appendix A GENERAL TABLES

a p p e n d i x A G E N E R A L T A B L E S

Table Al.-Land Utilization in Hawaii, by Islands ard for the Territory, 1951.

Itam Territory

Per- - &

Lmltural land 1,706,000 42.6

est reserve 1,210,155 29.5

F, Navy, d Ir Force land 58,367 1.4

t o n a l parks 223.~03~ 5.2

er krdC 911.915 22.2

Dtal lard area 4,099,840 10 .0

Kauai and NlUsu

Per- A- @

L87.m 45.9

160,620 40.3

2,080 0.5

0

49.020 12.3

398,720 100.0

a. Less than 0.1 percent. b. Of th i s to t a l 48,652 acres were authorized b? Congress but have not yet been o f f i c i a l ly turned over by

Territory to the national parka. c. Cities, towns, campsites, mads, wasteland, and land not othervise specified. d . Inelu5es the whole area of Kahcolew of 2 P , W acres.

Ucea: Ref. ~ 2 p p . 8, 9, for egricultural land, f o n s t r e s e w , total land area; S u r w p ~ of the Territory for land used by AnnJ, Bavy, A l r Form, ard national parks.

.Reference numbers refer to Appendix C.

167

Tab

le A

2.4

tili

za

tio

n

of

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

Lan

d in

Haw

aii,

by I

slan

ds and

for

the

Ter

rito

ry,

1951

.

Itsm

T

err

ito

ry

Haw

aii

Mau

l M

olok

ai

and

Lan

ai

Pla

nta

tio

n c

ps

S

vp

r ca

m

~in

ea

pp

les

~

73,6

00

4.3

To

tal

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

sd

Mrs

rsif

03

cro

pse

C

ofh

ai

Cor

n fl

eld

g

~ru

ils

, tre

ef

Nut

s m

acad

amia

h ~

ice

k

~a

ro

~

ve

pta

ble

s~

To

tal

lan

d i

n c

rops

d

Pas

ture

lan

dd

To

tal

sgri

cu

ltu

al

lan

dd

I 1

,706

,000

16

0.0

(1,1

00

,00

0 1

00.0

I 2

04,0

00 1

00.0

11

25,0

00 1

00.0

per

cen

tam

of

to

ta'

ag

ric

ult

ura

l la

nd

. A

crea

ge i

t en

d of

1

95

i, r

ound

ed.

Acr

eage

a

t en

d of

19

51,

incl

ud

ing

fal

low

lan

d,

cam

psi

tes,

an

d m

ads,

ro

unde

d.

Fig

ure

s so

unde

d.

Co

mrc

isl

scre

age only8

acre

age

of

flo

wer

s an

d a

few

uni

mpo

rtan

t cr

op

s eu

ch a

s co

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n a

nd

pa

pe

a n

ot

incl

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acr

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uri

ng

195

1.

Pla

nti

ng

e fo

r 19

51 h

arv

est.

A

crea

ge

at

end

of

1951

.

~e

f.

24,

pp.

8,

91 r

ef.

15

, b

cem

bsr

175

1,

for

man

go a

crea

ge,

in

clu

dad

in

tre

e fruit a

crea

ge.

public agricultural l a d s : Crop land leases

Sugar cane Pineapple Other

APPENDICES 169

Table 0.-bpSmrimate Temne and Utillaation of AgricultUral Lands In tbe Territory of Hawaii, Dacmter 31. I945.

Total public crop land leases

Te- and ut i l izat ion

Pasture leases

Acres

Total public agricultural leases

I

Private agricultural lmda: Crop land

Sugar cane h e d by plantations Leased from others

TOW sugar cane

Pineapple h e d by plantations Leased from others

Total pineapple

Other

Total private crop land

Pasture land h e d by ranchers Leased from others

Total private agricultural lands

Total agricultural land in Ter r i toR

170 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE I N HAWAII

Table A4.--Idholesale Value and Volume of Agricultuoal Roducts Roduwd C-ercially in the T e r r i t o q of Hawaii, 1952.'

Sugar, raw Molasses ~ i m a ~ ~ l e s : ~ canned f ru i t

m m d juice

Total plantation crops

Frui ts , f resh (except pineapples) Vegetables, fresh Taro (for mumfacture) Coffee, greene Con, field: shelled Macadamia rmts, unshelled Rice, milled Flcvers

Total dirrersified crops

Beef ca t t l e Dairy products: cows and calvss

nFUr Sheep products: mttcm

voal Svine Pail t ry products: eggs

meatbirds b e products: honey, extracted

tBeSVBX

Total l i v e s t a k , parl t ry and b e products

T o t a l livestock and diversified crop8

T o t a l ~ g r i c u l t w a l EIarketings

tons tone

1,000 cases 1,000 cases

heal

volume Value

1,000 dol lars

LO%L50 138,860b zlo.000 }

--..-.-.-.....-...----

a. A l l data are for calendar year 1952, unless othervlse indicated. Value i s vholeaale value on island of o r i g n . By vholssale value i s meant v a l y when sold to Ialand re t a i l e r s or value fob ship in Aavaiian ports, i f i f sxparted.

b. Appmxbte velue of rsw sugar, molasses, and Sugar Act Conditional Paylants to Hawaiian sugar cane producers.

c. Pineapple data for f i sca l year ended May 31, 1952. d. Approximate value of to t a l pack. e. Estimates for crop year ended June 30, 1952.

Sourcsai Aavaiian Sugar Planters' Association for sugar industry data; Pine- apple Research Inst i tute of Hawaii for pineapple industry data3 Edward I. Rada for e a t h a t s of value of flovtrs; ref. 25, pp. 8, 9, 35, 37, 38, W. for other data.

APPENDICES 171

Table A5.--Rmber of Cammrcial Agricultural Enterprises and Nuubr of Farms, by Ialruris and fo r the Tex'r1tm-y of B a d , 1952.

Enterprise

Total l ivest&

Taro Other ve&e.bles Frulta Coffee Macadamia nuts .xce R o ~ r s

Total diversified cropsa

Total camnercial d iwrsVied enterprisesC

Total diversified farmsd

%= Plantations Small planters

Pineapple P l a n t a t i m Small g r m r s

Total sugar and pineapplea

Total c m e r c i a l enterprisesc

Total farmsd

b. ~ - t 31, i952. c. Sae farms han m o m than olr, enterprism. d. I n this ea tha te , each fam i s l i s t 4 0117 on- regardless of m d n r of

e n t n r p r i ~ s .


Tahle A6.-Population of the Hawaiian Islands for Specified Years, 177&1952.

56.897 57,985

108,579 80.578 368,336 73,138 89,990 1 9 d 423,330

186l 69,800 1896 109rOP 19LBc 491,146 1866 62,959 1900~ 154,001 1952C 465,325

a. Estimate8 for 176 range h 250,000 to WM.000 people. b. Pigurea lnclude Army and Nav personnel stationed in Hamil. c. Civilian population only.

Solpcess Ref. 1 for 1718; ref. 9. for 1832-96; refa 26. P. c c d b for 1900; ref. 27, p. 571, for 1910; ref. 28, p. 373, for 1 9 E ; ref. 29, p. 44, for 1 9 x 8 ref. 32, p. 1210. for 19W; ref. 10 for 1948, 1952.

Tahle A7.-Population of the Hawaiian Islands, by Racial Antecedents, 1900, 1910, 1940, em3 1950.

I

Aavaiian Part Havaiian Pmrta Rican Caucasian Chine w Japanese Korean Filipino A l l others

a. Figures include Amy and Navy personnel whose posts of duty vera in the Havaiian lalards.

b. Puerto %cans included under Caucasians. c. Included under "all o F r s . "

Sources: Ref. 26, p. ccI.rli, for 1900; ref. 27, p. 572. for 1910; U. S. Census for 19LD and 1950.

Taus A8.4opulation of the Hawaiian lalsnds in and Population Damlty i n 1952, by Islands and - KIO, 1930, and 1952.

r the Territory.

Number of

mile. 1952

a. Census of 1900 g i w s only aa f i w s for canbimd ppulat ians of Haul and Lanai. Cen- for 1910 shows a population of 131 on Lanai.

b. Ineludss tvo inhablhnts on Illhoolaw, but sxcludss 36 W e b itaats on M i d w .

c. I n c l d e s 45 s- miles for rminhabitsd island of Kabmlmm.

Sourcear Ref. 26, p. ccxvli, for ppu la t i an i n 1900; ref. 29. p. US for population in 19m; raf. 10 for populstion i n 1952; ref. 3, p. 330, f a r land areas.

a p p e n d i x VEGETABLE TABLES

Table S1.-Production a d Imports of Imprtant h e s h and Processed Vegetables, T e r r i t o r y of Aavaii, 1951.'

T e r r i t o r i a l

A r t i c b k e a A s p a r e v Bans, green limn Beaw, snap Beets Broccoli Cabbage, head Cabbage, o r i e n t d c a r r o t s Cauliflower Celery Corn, green C u m b e r s Daikon Gar l ic Let tuce Weloris o t h e r than b a t e n n s l , ~ ~ Onions, dry Peas, p e n Pappers, sweet Potatoes Rnapki rn S p b c h Squash, r a r i o u s Sveetpotatoes T a m

a. Direct i m p r t s by the armed forcee .re not included. Some prcduce produced l o c e l l y o r imported through c i v l l i a n channels and w l d t o t h e armed forces by Honolulu v t o l s s a l e r s are included.

b. Prcduetion f o r export not included. . c. A l l imports were from t h s mainland United States except f o r 47,000

pounds of ginger m o t and 6,WO pounds of miscellaneous vegetables from fore ign countr ies . Small imports of cenned vegetables fmm fore ign sources a r s not incPaded.

d. Import da ta are f o r year 1947. Data f o r 1951 not avai labla but lopor ts usre pmbsbly not much d i f f e r e n t from thoae i n 1?47.

e. Data not avai lable ; production small.

Sourcesr Ref. ZL; pp. 29, 30, f o r t e r r i t o r i r l prcduction; ref . 18, pp. 5 , 6, 9, 10, for Fresh a d frozen lmports; n f . 3L, p. 5, f o r canned m a i h land imports.


Table E2.-Production f o r lfarket o f Important Veeetables, Territol). o f Hsuaii. Qmnt i ty f a r Selec ted Years 1437-51, Valve for 1 9 s .

Asparagun Bems, snap m a t s h c c o l i Burdock Cabhge. head Cabbags, o r i e n t a l Carrots Cauliflower Celery Corn, green Cucmters Daikon Dasheena Eggplant Ginger m o t Lettuce Lotus m o t Onions, W Onions, green Peas, dl types P e p p r s , aveet Potatoes FwnpkiM Squash, s m e r azd I t a l i a n

Smash. mlsc. ~ n e t p k a t o a a Tam Tomatoea Watercress U a t e m l o ~ Yam b a n mot Other vegetables

Total

a . Nunters i n parentheses are approximations. b. Data not avs i l sb le . c . I n addi t ion , 103,'X)O bunches were produced. d . I n addi t ion , 714.C00 hmches vsre produced. e. Number of 1,WO heads of "Iceberp" type l e t t u c e . f . Tate l estimated by author.

- Vdue 1951

1,000

(b) 299

6 45

1 5 6 319 371 75 38 38 68 L66 2-29 7L 81

195 LZO 103

43 83

(b) 131 28 3L

36 15 70

687 702 1 3 355 25

( b)

Sourcasi Ref. 13, p. 0, for f i s c a l gear 1936-37; ref. L l , p. M9, fm 19W; ref . 19, pp. 8, 9, for 1 9 U ; r e f . 22, PP. 27, 28, f o r 1947; ref. 24, pp. 29, 30, f o r 1951.

APPENDICES ' 175

Table 83 -Unloads of Specifled Fresh Vegetables a t Bonolulu horn the t.&ard United S tabs . 1939. 19U, 194%. 1947, and 1951.

Artichokes Aspwgus b e t a Bmccoll Brussels spmuts Cabbage, head carrots Cauliflower Celery Cucmbrs Garlic Lettuce Helom:

Csntaloupa UabrUiWlOM Other

Onions, dry Parsnips Peas, green Peppers, sveet Potatoes Fumpkins Rhubarb Spinsch Squash, n r f o u s Sveetpotatws Tomatoes Turnips

a. Including large quantities for the anad forces. b. Including very a l l quantities fo r the armed forces.

Data not available where dash i s used, h t unloada, iT any, were negligible.

c. Ine ld ing swa qusnt i t ier fo r the armed foreas (quan- t i t i e s imported by vholesf&rs and rewld to the services).

d. Data not available.

Sources: Ref. 10, pp. 61, 62, data for 1939-L7; ref . 18, pp. 6, 9. for 1951.

Tah

ls &

.-Fre

sh

Veg

etab

le M

arke

t S

up

pli

es,

Te

rrit

ory

of

Haw

aii,

19

51.

(Cro

up

d a

cco

rdin

g t

o p

erce

nta

ge

vh

ich

vaa

Is

land

-gro

un)

d -

Lea

s th

an 1

0 p

erc

en

t Ia

lwd

-gm

vn

:

Sta

ple

ve

gst

ab

lsa

l O

nion

s, dry

P

ota

toe

s G

arl

ic

To

tal

sta

ple

s

Tru

olr

cro

ps:

A

rtic

tok

es

As

pa

raw

B

russ

els

spro

uts

M

elon

s o

the

r th

an

n

tarm

elo

rm

Sp

inac

h

To

tal

tru

ck

cro

ps

To

td l

es

s t

han

10

per

- c

en

t Is

lsn

d-g

rov

n

From

10

to

90

pwrc

ent

~sl

ard

-gra

m

Bro

cw

li

C-ta

Cau

lifl

ow

er

Cel

ery

G

ing

er r

oo

t L

ett

uc

e

Pep

per

s,

svw

et

Squash, v

ario

ua

Sv

ee

tpta

toe

s T

omat

oes

Wat

erm

elon

s

TO

W

10 t

o 9

3 p

erce

nt

Isla

nd

-gro

m

Te

rrit

ori

al

To

tal

mar

kat

In

po

rts

prc

du

ctio

n

au

pp

lim

-

1,0

00

pou

nds

Com

mod

ity

Mor

e th

an

90

prc

en

t Is

lan

d-p

vn

r

Wes

tern

ra

gst

ab

les:

B

sans

, sn

ap

be

ts

C

abba

gs,

head

C

abba

ge,

ori

en

tal

Cor

n,

gre

en

Cuc

umbs

rs

Eg

gp

lan

t O

nion

s,

pe

en

R

wp

kin

n

To

tal

Ues

tarn

v

eget

able

s

Ori

en

tal

and

&n

ila

n

veg

etab

les*

B

urdo

ck

Dei

kon

Das

heen

a L

otu

s ro

ot

Tar

o

Wat

ercr

ess

Yam

bean

ro

ot

To

tal

Ori

en

tel

and

Hsn

iia

n v

eget

able

s

To

tel

mor

e th

an 9

0 p

er-

ce

nt

Isla

nd-g

row

n

Gra

nd

tota

l

0.

Impo

rts

Te

rrit

ori

al

To

tal

wk

et

p

rod

uct

ion

su

pp

lie

s =

1,0

00

pounds

<, w

2 3 ...

8.

Dnt

s no

? st

mil

eb

le;

terr

ito

ria

l p

rod

llct

ion

ne

eli

?ib

le.

So

urc

es,

Su

mer

ized

fr

om

Tab

les

81

and

B

2.

APPENDICES 177

Table B5.--Average Honolulu Vholesale Prices of Islard-Cmvn Vegetables and Fmi t s for the Period 1938 to 19L1, and the Tears

19L3, 19L5. 1947, and 1951.'

Fruits Avocados Bananas Mangos, cultivated oranges papans Tangerines

Veeetables bans , snap b e t s B r a c o l l Burdock Cabbage, head Cabbage, or iental Carrots, topped C a u l i f l m r Celery Corn, green Cumbers Daikon Dasheens Eggplant, long Eggplant, rwnd Ginger root Lettuce Lotus r w t Onions, dry Onions, green Peas, Cbinsse Peppers, sweet Potatma PlrmpkFns Rhubarb Squash, m e r ard I t a l l an Squash, mlsc. Sveetwtatoes Taro ifor manufacture) Tamtoes Watercress Watermelons Yan bean root

Cents per porud

a. Prices are thoas charged re t a i l e r s by wholssalers and prcducers. Annual prices are unvelghted averages of m n t h l j prices which are wlghted fo r percentage of various qual i t ies marketed. Yhen Honolulu prices vere not availabls, prices on outside ialanda w r e quoted as indicated. Pravar stock was f i e ld run; present practice i s to grade.

b. Dats not av6ilabla. c. Price on island of Haul. d. Price an island of Heveii. e . Average price for long and round eggplant.

Soureesl Unpublished material in Hamil A g r . Ed. Ssrv. f i h a for amraga 1938-L1 prices of burdock, cauliflowr, daikon, dasheens, ginger root, lotus root, dry ontons, p a s , rhubarb. #quash, a d ntar- melons; ref. 12, pp.137-138, for all o t b r avursg. 193- prices; ref. 40, pp. n, 72, for 1943 prices; ref. 12, pp. 133- 138, for 1943 taro pricea; ref. 19. pp. 13, 1L. for 1945 prices; ref. LO, pp. 71, 72. for 1945, for price6 of tangerines, dFg m ions, and s m a r and I t a l i an aquaah; ref. Zl, pp. 23, 2.4, for 1947 prices; ref. 18. pp. 54. 55, and ref. 2L. pp. 27. 28. fm 1951 prices.

178 ' DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE I N HAWAII

Table &.--~crea@ of Important Vegstahlo Crops, Territory of Hawaii, Selected Years 1909-3.

Asparagus Bsans, snap Peeto Broccoli Burdoc& Cabtaw. head Cabtab; or iental Carrots caul inover Celery Corn, green Cnnrmbers Daikon Dasheens Eggplant Ginger root Letturn Lotus m o t Onions, drJ. Onions, green Pens, el1 types Peppers, sweet Potatoes Pumpkins Squash, mmer and Italian

Squash, misc. Swetpctatoee ~ a m d ..- - Tomatoes Ustarcress Uatarnelons Tam bean root Mac. rrgetahle.

Acres@ harvested for .larkst during year

a. Dash indicates data not avsilsbls. b. Numbers i n parentheses are approrimations. c. Commercially un i rp r t an t acreage. d. Acreage in 19W and l a t e r years is aversge acreage planted during the

p a r .

ref. 24, pp. 29, 3, for 193.

