APPENDIX- 1 LESSON TRANSCRIPTS FOR WEB SITE LEARNINGshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22537/17/17_appendices.pdf · Photosynthesis is considered as the natural physio-biological

APPENDIX- 1

LESSON TRANSCRIPTS FOR WEB SITE LEARNING

LESSON - 1

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil acquires the knowledge of photosynthesis.

2. The pupil understands the significance of photosynthesis.

3. The pupil analyses photosynthesis as the important biological process.

4. The pupil organizes, evaluates and makes inferences on the importance of

photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set Or

Introduction

In the earlier class itself you have learnt about

Photosynthesis. Here we can learn about the significance

of photosynthesis and analyse why photosynthesis has

considered as the significant biological process required

for human existence.

Input Or Procedure

Here the lesson is prepared in different phases:

(1). The teacher presents the lesson in small steps.

(2). The teacher guides the students to learn the lesson

With divergent questions.

(3). The teacher explains the questions through guided

Practice.

(4). Students learn the lessons through thought -

Provoking questions without the help of the teacher.

Modelling

Autotrophic plants prepare their own food material

through the process called Photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of

carbohydrates from carbondioxide and water in the

presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

It is the most important synthetic process on earth. Here

the solar energy is fixed in the form of chemical energy

ie; the plants have the capacity of capturing light energy

from the sun and converting it into chemical energy.

Here the kinetic energy of sunlight is transformed in to

chemical energy and stored in the carbohydrate

molecules.

This chemical energy is used for the growth and

development of all forms of life in the universe.

Approximately 90% of the world’s photosynthesis is

carried out by marine algae and fresh water algae and all

animals depend on plants and their source of energy.

Photosynthesis is considered as the natural physio-

biological process of the world on which the existence of

life in earth depends. So photosynthesis is the single

most important biological process required for human

existence.

1. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of _______.

(Carbohydrate, Fat)

2. During photosynthesis ________ energy is converted

Into ___________ energy. (Light energy-Chemical energy, Sound energy- Checking for

understanding Chemical energy) 3. 90% of photosynthesis is carried out by ____________

and _______________.

(Marine algae & Fresh water algae, Animals &

Zooplankton)

4. The natural physio-biological process of the world is

___________.

(Photosynthesis, Respiration)

1. Photosynthesis is process of synthesis of

carbohydrate from Co2 and water in the presence

of sunlight and chlorophyll.

2. During photosynthesis light energy is converted

into Guided practice chemical energy.

Here the light energy from the sun is taken not the Sound energy.

3. 90% of the photosynthesis is carried out by

marine and fresh water algae.

4. The natural physio-biological process of the world is

Photosynthesis.

Independent practice

And Closure of the

Lesson

Answer the following questions by yourself. If you want to check whether it is correct or wrong, you can go to another file and see whether your answers are correct.

1. Why photosynthesis is considered as a significant

process?

2. What is Photosynthesis?

3. During photosynthesis which energy is converted

into chemical energy?

4. Which is the most important biological process

required for human existence?

CORRECT ANSWER FOR LESSON – 1

1. The photosynthesis is the most important synthetic process on earth.

Here the solar energy is fixed in the form of chemical energy and stored in

the carbohydrate molecule. This chemical energy is used for the growth

and development of all forms of life in the universe.

2. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon

dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

3. During photosynthesis light energy is converted into chemical energy.

4. Photosynthesis is the most important biological process required for human existence.

LESSON - 2

CHLOROPLAST – THE SITE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil understands the importance of chloroplast in photosynthesis.

2. The pupil identifies the structure of leaf and its importance.

3. The pupil analyses the importance of photosynthetic apparatus.

4. The pupil differentiates the different shapes of chloroplast.

5. The pupil syntheses the knowledge that size and shape of chloroplast

varies from species to species.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

The students understand the structure of a leaf and the

arrangement of Chloroplast with the help of a diagram.

The students will be able to Understand the importance of

chloroplast in the process of Photosynthesis. The students

learn the various size and shape of chloroplast with the

help of diagrams.

Input or

Procedure

Teacher presents the lesson in different steps:

(1). Teacher explains the content in series of small steps.

(2). Teacher checks the understanding of students with

the help of multiple choice questions.

