339© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3

Appendix A: Army Units

The translations do not follow the usage of any particular English-speaking army. Cavalry terms are in brackets (Table A.1).

The cavalry regiment had the administrative standing of a cuerpo (self-administering unit), but was actually a battalion-sized unit. In the artil-lery, the company is called battery and an artillery battalion is a grupo.

The infantry regiment was a cuerpo and a tactical unit (usually with three battalions in wartime). Two regiments formed a brigade. However, since the nineteenth century, the Spanish regiments rarely fought as tac-tical units. Instead, their battalions were distributed among other field commands, although battalions of the same regiment could be grouped together. This was also the case in the Civil War. In fact, the Nationalist infantry’s organization resembled the British regimental system, since the pre-war regiments (and even separate battalions) left in the rear cadres which operated as depot units responsible for the organization and train-ing of many of the new wartime battalions, which remained affiliated to their parent units. In the Republican army, each mixed brigade was the parent unit of its organic infantry battalions.

The infantry had other regiment-sized tactical units. The light infantry (cazadores) and mountain infantry separate battalions were grouped in half-brigades (two or three battalions each). And during the Civil War, the Nationalist army grouped their divisions’ infantry in tactical units of three or four battalions, which were indistinctly named regiment, half-brigade or agrupación.

340 AppENdIx A: ARmy UNITS

A special case was the moroccan troops. In the Spanish army’s reg-ulares, both the infantry battalion and the group of cavalry squadrons were called tabor, and infantry and cavalry tabores were grouped into mixed regimental groups (grupos de fuerzas regulares indígenas) for administrative purposes until the end of the Civil War. The mehal-las were also regimental groups of tabores, although their establishments were lower than those of the regulares units.

Table A.1 Spanish army units and their translation

Spanish army Translation

Regimiento RegimentBatallón (Regimiento/Grupo) Battalion (Regiment/Group)Compañía (Escuadrón) Company (Squadron)Sección platoon (Troop)Pelotón SectionEscuadra Squad

341© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3

Appendix B: Army Officer rAnks

The translations do not follow the usage of any particular English-speaking army. The officer rank code of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is used as comparative reference for foreign equivalents (Table B.1).

The rank of capitán general is the highest one in the Spanish army, but became more of an extraordinary reward for a very distinguished career after 1900, in the style of marechal de France after 1870 (although this actually is a state dignity, rather than a military rank). This rank must not be confused with the position of territorial captain general, who was the general officer commanding one of the major military regions or dis-tricts (a new OF-9 rank of general de ejército—‘army general’—was intro-duced in 1999 for the officer appointed chief of the army general staff or chief of the defence staff).

Before 1918 the ranks of alférez (which can be literally translated as ‘ensign’) and teniente were called respectively segundo teniente (second lieutenant) and primer teniente (first lieutenant).

during the Civil War, the Republican army adopted a single general officer rank, simply called ‘general’, from early 1937 to late 1938, and then reintroduced the ranks of brigadier general, major general and lieu-tenant general. It also substituted the term mayor for that of comandante (in the Spanish army, a mayor was the officer in charge of the adminis-trative and financial affairs of a cuerpo; in a regiment, he usually had the rank of comandante).

342 AppENdIx B: ARmy OFFICER RANKS

Table B.1 Spanish army ranks and their translation

Spanish army NATO rank code Translation

Capitán General OF-10 Captain GeneralOF-9

Teniente General OF-8 Lieutenant GeneralGeneral de División OF-7 major GeneralGeneral de Brigada OF-6 Brigadier GeneralCoronel OF-5 ColonelTeniente Coronel OF-4 Lieutenant ColonelComandante OF-3 majorCapitán OF-2 CaptainPrimer Teniente/Teniente OF-1 First LieutenantSegundo Teniente/Alférez Second Lieutenant

343© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3

Appendix c: BAsic specificAtiOns Of tAnks, 1921–1939

See Table C.1

344 AppENdIx C: BASIC SpECIFICATIONS OF TANKS, 1921–1939

Table C.1 Basic specifications of tanks, 1921–1939

Model Weight (tonnes)

Max. speed (km/h)

Armament Max. armour (mm)