APPENDICES 179

Table B7.-Eaprtr of Fresh Vegetables and Tree h y i t s l h m ~ R a u a i 1 to tb k i n l a n d United S t a t e s , Selec ted Years lW+!iI.a

a. Exports ta foreign countr ies were negl ig ib le . b. Comodity breakdown a s follows (1,CCU pounds): Dasheens, 68;

ginger m o t , 63. and l o t u s mot, 268. c . c o ~ m n o ~ i t y hreakdovn a s f o l l o v s (1,030 pounds)r Asparagus,

225 swamp cabbage, 11; green corn, 15; cucumbers, 5; daaheens, 55; ginger m o t , 75; l o t u s m o t , 357; I r i a h potatoes, 2,260; yam bean mot, 2; yeas, 3; and miscellsnsous vegetables, 1.

d . C o m d i t y breakdown as follows (1,WC pounds): Dssheans, 51; ginger root , 92; l o t u s m o t , 47; and niseellaneous vegetables, LO.

e . Eananas vera the only t r e e f r u i t exported i n volvms from 1909 through 1931. In 1940, 206,OM pounds of papayas and 6,81P,M)O pounds of bananes were exported. I n 1951, only 313,OCO pounds of pEpSYR8 mere exported. Original da ta f o r bananas in bunches converted t o pocnda a t 55 pounds a btmch.

f . E q r t value i n 1,000 d o l l a r s ; volume not avai lable .

Sourcesr Raf. 38, p. 675, f o r vegetables 1909; ref . 4, p. 53, for f r u i t s 1909; ref . 36, Decemker 1919, p. 86, f o r wgetablea 1918; ref . 2 f o r f r u l t s 1918; ref . 36, December 1929, p. 114. f o r vegetables 1929; ref. 11, p. 96, f o r fruits 1929; ref . 7, t a b l e I , f a r 1931; ref . 8, t a b l e I, f o r 1940; ref . 16, p. 45. f o r 19L7; ref . 18, p. 53, for 1951.

C m d i t y

Vegetables

Table @&.-Number of Fani lySized Vegetable and F r u i t Farms, Their Land Ovnsrship Pattarn, and Nmber Ovning Tractors ,

T e r r i t o r y of H a w a i l , by Islends and f o r t h e Terr i tory , Decsmkr 31, 19LB.

1909 1918 1929 1931 1940 19L7 1951

1,030 P ~ S

Sf 89 860 399b ~ , 8 1 5 ~ 230d 1 7 4

Hawaii / W 303 393 301 92 106

Inland

Oahu ( 127 69L 8 Z 9L 727 392

Part- Nl- Ovned by Leased by Ovning time time *' operator operator t r e c t o r

Ksuai 76 ICL 180 7L 106 64

T e r r i t o r y L52 1,?72 1,78L 63.4 1,150 686

Sources Survey made by cmnty agents of the Hsveii Agr. Ext. Serv. i n cooperation with the author.

180 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN HAW411

Crop lad

Awrags Range

2,421 6.2 0.1-80.0

Kaud 180 397 2.2 0.f-20.0 - Territory 1,ZL 10,170 5.7 0.1-80.0 19

Large farms 1 AII farms

Cmp land

Scurcer Survey made by county agents of the Pawail I F . Ext. Serv. i n cooperstion with the a u t h r .

a p p e n d i x S T U D Y O F VEGETABLE A N D F R U I T F A R M S

This appendix p resen t s a d e t a i l e d d i scuss ion of economic cond i t ions on a sample of 36 Hawaii f r u i t and vagetable f a n s i n 1947. From among the grow- e r s who had farm ownership loans wi th Farmers Home Adminis t ra t ion i n 1947 were s e l e c t e d those who de- r i v e d more than 50 percent of t h e i r t o t a l family income from t h e i r farms and who had kept apparen t ly r e l i a b l e and complete records . The sample included about 2 p e r c e n t of a l l vege tab le and f r u i t growers i n the t e r r i t o r y .

REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE SAMPLE

Since t h i s sample was n o t s e l e c t e d by any formal sanp l ing procedure , how r e p r e s e n t a t i v e it i s of Hawaii 's fu l l - t ime farms should be explained. Many vegatable-growing d i s t r i c t s w i t h widely d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were represen ted . Farms i n t h r e e

APPENDICES ' 181

upland d i s t r i c t s were included: nine a t Volcano- Glenwood and one a t Kamuela on iiawaii, and f o u r a t Olinda on Maui. The o t h e r farms were l o c a t e d a t lower e l a v a t i o n s : f o u r a t Mountain View, th ree a t Kona, and one each a t Naalehu, Pahoa, and n o r t h e r n Hamakua on Hawaii; two a t Omaopio and one a t Haiku on Maui; s i x a t Kaneohe and Kahaluu on Oahu; and t h r e e i n Wailua Homesteads on Kauai. The p r i n c i p a l vege table-groxing a r e a s n o t adequa te ly represen ted i n t h s saap le were those on the leeward s i d e s of the I s l a n d s .

Because of the p a u c i t y of a v a i l a b l e r e c o r d s , some of t h e d i s t r i c t s and i s l a n d s were n o t weighted- i n the sample i n accordance wi th the d i s t r i b u t i o n of a l l vegetable and f r u i t farms i n tha t e r r i t o r y . For example, while t h e p ropor t ion of Itlaui and Kauai farms i n the sample was approximately the same as i n the t o t a l t e r r i t o r i a l farm popula t ion, the percentage of Hawaii farms was too l a r g e , and t h a t of Oahu farms t o o small.

An e f f o r t was made t o eva lua te the representa- t i v e n e s s of the sample w i t h regard t o farm q u a l i t y . FHA superv i so r s graded s o i l f e r t i l i t y and depth , topography, c l i m a t e , and market d i s t a n c e of a l l sampled e n t e r p r i s e s . The farms i n the d i f f e r e n t d i s t r i c t s va r i ed g r e a t l y , a s i s shown i n Table 01.

I n the upland d i s t r i c t s : The Volcano-Glenwood -

growers had the d isadvantage of shal low s o i l and' poor c l imate . The Ol inda growers had good l and r e s o u r c e s , but a s h o r t growing season f o r high- value crops. The Kaauela growsrs had deap, f e r t i l e s o i l , l e v e l l a n d , and good c l imate .

-4t lower e l e v a t i o n s : The Kountain View growers had l a n d of l e s s than avarage q u a l i t y , and a wet c l imate . The Kona growers had shallow s o i l , but the c l ima te made vegetable r a i s i n g p o s s i b l e dur ing p e r i o d s of h igh p r i c e s . The grower a t Pahoa had shal low s o i l , t h e one a t Bamakua had a wet w i n t e r , and t h e one i n Naalzhu was renote from the n e a r e s t shipping p o i n t ; o therwise the farm resources of these t h r e e growers were about avsrage. The growers a t Omaopio had a b e t t e r than average s o i l and c l ima te but they were s h o r t of i r r i g a t i o n water . The Eaiku grower had f a i r l a n d , but a wet c l imate . Oahu and Kauai growers had b e t t e r than average land and c l i - mate f o r vege tab le product ion. I n a d d i t i o n , Oahu growers were favored by t h e i r proximity t o the Hono- l u l u market .

On t h e whole, t h e s o i l depth on the m a j o r i t y of sample farms was below average and t h e topography


j u s t about avzrage f o r Hawai i ' s vegatable and P r u i t farms. S o i l f e r t i l i t y and c l imate were r a t e d above average f o r most farms. The d i s tance of the sample farms t o the p r i n c i p a l market, Honolulu, was g r e a t e r than average f o r a l l I s l a n d vegetable and f r u i t farms because the sample was overweighted wi th farms l o c a t e d on the ou t s ide i s l a n d s .

Th i r ty - four of the 36 s m p l e farmers operated t h e i r own proper ty exc lus ive ly , and two l e a s e d a p o r t i o n of t h e i r l and from o t h e r s . This sample, t h e r e f o r e , was on ly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of owner-operated farms f o r a l l ma t te r s i n which type of ownership was a f a c t o r .

The acreage of the m a j o r i t y of saaple farms was s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r than t h a t of most vegetable farms i n t h e t e r r i t o r y . The average t o t a l a r e a of the 36 farms was 36 a c r e s . The crop acreage, a more s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e , was 10 a c r e s (Table C3). E'our- t een sample growers had 10 o r more a c r e s of cropland, t h i r t e e n had between 5 and 10 a c r e s , and n ine had l e s s than 5 a c r e s . I n comparison, the average crop a r e a of family-operated vegetable and f r u i t farms i n the t e r r i t o r y was on ly 5.7 a c r e s i n 1948 (Table B9).

I n comparing the average crop acreage on the sample farms w i t h t h a t of a l l vegetable and f r u i t farms i n t h e I s l a n d s , i t must be remembered t h a t one-fourth of a l l growers were par t - t ime farmers , whereas the sample growers were fu l l - t ime farmers. There was a l s o a s l i g h t d i f fe rence i n the d e f i n i t i o n of ncroplandw i n t h e sample and i n t h e t e r r i t o r i a l survey, which somewhat favored the former. I n t h e saap le , cropland included a l l l a n d t h a t could be used f o r crop product ion vrithout major c l e a r i n g and drainage operat ions . I n t h e survey the term. was given t o a l l land t h a t had been used f o r crop grow- i n g dur ing 1947 o r 1948. Rowever, even i f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n d e f i n i t i o n i s taken i n t o account, the sample gro:vers had considerably more cropland t h a n t h e average farmer i n t h e survey.

An attempt was made t o compare t h e character- i s t i c s and q u a l i t i e s of t h e sample growers w i t h those of the average vegetable and f r u i t producers i n t h e t e r r i t o r y . Because of t h e shortage of a g r i - c u l t u r a l c r e d i t i n Hawaii, t h e FHA had been able t o s e l e c t the bes t among many a p p l i c a n t s f o r loans . 421 sample growers were born and r a i s e d i n the l s l a n d s o r i n t h e mainland United S t a t e s , while many non-FHA farmers were f o r e i g n born and edu- cated. The sample growers were a l s o s u b s t a n t i a l l y younger than the m a j o r i t y of a l l I s l and vegetable

APPENDICES 183

producers; t h e i r average age was 37 ye.ars. Xo d a t a wera a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e avarage age of a l l t e r r i t o r i a l vegetable and f r u i t farmers i n 1947, but i n 1950 i t averaged 47 years , according t o the United S t a t e s Census. (See r e f . 33, p. 14.) Thus,, on the b a s i s of upbringing and a g e , the sample growers can be expected t o ' b e more progress ive i n t h e i r production methods than the major i ty of IS- land farmers.

The sample growers had, wi th one o r t s o excep t ions , adequate a g r i c u l t u r a l experience. 'ltventy-seven o f t h e 35 men f o r which informat ion was a v a i l a b l e , o r 77 percen t , had bean on t h e i r p resen t farms when t h e United S t a t e s en te red J o r l d ;'Jar 11. Four had begun o ~ e r a t i n g t h e i r farms i n 1942, two i n 1943, and one each i n 1945 and 1946. I n comparison, a l l f r u i t apd vegetable gr.owers i n the t e r r i t o r y had occupied t h e i r present farms on the average f o r 11 years i n '1950. (See r e f . 33, p . 14.)

The f a c t t h a t t h e s a ~ p l e farmers kept b e t t e r r e c o r d s than almost a l l o t h e r Hawaiian growers i n d i c a t e d , on the b a s i s of mainland exper ience, t h a t they were better-than-average farmers. On the o t h e r hand, some of the b e s t FHA borrowers had repaid t h e i r d e b t s out of t h e i r h igh war-time p r o f i t s and, t h e r e f o r e , were n o t inc luded i n the sample.

independently of each o ther , FHA superv i sors and t h e county agen t s of t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l 3xten- s i o n Service graded e v e r y sanple grower f o r h i s farming a b i l i t y . ' l 'heir eva lua t ions agreed i n n e a r l y a l l cases . 'The major i ty of sample farmers were r a t e d a s better-than-average f r u i t and vege- t e b l e producers [Table C 1 ) .

Yhe l a c k of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e n e s s of t h e sample may be summarized a s follows: (1) the sample was not weighted according to. t e r r i t o r i a l farm d i s t r i - but ion; (2) the farms were o f l a r g e r than average s i z e ; ( 3 ) the a b i l i t y of most growers was above average; and (4) the sample represented omner-oper- a t o r s only.

INVENTORY OF THE SAMPLE FARMS

The book value of t o t a l a s s e t s p e r sample farm family averaged $10,300, ranging from $6,200 f o r the farms i n Kona t o $14,100 f o r those i n Olinda (Table C2). S u b s t i t u t i n g the 1947 market va lues

184 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN HAWAII

of r e a l e s t a t e would br ing the average value of a s s e t s p e r sanple family up t o $13,100. The book value of l and averaged 23,160 p e r farm, o r $88 p e r a c r e , and ranged from $1,550 i n Kountain View t o $5,600 i n Olinda, o r $30 t o $186 p e r acre . Non- cropland remained l a r g e l y unused on t h e sanple farms. The t o t a l l a n d investment p e r farm divided by the crop acreage was t h e r e f o r e a f a i r approxima- t i o n of land c o s t s pe r crop a c r e .

The investment p e r crop ac re depended upon t h e value p e r a c r e of a l l land on t h e farm, and, more important, on t h e p ropor t ion o f cropland per farm. For example, on t h e Kauai farms 70 percent of the t o t a l a r e a was c rop lmd. The investment i n a l l farm land was $118 per a c r e , o r $30 above t h e sample average. Nevertheless, t h e investment p e r crop acre was $168, t h e lowest f o r a l l d i s t r i c t s . I n c o n t r a s t , cropland of t h e Mountain View sample e n t e r p r i s e s amounted t o on ly 5 percent o f t o t a l farm land. Des- p i t e the low investment of $30 p e r farm a c r e , the investment per crop a c r e t h e r e was $620, the highest f o r a l l sample d i s t r i c t s . The average investment p e r crop acre on a l l sanple farms was $312.

The book value of l and on the sample farms was t h e purchase p r i c e . A l l but two farms had been bought before World !"far I1 o r dur ing t h e f i r s t war y e a r s when p r i c e s were low. Therefore , the super- v i s o r s of the FHA were requested t o es t imate the 1947 market value of the l a n d f o r each sample farm. According t o t h e i r conse&ative opinion, t h e average market va lue of l and was $4,590 p e r sanple farm, o r 54 percent more t h a n t h e book value (Table C3). Di f fe rences between book and market value ranged from 31 percent a t Omaopio t o 84 percent a t Mountain View. Using the same method of computing farm in - vestment Der crop a c r e a s be fore , Mountain View farms had the h ighes t market value wi th $1,140 p e r a c r e , Oahu farms second h ighes t wi th $721, and Kauai farms lowest wi th $252 p e r acre.

A t t h e r a t e of 5 p e r c e n t , . t h e annual i n t e r e s t charges p e r crop ac re i n s e v e r a l sample d i s t r i c t s were h igher than r e n t s paid f o r l e a s e d cropland. For example, the average i n t e r e s t charge per crop a c r e a t Mountain View was $57, while r e n t s f o r vege- t a b l e and f r u i t l a n d i n t h a t a r e a were h a l f t h a t amount o r l e s s .

The value of farm Improvements o t h e r than the dwel l ing, such a s farm bu i ld ings , fences , and irri- g a t i o n systems were low, avera i n g $44.0 p e r sample farm. The va lues ranged from $80 on t h e farms i n

APPENDICES 185

Kona t o $890 on those i n Omaopio (Table C3). A mainland farmer would be as tonished a t the

m a l l number of animals kep t by the sample growers. Only seven of the 36 farmers owned horses o r mules. Twenty-f ive r a i s e d chickens . O f t hese , s i x t e e n had l e s s than 20 b i r d s of a l l ages, e i g h t had between 21 and 80, and one had a f l o c k of 1,000. Seven farmers kept ducks, and f i v e had c a t t l e . Of t h e s i x who r a i s e d hogs, th ree had only. one each. The average value of l i v e s t o c k p e r sample farm was $254 (Table C4). Though smal l , t h e number of animals owned by t h e sample growers was probably l a r g e r than t h s t owned by most vegetable and f r u i t producers i n t h e t e r r i t o r y , because the FHA superv i sors had s t r e s s e d t o t h e i r c l i e n t s t h e need f o r more l i v e - s tock e n t e r p r i s e s .

For t h e i r s i z e the sample farms were w e l l equip- ped w i t h c a r s , t r u c k s , and farming equipment. A l l excep t one grower had e i t h e r a c a r o r a t ruck , but he , too , bought a t r u c k i n 1948. There were 11 c a r s and 31 t r u c k s on the 36 farms. Five f a m i l i e s owned both a c a r and a t ruck , and one grower owned th ree t r u c k s of va r ious s i z e s . Average investment f o r c a r s and t r u c k s was $850 p e r sample farm (Table C 5 ) .

Twenty-five growers, o r 70 percen t of the sample, owned t r a c t o r s and t r a c t o r equipment. I n a d d i t i o n , one producer owned a t r a c t o r coopera t ive ly w i t h another. The Kona growers had no t r a c t o r s , because t h e i r l and was t o o rocky and shallow. The o t h e r farms wi thout a t r a c t o r had t o o l i t t l e cropland under c u l t i v a t i o n t o warrant the investment. Most t r a c t o r s were the wheel type of 1 5 t o 20 horsepower. The deprec ia ted book value of t r a c t o r s and implements on farms owning a t r a c t o r averaged $1,430 and ranged from $340 t o $3,180.

Tools and miscel laneous equipment o t h e r than c a r s , t r u c k s , t r a c t o r s , and implements averaged $280 p e r sample farm (Table C 5 ) . Major i tems used by a l l sample growers were sprayers ( b o t h power-driven and hand-operated), hand d u s t e r s , and weed burners. Many farmers had horse-drawn implements, engines , pumps, and por tab le i r r i g a t i o n equipment. Garden and hand t o o l s and shop equipment were valued anywhere f r o n twenty-f i v e t o severa l hundred d o l l a r s p e r farm.

Af te r World War I1 when war su rp lus machinery could be bought cheaply i n Hawaii, many growers, p a r t i c u l a r l y v e t e r a n s , took advantage of t h e oppor- t u n i t y t o buy jeeps , c a r s , t r u c k s , t r a i l e r s , and o ther equipment.