(3). Teacher explains the content once again through

guided practice.

(4). Teacher makes a closure of lesson through

independent practice.

Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of carbohydrate

from Co2 and water in the presence of sunlight and

chlorophyll.

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 Here the photosynthesis takes place in the green parts of

the plant body such as leaves, green stems and in green

floral parts etc. In leaves the photosynthesis takes place

in the mesophyll tissues.

Structure of Leaf

Modelling

In the structure of a leaf the green tissues seen in

between the upper and lower epidermis is the mesophyll

tissue. The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade

parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Both these

parenchyma cells contain the green plastid-

CHLOROPLAST.

These chloroplasts are the characteristic structure

of green plants. The chloroplasts are green due to the

presence of green pigment chlorophyll. Here the

chloroplasts are considered as the seats of

photosynthesis, they synthesis starch by using CO2 and

sunlight. So chloroplast is considered as the

photosynthetic apparatus.

The chloroplasts are distributed homogeneously in

the cytoplasm of plant cell. Their diameter is about 5

to 8 µ.

The size of the chloroplast varies from species to

species. In green algae, the chloroplast has various

shapes, example.,

Ribbon shaped (Spirogyra)

Star shaped (Zygnema)

Girdle shaped (Ulothrix)

Disc shaped (Caulerpa)

Reticulate shaped (Oedogonium)

Cup shaped (Chlamydomanas)

1. Photosynthesis takes place only in _____________. (Green parts, Flowers, Roots)

Checking for understanding

2. The green plastids seen in the cytoplasm are called

_________________.

(Chloroplast, Palisade tissue, Vacuoles )

3. ____________ is considered as the photosynthetic

apparatus.

(Mesophyll tissue , Flowers , Chloroplast )

4. The diameter of the chloroplast varies from ________.

(5-10 µ, 5-8 µ, 5-6 µ)

5. The shape of chloroplast in chlamydomonas is

______________.

(Star shaped, Girdle shaped, Cup shaped).

Guided practice

1. Photosynthesis takes place only in the green

parts of the plant body. For photosynthesis

sunlight and chlorophyll is essential. Chlorophyll is

seen in the green parts of the plant body.

2. In the leaves photosynthesis takes place in the

mesophyll tissues. These mesophyll cells contain

the green plastid - chloroplast.

3. Chloroplast synthesis starch by using CO2, Water

and Sunlight. So chloroplast is considered as the


4. The diameter of chloroplast varies from 5 to 8 µ.

5. The shape of chloroplast in chlamydomonas is cup

shaped. Star shaped in Zygnema and girdle

shaped in Ulothrix.

Answer the following questions by yourself. If you

want to check whether it is correct or wrong , you can go to another file and see whether your answers are correct.


1. Why chloroplast is considered as the photosynthetic

apparatus? And Closure of the

Lesson 2. Why photosynthesis takes place in the green parts

of the plant body?

3. Why photosynthesis doesn’t takes place in the roots

of the plants?


1. Chloroplast are the characteristic structure of green plants they synthesize

starch by using co2, water and sunlight. So chloroplast is considered as

the photosynthetic apparatus.

2. Only in the green parts of the plant body chloroplast are seen. Only in the

presence of chloroplast photosynthesis takes place. So photosynthesis

takes place only in the green parts of the plant body.

3. In roots chloroplast are absent so photosynthesis doesn’t takes place.

LESSON - 3

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil understands the structure of chloroplast.

2. The pupil explains the importance of chloroplast.

3. The pupil analyses the role of chloroplast in the process of photosynthesis.

4. The pupil syntheses the knowledge about the functions of chloroplast.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

The teacher presents the lesson structure of chloroplast

with the help of a diagram. The students try to learn the

lesson using the diagram.

Input or Procedure


(1). The lesson is presented with the help of a diagram.

(2). Small questions are given for checking

understanding.

(3). Answers for the questions in the previous step is

given.

(4). Independent practice is given with the closure of the

Lesson.

(5). Correct answers for the questions in the independent

Practice is given.

Now we can see the structure of chloroplast.

Structure of Chloroplast

Modelling

The chloroplast is surrounded by two unit membrane.