Crew

Schneider CA 1

13.5 6.7 1 x 75 mm gun2 x machine gun

11.4 7

Renault FT 6.7 7.7 1 x machine gun

16 2

Trubia, Serie A 8.1 30 3 x machine gunor1 x 40 mm gun2 x machine gun

20 3

CV 3/35 3.2 42 2 x machine gun

15 2

pzKpfw IB 5.8 40 2 x machine gun

13 2

T-26 model 1933

9.4 31 1 x 45 mm gun1 x machine gun

15 3

BT-5 11.9 52a 1 x 45 mm gun1 x machine gun

15 3

aOn tracks; its maximum speed on wheels was 72 km/hSources Javier de mazarrasa, Blindados en España. 1ª Parte: la Guerra Civil 1936–1939 (Valladolid: Quirón, 1991), pp. 17, 22; Artemio mortera pérez, Los carros de combate ‘Trubia’ (1925–1939) (Valladolid: Quiron, 1993), p. 29; F. Cappellano and p.p. Battistelli: Italian Light Tanks 1919–45 (Oxford: Osprey, 2014), p. 46; Bryan perrett, German Light Panzers 1932–42 (Oxford: Osprey, 1998), p. 48; Steven J. Zaloga, T-26Light Tank. Backbone of the Red Army (Oxford: Osprey, 2014), p. 20; Steven J. Zaloga, BT Fast Tank: The Red Army’s Cavalry Tank 1931–45 (Oxford: Osprey, 2016), p. 26

345© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3

GlOssAry

Africanista in the Spanish military environment of the 1909–1939 period, an officer who volunteered for frontline service in morocco, especially in forces like the Regulares (q.v.) and the Legión (q.v.), with the purpose of speeding up his career through battlefield achievements.

Agrupación (i) a task force or temporary grouping whose strength could go from a battalion-sized detachment to a field army-sized command; (ii) the name of some regiment or brigade-sized units.

Bandera (i) an alternative term for a company in a Spanish tercio (q.v.) of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; (ii) an infantry or tank battal-ion of the Spanish Legion; (iii) an infantry battalion recruited from vol-unteers from Falange (a Spanish fascist political party) in the Civil War.

Cazador (literally, ‘hunter’) a light infantryman or a light cavalry trooper.

Cuerpo (i) a self-administering unit (it was usually the regiment, but smaller units down to company size could also be cuerpos, as well as some artillery and engineer corps territorial commands); (ii) a term for the branches of the army which had been originally set up as single regiments (e.g., the artillery corps) or were not a tactical arm.

Estado Mayor the body of officers performing staff duties at the head-quarters of a major unit or an equivalent military command; the army’s General Staff was called Estado Mayor Central, which must not be confused with the Estado Mayor General (the general officer list).

346 GLOSSARy

Grupo (i) an artillery battalion; (ii) in the cavalry, either a tactical sub-unit (stronger than a squadron) of a regiment or a self-administering grouping of squadrons (usually smaller than a regiment); (iii) a self-administering grouping of companies in the engineer and service sup-port corps.

Legión (i) a volunteer fighting force of the Spanish army, recruited from Spaniards and foreigners, and founded as Tercio (q.v.) de Extranjeros in 1920; (ii) a regimental group of banderas (q.v.) of El Tercio (q.v.) from 1934 to 1937.

Regulares regular infantry and cavalry troops recruited mostly from moroccan native volunteers (specialist sub-units were manned by Spaniards) and led by Spanish officers.

Tercio (i) the term for the Spanish infantry regiment of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; (ii) the first name of the Spanish Legión (q.v.), founded as Tercio de Extranjeros and later retitled El Tercio, until 1937; (iii) the name of some regiment or brigade-sized units; (iv) an infantry battalion recruited from requetés (ultraconservative monarchist Carlist militiamen) in the Civil War.

347© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 J.V. Herrero Pérez, The Spanish Military and Warfare from 1899 to the Civil War, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54747-3

index

AAbd el-Krim, 144, 145, 213, 275Academia General Militar (Saragossa)

behaviour of graduates in 1936, 174bill to reopen, 180closure, 176, 192entrance requirements, 162and German officer training, 170guidelines, 170, 330indoctrination in, 174judgements on, 174origins, 106, 161removal of textbooks, 169, 330staff, 330style of education, 167