The average deprecia ted investment i n f a r n equipment p e r sample grower was $1,850. It ranged from $700 p e r farm t n Kona t o $3,200 i n Olinda (Table C2). The value of s u p p l i e s , growing c rops , and farm cash on hand was es t imated a t about $1,000 p e r sample producer (Table C2).

Asse t s o the r than r e a l e s t a t e used f o r t h e farm bus iness averaged $3,100 per sanp le grower, ranging from $1,780 on the nonmechanized smal l farms of Kona t o $4,220 on t h e l a r g e r mechanized farms o f Olinda. These f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e d the major c a p i t a l requiremen' of a vegetable producer who leased h i s land. I n ad- d i t i o n 7 a t e n a n t needed funds f o r prepaying h i s leas t and f o r taking ca re of h i s family u n t i l h i s crops we] harvested.

The book value of a l l a s s e t s used i n the farm bus: n e s s p e r sample farm ranged from $3,800 on the Kona farms t o $10,200 on t h e Olinda farms, averaging $6,700. Based on the 1947 market value of farm r e a l e s t a t e , t h i s f i g u r e inc reased t o $8,200 (Table C 2 ) .

Non-farm bus iness a s s e t s of t h e family included the dwelling, household a s s e t s , cash on hand o t h e r than an opera t ing minimum needed f o r the farm, and var ious types of savings. The average book value p e r house was $1,660 (Table C6). Many houses were const ructed before Dorld YJar 11, when bu i ld ing c o s t s were low. Their average 1947 market value was e s t i - na ted a t $3,000 by FfU superv i sors , o r 80 percen t above t h e i r book vzlue. The houses ranged from an o ld shack worth ba re ly $600 t o a l a r g e ; w e l l - b u i l t hone appraised conserva t ive ly a t $6,300.

Household a s s e t s were valued a t ,;800 on the average p e r sample farm. S e c u r i t i e s , bank savings , l i f e insurance, r e c e i v a b l e s , and cash on hand averaged $1,000 p e r grower. Four f a m i l i e s had l e s s than 9100, 12 from $100 t o $500, 1 3 from $501 t o $1,500, and seven from $1,501 t o $4,600 o f such savings. The average book value of a l l non-farm a s s e t s p e r grower was 03,600 (Table C2) . I f t h e 1947 market value of the house were s u b s t i t u t e d f o r i t s book va lue , the t o t a l f i g u r e f o r non-farm a s s e t s would cone up t o $4,900.

Average d e b t s per sample farmer were $4,700, which was 46 percent of t h e book value and 36 per - cent of t h e market value of t o t a l a s s e t s (Table C7).

FARM RETURNS ON THE SAMPLE FARMS

Gross farm r e t u r n s were def ined a s the sum of farm s a l e s and inventory changes, f a r n product ion

APPENDICES 187

f o r hone use , and s o i l conserva t ion payments by the f e d e r a l government. The mean g r o s s farm r e t u r n p e r sample grower was $3,990 (Table ClC). Twelve

roducers had g r o s s farm r e t u r n s between $1,500 and $2,499, 22 between $2,500 and $9,700, and two between $9,701 and $10,699. There was a c o r r e l a t i o n between crop acreage and g r o s s farm r e t u r n s , The producers i n t h e two d i s t r i c t s w i t h the l a r g e s t crop acreage p e r farm had t h e h ighes t g r o s s farm r e t u r n s ; t h e growers i n t h e f o u r d i s t r i c t s w i t h t h e smal les t crop acreage, the lowe st.

Crop s a l e s and inven tory changes c o n s t i t u t e d by f a r t h e l a r g e s t p o r t i o n of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s . They averaged $3,470 p e r sample grower, o r 87 percent of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s . Tho share of crop s a l e 9 i n g r o s s farm r e t u r n s ranged from 81 percent f o r Mountain View t o 93 percent f o r Kauai.

The sample farmers were s p e c i a l i z e d a s t o t h e type 1 of crops r a i s e d . Of t h e t o t a l crop market ings , 84 percen t were vege tab le , 6 percent t r e e crop, 8 per- I

c e n t p ineapple , and 2 percent f lower s a l e s (Table C 9 ) . Only e i g h t ou t of the 36 growers so ld more than $800 worth of crops o t h e r t h a n vegetables . O f t hese , f i v e , s o l d t r e e f r u i t s , two pineapples , and one f lowers . One of these e i g h t farmers s p e c i a l i z e d i n f r u i t s only. I n t h e case of t h e remaining seven producers, aa rke t - i n g s of crops o t h e r t h a n vegetables amounted t o anywhere from one- thi rd t o two-thirds of a l l crop s a l e s . The growers producing both f r u i t s and vege tab les usua l ly r a i s e d only one type of f r u i t . Farmers producing vege tab les e x c l u s i v e l y f r e q u e n t l y concentrated on few kinds.

A glance a t t h e s a l e s of l i v e s t o c k and miscellaneous products makes t h e l a c k of e n t e r p r i s e d i v e r s i f i - c a t i o n on the sample farms even more apparent. To ta l s a l e s and inventory changes of l i v e s t o c k avaraged $135 p e r sample grower, o r 3 percent of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s (Tables CB and (310).

S a l e s of o the r than crop and l i v e s t o c k products averaged $120 p e r sample grower, o r 3 percent of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s . Seven farmers made s a l e s of t h i s type, raoging from $80 t o $1,200. S i x of them, i n t h e Volcano-Glenwood and l lountain View d i s t r i c t s of Hawaii, marketed f e r n stumps and firewood, by- p roduc t s of t h e i r l a n d c lea r ing opera t ions . They a l s o s o l d f e r n s p r o u t s , which a r e used i n the prepa- r a t i o n of o r i e n t a l d ishes . One Oahu farmer and h i s family so ld guavas and mountain app les which graw wild i n t h e a rea .


s o i l conservat ion payments mounted t o only $6 per sample farm. Six growers had become e l i g i b l e f o r such payments, f o u r on 13aui and two on Kauai. The amount p e r grower who received payments averaged $36, ranging from 420 t o $68.

Farm prodpct ion f o r hone use was m a l l and con- s i s t e d mainly of food. I ts value ranged from 50 t o $720, averaging $260 p e r sample grower, o r %. 5 percent of t o t a l g r o s s farm r e t u r n s (Table C10). Firewood product ion accounted f o r about $60 on the farms on t h e Ssland of Hawaii, and was most ly neg l i - g i b l e on the o t h e r i s l a n d s . Some growers r a i s e d p r a c t i c a l l y nothing f o r home use.

Food produced f o r hone use on the farm averaged 26 percen t of the t o t a l value of food consumed per farm family and ranged from 5 t o 65 percent (Table C 1 1 ) . To a r r i v e a t t h e r e t a i l value of home-produced food, t h e farm value was increased by one- t h i r d . On t h i s b a s i s , the mean r e t a i l value of home-grown food was $310 per f a r m . Food bought amounted t o $890. The r e t a i l value of a l l food consumed by the average sample family of 5.4 peo- p l e was $1,200.

FARM COSTS OF THE SAMPLE FARMS

T o t a l farm c o s t s were broken down i n t o t h e fol lowing major groups: (1) crops, ( 2 ) l i v e s t o c k , ( 3 ) e uipment, ( 4 ) h i r e d l abor , ( 5 ) miscellaneous, and ( 8 ) i n t e r e s t . Crop c o s t s included cash expenses f o r f e r t i l i z e r and l ime, i n s e c t i c i d e s , fungi- c i d e s , he rb ic ides , packaging m a t e r i a l s , and t rans - p o r t a t i o n and marketing. They amounted t o 38 percent of a l l farm c o s t s p e r sample farm. Eecause of l a rge1 t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and marketing c o s t s , t h i s propor t ion was h igher f o r growers on t h e o u t s i d e i s l a n d s than f o r thosa l o c a t e d on Oahu. It amounted t o 50 percent on hlaui, compared t o 27 percen t on Oahu (Table C12). Crop c o s t s v a r i e d d i r e c t l y wi th t h e l e v e l o f output pe r farm. Feed and o t h e r l i v e s t o c k c o s t s amounted t o $177, o r 7 percent of a l l farm c o s t s .

Equipment c o s t s included expenses f o r c a r , t ruck , t r a c t o r , o t h e r machinery, and t o o l s . I n t e r e s t on equipment was n o t included h e r e ' b u t wi th i n t e r e s t on a l l farm a s s e t s . Cars and t rucks were deprecia ted a t the r a t e of 10 percen t per year . However, only p a r t of t h i s deprec ia t ion was considered a s a c o s t of the farm business . A varying por t ion was charged t o o f f - farm business o r fami ly l i v i n g , depending upon the

APPENDICES 189

percentage of c a r o r t r u c k use f o r these purposes. Trac to rs were deprec ia ted a t the r a t e of 10 percen t p e r annum. The r a t e of de r e c i a t i o n of o t h e r machin-

depending upon the I tern. 1 e r y and t o o l s va r ied from t o 25 percen t pe r year

Average annual c a r and t ruck c o s t s were .$dl per sample grower. l o r f o u r f s r n e r s , c a r and t ruck c o s t s ranged from $20 t o $199, f o r 22 from $200 t o $420, and f o r 1 0 from $421 t o a s high a s $1,361. Avers e t r a c t o r c o s t s pe r grower owning a t r a c t o r were $311. Three farmers had t r a c t o r c o s t s of from $100 t o $199, e igh teen from $200 t o .$365, and th ree from $366 t o $526. Costs of o t h e r machinery and t o o l replacement were 575 per o p e r a t o r , ranging from $15 on a nomechanized farm t o $214 on a highly mech- an ized e n t e r p r i s e .

T o t a l equipment c o s t s were $704 p e r grower, o r 29 percen t of t o t a l farm c o s t s (Table.Cl2). A Kona farmer who d id not own a t r a c t o r had t h e lowest equipment cos ts--6228. The vegetable grower a t Xaalehu had equipment c o s t s mount ing t o $1,900. He was l o c a t e d f a r away from h i s neares t shipping po in t , H i l o , and h i s t ruck ing c o s t s were high.

Only e i g h t of the sample growers used any h i red l s b o r , Three paid wages of ~ 1 5 5 o r l e s s , two paid between $400 and $700 and th ree who used fu l l - t ime h i red h e l p paid from $900 t o $1,300. Average h i r e d l a b o r c o s t s were $121 p e r sample rower, o r 5 percent of a l l farm c a s t s (Table C12k.

The major i tems included under miscel laneous c o s t s were deprec ia t ion and upkeep of improvements, t axes , wa te r , u t i l i t i e s , f i r e insurance, and r e n t . A s t h e s e growers had few farm bu i ld ings and o t h s r improvements, t h e i r deprec ia t ion c o s t and upkeep averaged only $37.

I n 1947 I s l a n d farmers paid t h r e e kinds of d i r e c t t a x e s o t h e r than n e t income taxes , namely, personal p roper ty , r e a l p roper ty , and g r o s s income t a x e s ; The personal p roper ty t a x , which averaged $22 p e r sample grower, was abol ished a t t h e end of 1947. Real p roper ty t a x e s averaged $42 per sample producer and ranged from $6 f o r a grower i n Llountain View t o $130 f o r one on Oahu.

The g r o s s income t a x on s a l e s by farmers t o whole- s a l e r s , 0.25 percent i n t h e first h a l f of 1947, was r a i s e d t o 1.5 percent beginning J u l y 1. The average g r o s s income t a x paid p e r grower was $37 and ranged from $13 t o $100, depending upon volume and season of s a l e s . The t a x r a t e of 1.5 pe rcen t i s s t i l l i n e f f e c t . The amount of g r o s s income t a x e s which


farmers would now have t o pay on a s a l e s va lue equal t o t h a t i n 1947 would be about 70 percen t higher.

Expenditures f o r i r r i g a t i o n water v a r i e d g r e a t l y . I n the more humid d i s t r i c t s i r r i g a t i o n was e i t h e r no t necessary o r was requ i red on ly dur ing shor t per iods . I n these a r e a s water was u s u a l l y cheap, and c o s t s f o r i r r i g a t i o n water ranged from zero t o about $20 p e r year. I n s e c t i o n s w i t h pronounced dry s p e l l s and where water was expensive, such a s Rula, Maui , expenses f o r i r r i g a t i o n water ranged from $100 t o 3200 p e r farm. Average t a x and wate r expenses p e r grower were $128, o r 5 pe rcen t of a l l farm c o s t s .

Other i t ems , such a s r e n t i n t h e case of two producers, t h e f a r n share of u t i l i t i e s and f i r e insurance, and con t r ibu t ions t o farmer o rgan iza t ions , amounted t o $25 per farm. T o t a l miscel laneous c o s t s were $190, o r 8 percen t of a l l farm c o s t s .

I n t e r e s t , coaputed a t t h e r a t e of 5 p e r c e n t on a l l a s s e t s used i n t h e farm business , was $334 p e r grower, o r 1 3 percent of a l l farm c o s t s (Table C12). It ranged from $130 f o r a producer i n Mountain View t o $640 f o r one i n Olinda.

T o t a l c o s t s pe r grower, including i n t e r e s t but excluding a charge f o r family l a b o r , averaged $2,470 (Table C13). They var ied g r e a t l y from farm t o farm and d i s t r i c t t o d i s t r i c t , depending p r h a r i l y on s i z e of ou tpu t and degree of mechanization. Eona farms were small i n s i z e , had a modest o u t p u t , and were opera ted mainly w i t h hand too l s . The i r average c o s t s were $1,000. Kauai farms, of l a r g e r s i z e , w i t h a g r e a t e r ou tpu t , and t rac to r -opera ted , had average c o s t s of $4,300 p e r farm.

FARM INCOME ON THE SAMPLE FARMS

Farm income v a l u e s were c a l c u l a t e d by sub t rac t - i n g farin c o s t s from g r o s s farm r e t u r n s . Depending on how i n t e r e s t was t r e a t e d , s e v e r a l income measures were obta ined. I n c a l c u l a t i n g "net farm income ," i n t e r e s t was not considered a c o s t , but r a t h e r an income. Farm c o s t s i n t h i s case included a l l cash expenses a s we l l a s d e p r e c i a t i o n of b u i l a i n g s and equipment. Net farm income per sample family averaged $1,860 and ranged Prom $1,500 i n Volcano-Glen- wood t o $3,100 on Kauai.

I n the case of " l abor and management income," i n t e r e s t was considered a c o s t . A t an i n t e r e s t r a t e of 5 percent on a l l farm a s s e t s , t h e average

APPENDICES . 191

l a b o r and management income per sample f m i l y was $1,520 and ranged from $1,190 f o r f a r n e r s i n Omaopio t o $2,780 f o r the Kauai growers (Table C13).

If i n t e r e s t a t the same r a t e were charged only on t h e a c t u a l d e b t s of t h e growers i n 1947, t h e average l a b o r and management income p e r family would be $1,690, o r about ha l f way between the two income measures j u s t d iscussed. Actual ly , t h e producers i n t h e sample were a l l f inanced by FHA and pa id only 3 percen t on t h e i r loans.* The a c t u a l l a b o r and management income f o r t h e s e f a m i l i e s averaged, there- f o r e , $1,760 p e r farm and ranged from $1,390 i n Omaopio t o $3,010 on Kauai.

The y e a r l y n e t income earned per man working f u l l time on these farms i s a s i g n i f i c a n t income measure comparable t o wage r e t u r n s i n the major a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s . This n e t income p e r work year was c a l c u l a t e d by d iv id ing the a c t u a l l a b o r and management income per farm by t o t 2 1 nan gears worked. It averaged $1,112, ranging from $850 i n the Volcano-Glenwood d i s t r i c t t o ,;l,6OO on Eauai (Table C U ) .

I n February 1947 t h e mean hour ly wage f o r about 6,000 sugar p l a n t a t i o n l a b o r e r s was 94 c e n t s . The modal t h i r d of these sugar workers rece ived 84 c e n t s pe r hour. (See r e f . 14, p , 56.) If it i s assumed t h a t these employees viorked a t l e a s t 2,400 hours dur ing the year a t these wages, the mean a n n u a l ' ea rn ings per ~ o r k e r would have been 52,250 and the moda 1 income $2,000.

A v e r a ~ e cash ea rn ings f o r 1,056 pineapple plan- t a t i o n workers, not inc lud ing managerial , super- v i so ry , and p r o f e s s i o n a l employees, amounted t o 41,929 i n 1946. A l l of t h e s e workers were on the p a y r o l l throughout t h e year . However, because of the seasona l charac te r of t h e i n d u s t r y , n o t a l l of them worked r e g u l s r l y dur ing the year . P e r q u i s i t e s valued a t 1 5 c e n t s p e r hour f o r men and 10 c e n t s pe r hour f o r women were no t included i n the ea rn ing f i g u r e f o r the mcnths January through S e p i w b e r . (See r e f . 14, 'pp. 87, 89, and! 90.)

Earnings of fu l l - t jme wage workers i n the sugar and pineapple i n d u s t r i e s t h u s were about twice z s

* A l l these farms had received t h e i r farm owner- sh ip loans before 1946 when the i n t e r e s t r a t e charged by the FHA was 3 percent . Farmers t h a t received farm ownership loans from the FHA a f t e r 1948 pay a n i n t e r e s t r a t e of 4 percent .


high a s the l a b o r and management income of t h e f r u i t and vege tab le sample farmers.

The e f f e c t of the fo l lowing f o u r f a c t o r s on the n e t farm income p e r worker on the sample farms was s tud ied : (1) g r o s s farm r e t u r n s p e r worker, ( 2 ) r a t i o of non-labor c o s t s t o g r o s s farm r e t u r n s , ( 3 ) farmer a b i l i t y , and ( 4 ) farm q u a l i t y . The g r o s s farm r e t u r n p e r Kauai grower was about 50 pe rcen t above the sample average of $2,525. The Kauai producers were r a t e d above average i n a b i l i t y and t h e i r farms a t l e a s t average i n q u a l i t y . T h e i r c o s t s aaounted t o 57 pe rcen t of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s , 1 percen t above the average f o r the e n t i r e sample. They had t h e h ighes t n e t income p e r worker f o r a l l sample subgroups (Table C14).

The Kona growers had a g r o s s farm r e t u r n of $2,450 p e r worker, which was below the sample average. Eowever , they were considered good farmers and t h e c l imate of t h e i r d i s t r i c t enabled them t o market t h e i r c rops dur ing the season of h igh p r i c e s . They d i d no t use t r a c t o r s and, p a r t l y because of t h i s , t h e i r c o s t s amounted t o on ly 37 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r g r o s s farm r e t u r n s , which was l e s s t h a n f o r any o t h e r sample subgroup. Thay had t h e second h i g h e s t income p e r worker among the sample d i s - t r i c t s .