Each membrane is lipo-proteinaceous in nature. The

space in between two membranes is known as

periplastidial space. The space inside the chloroplast is

filled with a proteinaceous fluid called Stroma.

The stroma contains DNA, Ribosome’s and Enzymes for

carbon assimilation. The enzymes found in stroma are

capable of utilizing ATP and NADPH2 to produce

carbohydrates.

A number of membrane bound, sac like structure are

embedded in the stroma. The structures are called the

Thylakoids or Lamellae. The thylakoids are seen in

groups. Each group is known as Granum. Each

thylakoid in a granum is called the grana thylakoid.

The thylakoid which interconnects the adjacent grana is

called the stromathylakoid or fret or intergranal thylakoid.

Each thylakoid is also a double membrane-bound

structure. The green pigment molecules, chlorophyll are

seen as units inside the thylakoids. In the process of

photosynthesis there are two types of reaction ie; Light

reaction or Photochemical reaction and Dark

reaction or Biosynthetic reaction.

Each smallest unit of pigment molecules in the thylakoids

which is capable of carrying out the light reaction is said

to be Photosynthetic unit or PSU or Quantasomes.

The granum is the site for photochemical reaction and the

stroma is the site for dark reaction in photosynthesis.

These chloroplast are located at the outer margins ie;

periphery of the cytoplasm with their broader surfaces

parallel to the cell wall of the mesophyll cells.


1. Chloroplast membrane is made up of _____________.

(Lipoprotein, Cellulose, Chitin)

2. The space inside the chloroplast is filled with a

protienaceous fluid called _____________.

(Grana, Stroma, Thylakoid)

3. The number of membrane bound sac like structure

Embedded in the stroma are _______________.

(Grane, Thylakoid or Lamellae, Stroma thylakoid)

4. The site for light reaction is _________________.

(Grana, Stroma)

5. The site for dark reaction is _________________.

(Grana, Stroma).

6. Each small unit of pigment molecule capable of

carrying out photosynthesis are called ________

or ____________.

(Stroma or Grana, Stroma thylakoid or Grana

thylakoid, Photosynthetic unit of Quantasome)

Guided Practice

1. Chloroplast membrane is lipo-proteinaceous in

nature.

2. The space inside the chloroplast is filled with a

proteinaceous fluid called the stroma. The stroma

contains DNA, Ribosomes and Enzymes for carbon

assimilation.

3. The number of membrane bound-sac like structure

embedded in the stroma is called Thylakoid or

Lamellae. The thylakoid are seen in groups, each

group is known as Granum. Each thylakoid in a

granum is called Grana thylakoid and the

thylakoid which interconnects the adjacent grana is

called Stroma thylakoid or Fret or Intergranal

thylakoid.

4. The site for light reaction or photochemical

reaction is Granum.

4. The site for dark reaction or biosynthetic reaction

is Stroma.

6. Each small unit of pigment molecule capable of

Carrying out photosynthesis is called

photosynthetic unit of quantosomes.

Answer the following questions by yourself. If you want to check whether it is correct or wrong , you can go to another file and see whether your answers are correct.

Independent

practice 1. Describe the structure of chloroplast. And 2. What are quantasomes? Closure of the

Lesson 3. How many types of reactions are in the process of

photosynthesis? Name them?

4. Why light reaction takes place only in the granum

of chloroplast?

5. Define Fret.

6. Why chloroplasts are located at the periphery of the

cytoplasm?


1. The chloroplast is a two unit membraneous structure. Each membrane is

lipo-proteinaceous in nature. The space in between the two membranes is

known as periplastidial space. The space inside the chloroplast is filled

with a proteinaceous fluid called the stroma . The stroma contains DNA,

ribosomes and enzymes for carbon assimilation.

A number of membrane bound sac like structure are embedded in the

stroma called thylakoids or lamellae. The thylakoid are seen in groups.

Each group is called granum. Each thylakoid in a granum is called

grana thylakoid and the thylakoid which interconnect the adjacent

granum is called stroma thylakoid or fret or intergranal thylakoid.

2. The green pigment chlorophyll are seen as units inside the thylakoid. Each

small unit of pigment molecules capable of carrying out photosynthesis is

called quantasomes or photosynthetic unit.

3. There are two types of reaction in the process of photosynthesis they are

light reaction or photochemical reaction and dark reaction or biosynthetic

reaction.