Academia General Militar (Toledo), 32

Academy of Artillery (Segovia), 37, 43, 177

Academy of Infantry (Toledo), 19, 34, 37, 116

Africanists, 142, 144, 145, 148, 165, 168

Aguilera, Francisco, 18, 143Air support, 221, 223, 225Alfonso xII, 2, 6

Alfonso xIII, 18, 147, 152, 266Alléhaut, Emile, 272Alonso Vega, Camilo, 165Aranda, Antonio, 256Ardant du picq, Charles, 76, 106Artillery (tactical arm)

employment in morocco, 18, 40, 88Nationalist combined bombard-

ment, 219, 221Republican improved use, 191Republican misuse, 283, 312, 315

Artillery Board, 112Artillery corps, 3, 14, 42, 43, 45, 114,

115, 146, 191, 242, 245, 268, 276, 279, 281, 329, 332, 345. See also Learned corps (cuerpos facultativos)

Artillery Experiments Commission, 3, 114, 115, 118, 124, 126

Asensio Torrado, José, 190Asturias, armed uprising in (1934),

282, 312Avilés, Juan, 83, 90, 91Azaña, manuel, 147–150, 152, 167,

176, 181, 183, 188

348 INdEx

BBanús, Carlos, 70, 106, 117, 124, 125Beigbeder, Federico, 282, 283Beigbeder, Juan, 286Belda, Luis, 179Benavides, Nicolás, 56, 57Benzo, Eduardo, 173Berenguer, dámaso, 146, 211, 317Bermúdez de Castro, Luis, 88, 120,

166Blake, Joaquín, 48Blanco, Ramón, 72Bloch, Ivan, 78, 106Brull, José, 116Burguete Lana, Ricardo, 62, 98, 129,

137Burguete Lana, manuel, 75, 99Bushido, 110

CCalero Ortega, Juan, 131Calvo Sotelo, José, 151Camon, Hubert, 272Campins Aura, miguel, 61, 194Capaz, Oswaldo Fernando, 317Carlist War, Third (1872–1876), 2,

32, 70Casa-Canterac, Conde de. See Lossada

Canterac, José deCassola, manuel, 3Cavalry corps, 76, 212Cavalry (tactical arm), 3, 6, 17, 19–21,

31–33, 44–46, 76–78, 110, 116–118, 146, 148, 162, 164, 177, 178, 186, 211

Cebreiros, Nazario, 9, 46, 54, 55, 59, 173, 177, 181, 186, 187, 243, 280, 283, 284

Central Firing School (Escuela Central de Tiro), 45, 114, 115, 127, 269, 275, 280

Churchill, Winston, 267Cierva, Juan de la, 143Clausewitz, Carl von, 106, 130Complement List, 15, 164, 179, 189Conscription, 15, 20, 21, 107,

109–111, 180Cordón, Antonio, 18, 34, 37, 43,

177, 187Cuba, war of (1895–1898), 2, 5, 7

Ddato, Eduardo, 11, 266dávila, Fidel, 255, 256, 314, 315defence Boards, 12, 56, 143–145díaz de Villegas, José, 270división

in the Nationalist army, 189, 220, 252–254, 256, 310

in the Republican army, 165, 173, 174, 189, 190, 221, 303, 329, 339

organization of, 7, 50, 114, 115, 165, 171, 185, 191, 214, 218, 226, 239–241, 245, 246, 256, 257, 279, 280

dolla, Ángel, 76, 94, 105, 123

EEchagüe, Ramón, 10, 11, 58Engineer corps, 6, 14, 31, 33, 42,

43, 46, 48, 112, 143, 146, 185, 186, 268, 276, 282, 345. See also Learned corps (cuerpos faculta-tivos)

FFalange, 174, 345Fanjul, Joaquín, 186Fascism, 237

INdEx 349

Fernández España, Luis, 208, 228Fernández de Villa-Abrille, José, 209Fernández Silvestre, manuel, 144, 317Fernando VII, 13, 48Field fortifications, 70, 71, 78, 82, 83,

85, 86, 90, 97, 109, 208, 212, 213, 232

Figueroa, Álvaro de. See Romanones, Count of

Franco Bahamonde, Franciscochief of general staff, 8, 146, 150,

167, 184, 306commandant of the Saragossa acad-

emy, 165operational ideas of, 278role during the uprising in Asturias,

282views on tanks, 295

Franco Salgado-Araujo, Francisco, 17, 29, 156, 159, 165–167, 171, 173, 196, 197, 199, 200, 310, 324

Fuller, J.F.C., 272, 273, 282, 306, 333

GGalbis, José, 17Gallego Ramos, Eduardo, 26, 62, 66,

98, 101, 103, 130, 203Gándara marsella, Luis de la, 65, 133,

198García Albors, Enrique, 273, 274,

279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 289, 295–300

García Benítez, José, 8, 27, 62, 161, 194

García Benítez, Juan, 54García Gómez Caminero. Juan, 212García miranda, José, 164, 195, 201,