The s i x Oahu growers were r a t e d a s above? average i n a b i l i t y , and t h e i r farms were consifiered t o be f a i r l y good. T h e i r l o c a t i o n on Oahu, c lose t o the Honolulu market , was one reason why t h e i r c o s t percentage of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s was low, 48 pe rcen t . The i r g r o s s r e t u r n pe r farm worker was s l i g h t l y above average. They ranked t h i r d h ighes t i n n e t annual incoma p e r worker among the subgroups.

Olinda growers had a g r o s s farm r e t u r n of $3,000 p e r worker, o r about 25 percent above the sample average. They were r a t e d a s b e t t e r than average farmers and opera ted t h e l a r g e s t c rop acreages i n a l l sample d i s t r i c t s . However, the c l imate l i m i t e d t h e i r product ion mainly t o low-value crops , such a s cabbage. The i r c o s t percentage of 60 pe rcen t of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s was high. They had t h e f o u r t h h i g h e s t n e t income p e r worker.

The r e c o r d s of the two Omaopio producers show the l i m i t i n g e f f e c t on n e t farm income of j u s t one component of farm q u a l i t y , namely, a v a i l a b i l i t y of i r r i g a t i o n water. These growers p l a n t e d a l a r g e c rop i n t h e sp r ing but no r a i n f e l l f o r s e v e r a l months dur ing the summer. Avai lable i r r i g a t i o n wa te r was i n s u f f i c i e n t , and p a r t of t h e c rop d r i ed

APPENDICES 193

up. The g ross farm r e t u r n p e r worker of $2,900, though above average, was f a r below expecta t ions . Another consequence of the drought was the i n c r e a s e i n the c o s t percentage t o 66 percen t of g r o s s farm r e t u r n s , t h e highest f o r a l l d i s t r i c t s . The growers were o f average a b i l i t y and the n a t u r a l resources , o t h e r than a v a i l i b i l i t y of i r r i g a t i o n water , were of h igh qua l i ty . Never theless , t h e Omaopio oper- a t o r s were i n s ix t -h p lace i n annual income p e r worker among t h e e i g h t major sample d i s t r i c t s .

The Volcano-Glenwood d i s t r i c t ranked lowest i n farm qua l i ty . I ts s o i l was shallovr and i ts f e r - t i l i t y had been. dep le ted on some of t h e farms. The crop acreage p e r farm was smal l , and the c l imate l i m i t e d the range of crops. The growers i n t h i s d i s t r i c t were judged a s being below average i n a b i l i t y . They had t h e m a l l e s t g r o s s farm r e t u r n s p e r worker and the second h i g h e s t cos t percentage of g ross f a m re tu rns . The i r d i s t r i c t had t h e low- e s t f a r n income per worker of a l l sample a reas .

OFF-FARM INCOME ON THE SAMPLE FARMS

Off-farm income was s u b s t a n t i a l f o r some of the sample f a a i l i e s . For t e n of t h e n i t ranged from $800 t o $3,600, c o n s t i t u t i n g anywhere from 1 7 t o .49 percen t of t h e i r t o t a l incone." E igh t more f a m i l i e s had from $100 t o $700 off-farm incone, which i n a l l but one casa axounted t o l e s s t h a n 1 5 percent of t h e i r t o t a l income. Of the remaining 1 8 f a m i l i e s , the o f f - f a r 3 incone was l e s s than $100. Of f - fa ra income per sample farm averaged $597, o r 26 percen t of the average t o t a l family income of $2,238 (Table Cl5) .

Sometimes the o u t s i d e work of the grower had some r e l a t i o n t o h i s farm. For example, one vege- t a b l e grower t rucked the produce of o t h e r s t o msrket wi th h i s own. Another, who received low p r i c e s on the wholesale market, began s e l l i n g h i s t ruck c rops t o neighbors a t r e t a i l . Even tua l ly he bought ad- d i t i o n a l vege tab les f r m o t h e r producers and expand- ed h i s opera t ions . A few growers used t h e i r t r a c t o r s , bu l ldozers , and o t h e r equipment on neighboring farms.

* Famil ies who received less than 50 percent of t h e l r t o t a l family income from the farm were n o t included i n t h e sample.


I n some cases the off-farm work had no r e l a t i o n t o t h e farm but cons i s ted i n running s t o r e s o r working f o r a wage i n town o r on p lan ta t ions .

Occasionally; grown-up ch i ld ren , p a r e n t s , o r r e l a - t i v e s l i v i n g on t h e f a r 3 had o u t s i d e jobs, but a l s o contr ibuted d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y t o the farm l a b o r force . The women worked i n t h e housa a f t e r r e tu rn- ing from t h e i r o u t s i d e jobs, f r e e i n g t h e grower's wi fe o r mother f o r work i n the f i e l d s . S imi la r ly , the men who worked o f f the farm helped i n doing t h e chores and f a r m l a b o r on week-ends.

SAVINGS ON THE SAMPLE FARMS

?let savings were c a l c u l a t e d t o i n d i c a t e the f i - nanc ia l s t a b i l i t y o f the sanple f m i l i e s a t t h e i r 1947 s tandards of l i v i n g . The term n a t savings a s used here means the d i f f e r e n c e between l i v i n g c o s t s of ths fami ly and cash income a f t e r n e t incone tax- e s . To determine n e t savings , farm product ion f o r home use and f e d e r a l and t e r r i b o r i a l n e t income t a x e s were deducted from f m i l y income.

Only f o u r growers paid any f e d e r a l , and s i x any t e r r i t o r i a l n e t incone taxes . The average f e d e r a l n e t income t a x paid per sample family was $26, and the average t e r r i t o r i a l n e t income t a x was $5. A s mentioned e a r l i e r , production f o r hone use averaged '$260 per f a r a . By s u b t r a c t i n g t h e s e t axes 3nd product ion f o r hone use from t h e average f a n i l y income

2 ! 2,288, an average f a n i l y cash income a f t e r t a x e s 1,997 was obtained.

Living c o s t s a s used here include a l l f ami ly cash expenses, the cos t o f using the c a r f o r family purposes , a s we l l a s i n t e r e s t , d e p r e c i a t i o n , and upkeep on the dwel l ing, home f u r n i t u r e , and equipment. Since the book value of the houses was too low t o be taken a s a b a s i s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g i n t e r e s t and d e p r e c i a t i o n , the 1947 s a l e s value of each house was es t imated , and the average of book va lue and sacs va lue used i n c a l c u l a t i n g i n t e r e s t and de- p r e c i a t i o n .

On the average the sample f a m i l i e s spent $34 more than t h e y earned (Table (315). Eleven house- holds overspent t h e i r cash income by $400 t o $1,500 and e i g h t by $100 t o $399. S leven f a m i l i e s saved between $100 and $300 and s i x from $400 t o $1,500.

In t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n of n e t savings , an i n t e r e s t charge of 5 percent on farm and home d e b t s was included as a cos t r a t h e r than the 3 percen t i n t e r e s t

APPENDICES ' 195

t h a t these FHA c l i e n t s a c t u a l l y paid . Th is was done t o make t h e sample r e s u l t s more r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t e r r i t o r i a l vegetable and f r u i t farmers i n gener- a l . I n t e r e s t r a t e s on l o a n s t o I s l a n d growers a r e r a r e l y l e s s t h a n 5 percent. It could be argued t h a t t h e sampla producers might have reduced t h e i r l i v i n g s tandards somewhat i f they had pa id an in - t e r e s t r a t e of 5 r a t h e r than 3 percent . Net f m i l y cash income a f t e r t axes and family l i v i n g c o s t s were, t h e r e f o r e , r e c a l c u l a t e d on the b a s i s of a 3 pe rcen t i n t e r e s t r a t e on farm and home debts.

This r e c a l c u l a t i o n r a i s e d family cash income a f t e r n e t incone t a x e s from 1,997 t o $2,061 and decreased l i v i n g c o s t s from $ 2,031 t o $2,003. A s a r e s u l t , average sav ings p e r sample farm rose t o $58. Nineteen f m i l i e s i n t h e sample s t i l l earned l e s s than they spen t , though the d i s t r i b u t i o n was somewhat more favorable . Nine f a m i l i e s spent from $400 t o $1,300 and 1 0 from $100 t o $399 more t h a n t h e i r income dur ing t h e S i x f a d l i e s saved up t o $399, and 11 from $;::*to $1,500.

To encourage a grower t o continue opera t ing h i s farm, s u f f i c i e n t savings should remain above his family l i v i n g c o s t s t o enable him t o make a reason- ab le annual payment on h i s d e b t s and t o improve h i s farm and home. Besides, t h e grower needs t o bu i ld up funds f o r h i s o ld age re t i r ement and f o r s p e c i a l cont ingencies . Savings of $58 p e r year . a r e not s u f f i c i e n t t o provide f o r these needs.


Table U.-Gmwr Ability, Far. W i t y , and Amount of Farm labor per Farm on 36 Vegetable and Pruit Tarns i n Hawaii, 19L7.a

& t u r d resources of fern

Crop lard

Fert i l i ty depth graphy

Adults other

H d e Female

Man labor p a r s

a. Arithmetic means show for. e ight ample d i s t r i c t s and for the u b l e ample. b. Fsrner ab i l i ty d natural resources of farm vera graded 1 for g d , 0 for average, and -1 for p r . c. One f m r each in Nealehu, Paboa, northern Hemakua and Kemuela. Havaiii and one i n H a i k u . Naui.

Souroest Supervlaors of the TI" and county agents of the Havaii Agr. Ext. Serr.

Table CZ.-Smmmr~ of Assets. Debts, a d Net Worth per Farm on 36 Vegetable and h i t Farms In Hawaii, January 1, 1947.'

r o w fur n0n-f". rot. ..Ut. U..t. ".a

a. Arithmetic mans shovn for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b. Only rsal estate d u e s an, 1917 estimatss; values for all other assets are bmk values.

Sources: Records of borrowrs of the TfiA and d u e estimates by supervlsora of the TfiA.

APPENDICES 197

Table C3.-Real Est.t-3 Investment per Farm on 36 Vegetable and Fruit Farms i n Hawif, January 1, 19L7.a

Lend Total real

..tab

. . apt house

D0ll.m - 3688

3257

3333

7510

5988

7808

5055

4730

5106

Totat real

srtats

-

6904

70%

L733

10835

9638

10274

8055

7690

8096

ar A r i t h t i c means shown for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b: Based on estimates made by supervisors of U S . Farmers' Aome Ahinistrat ion.

Sources: Records of borrowers of the FlU and value estimates by aupervisora of the FHA.

Table C4.-Liwstock I m n t o q per F m on 36 Vsgetahls and Ruit F m s In i h w i i , J a n u a r ~ 1, 1947.'

=

Lucks

=

Cattle

- Other

lb

23=

0

0

0

0

0

0

2.7 -

Chickens

KUE- bl- bar 1ma

8 21

1 3

1 9 34

12 27

34 118

31 101

1 5 44

223 560

44 116

Dol- l a r i -

Nuar mi- bar = -

0 0

0 0

0 0

0.3 6

0 0

6.7 211

0.3 1 3

4 150

1.7 57

Nmc- Dol- tar lar :

0 0

0 0

0.7 42

2.5 225

0 0

1.2 93

0 0

0.6 35

0.6 49

Hawaii Vol cam and G l e a d

Wountain View

Kona

W a u i Olinda

omaoplo

oahu

Kauai

Mac. d ia t r i c t a

A11 farms

a. Ari thmtic means shorn for alght sample d la t r l c t a and for the mole asmple. b. One farm had one goat a d om had t w rabbit.. c. One farm had 15 turkeys.

Sourmsr Records o f borromrs of the IHA.


T-ble Q.-Cronr Ability, Fana Wit,, and b u n t of P- L a b r per F a n on 36 Vegetable and h i t F m s i n Hawaii, 19L7.'

-

Natural resources of f a n Farm l s t o r

Adults o t b r Crop land

h r t i l l t y depth graphy

puality unit& Abil i t

=r & 9 -0.1

Man l a t o r years

R a d i Volcano and Glsnvood

I bwltrln viev

KOM

k U i OliXlA

(Lnopio

Oahu

kuai

Mac. d ia t r i c t se

A l l farms

a. Aritlrmetic means ahown for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b. F m r ab i l i ty and ns twa l resources of farm vere graded 1 for good 0 for averwe, and -1 fa r poor. s. One f m r each in Naalshn, Pahoa, northern Hamakua end Kemuela. at ail; and one i n Haiku, Maui.

Sowcesr Supervisors of the P A and county weu t s of the H a d l Agr. Ext . Sem.

Table C 2 . S m a r y of Aasets. Bbts , and Net Worth per Farm on 36 Ve-table and h i t Farms i n Hawaii. January 1; 1947.'

a. Arithmetic mans shovn for eight sample d i s t r l c t a and for the whole sample. b. Only real estata raluea are 19L7 estimatss; values for all other assats are b k values.

Sources8 Records of borrovera of the FKA and value estimates by supervisors of the RU.

APPENDICES 197

Table C3.-Real Estate Invsstment per Farm an 36 Vegetable and F'ruit Farms i n Havaii, January 1, 1947.'

Cmp T O W

a: Arithmetic meens sham for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b: Based on estimates made by supervisors of U.S. Farmers' E m Arhinistratlon.

Sources: Records of borrovers of the FHA and value estimates by suprv i so r s of tha FHA.

Table C4.-Lirestock Imsntory p r FM on 36 Vegetable ard hyit Farms i n hvaii , JanuYly 1. 1947.'

Lamtion Chickens

Hawaii Vol cam and Glenmod

Hountain View

KOM

Waui Olinda

omaopio

oahu

Kaui

Hisc. districts

Bm- Dcl. ber + -

8 21

1 3

19 34

12 27

34 118

31 101

1 5 44

223 560

A l l farms 44 116

a. Arl thmtic means shown for aigbt sample d i s t r i c t s d for the uhda mmpls. b. Oae farm had one goat and on, had tw rabbita. c. Cue farm had 1 5 tupkeys.

Sources: Records of borrmmrs of the FHA.

- - Other

anisale - mllu.

l b

23'

0

0

0

0

0

0

2.7


Table C5.-Farp Equipment. Hachiner)r, and Tools per Farm on 36 Vegetable and Fruit Farms i n Rauaii. Jamurp 1. 1947.'

location

E n d l Volcano md Clenwod

Hountain Viev

&am

Haul Olindm

Oahu

I(aua1

Hise. d i s t r i c t s

A l l farms

bteT Dollars - I Iiollars Ib l l a r s Dollars I Tractor

h c t c r and t ractor eaulcmnt

a. l i r i t h e t i c means shorn for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b. In columns "carg .%d mtruek* total book d u e of vehicle i s given. In c o l m .total farm

equipmentn only far. s h e of vehicle is included. See also Table C6, footnote c.

Sources: Rocords of borrowers of the lR4.

Othar Total equ ips r t fan4

and b o l a e q u i m n t h

Table C6.-~on-Farm A ~ e t s psr Fmfiy on 36 Vegetable and h i t Fwm i n R a d i , January 1. 1947.'

Bsvlii Volcano am3 Glsm~cd

m m t a i n View

kana

Haul mimia

(hnaopio

O l h u

Kauai

Mac. d i s t r i c t .

A l l farm.

Cash, receivables, insurance, securi t ies

Total cash R e c e i r lnsuranm receirablas,

Gb ables aestier ~MTVIULCI) ur a e c u i t i e a

Non-farm assets

a. k i t h m t i c means s h m for eight sample d i s t r i c t s and for the &ole sample. h. (ash up to $200 ($300 i n om caw) was included in fano assets. c. Part of d w of rehicles, rsrying with amolmt of nopfarm use on each ram, vas conaidered

a non-fm aswt.

Sourcsaa Records of borrovsrs of the RU.

APPENDICES 199

h h l a C7.-Debts per Tun on 36 Vegntehle Tabla C8.--tinstock S d e s rrd I m n t o w Cluage. p r Fum on 36 and huit T a m in Ihbaii, January 1, 1947.e Vegntahle and R d t F r u i n lhmi i . 1947..

R d 1 Volcam and Clemrwd

Uountdin Vlw

I Ems

hui ainda

I maapio

1 0th" I buai

MIC. dl r t r i c t s

Ul farms

Land Other T o m mbt. Rbt. h b t . Location

A l l f ~ .

8 0 o o o e O

- 9 10 26 o 1to

t o o 0 6 1

m 0 2 9 0 4 9

a. Ari tbwtic means shorn f m eight a. Ari thwtic mane s b r n f m eight .am@. diwtricts d W e distr ictd md lor the whale ssmple. for tho h o l e s m l e .

~ e e a r Records of borrowrn of ths RIA. Somcas: bcords of bxrowra of the Ryl.

Table C9.--Cmp Salsa rrd Imen* C i n s v p s per F u m on 36 Vegutahle a d Ruit F u u i n 111mli. 1947..

Location

H a d i Vololun, .nd usmaad

Kountdn V i e w

KOM

Wlui Olllrda

omaopio

oatnr

Kaul

Wisc. d i s t r i c t s

A l l faras

1 - n w TAM uvp chang.. of nl.. .ad

mffee crop. -.

a. h i t h m t i c nsane shorn f m eight a@* district. and for ths tbse -1..

Source.: Rscorda of borrowrs of tbs I11\.


Table C10.-Farm Returns per F a n on 96 Vegetable a d Mt Fsnne i n kvaii, 1947.'

location

B . d voleup a53 chv2d

bun ta in Visv

XOM

Wlui Olinda

h w p i o

Oaho

KauAl

Wsc. d i s t r i c t sb

A l l f u a s

Farm.- L l ~ b 0 t h . I stock Products

a. A r i ~ t i c means shorn for eight smple d i s t r i c t s end for the whole smple.

Sources: Records of borrowrs of the FXi.

Table C11.-Data on Aom Roduced food per Farm for 36 Vegetable and Frui t Farms i n Ilamii, 1947.a

Location

Roas produced food

Pam d u e Retail d u e

Doll u s

161 219

104 139

zn 3 2

368 490

242 323

194 258

392 522

2W 321

232 309

Furchased focd

Dollars

889

859

n 4

1108

898

9%

683

675

887

a. A r i ~ t l e means shown f m eight mampla d i s t r i c t s md for the vbolo sample.

Sourmsr Records of borrowrs of the FH4.