4. For light reaction photochemical unit or quantasomes are required and

these quantasomes are seen in the granum. So light reaction takes place

in the granum of chloroplast.

5. The thylakoid which interconnects the adjacent granum is called the

stroma thylakoid or fret or intergranal thylakoid.

6. Chloroplasts are located in the periphery of the cytoplasm because it helps in

the diffusion of Co2 required for photosynthesis and in the easy harvesting

of solar energy.

LESSON - 4

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT – CHLOROPHYLLa The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil tries to understand the importance of pigments in

photosynthesis.

2. The pupil acquires the knowledge of photosynthetic pigments.

3. The pupil analyses the different types of photosynthetic pigment.

4. The pupil generalizes the importance of Chlorophylla molecule.

5. The pupil evaluates the importance of Chlorophylla molecule in the process

of photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

In the earlier lesson you have seen about the

photosynthetic unit. Here in this chapter learn about the

pigment molecule in the photosynthetic unit. Here the

importance of Chlorophylla molecule is given with

explanation. Learn about the universal photosynthetic

unit.

Input or Procedure


(1). Small steps with clear definitions.

(2). Small questions are given for checking

understanding.

(3). In guided practice answers for the questions in the

previous phase is give with explanation.

(4). Independent practice is given with the closure of the

lesson.

Modelling

For photosynthesis light energy should be absorbed by

some pigments. Here a pigment is a molecule that

absorbs light of specific wave length in the visible

spectrum.

You can learn about the visible spectrum in the coming

lesson. The photosynthetic pigments in higher plants are

divided into Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.

In this chapter we can deal with Chlorophylls. The

chlorophylls are green pigments. Many type of

chlorophylls are known, they are Chlorophylla,

Chlorophyllb, Chlorophyllc, Chlorophylld, Chlorophylle,

bacteriochlorophyll and bacterioviridin.

Of these Chlorophylla is widely distributed in all autotropic

plants. The photochemical reaction of photosynthesis

takes place only in Chlorophylla . The term Chlorophyll

was given by Pelletier and Cavento.

Chlorophylla molecules are of different types. Some of

them are Chlorophylla673, Chlorophylla683, P680, P700

etc.

Chlorophylla is found in all photosynthetic organisms

except bacteria. Hence Chlorophylla is known as

universal photosynthetic pigment.

Chlorophyll molecules absorb only red, blue and violet

light in the visible spectrum. Chlorophyll molecules

reflects green light in the visible spectrum. So Chlorophyll

appears green. So the leaves also appear green in colour.

The maximum rate of photosynthesis has been observed

in red light. In a photosynthetic unit all pigment

molecules absorbs light energy and they transmit it to the

neighboring molecule, finally it is focused to Chlorophylla.

The photochemical reaction takes place only in

Chlorophylla.


1. ____________ is a molecule that absorbs light of

Specific wave length in the visible spectrum.

(Carbondioxide, Oxygen, Pigment)

2. The photochemical reaction takes place only in

_____________.

(Chlorophyllb. Chlorophylla, Carotenoids.)

3. Chlorophylla reflects ____________ light in the visible

spectrum.

(Red, Green, Violet)

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis has been observed in

__________ light.

(Green, Blue, Red)

5. The term chlorophyll was given by ___________.

(Willstatler, Cavento, Stoll)

Guided Practice

1. Pigment is a molecule that absorbs light of specific

wave length in the visible spectrum.

2. The photochemical reaction takes place only in

Chlorophylla.

3. Chlorophylla reflects green light in the visible

spectrum. Red and Violet light are absorbed by

Chlorophylla molecule.

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place in red

light. Green light is reflected by Chlorophylla

molecule. Blue light is absorbed by Chlorophylla

molecule. But maximum rate of photosynthesis

takes place in red light.

5. The term chlorophyll was given by Cavento

Willstatler and Stoll found out the structure of

Chlorophyll molecule.


want to check whether it is correct or wrong, you can go to another file and see whether your answers are correct.

Independent 1. Define pigment. practice

2. Name the different types of photosynthetic

pigments? And

Closure of the Lesson 3. Name the different types of chlorophyll pigments?

is considered as the universal 4. Why Chlorophylla

Photosynthetic pigment?

