some of the computer industry’s most significant technology breakthroughs including:– Clustering – Parallel processing– Mosaic browser
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S23copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Computer Categories
• Computer categories include:– Smartphone – Laptop– Tablet– Desktop– Workstation – Minicomputer – Mainframe computer– Supercomputer
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Software Basics
• System software– controls how the various technology tools work
together along with the application software• Operating system software • Utility software • Application software
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S25copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Software Basics
• Operating System Software• Linux• Macintosh OS X• Microsoft Windows• MS-DOS• UNIX• Mac iOS
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S26copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Utility Software
• Types of utility software– Crash-proof – Disk image– Disk optimization – Encrypt data– File and data recovery – Text protect– Preventative security – Spyware – Uninstaller
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S27copyright © 2012 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
Application Software
• Types of application software– Browser– Communication– Data management– Desktop publishing– E-mail– Groupware– Presentation graphics– Programming– Spreadsheet– Word processing