Tab

le C

12.-

-Coa

ts

pr

Fu

m o

n 36

Veg

atab

le a

nd R

yit

Fam

a in

Bav

aii,

19

47.'

-

Lir

asto

ck c

ost

a E

qu

ipm

nt

ws

ts

Hir

ed

H

isca

llan

sou

s m

ats

Lo

utl

on

C

mP

m

mt.

oth

er

lab'

~m

pror

amen

t,

Ren

t,

lntw

ea

tb :zz

Fe

ed

Oth

m

'YN2

T

ract

or

mac

hine

ry

dep

reci

atio

n dF

br

uti

liti

es,

an

d t

oo

ls

ud u

pkee

p In

~u

nn

oe

,etc

.

lhlm

il

Vo

lcu

n a

nd G

lenw

cd

uovn

taln

viw

Kam

'

Do

llar

s

a.

Ari

thm

etic

man

e sh

own

for

eig

ht

sam

ple

dis

tric

ts a

nd f

or

the

vhole

sam

ple.

b.

Cq

uts

d a

t a

rats

of

5 p

rce

nt on dl

aess

ta u

aed

in t

he

fm

bu

sin

ess.

Sou

rces

: R

awrd

s o

f b

crro

wre

of the FHA.


Ihval i Voluoo ud Glen-

I(ouat.in VIW

bar

Wui Oil*

~ o p i o

Oahu

Kaul

Mac. d i s t r i c t s

A l l f u a u

Table Q3.-Farm Income a t Pour Levels of In tams t on 36 Vegetable md R'ult Fuau I n h v a i i , 1947..

- -

Gross farm m t m

- Dollars

3542

no2

2455

5384

4cQ2

3376

7052

4374

3990

I*rnst at I*rsst on actrul f n debts

Intarnet m t lnclvded -6 cost On A t 5 ~ r c e n t 1 A t 3 ~ r c e r l t

Labor ud Net f n Labor a d Labor and in- Cost m"went Cost m a n a w n t C o m t MMBWBII

Income inecms ioccad

a. A r i ~ t l c means shovn for eight sample districts and for the d o l e sample.

S m c e s t Records of tarrovars of the FHA.

Table ell+.--Gross Vegetable

Pam Return am3 am3 Frui t F m s

hbor Incm per 1 . h i n Hawaii, 191+7.'

Location

Bawaii Volcano and Glenvwd

Hountain View

KOM

mui Olinda

~ a o p l o

OatN

buai

Kisc. d i a t r l c t s

A l l rams

Gross fm Labor

returns Income

Dollers

846

1112

1538

1204

992

1339

1599

897

111 2

a. A r i h t i c maas show for eight ample d i s t r i c t s and for the vhole ample.

Sources: Records of bcolowrs of the FHA.

APPENDICES 203

Table U5.-Family Incmu, Living Costa, and Saving6 p r Farm, on 36 Vegetable 4 M t FMS i n HaYILIi, 1947.5

Intenat on actual farm ud ha. debt. at 5 pr-ot

a. Arithmetic means shorn for eight ample d i s t r i c t s and for the whole sample. b. Includas a l l cnsh l iving expanses, cost of using car or truck for nowtusiness ptn-poses, depreciation

and upkep of duelling and household assets, and interest on portion of total indebtedmas charged to nowfarm 118Bets.

Sources: Records of b r r o w r s of the FHA.

appendix VEGETABLE L A B O R NEEDS, I) COSTS, A N D R E T U R N S

The amount of l a b o r used t o produce most vege- t a b l e s i n t h e t e r r i t o r y i s much higher than i n the mainland United S t a t e s . I n 1943 and 1944 l a b o r requirements per a c r e f o r four important vege tab les were g r e a t e r i n Rawaii than on t h e mainland by t h e following percentages: 119 percen t f o r head cabbage, 136 percent f o r snap beans, 200 percent f o r green corn, and 325 percent f o r l e t t u c e (Table D l ) .

The d i f f e r e n c e between I s l a n d and mainland l a b o r requirements was l e s s pronounced p e r pound of vege- t a b l e s produced. It amounted t o 81 percen t f o r beans, 110 percent f o r head cabbage, 125 percent f o r green corn, and 186 percent f o r l e t t u c e . How- e v e r , p e r acre y i e l d s under the i n t e n s i v e c u l t i v a - t i o n methods of' t h e t e r r i t o r y a r e genera l ly h igher than those on the mainland. (See r e f . 6 , p. 2.)


This exp la ins the b e t t e r showing of Hawaiian growers on a p e r pound b a s i s than on a p e r a c r e b a s i s .

A s tudy of c o s t s and r e t u r n s of growing win te r tomatoes was made on 1 0 p l a n t i n g s i n the seasons 1946-47 t o 1948-49. The average l a b o r employed on a l l sample f i e l d s was 497 man hours p e r ac re .

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h i s h igh l a b o r inpu t , t h e amount of t r a c t o r use was low. The average number of hours of t r a c t o r work was 17.5 p e r acre . One farmer d id not use a t r a c t o r a t a l l , while another operated h i s a t t h e r a t e of 27 hours p e r ac re . T r a c t o r s were p r i m a r i l y employed f o r plowing the s o i l before p l a n t i n g . A l l growers but one used a t r a c t o r f o r t h a t operat ion. Only four fa rmers did any machine c u l t i v a t i n g .

A l l tomato p l a n t i n g s were m a l l i n s i ze . Five of the 1 0 p l a n t i n g s were on 0.25 a c r e s , th ree on 0.75 a c r e s , one on 1 a c r e , and one on 1.75 a c r e s .

Grower r e t u r n s and c o s t s were on a n f .o .b. road- s i d e b a s i s , picked but n o t packad. Gross farm re- t u r n s pe r average a c r e y ie ld ing 12,400 pounds of marketable tomatoes were $1,828. T o t a l c o s t s in - c luding a charge of $397 f o r fami ly l a b o r a t t h e r a t e of $.80 p e r hour, were $681. The d i f f e r e n c e between g r o s s farm r e t u r n s and c o s t s , the farm management income, was $1,147 p e r ac re . The farm management income p l u s the charge made f o r l a b o r averaged $ 1 544 p e r ac re . (See r e f . 3, pp. 6, 10, 15, and 22.3

Labor a a s by f a r the l a r g e s t c o s t item--58 per- c e n t of a l l c o s t s (Table D2). I n s e c t i c i d e s and fung ic ides c o n s t i t u t e d the second most important expense, o r 18 percen t of t o t a l c o s t s . F e r t i l i z e r s mounted t o 10 p e r c e n t , and a l l o t h e r c o s t s in- c lud ing equipment use , water , r e n t , and i n t e r e s t , t o 1 4 percent of t h a t o t a l .

These Hawaiian w i n t e r tomato r e c o r d s were con- pared wi th 1 0 unpublished win te r tomato records f o r the 1949-50 season c o l l e c t e d i n San Diego county, Ca l i fo rn ia . I f I s l a n d tomato growars should decide t o export t o t h e mainland dur ing the win te r , they would havs t o compete d i r e c t l y wi th these C a l i f o r n i a farmers.

The tomato p l a n t i n g s of t h e San Diago farmers were much l a r g e r than those of t h e Hawaiian growers. They ranged from 2 t o 20 a c r e s p e r farm, averaging about 9 ac res . Average y i e l d p e r a c r e was 52,200 pounds, o r more than f o u r t i n e s a s h igh a s t h a t of I s l a n d farms.

T o t a l c o s t p e r pound of tomatoes averaged 7.23

APPENDICES 205

c e n t s f o r the t e r r i t o r i a l farmers, o r n e a r l y th ree t imes the cos t of 2.53 c e n t s f o r t h e San Diego growers. I s l and c o s t s were s u b s t a n t i a l l y higher than C a l i f o r n i a c o s t s i n every one of f o u r subgroups. Labor c o s t s of 3.90 c e n t s p e r pound were n e a r l y two and a h a l f t imes a s h igh a s the 1.60 c e n t s on t h e mainland. San Diego l a b o r c o s t s were conputed a t t h e r a t e of $1.00 p e r hour f o r s k i l l e d l a b o r and G.60 e r hour f o r u n s k i l l e d l abor . They averaged about 5.80 p e r hour of h i r e d l abor , o r t h e same a s the wage r a t e s charged i n the Hawaiian study.

Damaging i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s were more prevalent i n t h e I s l a n d s than i n San Diego. The t e r r i t o r i a l growers spent 1.37 c e n t s per pound of tomatoes f o r i n s e c t i c i d e s and fung ic ides , o r 1 7 t imes a s much a s the San Diego farmers , who bought only .08 c e n t s worth of such m a t e r i a l s pe r pound. The Hawaiian p l a n t i n g s a l s o apparen t ly requ i red more f e r t i l i z e r than those i n Ca l i fo rn ia . F e r t i l i z e f c o s t s p e r pound of I s l a n d tomatoas were .72 c e n t s compared w i t h .24 c e n t s , o r th ree t imes a s much. A l l o t h e r c o s t s combined were twice a s h igh i n Hawaii a s i n Ca l i fo rn ia .

Gross r e t u r n s p e r pound of tomatoes, picked but unpacked i n t h e f i e l d , were about 6 cen t s f o r the San Diego producers. With c o s t s of 2.5 c e n t s p e r pound, t h e s e growers had a p r o f i t margin of 3.5 '

cen t s pe r pound i n 1949. The g r o s s r e t u r n p e r pound f o r t h e Hawaii farmers averaged 14.7 c e n t s and t h e i r c o s t s 7.2 c e n t s . Their p r o f i t msrgin of 7.5 c e n t s was thus more than twice a s much p e r pound a s t h a t of t h e San Diego farmers.

Table El.-Comparison o f Labr Required to Roduce Four Vegetables i n the Hainland United States and in Hawaii, 1943 and 1 9 4 .

Crop

Beana, snap

Cabbage, head

Corn, green

Lettuce

I input per acre

Mainland 57

Based on: Ref. 6 , p. 1.


Table D2.-Arerage Costs of Roducing Tcmatoes on 10 Havaiian and 10 San Mego County F s r m ~ . ~

cost item Coats Percentaa Havaiian coats ~ a v a i i S ~ 2 i ; g o a. percentage of

acre total costs San Ciego costs

Total other coats 95 U .9 1.24 .61 203

I Total costs 682 lW.O 7.23 2.53 286

a. Raveiian costs for 19L647 to 19&L9 seasons; San mego coats for 1949-9 season.

Sourcesl Ref. 3, pp. 15, 20, 23, 25, for Fsveiian costs; iiallsca Sullivan, A g r . 9xt. Serv., Univ. of California, brkeley, made aMilhhle cost records frm San Ciego County, Cdjfornis.

a p p e n d i x 1 F R U I T A N D N U T T A B L E S

Table El.-Acreage of Lmpcrtant Ruit Crops (other than Pineapple), Territory of Hawaii, Selected Years, 1910 to 1952.

Mt crop l9loa 1 9 a a 1930' 1940' 1 9 U 1947 1952

e. Amcddos 124 57 157 425 279 266 159 huulu ~ 2 0 690 730 705 958 1.008 1.013 *ape ~ 9 5 ~ 9 8 8 19 ( 4 (0) -0. L7 L9 65 It0 84 231 220 w-6- 97 50 35 65 24 25 24 P W 99 84 221 321 546 16 576 Tangerima (c) (0) (c) U 1 5 18 22

Total 1,OBZ 939 1 , U 6 1.694 l r 9 Y 1,989 2.014

a. US. Census r e p r t s in the period 1910 to1940 include data only on the numter of trees. The follovlng figures vere used i n calculating the area i n each crops avocados, 70 t r ees per acre; tamma, 800; grapes, 300 vines! mangos, 58 t rees p r acre un t i l 1930, Md LB i n 19LO- oranges and tangerines. 108; papayas, 435.

b: Hobever, according to D. I. Cravford (Ravali's Crop Parade, p. 13L). there was a t no time an area of as much am 100 acres i n producing vineyards.

c. Data not available.

S-cssr Ref. 27, p. 600, for 1910; ref. 28, p. 379, for 19h); ref. 29, p. 12, for 19M; ref . 30, pp. 32-33, for 1940; ref . XI, p. 15, for 19% ref. 22, p. 27, for 1947; ref. 15, July 1952, p. 6, for 1952.

APPENDICES 207

Table E 2 . a r c i . l Production (other than Pineapple) and Import0 of Impartant Prrrit. d ?rult Jtrtcar. T e r r i b r ~ of 8.4. 195l.

a. Data g iwn sre for 19471 1 9 2 data not availebla. b. Including imports of 7,000 pn'uis of apples f i r m Canada. c. Dsta not available. d. Data g i w n are for 1950; 1951 data not available.

Sources: P.ef. 2.4, p. 29, for t e r r i t a r i a l productionj ref. 23, p. 29, for t e r r i to r i a l produ* tion of mangos; ref. 18, pp. 5, 6, 9, 10, for mainland fresh d frozen imports; ref. 7.4, p. 5, for canned, dried, or ewporatad imports.

Table E3.-Esthatad Coats psr Acre of Developing a M u d d a I b t O r c v to the End of the Sersnth Tsar on a Paall? gemtad Farm in 1949.

Office erpsnsa Labor mrd vlchine inputs Materid inputs N ~ M laacbinery and a ~ s b Cantmct operations ~nc iden t r l erpsnsesC Real property tux

TOW costs except i n t e n s t

Less credi ts Agrint l tmal Consemtion Payments Net ntm f rca nab In 6th mrd 7th pus

Ilwt coat. wxcwpt in ta res t

Net oost. 7 par dewlapen t

- Total

7 7--

208 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE IN HAWAII

Table E3, continued.

a. I n calculation, a wage r a t e of $1.00 per hour for d r l w r s of trucks and t ractors and $0.80 per hour for all other labor was used.

b. Interest depreeletlon, end repairs. c. iiorking !capital SYX) per orchard or d1L.n per acre. I n t e n s t on working capital 80.7L per

acre m u a l l y ; share of truck insurance, $25.00 per farmer or (0.24 per acre; other incidentals, W.30 per acre, t o t a l incidentals 11.M per acre.

d. 1 % punds and 2% pounds of husked nuts herrestad i n 6th and 7th year respectively. Total labar cost of harvesting these nuts a t k7.S per hour mounts to $10.52; other expensas to $2.00; grcss return a t 60.17 per pound t o $68.00, and net return to $55.48.

e. Interest compounded annually.

Sources: Ref. 5, p. 21, for l a t a r and machine inputs, material inputs, f i e ld mechlnery and sheds, c o b t r a c t operations, and h x ; other figures estimated by author.

Land: Orchard Land. 34 acres H-stead, 1 acre

Total land

Buildings and installations: Farn house 1 canhination garage, machine shop and storage shed, 2Q' x 25'.

1 storage and processing warehouse, 23' x LO' 1 10,000-gal. tank and f d n t i o n materials

Tottil Lwildlngs and instal la t ions

Macadamia nut treesb

Equipant and tools: Hulling equipnent Small equipnent and tools Gne-third share in the follouingr

( q u i p e n t owned cooperatively with two other grarers) 1 truck 1-l/2 tons, stake body 1 wheel'tractor, 16 HP a t drawbar. r u b k r t i r e s

1 disc p l w , dmhle discs, 26" 1 disc harrw, 5' cut 1 spike W r w I mover attachment 1 t r a i l e r and nisc. t ractor equipent

Total equipnent and tools

Cash

Total investncnt

R i c e per uni t

Contract

02 l/* per sq. f t . ~3 per sq. f t .

New r1.600 New $ 306 Nev : 285 New $ 65 Nev $ 300 1;ew S 300 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

a. Inwstrment value a t the beginning of 15th year. All Lulldings and equipnsnt ralued as mw. Trsas deprec ia t ed .

h. A 1 1 c-on labor was valued a t 6.80 per houri trector and truck labor a t $1.00 per hour; and in te res t on elpeMES including labor, a t 5 percent.

Sourwr E a t h t a by author.

APPENDICES 209

Table E5.4stimnted Costs and Returns per Acre of Pmducine Unshelled Macadamia Nuts fo r Export on a Family Farm i n 1949.

Item

Care of orchard: Fert i l iz ing Weed control Nowing grass Runing, brush t rash ranoval Pest and m t control Miscellaneous

Total orchard care

Harvesting, processing, dock delivery: Gathering nuts Hauling nuts t o huller Hulling Bagging and warehousing Hauling t o port

Total harvesting, proeesaing, dock delivery

General costs: Office erpense Deprecistion of machinery an3 structures Depreciation of t r ees Interest on invesbent Tams Miscellaneous

Total general costs

Total costsa

Gross receipts per acre for 1.5 tons a t 1 4 cents per p h .

Return fo r labor mx? management per acre for 1.5 tons a t 14 cents per p d . "

Return for labor and management on a 34-acre farm a t 14 cents per pod . "

:oat other than labor labor

Dollars Houra - -

Return

a. When mscadsmia nuts s e l l for 5.5 cents p r pcund, gross r ewip ta would mount to b165.W pr acre. Gross incam t sxsa wuld b $2.48 a n - pared with 56.30 a t 1L cents per pour& I f it i s assumed tha t all other costs wuld remain the same a t 5.5 cents p r pound as they =re a t 1 4 eenta per pound, t o t a l costs vould b (llL.50 per acre. Return for labor and management would be $59.50 p r acre and $ l , n 7 for a 34-a- orchard. I f it i a assrnned that, a t 5.5 cents per p o d of macadamias, costs other than gross income taxes wuld decline by one-thLrd from t he i r l e m l s a t 1 4 cents p r pound, tatal costs per acre would decrease to Sn.16 per acre. Return for labor and management would te 987.8L p r acre and $2,987 for a 344cre orchard.

sourwr Estinate by author.

a p p e n d i x L I V E S T O C K T A B L E S

'able F1.-Territorial Reduction and Imports of k f and Veal, Selected Years, 1910-1952.

m s h , -own llld chilled b..? ad wal Mlmd Lwf Pickled or emsd Lwf and veal - I.port. - T d t m i r l ~ c t i ~ Foreign Foreign Foreign

cormM*. Wrinl.nd countries )lainland cormtries

a. Dressed wight . b. Data not available. C. Not l i s t ed i n source. d. Includes all prepared end ~~~~~~~d m a t products; beef not l i s t e d separately i n source. e. figure includes all canned meat, beef not l i s t e d separately i n source. r. Calculated from 16th U.S. C e n m by a d d i r ~ umber of ca t t l e butchered on farms and ca t t l e sold frm

f m s in 1939 and subtsacthg m b e r of ca t t l e bought by farmers i n 1939; resul t ine t o m multiplied by assumed dressed weight of L75 pounds p e r bead. Nmber of ca lms calculated i n same manner# dressed w i g h t of 60 pounds per head vas u&.

g. Data not available; hoveper, mount b o w to have been a.