5. Why the leaves appear green in colour?

6. Does all the pigment molecules absorbs light energy

in the photosynthetic unit.


1. A pigment is a molecule that absorbs light of a specific wave length in the

visible spectrum.

2. The different types of photosynthetic pigments are chlorophylls and

carotenoids.

3. The different types of chlorophyll pigments are Chlorophylla, Chlorophyllb,

Chlorophyllc, Chlorophylld, Chlorophylle, bacteriochlorophyll and

bacterioviridin.

4. Chlorophylla is found in all photosynthetic organisms except bacteria.

Hence chlorophyll is known as universal photosynthetic pigment.

5. Chlorophyll molecules reflects green light in the visible spectrum. So

Chlorophyll appears green. This is why leaves also appear green.

6. All the pigment molecules absorbs light energy and they transmit to the

neighbouring molecule, finally it is focused to Chlorophylla.

LESSON - 5

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLLa AND

CHLOROPHYLLb MOLECULE The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil acquires the knowledge about Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb

molecules.

2. The pupil understands the differences between Chlorophylla and

Chlorophyllb molecules.

3. The pupil develops the skill of observing, describing and classifying the

difference between the molecules.

4. The pupil develops the elements of creativity such as visualizing and

combining the facts in a lateral thinking.

5. The pupil develops proper attitude.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Teacher presents the topic with the help of a diagram. By

showing the molecular structure of Chlorophylla and

Chlorophyllb students tries to differentiate the two

molecules. Teacher presents the topic with explanation.

Teacher presents the topic:

(1). With the help of molecular structure of Chlorophylla

and Chlorophyllb molecules.

(2). Teacher tries to check the understanding of students

with the help of multiple choice questions.

(3). Guided practice is given.

Input or

Procedure

(4). In independent practice small questions are given.

The Students should try to answer the questions by

themselves.

(5). If the students want to check the answers , correct

answers are give in another file.

The structure of Chlorophyll was first studied by

Willstatler, Stoll and Fisher in 1912. The basic

structure of all Chlorophyll molecules is……

Modelling

Here if we analyse the structure , all Chlorophyll

molecules is a porphyrin skeleton in which 4 pyrrole

(tetrapyrrole) rings linked together by methane groups

form a ring system. The centre of tetrapyrole is occupied

by a central core of magnesium (Mg2+). 2 covalent and 2

Co-ordinate bonds bind the Mg atom with the pyrrole

rings.

A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain is attached to the

porphyrin ring. It is called the phytol. So Chlorophyll

has tadpole like structure. The phytol tail is composed of

insoluble carbon and hydrogen atoms. This tail helps to

fix the Chlorophyll molecule with the thylakoids in the

Chloroplast. Porphyrin head is hydrophilic ie; water loving

and phytol tail is lipophilic ie; fat loving.

Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb structurally differ in the

nature of groups attached. In Chlorophylla a methyl

group ( -CH3 ) and in Chlorophyllb an aldehyde group

( -CHO ) are attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole

ring in the prophyrin head. The CHO group in

Chlorophyllb increases the blue light absorption and

decreases the red light absorption peak.

Here see the difference between Chlorophylla and

Chlorophyllb molecules.

Difference between the two molecules is in the carbon

group, ie; attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole

ring in the porphyrin head. Because of this difference the

empirical formula also changes.

The empirical formula of Chlorophylla is C55H72O5N4Mg

The empirical formula of Chlorophyllb is C55H70O6N4Mg

Chlorophylla is blue green where as Chlorophyllb is olive

green. Both are insoluble in organic solvents like alcohol,

acetone etc. Molecular weight of Chlorophylla is 873 and

Chlorophyllb is 907. Chlorophylla is more soluble in

petroleum ether but Chlorophyllb is more soluble in methyl

alcohol.


1. The centre of tetrapyrrole is occupied by a central

core of __________.

(Mg, Mn,C)

2. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain attached

to the prophyrin ring is called ________.

(Thylakoid, Phytol, Aldehyde)

3. In Chlorophylla molecule _______ is attached to the

3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole ring.

(Aldehyde, Methyl group, Water)

4. CHO group in Chlorophyllb increases the ________

absorption.