202García prieto, manuel, 143

García Rey, Verardo, 85, 100–102Gascueña, Epifanio, 46, 66, 94, 104,

210, 211, 228, 286, 287, 299, 300

General military Academy (Saragossa). See Academia General Militar (Saragossa)

General military Academy (Toledo). See Academia General Militar (Toledo)

General Staff (Estado Mayor Central)antecedents, 330creation, 10disbandment, 3, 10organization, 8, 10, 11restoration, 10

Gil Álvaro, Emilio, 266Gil Juste [or yuste], Germán, 77, 78,

80, 86, 87, 99Gil Robles, José maría, 150, 167, 180,

183, 184, 187, 203, 245, 260Giner de los Ríos, Fernando, 168Goded, manuel, 186, 214, 229, 230,

270, 271, 294Guarner, Vicente, 270, 271, 276, 294,

297Gutiérrez mellado, manuel, 167,

173–175, 196, 197, 200, 201

HHernández Ballester, Antonio, 288,

300Herrera de la Rosa, Eduardo, 36, 38,

63, 64, 122, 137, 179, 201Hidalgo de Cisneros, Ignacio, 19, 29Hidalgo, diego, 149

IInfantry corps, 45, 117, 118, 164,

172, 272, 277

350 INdEx

Infantry (tactical arm), 69, 116–118Infantry tactical regulations

Burguete’s project of new regula-tions, 79, 80

1881 regulations, 72, 79, 951898 regulations, 72, 79, 951908 provisional regulations, 85,

87, 88, 90, 93, 95, 118, 124, 331

1913 regulations, 46, 93–95, 128, 331

1926 regulations, 216, 275, 277, 279

Iranzo, Vicente, 182Isern, damián, 73, 98, 131Izquierdo, Joaquín, 287, 300

JJuntas de defensa. See defence Boards Jevenois, pedro, 115, 116, 118, 119,

134–136, 268, 293Jiménez Bonilla, Ramón, 266

KKindelán y duany, Alfredo, 63, 323

LLandesa, Víctor, 281Largo Caballero, Francisco, 190Learned corps (cuerpos facultativos),

32, 33, 42, 44, 47, 48, 59, 152, 164, 168, 172, 173, 177, 185, 186, 329

Legión, La. See military unitsLerroux, Alejandro, 281Liddell Hart, Basil H., 272, 273, 285,

295, 296, 300, 325Linares, Arsenio, 7, 8, 38, 52

López domínguez, José, 32, 34, 41, 44, 50, 59

López muñiz, Román, 215–217, 231, 232, 259

Losada, Antonio, 163Lossada Canterac, Conde de Casa-

Canterac, José de, 138Luque, Agustín, 7, 10–12, 39, 58

Mmachine gun

acquisition in 1907, 137American machine guns in Cuba,

44, 113–116battlefield role, 121in the campaign of melilla, 69, 95,

125corporate procrastination, 332corporate rivalry, 45, 329, 331Cristophe-montigny, 113effectiveness, 16, 59, 76, 83, 93,

123, 127, 219, 224, 257effects on morale, 111, 283fighting arms attitudes, 47, 334Gatling, 112, 113Hotchkiss, 125, 126, 269integration into tactical units, 118maxim-Nordenfelt, 113palkrantz-Nordenfelt, 113in the Spanish army before 1900,

133weapon of opportunity, 120, 122,

278maeztu, Ramiro de, 111maginot, André, 171, 172maistre, Joseph de, 106maquieira, Enrique, 211marina, José, 88márquez, Benito, 143martínez Campos, Arsenio, 2

INdEx 351

martínez de Campos, Carlos, 37, 91, 124, 221, 224, 243, 244

martín prat, José, 272marvá y mayer, José, 96, 102, 133,

228masquelet, Carlos, 150mauser rifle, 100mcmahon, N.R., 138mechanization. See Tankmedialdea muñoz, Federico, 138military academies, 2, 170. See

also Academia General militar (Saragossa), Academia General militar (Toledo), Academy of Artillery, Academy of Infantry, military education

abridged courses, 40, 41, 60, 329deficiencies after the 1893 reform,

42entrance requirements, 162failure of 1911–1913 reforms, 42,

60, 329life in the period 1893–1927, 190,

191reform of 1893, 32, 34, 37reform of selection procedures and

teaching methods in 1911–1913, 329

military education, 31–34, 36, 41, 42, 47, 59, 161, 163, 168, 175, 177, 188, 190, 192, 329. See also military academies