Sources: Ref. 38, p. 963, for 1910 d n l m d impo~tsi ref. 39, p. 463, for 1910 lmpr ta fro. fmeign countries; ref. 37, December 1920, p. 90, for 1920 mainland imprta; ref. 35, calendar p a r 1920, p. 139. for 1920 l m p r t s fim foreign countrtee; ref. 37, Deoembr 1928, p. 101, for 1928 aainland imports; ref. 35. cal calendar year 1928, pp. 380. 381, for 1928 inports flwa foreign countries; ref. M, p. 29, for 1939 t e r r i to r i a l productioni ref. 34, p. L. for 19L7 mainland Imports; ref. 25. pp. 3L, 37, for 1952 t e r r i - t o r i a l production, and p. 24 for 1952 total inpmts; ref. 17, p. 23, for 1952 Imports from foreign countries.

Tahle F2.-Anraal Cmss W e e on a Eypo+htical 1.500-lon Catt le Ranch Stocked vith MO Head a t a.40 d 1.P per P d Dressed Beef F.O.B. Ranch.

Besf 1.40 per p o d . dressed Beef 6.20 per pound, dressed Sales

Prio. per d t Total ret- R i c e p r d t Total retmnn

52 2 t o 3 - p ~ ~ old atsera laa b.1f.r. usighin(l 5X) lbs . dreaeed, per head

1 4 Crrll cows 6W lb. dressed, &r heada

1 cull bull, 900 lbu., dressed

Total gross sales

6.w per lb. or $208 par heed

1.35 lb. or $210 per head

t.20 per lb.

$.a per lb. or $lOL per bead

6.17.5 per lb. or $105 per head

t.lL.5 psz lb.

a, It I s assmad tha t 1/6 of all breeding cam, or 15 head, sla replaesd eacn year. One cow i s assmed to die per p a r .

Source: Ea tha te by author.

APPENDICES 21 1

Tahle ?3.-Annual Opereting Cost of s Hypothetical 1,500-Acre Cattle Ranch Stoohd d t h 300 Eed under EconcPic Conditions Edat ing vhen h a s & %sf Se l l s st 6.40 and a t $.a pr P o d , P.O.B. h c h . '

L h d 1eMa hd lhd ale- b m e of lm acres of pnstme I d a t $3.00 per a m lmnul d e p n d a t i o n of elearlng and pinning 300

acrae; m e t of $25 p r acre depreciated o w r 2l- pu l e u .

Total 1 4 lease and land clearing

EUU~~&, i lutal la t iona m x ~ fence. U.5 miles of fence wire, valued new a t

depnciat ion hd npdr flgumd a t 10% per annrn Water instal la t ions, rrlued new a t $6350, deprecla- t ion 4 nplr figured a t about 5% p r anm

Total buildings, installat10110 hd fences

E q d p e n t hd t w l r huck, LOOO a i l e s a t b.14 p r mlle Tractor. 200 hrs. a t Q.76 p r hourc Tractor equipment, valwd mw a t $000, rancher's

sham 113 of depreolrtion and repair figured a t 10% pr a-

h p c f a t i o n on equip. d tool., 8.3% on #a03

Total s q u i p n t and tools

Total mppllee

T-S~ Real propart7 tax (tax maleation of land 622.W a t $l5 per acre. Tax r a t e a9.88 par QWO n lea t lon)

Terr i tor ial cross inccas tar. 1s of sslse valm

Total operating coat

a. Conditions a t LO cents reaemhle those that exlsted In Hawaii i n 19.48. b. It was assumd that a t 1.20 per pound of teef, a l l costs wuld t a half of vhat they wuld b vfisn

teef s e l l s for t.40 par pound except for cost of lease Md interest on inws tmnt . b a n e vas asslnaed t o t a (1.00 par acre p r par. Interest was based on invnstuent value d c u l a t e d InTahle F4.

E. lkaotor and t ractor e q u i p n t ovmd coopsrativsly d t h t w other ranchers. Total annual um of t ractor on the three ranches was assumed t o t a 623 hours, or 200 hours par rmch.

d. Net income taxaa not included. e. Doss not include Interest on truck and t ractor vhich i s included i n the mile and hour r a w s

abow.

Source: Estimate hy author.


Table F4 -1nvwstratnt on a Hypothetical 1 , W A c r e Cattle Ranch Stocked vith 300 Read under Economic ~ o i d i t i o n s Eds t ing vhen Dressed b e f Sel la a t 5.40 and e t 5.20 per Po& F.O.B. ~anch.'

L u d alearing ud land 1e.m 100 .ens cleared and planted 3 montb p m p a p n t fo r 1%-am l a d lease

Total land clearing aad land laaae

h i ld inga , fences, a d instal la t ions Pence v im, 11.5 miles Water instal la t ions, animal, tool md e q u i p n t shed.

Tota l bdldings,fenwa, wad ina ta l l sc t i o m

E q n i p n t and tool8 Truck, 1* tons Sbma of tractor. 42 W Mesel, crawler tm, owned c o o p n t i w l y v l th 2 other rancher. S b of t ractor e q u i p n t o d c w p r a -

tivwly vitb 2 other ranchers Other equipant and tools

Total eqn ipsn t and tools

Linatock 4, h e d i n g cow, 633 lb. per head dressed migh t 5 h e d i n g boll.

69 d n s , 1/2 w. old. a0 lbs. p r head dmsead winh t

68 long p X w s . i+ p. OM. 330 ibs. dresaed w i g h t

68 steers aad heifers, 2& y ~ s . old. XY) lbs. dressed wigh t ,

Supplies and mlacellansoua

Total ima.taeat

b e f a t 6.N per PO-

Avwrage Rice inps tm n t

per uni t nlwg

625 per acra 3.750 6.75 pr acre 1,125

-..----..------.------..-- 4.875

New t3,WO 1,500 Nev $5,303, t o t a l value 883

Nev $4,100. to t a l value 683

400 . - - - - - . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. LM

$PO per head 18,900 dm pi head 2, K X ) $ 4 per lha. o r S34 w r b a d 5.796 -. -

lb. or a 3 2 wr head 8,976 $.LO per lb . or $ZX p r head 13,600

U50 per head 750 .-.---..-----.---------

50,522

Bsef a t t.20 per pound

a. Conditions a t 40 cents bwf resemble those tha t e d s t a d i n Havail i n 1948. b. Replaeewnt d u e , 50 p r c e n t depreciated i s uaed except for livestock, supplies and cash m c h

ars evaluated a t rull replacement value. Yhen teef s e l l s for LO cents per pound, annual rental of land was asslaad t o b $3.00 per a m .

c. It was aasrmad tha t a t 23 centa per pamd of beef the value of ell items l a half of &at it vould b vhen bsf ael le for LO cents per paund, except for on lease of land which was baed on an annual rental of $1.00 per acn .

Source: E a t h a t s by author.

APPENDICES ' 213

a p p e n d i x SOURCES FOR TABLES I N A P P E N D I C E S

1. Adams, Romanzo C. interracial Marriage in Hau'aii. New York: The Mac- millan Co., 1937. 353 pp.

2. Bananar in Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Studies 5. Honolulu: 1927. [4] pp. 3. Cady, H. B. Cost Factors in the Production of Hawaiian Winter Tomatoes. Univ.

of Hawaii, Agr. Ext. Cir. 273. Honolulu: 1950. 31 pp.. mimeo. 4. Crawford, David L. Hawaii's Crop Parade. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing

company, 1937. 305 pp. 5. Elliott, Ralph C. Economic Possibilities of Macadamia Nuts as a Hawaiian Crop.

Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Ext. Cir. 248. Honolulu: ,1948. 33 pp., mimeo. 6. - and Herbert Hiroshige. Man Hours Required to Produce Certain Vege-

tables. Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Ext. Cir. 179. Honolulu: 1945. 7 pp., mimeo. 7. Hanson, Kenneth I., and Kenichi Murata. Summary of Shipments of Fruits and

Vegetables from Hawaii to the Mainland, 1931-1938. Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Ext. Cir. 3. Honolulu: 1939. 17 pp., mimeo.

8. - - Summary of Shipments of Fruits and Vegetables from Hawaii to the Mainland, 1940. Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Exr. Cir. 110. Honolulu: 1941. 12 pp., mimeo.

9. Hawaii (Kingdom). Board of Education. Census of the Hawaiian Islands, 1832- 1896. Honolulu.

10. Hawaii (Terr.). Board of Health. Civilian population estimates for April 1, 1940, July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1952. Honolulu.

11. - Territorial Planning Board. A n Historic Inpentory of the Physical, Social and Economic, and Indu~rrial Resources of the Territory of Hawaii. First Progress Report. Honolulu: 1939. 322 pp.

12. Ishida, Jack T. Production and Marketing of Fresh Vegetables in Hawaii. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Hawaii. Honolulu: 1947. 141 pp., typed.

13. Magistad, Oscar C., and T. 0. Frazier. Production and Marketing of Truck Crops in the Territory of Hawaii. Univ. of Hawaii, Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 78. Honolulu: 1938. 46 pp.

14. Shoemaker, James H. The Economy of Haulaii in 1947. . . U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bull. 926. Washington: 1948. 214 pp.

15. University of Hawaii. Agr. Ext. Serv. The Agricultural Outlook. (See December 1951 and July 1952.)

16. - - 1947 Honolulu Unloads, Shipments, and Wholsale Prices of Sperifed Agricultural Products. Agr. Ext. Cir. 237. Honolulu: 1948. 48 pp., mimeo.

17. - - 1912 Honolulu Unloads of Fruits, Iregetables and Livestock Prod- ucts. Agr. Econ. Report 14. Honolulu: 1953. 25 pp.. mimeo.

18. - - 1911 Market statistic^. Agr. Econ. Report 10. Honolulu: 1952. 57 pp., mimeo.

APPENDICES 215

19. - - 1945 Statistics of Divers$ed Agritulure in Hawaii. Agr. Ext. Cir. 199. Honolulu: 1946. 28 pp., mimeo.

20. - - 1946 Statistics of Diversified Agriculture in Hawaii. Agr. Ext. Cir. 217. Honolulu: 1947. 35 pp., mimeo.

21. ------ - 1947 Statistics of Diversifid Agriculture in Hawaii. Agr. Ext. Cir. 241. Honolulu: 1948. 38 pp., mimeo.

22. - - 1948 Statistics of Diversified Agriculture in Hawaii. Agr. Ext. Cir. 263. Honolulu: 1949. 43 pp., mimeo.

23. - - 19S0 Statistics of Diversified Agriculture in Hawaii. Agr. Econ. Report 7. Honolulu: 1951. 45 pp., mimeo.

24. - - 1951 Statistics of Diversified Agriculture in Hawaii. Agr. Econ. Report 11. Honolulu: 1952. 46 pp., mimeo.

25. - - 1952 Statistics of Diversified Agriculture and Market Receipts in Hawaii. Agr. Econ. Report 16. In preparation.

26. U. S. Bureau of the Census. 12th Census of the United States: 1900. Washington: 1902. (See Vol. 11; ccxxiii and 754 pp.)

27. - 13th Census of the Unitedstates: 1910. Washington: 1913. (See "Abstract of the Census . . . with Supplement for Hawaii"; 625 pp.)

28. - 14th Censu of the United States:. 1920. Washington: 1922. (See "Agri- culture," Vol. VI, part 3; 423 pp.)

29. - 15th Census of the United States: 1930. Washington: 1932. (See "Out- lying Territories and Possessions"; 338 pp.)

30. - 16th Census of the United States: 1940. Washington: 1942. (See "Agri- culture, Hawaii"; 42 pp.)

31. - 16th Census of the United Statec 1940. Washington: 1942 (See "Areas of the United States"; 465 pp.)

32. - 16th Census of the United States: 1940. Washington: 1942. (See "Popu- lation," Vol. I; 123ipp.)

-

33. - U. S. Census of Aariculture: 1950. Washington: 1952. (See Vol. I. part . - - . - 34, chapter 4, "Hawaii"; 45 pp.)

34. - United States Trade in Merchandise and Gold and Silver with the United States Territories and Possessions: 1947. Report FT 800. Washington: 1948.

35. U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic commerce. Foreign commerce and Navi- gation of the United States. Washington. (See 1920, 1928, 1939.)

36. - Monthly Summary of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Washington. (See December 1919, 1929.)

37. - Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States. Washington. (See December 1920, 1928, 1939.)

38. U. S. Bureau of Statistics. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States: December, 1910. Washington: 1911.

39. - The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the Year Ending Jane 30, 1910. Washington: 1911.

40. U. S. Civil Aeronautics Board. Exhibits of Trans-Air Hawaii Limited. CAB Docket 2859. 1948. 167 pp., mimeo.

41. U. S. Congress. House. Committee on the Territories. Statehoodfor Hawaii. Hearings, 79th Congress., 2d. sess., H. Res. 236. Washington: 1946. 909 pp.

Access roads, 136 acreage: agricultural crops 13-14, t. A2;

coffee, 60, 113-114, 116, t. A2; field corn, 60, 127-128, t. A2; fruit, 60, 92-94, t. A2, El ; macadamia nuts, 61, 103-104, t. A2; pasture, 13-14,16-17, 134-135, 137, t. A2, A3; rice, 60, 126-127, t. A2; tomatoes, 204, t. B6; vegetables, 60, t. A2, B6, B9; vegetable and fruit farms, 75-77, 181- 182, 186, 192, t. B9, C3. See also farm size, production area and location

advertising. See promotion age, vegetable and fruit farmers, 182-

183 Agricultural Conservation Program. See

U.S.. Production and Marketing Ad- ministration

Agricultural Extension Service: 24-25; coffee, 114; ranching, 135; rice, 127; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 183

anthuriums, 61, 121-123, 125. See also floral products

armed forces: affected by federal policy, 5: effect onHawaiian economy, 2,164: employment, 3-4; garbage, i43-145; land area, 13, t. A l ; payroll, 3; vegetable purchases, 67

artificial insemination, 142 asparagus, 70-71, t. 31-34, 3 6 assets, vegetable and fruit sample farms,

183-186, t. C2-C6. See alsoinvestment avocados: 92-96, 99-102; acreage, 92-

93, t. E l ; commercial production, 92-94, .99-100, t. E2; exports, 99, 161; prices, 99-100, t. B5

Balance of payments, 1-3, 160-161 balanced ranches, 135-136 bananas: 92, 94-96; acreage, 92, 94, t.

E l ; exports, 41, 47, 96, 161, t. B7; history, 38, 40-41, 47, t. B7, E l ; prices, 96, t. B5; production, 92, 94, t. E2; marketing, 131-132, 139

banks, 30, 33-34, 51 barter. See trade beef and beef cattle: 131-139, t. AS,

F1-F5; grazing land, 13-18; history, 40-41, 49-50, 131-132, t. F1; imports, 131-132, 139, 160, t. F1; labor, 27; large and small ranches, 134-137; leases and land, 18-20, 132-139; in macadamia orchards, 109; marketing, 131-132, 139; marketings and consumption, 131, 160, t. F1; numbers, 40, 49, 61, 131; outlook, 139; plantation and factor connection, 58-59; prices, 132,134,138-139; roduction, 131, t. F1; product~on pro!lems, 137- 139; racial origin of ranchers and ranch workers, 22-23, 135; ranch investment, cost, income, 133-134, t. F2-F4; vegetable and fruit farms, 83, 185, t. C4

beekee ing: 155-157; exports of honey and geeswax, 50, 155-156, 161, 166; history, 50, 155; in macadamia orchard, 110; production, producers, 62, 155-157, t. A4, A5

beeswax. See beekeeping breeding: beef cattle, 136-137; dairy

cattle, 142; poultry, 152-153; swine, 146-147

buildings and installations: cattle ranch, t. F3, F4; dairy farm, 142, t. F5; macadamia farm, t. E4; vegetable sample farms, 184, t. C3

business cycles: 1, 69, 165. See also depression

butter, 49, 139, 140 by-products: cattle, 40, 131; pineapple,

57, 59; sugar, 3, 59, 138, 141, 146, 151; vegetables, 83. See also processed products

California Gold Rush, 40-41 Canec, 3 capital requirements. Set investment

218 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE OF HAWAII

car, 115, 185, t. C5 cash income. See income castor beans, 128 cattle. See beef cattle, dairying Caucasians: beef cattle ranchers, 135;

egg consumption, 147-148; number, 21, t. A7

chickens. See poultry . child labor: coffee, 27, 114; law, 35;

vegetable and fruit sample farms, 78, t. C l

Chinese, 21, 23, 46-48, t. A7 citrus, 39-40, 93-95, t. B5, El, E2 climate: 12-16; beef cattle, 133, 138-