(Blue, Green, Red)

5. The empirical formulae of Chlorophyllb is _______.

(C55H72O5N4Mg, C55H71O6N4Mg, C55H70O6N4Mg)

6. The colour of Chlorophyllb molecule ____________.

(Blue green, Olive green, Green)

7. Chlorophylla is more soluble in ____________.

(Methyl alcohol, Petroleum ether, Acetone)

8. Molecular weight of Chlorophylla molecule is ____.

(907, 906, 873)

Guided Practice

1. The centre of tetrapyrrole is occupied by a central

core of Mg.

2. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain attached

to the prophyrin ring is called Phytol.

3. In Chlorophylla molecule methyl group is attached

to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole ring. Aldehyde

group is attached in Chlorophyllb molecule.

4. CHO group in Chlorophyllb increases the blue light

absorption and decreases the red light absorption

peak.

5. The empirical formula for Chlorophyllb molecule is

C55H70O6N4Mg. The empirical formula for

Chlorophylla molecule is C55H72O5N4Mg.

6. The colour of Chlorophyllb molecule is Olive green.

Blue green is the colour of Chlorophylla molecule.

7. Chlorophylla is more soluble in Petroleum ether.

Chlorophyllb is more soluble in Methyl alcohol.

8. Molecular weight of Chlorophylla molecule is 873.

Molecular weight of Chlorophyllb molecule is 907.


1. Explain the structure of Chlorophyll molecule.

2. State the difference between Chlorophylla and

Chlorophyllb in a chart form.

3. Give the empirical formula for Chlorophylla and

ChlorophyllIndependent b molecule. practice

And

4. What do you mean by hydrophilic? Closure of the 5. Why maximum rate of photosynthesis doesn’t takes

place in ChlorophyllLesson

b molecule?


1. The basic structure of all Chlorophyll molecules is a prophyrin skeleton in

Which 4 pyrrole (tetrapyrrole) rings linked together by methane groups

form a ring system. The centre of tetrapyrrole is occupied by a central

core of magnesium. Two covalent and two Co-ordinate bonds binds the

Mg atom with the pyrrole rings. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain

is attached to the prophyrin ring. It is called the phytol tail is composed

of insoluble carbon and hydrogen atom. This tail helps to fix the

Chlorophyll molecule with the thylakoids.

2.

Chlorophylla Chlorophyllb

It is a primary photosynthetic pigment

It is an accessory pigment.

Molecular weight is 873 Molecular weight is 907.

Blue green in pure state. Olive green in pure state.

Empirical formula is C55H72O5N4Mg. Empirical formula is C55H70O6N4Mg

It bears methyl group It bears aldehyde group

More soluble in Petroleum ether. More soluble in Methyl alcohol.

3. The empirical formula for Chlorophylla is C55H72O5N4Mg and the empirical

formula for Chlorophyllb is C55H70O6N4Mg.

4. Hydrophilic is water loving molecules.

5. Because of CHO group in Chlorophyllb molecule blue light absorption is

increased where as red light absorption is decreased. Only on the red

light absorption peak maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place.

LESSON - 6

CAROTENOIDS

The objectives of the lesson:

1. The pupil develops the knowledge of carotenoids.

2. The pupil understands the functions of carotenoids.

3. The pupil develops the skill of observation and classifying the different

types of photosynthetic pigment.

4. The pupil visualizes the functions of carotenoids.

5. The pupil evaluates the importance of carotenoids.

Anticipatory set

or Introduction

The topic carotenoids is presented with examples and

explanation. This topic is generally easy to study. So

study the lesson carefully.

Input or Procedure

The lesson is presented in different stages:

(1). The lesson is given with explanations and

examples.

(2). For checking understanding, small multiple choice

questions are given.

(3). In guided practice, answers with explanation for

previous stage is given.

(4). In independent practice, open ended questions are

given with closure of the lesson.

(5). Correct answers for the questions in independent

practice is given in another file.

Modelling

Carotenoids include the orange pigment Carotene and

the yellow pigment Xanthophyll or Carotenol.

Carotenes are named after carrot in which they are

abundant. These carotenes are responsible for the colour

of Pumpkin, Red Pepper, Tomato etc. The important

carotenes are β Carotenes.