anticipated innovation, 178before 1893, 68and corporatism, 31, 59and democratization of the officer

corps, 181NCO applicants, 182officer training in the Nationalist

army, 189officer training in the Republican

army, 190

opposition to reform of, 242proficiency courses before promo-

tion, 187reform of 1904, 54reform of 1927, 175reform of 1931–1932, 161, 193

military reformAzaña’s reforms, 149Cassola’s projects, 3Echagüe’s reforms, 11La Cierva’s reforms, 144López domínguez’s reforms, 34,

41, 50martínez Campos’s reforms, 32, 50primo de Rivera’s reforms, 145, 146

military service. See Conscriptionmilitary units, 11, 108, 239

Agrupación de Carros de Combate (Nationalist), 323

Argel Infantry Regiment 27 (Nationalist), 310

Army of the Centre (Republican), 219

VI Army Corps (Nationalist), 252VII Army Corps (Nationalist), 262Army of manoeuvre (Republican),

306Army of the Levant (Republican),

309Army of the North (Nationalist),

310, 313Army of the South (Nationalist),

134Castile Army Corps (Nationalist),

256Cazadores de Alcántara Cavalry

Regiment 14, 1571st Cazadores Brigade, 2592nd Cazadores Brigade, 2443rd Cazadores Brigade, 259Corpo Truppe Volontarie, 252, 3041st division (Nationalist), 315

352 INdEx

4th division (Nationalist), 256, 2625th division (Nationalist), 262, 32551st division (Nationalist), 26261st division (Nationalist), 252150th division (Nationalist), 3166th division (Republican), 25211th division (Republican), 26222nd division (Republican), 25135th division (Republican), 248,

24939th division (Republican), 25165th division (Republican), 251El Rey Infantry Regiment 1, 80Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas, 141Horse Artillery Regiment, 18Legion, La, 313Legion Tank Battalion (Nationalist),

314Light Tank Battalion (Nationalist)

for Tank Battalion (Nationalist), 310

Milán mountain Infantry Regiment 32, 304

moroccan Army Corps (Nationalist), 316

Navarrese Brigades (Nationalist), 221, 252

6th Organic division (Nationalist), 252

Panzergruppe Drohne (Nationalist), 310

and substitute, 15Tank Battalion (Nationalist), 305,

345Tank Regiment 1, 282Tank Regiment 2, 304, 310

millán Astray, José, 165mixed brigada

introduction, 250precedents, 169in the Republican army, 339

mola, Emilio, 44, 151, 179, 180, 187, 312

monasterio, José, 284montojo, Vicente, 285morales, Luis, 191morocco, military operations in

(1909–27)Alhucemas, amphibious landing in

the bay of (1925), 270Ambar, combat of (1922), 269–270Annual, disaster of (1921), 317Barranco del Lobo, combat of

(1909), 89–90French-Spanish offensive (1926),

213melilla, campaign of (1909), 88Sbuch Sba, combat of (1922), 269

NNationalist army

background of major unit com-manders, 254

firepower and battlefield perfor-mance, 207

order of battle, 252performance of field commanders,

207, 255, 335Navarro, modesto, 17, 36, 74, 77, 81,

84, 118Noreña, Carlos, 245Núñez de prado, miguel, 156

OOfficer corps

after defeat of 1898, 85, 112age and health problems, 20gambling, 19lack of initiative, 37, 73neglect of professional proficiency,

187

INdEx 353

opposition to regional nationalism, 4

oversized lists, 14patronage and assignments, 18pay, 19promotion, 43, 141resistance to military reform, 16return to politics, 4self-recruitment, 13social transformation after 1808, 13supplementary civil jobs, 33

Orgaz, Luis, 189, 314

Ppaid Reserve List. See Reserve Listpardo, Cándido, 284peire, Tomás, 181pérez Salas, Jesús, 173philippines, war of the (1896–1898),

27picasso González, Juan, 67, 156pintos, Guillermo, 89ponte y manso de Zuñiga, miguel,

201primo de Rivera, Fernando, 125, 145,

152, 173primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 174primo de Rivera, miguel, 145, 162Pronunciamiento, 1, 2pujales, José, 310