139; coffee, 15, 113; field corn, 128; floral products, 120-123; poultry, 147, 150, 152; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 181, 192, t. C1

coconuts, 110 coffee: 44-45, 112-116; acreage, farm

number, 60, 113-114, 116, t. A2, AS; child labor, 27, 114; dealer credit, 30-31; demand, 112; exports, 44-45, 113, 161; farm costs, 114-115; farm size, 44-45, 113-114; growing district, 15, 113; history, 44-45, 60, 112-114; interplanting with macadamia nuts, 109; labor, 27, 114-116; !and, 113-116; markets and marketing, 113, 115; outlook, 115-116; price, 45, 112-114, 116; racial ancestry of growers, 22, 113; rainfall, 14, 113; returns, 114; tariff, 45, 112

commerce, history, 39-41 competing areas: avocados, 99-100;

beef and veal, 131; castor beans, 128; coconuts, 110; floral products, 124- 125; macadamia nuts, 105-106; miscellaneous crops, 47-48; papayas, 98; rice, 126-127; vegetables, 74-75. See also competing products

competing products: dairy products, 140; floral products, 119, 125; fruit, 92, 95-96, 98-100; macadamia nuts, 106-107, pork, 143-145; poultry products, 147-148, 152-153, 155; vegetables, 67-69, 71-72. See also competmg areas

consumer education. See promotion consumer preference, poultry and eggs,

155. See also food habits consum tion: affected by depression,

165; [eef and veal, 131; dairy products, 140; floral products, 117-118; fruits, 95-96, 160; pork, 144;. poultry and eggs, 147-148,155; requirements for increase, 161. See also marketings

containers. See packing and packaging cooperation and cooperatives: 26, 162-

163; beef cattle, 136137; coffee,

115-116; dairies, 142; flowers, 118; poultry, 152-155; swine, 145-146; vegetables and fruit, 86-87, 97. See also industry cooperation and organization

corn, field. See field corn corn, green, 69, 71, 73, t. B1-B7 costs: 161-162; avocados, 100; bee-

keeping, 156-157; cattle ranch, 133- 134, 137-138, t. F3; coffee, 114; floral products, 122-124; macadamia nuts, 107-110, t. E3, E5; papayas, 97-98; pork, 144-147; poultry, 149- 152; rice, 127; tomatoes, 204-205, t. D2; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 77-79, 188-190, t. C12, C13

cotton, 48 credit, agricultural: 30-34, 164, 182;

beef cattle, 136; dairies, 141-142; governmental, 31-34; poultry, 151, 154; private, 30-31, 33; vegetables, 80

credit unions, federal, 31 cropland: 13-18, t. A2, A3; definition,

75, 182; vegetable and f ru~ t farms, 77,82,.183-184, t. B9. See also acreage, farm slze

crop rotation, 84-85, 162 crops, commercially unsuccessful, 48,

61

Dairying: 139-143; cow replacements, 141-142, 160, 162, 166; development and present status, 139-141; farm inventory, 142, t. F5; hired labor, 27; history, 49, 61-62, 139, 140; location, 17, 141-142; milk product~on, 61-62, 139, t. A4; dairy products, 139-140; racial ancestry of farmers and workers, 22; reducing costs, 141-143; by sugar plantations, 58

dealer credit, 30-31 dealer education. See promotion debts, vegetable and fruit sample farms,

186, 190, t. C2, C7, Cl3 demand: coffee, 112; macadamia nuts,

106,161; pork, 143; poultry and eggs, 148. See also outlook

depression: 160, 165; beef cattle, 139; coffee, 114, 116; floral products, 126; honey, 155-156. See also business cycles-

diet. See food habits diseases: 13, 34; bees, 155; flowers, 123;

pineapple, 57; poultry, 34, 150; swine, 147; vegetables, 79, 85, 205

diversification of farm: 162; fruit, 101; swine, 146; vegetables, 83-84. See also specialization

donkeys, 40, GI, t. C4

ducks, 40, 62 dwelling. See houses

Earnings. See income, labor, wages eating habits. See food habits economy of Hawaii: problems, 1-6,

160; vulnerability, 1, 5-6, 165-166 education, agricultural, 24-25, 164 eggs. See poultry employment: 1,3-4; effect of expended

diversified agriculture, 164; resources of farm, 162; seasonal, 27. See also labor

equipment: coffee farms, 115; dairy farm, 142, t. F5; history, 38, 41, 43, 57-58, 78-79; tomato farms, 204, t. D2; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 184-185, 188, t. C2, C5, C12. See also mechanization

escalator clause, 19, 139, 163 ethylene dibromide gas, 96, 99 expansion, diversified agriculture, 160-

161, 163-166 expenses. See costs ex orts: 1-3, 161; avocados, 99, 161;

gananas, 41,47, 96, 161, t. B7; chicks and hatching eggs, 152-153; coconuts, 110; coffee, 44-45, 113, 161, 166; depression, 165; early history, 40-41, 43-50; floral products, 61, 117-126, 161, 165-166; fruits and fruit products, 41, 47, 96101, 161, 165-166, t. B7; honey and beeswax, 50, 155-156, 161, 166; lima beans, 161; macadamia nuts, 105-106, 161, 165-166; papayas, 96-99, 161, t. B7; rice, 46, 126; sugar, 40-41, 43; taro products, 72, 161; taxes, 36; transportation interruption, 165-166; vegetables, 40-41, 47, 70-72, 161, 164, 165-166, 204, t. B7; war, 166

Family income. See income family living cost. See living cost family-sized farms: 162; coffee, 113-

114; dairies, 142; macadamia nuts, 104, 107-109, t. E3-E5; oultry, 148- 149; swine, 144; vegeta%le and fruit, 77-78, t. B8, B9, all appendix C. See also farm size

farm costs. See costs Farm Advisory Board, 20, 164 Farm Bureau, 25 farm income. See income farm layout, 89, 146, 152, 162 Farm Loan Board, 33 farm occupancy, fruit and vegetable

farmers, 182-183 farm production for home use: 83-84,

162, 165; vegetable and fruit, coffee

INDEX 219

farms, 77, 114-115, 188, t. C8, C11 farm records, 33, 85, 183 farm returns. See returns farm size: 162; beef cattle, 49, 134-137;

beekeeping, 156; coffee, 113-114; dairy, 140-142; floral products, 117, 120-121; fruits, 94; honey, 156; Ru- leana, 39, 41-42; macadamia nuts, 104, 107, 109; pineapple, 56; poultry, 148-150; rice, 46, 127; sugar, 43, 54; swine, 144, 146; vegetables, 82; vegetable and fruit farms, 75-77, 182, t. B8, B9, C3. See also family-sized farms, acreage

farmer ability, vegetable and fruit sample farmers, 183, t. C1

farmer organizations, 25-26 farms, number of: 63, t. AS; beef cattle,

134-135, t. A5; beekeeping, 156, t. AS; coffee, 113, t. A5; dairies, 140- 141, t. A5; floral products, 117, t. AS; fruit, 63, 75-77, t. AS, B8, B9; macadamia nuts, 104, t. A5; poultry and eggs, 148-149, t. AS; rice, 126, t. A5; swine, 143-144, t. A?; vegetable, 63, 75-77, t. AS, B8, B9

federal policies: 1, 160, 164-165; armed forces, 3, 5, 164; sugar, 5, 55, 165

feed: 160, 162, 166; bulk transportation, 142, 151; dairy cattle, 141-142; emer- gency reserves, 151-152, 166; field corn, 128, 138-139; molasses, 59, 138, 146; pineapple pulp, 59, 138; poultry, 150-152, 154; swine, 145- 146

feeder cattle, 139 fern products, 120, 187 fertilization and fertilizer: 162; coffee,

115: fruit. 101: macadamia nuts. 109: - , rice, 12&12j; vegetables, 83-84; 204-205, t. D2

field corn: 127-128, t. A4; acreage, 60, 127-128, t. A2: as beef cattle feed, 138-139; hi st^;^, 48-49, 127-1283 rotation crop for pasture, 139

Filipinos: on coffee farms, 22, 113; number, 21-22, t. A7

fish, 2 floral products: 116126; anthuriums,

61, 121-123, 125; climate, 116, 118, 120-123; expansion and present status, 116117; exports, 61, 118-126, 165-166; interplanting in macadamia orchards, 109; markets and marketing, 117-125; orchids, 61, 118, 125; problems and outlook, 123-126; production and marketing for local consumption, 117-1 18; production areas, 15-16, 117-118, 120-121, 124-125; transportation, 121-126, 165-166;


tropical foliage, 61, 118, 121-123, 125, 165-166; value, 63, 116-119, 122, t. A4

flowers. See floral products foliage, tropical, 61, 118-119, 121, 125,

165-166 f o ~ d ~ c o n ~ u m ~ t i o n on farms, 77, 114-

115, 162, 188, t. C11 food crops, prediscovery Hawaii, 38 food habits: 162; beef and veal, 131;

milk and cream, 49, 140; pork, 144; poultry and eggs, 148; vegetables, 70

food, home produced. See production for home use

food prices. See prices food processing. See processed products

and processing forest reserve, 13-17, t. A1 4-H clubs, 25 freight rates. See transportation fruit flies: 24, 34; floral products, 121;

fruits, 96, 99, 101-102; vegetables, 68, 71

fruits: 92-102, t. A2, A4, A5, B5, B7-B9, El , E2; acreage, 60, 92-94, t. A2, El; exports, 41, 47, 96101, 161, 165-166, t. B7; grades and grading, 34-35, 87-88, 97; history, 38-41, 47, 60, 92-93, 96, t. B5, B7, El ; Island consumptlon, 95-96, 160; production problems and research, 101-102; production areas, 13-16, 94; products, 95, 98, 101, 160-161; swine feed, 101, 146. See also vegetable and fruit sample farms

functional specialization, 162-163 fungicides, tomatoes, 204-205, t. D2 Future Farmers of America, 25

Garbage, 143-146 geese, 62 goats, 40, 62 government, 34-37, 164 grades and grading: 34-35; beef, 131-

132; eggs, 155; floral products, 122- 124; honey, 156; papayas, 97; swine, 147; vegetables, 71, 87-88. See aho quality

grapes, 39, 93, 95, t. El , E2 green manure, 84, 162 gross income (general excise) tax. Sce

taxes gross returns, gross receipts, gross sales.

See returns growing district. See production area guava, 94, 101

Hawaii (island): area, land utilization, description, 11, 14-15, t. Al, A2, AS;

beef cattle, sheep, 40, 49, 58, 132, 134, 136; field corn, 49, 128; floral products, 117-118, 120, 121; fruit, 56, 94; history, 39-40, 44, 49, 51, 56; macadamia nuts, 103-105; number of farms, t. AS; population, 22, t. A8; poultry, 153-154; soil and water, 35, 89; transportation, 28-30, 51; vegetables, 68, 74, 76, 82; vegetable and fruit farms, 181-192, t. B8, B9, C1-C15. See also Kona

Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, 24, 149

Hawaii Employment Relations Act, 35 Hawaiian Homes Commission, 17-18,

11. 136 <-, -- - Hawaiian Islands: physical characteris-

tics, 11-13; utilization of agricultural land, 13-14

Hawaiians: egg consumption, 148; farmers, 22-23; milk consumption, 49, 140; number, 20-21, t. A7; pork preference, 144; ranchers, 23, 135- 136

hides, 40, 49, 131 history: 38-51; beef cattle, beef and

veal, 40-41, 49-50, 61, 131-132, t. F1; beekeeping, 50, 62, 155-156; coffee, 40-41, 44-45, 60, 112-114; dairying, 49, 61-62, 139-140; discov- ery to middle of 19th Century, 39- 41; field corn, 48-49, 60, 127-128; floral products, 61, 116117; fru~t, 38-41, 47, 92-93, 9697, 99-100, t. B5, B7, El; Great Mahele and after- math, 42; horses and mules, 40-41, 50, 61; macadamia nuts, 60-61, 103- 104; pineapple, 39-41, 55-56; population, 20-22, t. A6-A8;.poultry, 38, 40-41, 50, 62, 147; predrscovery Ha- waii, 38-39; rice, 45-47, 60, 126127; sheep, 40, 49-50, 61; sugar, 38, 40- 41, 43-44, 53-55; swine, 38, 40-41, 50, 61, 143-144; vegetables, 3841, 47-48, 60, 70-74, 79-80, t. B5-B7

hogs. See swine home demonstration clubs, 25 home produced food. See production for

home use homesteader, homesteading, 17-18,136 honey. See beekeeping Honolulu: beef and dairy, 49, 132, 143;

floral products, 116118,120; history, 21, 39, 48-49; miscellaneous, 12, 16, 22, 181; poultry, 148,152-154; prices, 6,75, 132,145, t. B5; swine, 143-145; transportation, 28-30, 50-51; vegetables, 68, 72-75, 77, 86-87, t. B3, B5. See also Oahu

horses, 40-41, 50, 61, 185, t. C4

INDEX 221

houses on farms, 89, 186, t. C3, C6 household assets, 186, t. C6

Implements. See equipment imports: 1-2, 160-161; beef and veal,

131-132, 139, 160, t. F1; chicks and hatching eggs, 152-153, 166; dairy cow replacements, 141, 162, 166; dairy products, 62, 139-140, 160; feed, 1, 141, 151-152, 161, 166; fruit, fresh and processed, 60, 95, 160, t. E2; potatoes, Irish, 67-68, 70, 160, t. B1, B3, B4; poultry products, 62, 147-148, 152-153, 155, 160; processed food, 62, 67,95, 131, 139-140, 144, 160-161, t. B1, E2, F1; rice, 45, 126-127, 160;. swine and pork, 143-144, 160; taxes, 30; transportation interruption, 6, 126, 151-152, 165-166; vegetables, 60, 67-70, 72, 74, 87, 160-161, t. B1, B3, B4

improvement of animal stock, 142, 146-147, 152, 162

income: coffee, 114; macadamia nuts, 108, t. E5; off-farm, vegetable and fruit sample farms, 193-194, t. C15; of pineapple workers, 78, 191; of sugar workers, 78, 191; tomatoes, 205; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 78-79, 190-194, t. C13-C15. See also returns

income tax. See tax Industrial Research Advisory Council,

24 industry cooperation and organization:

26, 163; floral products, 123, 125; papayas, 98-99; pineapple, 57; poultry and eggs, 153-155; sugar, .44. See also cooperation and cooperaelves

insects: 13; flowers, 121; fruit, 93, 102; pineapple, 57; poultry, 149; vegetables, 79, 85, 205. See also fruit flies

insecticides, poultry, 150; tomatoes, 204-205, t. D2

inspection service, plant and animal, 34-35, 154

interest on Invested capital: cattle ranch, 134, t. F3; macadamia nut orchard, 107, t. E3, E5; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 190, 194, t. C12, C13, c15-

interplanting crops, macadamia orchards, 108-109

inventory. See investment investment: beef cattle, 133-134, t. F4;

dairy, 142, t. F5; floral products, 120-121, 123; macadamia nuts, 107, t. E4; poultry farms, 150; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 183-196, t. C2-c7

irrigation: 163; cattle, 137-138; history, 38, 43-44; irrigation projects, 20, 88-89; irrigated land and pastures, 13-14, 137-138; value of irrigation systems, 13; vegetables and fruit, 88-89, 189, 192. See also water

Jams and jellies, 101, 161 Japanese: 22, t. A7; coffee farmers, 22,

113; producers of floral products, 22, 118; rice, 22, 126

Kauai: area, land 'utilization, description, 11-12, 17, t. AI, A2, A8; cattle, 135-136; corn, 128; flowers, 117; fruit and nuts, 56, 94, 103-104; history, 43-44, 46,48; number farms, t. AS; population, 22, t. A8; poultry, 154; rice, 46, 126-127; transportation, 28; vegetables, 74, 77, 82, 84-85; vegetable and fruit farms, 181, 184, 187, 190-191, t. B8, B9, C1-C15; wages. 27

~ona : c b ~ e e , 44, 113, 115-116; credit, 30-31; description, 15, 113; fruit, 94; labor and wages, 27; ranches, 136; transportation, 29; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 181, 183-186, 189-192, t. C1-C15

Koreans, 20, 118, t. A7 kuleana, 39, 41-42

Labor: 26-27, 161-162; cattle and pastures, 27, 135, 138; coffee, 27, 114- 116; dairies, 27, 141-142; family labor, 26-27, 45, 75-76, 78, 109, 194, t. C1; floral products, 120; labor and management conflicts, 1, 5-6, 160, 165; labor saving practices, 53, 162; laws, 35; macadamia orchard, 107- 109, t. E3, E5; poultry, 27, 148-150; rice, 46-47, 127; seasonal, 27; sugar and pineapple, 21, 53, 191-192; swine, 27, 146; unions, 5-6; vegetables, 27, 75-76, 78-80, 82, 85, 203- 205, t. D l , D2; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 188, 193, t. C1, C12. See also employment, wages, income

labor income. See income Lanai, 10, 15, 49, t. Al, A2, A8 land: agricultural, 13-18, t. A1-A3;

area, Hawaiian Islands, 11, 13, t. A l ; beef cattle and pasture, 13-19, 132- 138, t. A2, A3, F3, F4; dajrles, 17, 141-142; Great Mahele, 42; lrrlgated, 14,16-17,88-89,137-138,163; price,

1

i 222 DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE OF HAWAII

18, 116, 120, 132, 134; scarcity, 18; swine, 146; value, 18, 116, 120, 132- 134, 183-184, t. C3. See also cropland acreage, farm size, lease, production area and location

land ownership. See land tenure land tenure, 17-20, 162-163, t. A3;

coffee, 113, 116; concentratlon of ownership, 18; fruit, 101; history, 17-18, 39, 42-44, 46-47; private or fee simple, 17-18, 163, t. A3; public, 17-18, t. A3; relation to credit, 32- 33; vegetable and fruit farms, 77, 89, 182, t.-B8

land utilization: 13-17, 163-164, t. Al ; agricultural land, 13-17, t. A2, A3; vegetable farms, 83

large farms. See farm size laws, 34-35, 164 leases and leasing: 18-20, 163, t. A3;

coffee, 19, 116; credit, 33; escalator clause, 19, 139, 163; fruit, 19, 101; pasture land, 18-20, 132-133, 136, 139, t. A3; pineapple, 19, t. A3; share cropping, 31; sugar, 19, t. A3; swine, 143, 145; vegetables, 19, 89, 184

lima beans, 71, 161 litchi, 93-94 livestock: 131-147; history, 38, 40, 49-

50, 131, 139, 143; vegetable and fruit farms, 185, 187-188, t. C4, C8-C10, C12. See also beef cattle, dairying, swine, sheep, horses

living costs, 193-195, t. C15 location, Hawaiian Islands, 11. See also

production area and location, competing areas

Macadamia nuts: 102-110, t. E3-E5; acreage, 61, 103-104, t. A2; connection with sugar industry, 58; costs, returns, investment, 107-110, t. E3- E5; demand and price, 103, 106-108; description of nut, tree, yield, product, 102-106, 109; exports, 105-106, 161, 165-166; history, 60-61, 103- 105; number and race of operators, 22, 104, t. AS; production areas, 14-17, 103-106, t. A2

machinery, agricultural. See mechaniza- tlon

management, 1, 5, 160, 165. See also production methods

mangos, 58, 93-95, 101, t. B5, El, E2 manufacturing industries, 3 markets and marketing: 161, 163-164;

avocados, 99-100, 161; bananas, 96, 161; beef, 131-132, 139; coffee, 113,

115; floral products, 117-125; fruit, 95-100, 161; history, 39-41, 43-50; honey and beeswax, 155-156; macadamia nuts, 103, 106, 108, 161; orderly marketing, 86-87, 123; poultry products, 152-155, 160; swine, 144, 147, 160; vegetables, 77, 85-88, 163

marketing act, 34-35 marketing costs. See costs marketing practices, 163 marketings: general agricultural, 62, 63,

t. A4; beef and veal, 131, t. El; vegetables, 67, t. B1, B2, B4. See also production, exports