Xanthophyll are more abundant than carotenes. The

yellow colour autumn leaves are due to the common

Xanthophyll, Lutein.

Carotenoids are present in all higher plants and in several

lower plants. Carotenoids absorb blue and green lights

in the visible spectrum.

The general formula of Carotene is C40H56.

The general formula of Xanthophyll is C40H56O2.

Phycobilins are another group of photosynthetic

pigment found in red algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green

algae)

Red algae contain red pigment, called Phycoerythrin

and Cyanobacteria contain blue pigment called

Phycocyanin. Both are photosynthetic water-soluble

pigments.

FUNCTIONS OF CAROTENOIDS ARE:

1. Carotenoid molecules absorb light energy and they

Transmit it to the neighbouring pigment molecules

in the photosynthetic unit.

2. Protect the Chlorophyll molecules from photo-

oxidation by picking up nascent O2 and converting

it into harmless molecular stage.


1. Xanthophyll comes under the group __________.

(Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobilins)

2. The general formula of carotene is ____________.

(C40H56O2, C40H56O, C40H56)

3. _______ group of photosynthetic pigment found in

Red algae and Cyanobacteria.


4. Red algae contains ____________.

(Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin, Xanthophyll)

5. The general formula of Xanthophyll is _______.

(C40H56O2, C40H56O, C40H56)

Guided Practice

1. Xanthophyll comes under the group carotenoids.

Chlorophyll is the universal photosynthetic

pigment. Phycobilins are another group of

photosynthetic pigment found in Red algae and

Cyanobacteria.

2. The general formula of Carotene is C40H56.

3. Phycobilins are group of photosynthetic pigment

found in red algae or cyanobacteria.

4. Red algae contain Phycoerythrin. Phycocyanin is

seen in blue green algae or cyanobacteria.

5. The general formula for Xanthophyll is C40H56O . 2


want to check whether it is correct or wrong, you can go to another file and see whether your answers are correct.

1. What are carotenoids? 2. Which pigment is responsible for the yellow color of

autumn leaves?

Independent 3. What are the functions of Carotenoids? practice And 4. What are Phycobilins?

Closure of the 5. Why Carotenoids appears in orange and yellow

colour other than green colour? Lesson

6. Which pigment is responsible for the colour of

Pumpkin, Tomato etc?


1. Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments. Carotenoids include the orange

pigment, carotene and the yellow pigment Xanthophyll

2. Lutein, a common Xanthophyll pigment is responsible for the yellow colour

Of autumn leaves.

3. (a) Carotenoids molecules absorb light energy and they transmit it to the

neighbouring pigment molecules.

(b) Protect the chlorophyll molecules from photo-oxidation by picking up

nascent O2 and converting it into harmless molecular stage.

4. Phycobilins are another group of photosynthetic pigments found in red

algae and cyanobacteria.

5. Carotenoids doesn’t appear in green colour because Carotenoids absorbs

green and blue light in the visible spectrum. Orange and yellow light are

reflected. So Carotenoids appear orange and yellow in colour.

6. Carotenes are responsible for the color of Pumpkin and Tomato.

LESSON - 7

PHOTOSYNTHETIC UNIT


1. The pupil acquires the knowledge of photosynthetic unit.

2. The pupil understands the importance of photosynthetic unit.

3. The pupil analyses the functions of photosynthetic unit.

4. The pupil visualizes the importance of Chlorophylla in the photochemical

reaction.

5. The pupil organizes and evaluates the importance of chlorophylla

molecules in the process of photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set

or Introduction

Teacher presents the lesson in small steps so that the

students can understand the significance of

photosynthetic unit in the process of photochemical

reaction.

Input or Procedure


(1). The lesson photosynthetic unit is given in small

steps with maximum explanation.

(2). For checking understanding, small multiple choice


(3). In guided practice, the correct answers for the

questions in the previous stage is given with

explanation.

(4). Independent practice is provide with the closure of

the lesson. Here open ended questions are given.

(5). Correct answers for the questions in independent

practice is given in another file. If the students are

interested they can check for correct answers.

Modelling

The smallest group of pigment molecules and enzymes,

participating in a photochemical reaction is called

Photosynthetic unit or PSU or quantasomes.