QQueipo de Llano, Gonzalo, 196

RRamírez Arellano anti-tank gun, 281Regulares. See military units

Regulations for the Tactical Employment of major Units (1925), 215

Republican armybackground of major unit com-

manders, 254limitations of the officer corps, 249,

253misuse of firepower, 69order of battle, 247performance of field commanders,

220strength and firepower, 77surprise manoeuvre as operational

alternative, 219Reserve List, 2, 148, 181Restoration regime

end of military interventions in politics, 1

interdependence of the ruling elite and the army, 12

political-military effects of the disaster of 1898, 3, 329

return of the military to politics, 4Rodríguez del Barrio, Ánge, 120, 218Rodríguez Carril, Vicente, 245Rodríguez Tarduchy, Emilio, 119Rodríguez Urbano, Francisco, 229,

237Rojo, Vicente, 41, 163, 169, 170,

257, 274, 306, 308Romanones, Count of (Álvaro de

Figueroa), 11Ruíz dana, pedro, 70Ruíz-Fornells, Enrique, 108, 214Ruíz de Toledo, Carlos, 273, 275Russo-Japanese War, 17, 36, 82–85,

90, 95, 115, 119, 122, 124, 129, 331

354 INdEx

SSánchez Guerra, José, 145Sanjurjo, José, 149, 151, 167Santiago, Luis de, 19, 126Seeckt, Hans von, 171Seguí, Juan, 272, 283Social darwinism, 109, 331Spain

terrain constraints on military opera-tions, 6

terrain constraints on tank forces, 265, 283

Spanish–American War (1898), 73, 108, 109

San Juan Hill (Lomas de San Juan) and El Caney, battle of (1898), 72, 73

Santiago de Cuba, 3, 72, 73, 106Spanish army

commissions of observers in the First World War, 208

contacts with the German army, 231effects of financial constraints, 289force structure, 243, 334

Spanish Civil War, military operations in the (1936-39)

Aragon, Nationalist offensive in (1938), 315

Aragon, Republican advance in (1936), 316

Biscay, campaign of (1937), 221Brunete, battle of (1937), 306Ebro, battle of the (1938), 222Guadalajara, battle of (1937), 220Levant, campaign of the (1938),

220madrid, assault on (1936), 246, 247Santander, campaign of (1937), 312Saragossa, offensive on (1937), 318Teruel, battle of (1937–38), 315

Staff college, 9, 10, 32, 50, 52–54, 57, 59, 60, 166, 187, 193, 208, 244, 309, 318

Staff corps, 3, 9, 10, 17, 20, 21, 32, 44, 48–50, 54–58, 187, 268, 329

Suárez Inclán, pío, 55Sueiro, Alvaro, 165

TTactics

application of European methods in morocco, 214

centralization of command, 254cooperation between artillery and

infantry, 92criticism of former offensive tactics,

75, 78, 90, 122debate on the wars of 1895–1898,

73effectiveness of infantry fire, 119firepower as foundation of, 77, 79impact of new firearm technology,

69moral factors, 93numbers and manpower, 123offensive, 75, 78, 90, 121, 123role of the bayonet, 209

Tactics Commission, 78, 80Tagüeña Lacorte, manuel, 235, 261,

296Tank

advocacy of mechanization, 333amphibious landings in the bay of

Alhucemas, 270BT-5, 304, 308, 344Chenillette Saint-Chamond model

1921, 270composite units of motor and horse

troops, 286CV 3/33 and CV 3/35, 304

INdEx 355

division between branches, 267, 268first acquisition, 267foreign advisers, 246influence of British thinking, 273influence of French thinking, 272Landesa, 281Nationalist tanks in the Civil War,

315numbers in the Civil War, 272official doctrine, 277, 279, 317opposition to mechanization, 45panzerkampfwagen I (pzKpfw I),

304precedents, 188Renault FT, 267, 269, 271, 344Republican tanks in the Civil War,

310Schneider CA 1, 267, 269, 344service in morocco, 345T-26, 304, 344Trubia, 273, 275, 287, 344weapon of opportunity, 278

Thoma, Wilhelm von, 312–314, 316Torcy, Louis Joseph Gilles de, 85, 90Tovar, Antonio, 91

UUngría, José, 215Unión Militar Española (Spanish

military Union), 150Ureña, Ladislao, 276

VVillalba, José, 162, 282Vigón, Juan, 220, 234

WWar

as psychological contest, 106War ministry

conflict with General Staff, 8conflict with the Saragossa academy,

171, 172short terms of ministers, 7

Weyler, Valeriano, 3

Yyagüe, Juan, 310