Maui: area, land utilization, description, 11, 15-16, t. Al, A2, A8; beef, milk, cattle, 134, 136, 143; field corn, 49, 128; floral products, 117-118; fruit and nuts, 56, 94, 103-105; history, 41, 44, 48-49, 51; number of farms. t. A5; population, 22, t. AS; poultry, 154; soil conservation district, 35; transportation, 28, 30, 51; vegetables, 41, 68, 74, 77, 82, 88; vegetable and fruit farms, 181, 183- 185, 187-193, t. B8, B9, C1-C15

meat inspection, 35 mechanization: 161-163, 165; adapta-

tion of farming, 80; cattle ranchers, 135, 137, t. F3, F4; coffee, 115; dairies, 141; depression, 165; equipment overhead, 81-82; fruit, 101; macadamia nuts, 109, t. E3, E4; pinea ple, 58; rice, 127; sugar, 53; vegeraides, 79-82, 89; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 77, 185-186, t. C5. See also equipment, tractor, truck

military expenditures. See armed forces milk. See dairying missionaries, 41 mochi rice. 126 molasses: kattle, 59, 138, 141; swine,

59, 146 Molokal: area, land utilization, descrip-

tion, 11, 16, t. Al, A2, A8; credit, 31; crops, 74, 94, 117, 128, t. B8, B9; land and water, 35, 89; livestock, 49, 135; population, 22, t. A8; transportation. 29

money, 39-40, 51 mulching, 84, 162 mules, 40, 50, 61, 185, t. C4

National parks, 13, t. A1 natural resources, vegetable and fruit

sample farms, 181-182, 192, t. C1. See also climate, land, water

nematodes, 93, 123 net income. See income

INDEX 223

net returns. See returns net worth, vegetable and fruit sample

farms, t. C2 Niihau, 11, 17, 22, 49, 135, t. Al, A2,

A8

Oahu: area and land, 11, 1618 , 35, t. Al , A2, A8; beef and cattle, 40, 135; dairying, 141-143; floral products, 117-118; fruit, 56, 94, 101; history, 40,44,46, 51; macadamia nuts, 103- 105; number of farms, t. AS; population, 22, t. A8; poultry, 149, 153; share cropping, 31; swine, 143-147; transportation, 30, 51; vegetables, 74-75, 81-82, 84-85, 87-88, t. D l ; vegetable and fruit farms, 181, 184, 187-189, 192, t. B8, B9, C1-C15; wages, 27. See also Honolulu

off-farm income. See income, off-farm onions, dry, 67-68, 73, 160, t. B1-B6 operating costs. See costs operating unit. See farm size oranges, 40-41,47, 93-95, t. B5, El , E2 orchids, 61, 118, 125. See also floral

products orderly marketing. See markets and mar-

keting -

organization. See industry cooperation and organization

Orientals: egg consumption, 148; milk consumption, 140; pork preference, 144; ranchers, 135. See also Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos

outlook: 160-166; beef cattle, 139; beekeeping, 157; coffee, 115-116; field corn, 128; floral products, 125; fruit and fruit products, 96-97, 101; macadamia nuts, 102, 105-106, 108; pineapple, 58; poultry and eggs, 155; rice, 127; sugar, 55

outlying islands: dairies, 141-143; poultry products, 153; swine, 144, 146; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 182, 188. See also individual islands

output. See production, marketings outside islands. See outlying islands overproduction. See surplus ownership of land and farms. See land

tenure

Packing and packaging: 35; floral products, 123; honey, 156-157; papayas, 97; poultry, 154-155; vegetables, 87

papayas: 92, 94-99, t. E2; acreage, 92, t. E l ; exports, 96-99, 161, t. B7; interplanting with macadamia nuts, 109; leases, 101; location, 17, 94; prices, 97, t. B5; research, 102. See also fruit

parasites, 147, 150 part-time farms. See farm size, family-

sized farms passion fruit, 101-102 pastures and pasturing: 166; acreage,

13-14, 16-17, 134-135, 137, t. A2, A3; beef cattle, 132-139, 160, 162; dairy cattle, 141-143; field corn rotation, 128; location, 14-18; swine, 145-146

per capita consumption See consumption, per capita

pests. See diseases, insects pigeons, 62 pigs. See swine pineapple: 55-58, t. A2-A5; acreage,

56, t. A2, A3; business cycles, 5; bran and pulp, 59, 138, 141; connection with diversified agriculture, 58- 60, 138, 141; employment, 4; exports, 2,55-57; Caucasians, Filipinos, Japanese, 22; labor income, 78, 191; outlook, 58; production areas, 1617 , 55-56

planning, agricultural, 20, 85, 164 plantation crops. See sugar, pineapple pocket market, 86 poha, 101 poi. See taro population, effect of balance of pay-

ments, 2 population and race, 20-23, t. AGA8 pork, 38, 41, 143-144, 147, 160, t. A4.

See also swlne Portuguese, 22, 135 potatoes, Irish, 3 H 1 , 60, 67-70, 73,

160, t. B1-B7 poultry: 147-155, t. A4, A5; breeding

and flock replacement, 151-153, 166; history, 38, 50, 62, 147; imports, 62, 147-148,152-153,155,160; Japanese, 22; present status, 62, 147-149; processing and marketing, 153-155; production areas, 15-16, 149; reducing farm costs, 149-152; vegetable and fruit farms, 185, t. C4

perquisites, 27, 191 price control: beef, 132; coffee, 112;

honey 156; vegetables, 72-73 price cutting, floral products, 119, 124 price stability, 124, 163 prices: 6, 163, 166; beef, 132-134, 138-

139, 162; coffee, 45, 112-114, 116; floral products, 119-126; frutt and fruit products, 95-100, t. B5; honey, 156; land, 17, 116, 120, 132, 134; lease, 19, 132; macadamia nuts, 103, 106-108; milk, 140; pork, 143, 145; poultry and eggs, 148, 152-155; taxes, 36-37; vegetables, 72-73, 75,


192, t. B5; water, 88 processed products and processing:

160-161; coconuts, 110; floral products, 121; fruit, 95-38, 100-101; imports, 62, 67, 95, 131, 139-140, 144, 160-161, t. B1, E2, F1; jams and jellies, 101; macadamia nuts, 103, 110; poultry products, 153-155. See also by-products

production: 160-163; beef and veal 131, 160, t. A4, F1; coffee, 112-113, t. A4; dairy replacements, 141-142, 160, 162; field corn, 128, t. A4; floral products, 120-122, t. A4; fruit, 94, 160, t. A4, E2; green feed, 141, 160; honey and beeswax, 50,62, 155-156, t. A4; milk, 61-62; 139, 141, 160, 166, t. A4; poultry and eggs, 62, 147, 150-151, 153-154, 160, 166, t. A4; swine and pork, 143-144. 160, t. A4; vegetables, 60, 72-75, 160, t. A4, B1, B2, B4, B6. See also marketings, yield

production area and location: beef cattle, 15-17, 136; beekeeping, 157; coffee, 15, 113; dairies, 16, 141; field corn, 128; floral products, 15-16, 117-118, 120-121; fruit, 14-17, 94, 180-181, t. C1; macadamia nuts, 14- 17, 105-106; poultry, 15-16, 149; swine, 15-16, 143-145; vegetables, 14-17, 74, 180-181, t. C1. See also acreage, land

production costs. See costs production for home use: 162; coffee,

114-115; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 77,83-84, 162, 188, 194, t. C11

production methods: 161-163; beef cattle, 136-139, 162; beekeeping, 156; dairying, 141-143; floral products, 121-122; fruit, 101-102; history, 38- 39.41, 45,47; macadamia nuts, 109- 110; poultry, 149-152; rice, 47, 127; swine, 145-147; vegetables, 80-85

production unit. See farm size productivity, 162, 164 profit. See returns promotlon: 163; floral products, 120,

123-125: fruit, 96, 99; macadamia nuts, IOG, 108; pineapple, 57; vegetables and taro aroducts. 72, 88 ------ . .

prosperity, 1, 69, i39 public instruct~on, department of, 25

Quality: 35, 163; beef cattle, 136-138; floral products, 120-121, 123-124; fruit, 95-98; honey, 156; pasture, 137-138; poultry and eggs, 148, 152, 154; vegetables, 41, 87; vegetables and fruit sample farms, 181-182,

191-192, t. C1. See also grades and grading

quarantine, 34, 71, 96, 99

Rabbits, 62 race or national origin, 21-23, t. A7.

See also Caucasians, Chinese, Filipinos, Hawaiians, Japanese, Koreans, Ori- entals, Portuguese

railroads, 30 rainfall. See climate ranch. See farm real estate value: 133, t. F4; coffee, 115;

dairy, 142, t. FS; vegetable and frult sample farms, 183-184, t. C2, C3. See also land, cattle ranch

rearmament program, 1, 3 records, farm, 33, 85, 183 refrigeration: eggs, 154-155; ships,

28-29 regulations, governmental, 34-35 rents and rental. See leases and leasing research, agricultural, 24, 59, 102, 104,

115, 125, 149-151, 164 resources: agricultural, development

during depression, 165; mineral, 1. See also land, irrigation, water

retailing: floral products, 118, 120, 124; fruit, 95-97; poultry products, 153- 155; swine, 147; vegetables, 87-88

returns: cattle ranch, 133-134, t. F2; coffee, 114; floral products, 122-123; macadamia nuts, 108, t. E3, E5; poultry, 149-151; vegetables, 203- 205; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 186-187, 191-193, t. C9, C10, C14. See also income

rice: 45-47, 126-127; acreage, 60, 126- 127, t. A2; farm number, 46-47, 126, t. A5; growing districts, 17

risk, 83, 162 roads, 29-30, 51, 136

Sales. See marketings, returns sanitation, 35, 145, 147 savngs: coffee, 114; vegetable and fruit

sample farms, 194-195, t. C15 seasonal differences, eggs, 154 seasonal labor, 27 seasonal production, gluts. See surplus self-sufficiency: prediscovery Hawaii,

38; war time, 166 share cropping, 31 sheep and sheep products, 40, 49-50,

61, t. A4, A5 shipping. See transportation silk, 48 size of farm. See farm size small farmers. See farm size soil conservation districts, 35, 85

INDEX 225

soil conservation payments. See U.S. Production and Marketing Admin- lstratlon -- - ~-. ~

soil tests, 84, 162 soils: Hawaiian Islands, 13; vegetable

and fruit sample farms, 181-182, 193, t. C1

specialization: cattle ranches, 135; coffee farms, 115-116; functional, 162; vegetables, 83-84; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 187, t. C8-C10. See dso diversification of farm

standard of living, effect of balance of payments, 2. See also living costs

stock improvement. See improvement of animal stock

storage and storing, 152-154 storms, 12, 102 sugar: 43-44, 53-55, t. A2-AS; area,

13-17, 44, 53-54, t. A2, A3; by- products, 3, 59, 138, 141, 146, 151; connection wlth d~versified agriculture, 58-60, 138, 141; employment, 3-4, 53; exports, 40-41, 43; factors, 43; federal policies, 5, 55, 165; Ha- waiian Sugar Planters' Association, 24, 44; history, 38, 40-41, 43-44, 53-55; Caucasians, Filipinos, Japan- ese, 22; labor income, 78, 191; marketing quota, 2, 55; plantations, 43- 44, 53-54, t. 5; poultry feed, 59, 151; small sugar growers, 54, t. 5

summary, 160-166 surplus: 163; floral products, 124; pa-

payas, 99; poultry products, 153-154 survey of diversified agriculture, 1900

to present, 60-62 swine: 143-147, t. AS; development

and present status, 143-145; industry problems, 145-147; connection with sugar plantations, 58; history, 38, 40-41, 58, 61, 143-144; numbers, 61, 143; location, 15-16, 143-145; racial ancestry of farmers, 22; vegetable and fruit, 83, 101, 146, 185, t. C4. See also pork

Tallow, 40,49, 131 tangerines, 93-95, t. B5, El, E2 tariff and import duties: coffee, 45, 112;

rice, 46; sugar, 43 taro: acreage, 60, t. A2, B6; exports of

products, 72, 161; food values of products, 72; history, 38, 42, 48, t. B2, B5, B6; prices, t. B5; production or sales, 68-69, 84-85, t. B1, B2, B4

taxes: 35-37; cattle ranch, t. F3; macadamia nuts, t. E3, E5; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 189, 194, t. C12, c15

techniques, agricultural. See production methods, mechanization

tenant. See lease tenure. See land tenure tomatoes, 68-69, 71, 73, 203-205, t.

B1-B6, D2 topography, 11-12, 13-16, 113, 162,

181, t. C1 tourist industry, 3, 5 tractor: coffee, 115; macadamia nuts,

t. E3, E4; ranches and dairies, 135, t. F3-F5; rice, 127; vegetable and fruit farms, 75, 77, 79-82, 85, 101, 185, 192, 204, t. B8, C5, D2. See also mechanization

trade, 39-40, 51 trade education, 99 trade organization. See industry coopet-

ation and organization transportation: 27-30, 50-51, 165-166;

floral products, 28, 119, 121-124; freight rates, 28-29, 119, 123, 154; fruit, 29, 96-97, 100; hlstory, 50-51; honey, 156; interisland sea and air, 29, 51; milk, 143; papayas, 97; poultry, 28, 152-153; radroads, 30; roads, 29-30, 51; transpacific sea and air, 27-29, 50-51; vegetables, 29, 72, 81-82. See also transportation interruption

transportation interruption: 1, 6, 160, 165-166; dairy industry, 141, 166; field corn. 128: floral products, 125- 126, 1 6 5 ; ~ ~ o u l t r ~ , 151-152, 166. See also transportation

Treaty of Reciprocity: effect on coffee, 45; effect on sugar, 43-44; effect on wages, 51

truck, 81-82, 115, 127, 185, t. C5, E4, F3-F5

Unemployment, 3-4, 160, 165 unloads, mainland. See imports U.S. Farm Credit Administration, 31,

34, 164 U.S. Farmers Home Administration,

31-33, 114, 180-186, 191, t. C1-CIS U.S. Production and Marketing Ad-

ministration: 34; macadamia orchard, t. E3; ranching, 133; vegetable and fruit sample farms, 187, t. C10

University of Hawaii, 24-25 utilization: bee products, 156-157; cas-

tor beans, 128; coconuts, 110; coffee, 113; floral products, 117, 120, 125; fruits and fruit products, 96, 98-99, 101; macadamia nuts, 102-103; milk, 139; pineapple, 55-57, 59; poultry products. 148, 155; sugar, 59; vege-


tables and vegetable products, 72, 83. See also processed products

Value: 2-3, 62-63, t. A4; cattle, 62, 133-134, t. A4, F2-F4; coffee, 63, 115, t. A4; dairying, 62, 142, t. A4, F5; floral products, 63, 116-119, 122, t. A4; land, 18, 116, 132; macadamia nuts, 107-108, t. A4, E4, E5; pineapple, 2, 5, 57, t. A4; poultry products, 62, t. A4; rice, 46, 63, t. A4; sheep products, 50, t. A4; sugar and molasses, 2, t. A4; swine products, 62, t. A4; vegetable and vegetable products, 63, 72, 75, t. B2, A4; vegetable and fruit farms, 77, t. C2-C15. See also prices

vanda, orchids, 119-121, 123-125. See also floral products

veal. See beef vegetables: 67-89, t. A2, A4, A5, B1-

B9, appendices C, D; acreage, 60, t. A2, B6, B9; age of farmers, 182; business cycles and long time trends, 69-70; connection with sugar and pineapple, 58-60; exports, 40-41, 47, 70-72, 161, 164-166, 204, t. B7; farm methods and organization, 79-85, 161-163; grades and grading, 34-35, 71,87-88; imports, 60,67-70,72-74, 87, 160-161, t. B1, B3, B4; land and water, 77, 88-89; macadamia orchards, 109; marketing, 77, 85-88, 163; marketings, 67, t. B1, B2, B4; prices and production, 67-69, 72-74, 75, 160-161, t. B1-B5; production districts, 14-17, 74; racial ancestry of

farmers, 22-23; survey of vegetable and fruit farms, 75-77; swine sideline, 146. See also vegetable and fruit sample farms

vegetable and fruit sample farms: 77- 78, appendix C; age of farmers, 182; costs. 77. 188-190. t. C12. C13: debts. 186, i90, t. ~ 3 1 67, ~ 1 3 ; inventory; 77, 183-186, t. C2-C6; representativeness of sample, 180-183; returns, income, savings, 186, 190-195, t. C13-C15

volume of production and sales. See production, marketings

Wages, 27-28, 47, 51, 53, 191, t. E3, E4. See also income, labor

wage and hour law, 35 war: future, 125-126, 166; Korea, 1,

3-4, 144. See also World War I1 waste products, 3, 83 water: cattle, 136, 138; cost, 88, 189;

water rights, 20. See also irrigation whaling, 40, 43 wheat, 48 wholesale market. See market wool. See sheep World War 11: 1-3; beef prices, 132;

coffee, 112-114: fruit, 92, 96, 98: honey, 156; swine, 143-145; vege: tables, 72-74, 76, 79-81, 183

Yield: honey, 156; macadamia nuts, 104-105; rice, 47, 127; vegetables, 84-85, 203-204, t. D l . See aho production

Young Farmers Association, 25

PRODUCTION NOTE

The text and references of this book have been set in 10 pt. and 8 pt. Monotype Garamond, respectively, and the subheads and running heads in 12 pt. and 8 pt. Linotype Spartan bold, respectively, by the Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd. Title page, part titles, and chapter openings have been set in 18 pt. Spartan medium condensed and 60 pt. and 72 pt. Onyx by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Ap- pendices have been typewritten.

Illustrations, tables, and end leaves have been prepared by Walter Kiyabu with Spartan bold condensed, Spartan medium, and Onyx set by the Honolulu Star- Bulletin, Ltd. Appendices were prepared for publication by Robert W. Sparks.

The book has been printed on Everett Pulp and Paper Company's substance 60 Nautilus eggshell laid, the body and index by letterpress and the appendices by offset. End leaves were printed by offset on substance 70 Ticonderoga Text gray laid. Printing and binding were done by the Advertiser Publishing Company, Ltd. Covers were manufactured by Russell-Rutter Company, Inc., of Athol Manufac- turing Company's standard finish Dublin 025X Terek Cloth.

The book was designed by and produced under the supervision of William S. Ellis, Jr., and Aldyth V. Morris.

LAST DATE STAMPEC UNLESS RECALLED

0 1 MILES 4 5 CIPAMULU , MAUI f

Documents

appendix A GENERAL TABLES