It was first isolated by Park and Biggins in 1964. Each

photosynthetic unit has a Reaction Centre and a light

harvesting pigment molecule.

First we can see about the Reaction Centre. Reaction

centre consist of a special Chlorophylla molecule which

absorbs long wave light energy. It is also called Photo

centre or trap centre.

There are 3 different types of reaction centre. They are

P700, P680, P870.

P700 – means Chlorophylla molecules with an absorption

peak around 700nm.

P680 – means Chlorophylla molecule with an absorption

peak around 680nm.

P870 – means bacteriochlorophyll molecule with an

absorption peak around 870nm.

The Reaction centre is surrounded by a number of Light

harvesting pigment molecules. The Photo centre requires

the help of Light harvesting pigment molecules in the

absorption of light energy. Second is the Light


These are those pigment molecules which absorb light

energy of different wave lengths and transfer it to the

neighbouring pigment molecules. Finally the light energy

is focused on to the Reaction Centre. The Photochemical

reaction takes place only in the Reaction Centre.

The Light harvesting pigment molecule is of two types.

They are Core Molecules and Antenna Molecules.

Core Molecules: They are pigment molecules which lie

around the reaction centre. The number of core molecule

is small, about 20-30. They are usually Chlorophylla

molecule.

Antenna Molecules : They are pigment molecules

which lie around the core molecules. The antenna

molecules are usually 200-300 in number. These

molecules include various Chlorophyll molecules and

carotenoid molecules. They absorb light energy of

different wave lengths but shorter than that of Photo

centre or Reaction centre.

The chloroplast pigment can be extracted and separated

by Paper Chromatography.


1. Photosynthetic unit was isolated by __________.

(Pelletier and Cavento, Willstatler and Fisher,

Park and Biggins)

2. The Chlorophylla molecules which absorbs long

wave light energy is called ____________.

(Light harvesting molecules, Photo centre, Stroma

thylakoid of Fret)

3. _______ is a bacteriochlorophyll.

(P700, P680, P870)

4. The Photochemical reaction takes place only in the

____________.

(Light harvesting molecules, Photo centre,

Periplastidial)

5. The pigment molecules which lie around the

reaction centre is _______.

(Antenna molecule, Core molecule, Trap centre)

1. Photosynthetic unit was isolated by Park and

Biggins. Pelletier and Cavento coined the term

chlorophyll. Willstatler Fisher and Stoll studied

the structure of chlorophyll.

2. The chlorophylla molecule which absorbs long wave

Guided Practice

light energy is called Photo centre. Light

harvesting molecules also absorbs light energy

of different wave length lesser than reaction

centre. Stroma thylakoid is seen in chloroplast.

It is the interconnection between the adjacent

grana.

3. P870 is a bacteriochlorophyll. P700 is chlorophylla

molecule with an absorption peak around 700nm.

P680 is also a chlorophylla molecule with an

absorption peak 680nm.

4. The Photochemical reaction takes place only in the

Photo centre. Photo centre or Trap centre or

Reaction centre is the only molecule which absorbs

light energy of long wave length.

5. The pigment molecules which lies around the

reaction centre is Core molecule. Antenna

molecules are pigment molecules which lie around

the core molecule. Trap centre is the another

name for Reaction centre or Photo centre.


1. Differentiate between Reaction centre and Light


2. Why the Photochemical reaction takes place only in

the reaction centre? Independent 3. What are the different types of Light harvesting

pigment molecules? practice

And Closure of the 4. What is the function of Light harvesting pigment

molecule? Lesson

5. Differentiate between Core molecule and Antenna

molecule.


1. Reaction centre is a special chlorophylla molecules which absorbs long

wave light energy.

a. Photochemical reaction takes place only in the Reaction centre.

Light harvesting pigment molecules are those pigment molecules which

absorbs light energy of different wave lengths and transfer it to the

neighbouring pigment molecules and finally to the Reaction centre.

b. Photochemical reaction doesn’t takes place in light harvesting pigment

molecule.

2. For Photochemical reaction to takes place light energy of high wave length

is required and the light energy of high wave length is only absorbed by

the reaction centre. So photochemical reaction takes place only in the

reaction centre.

3. The different types of Light harvesting pigment molecules are Core

molecule and Antenna molecules.

4. The function of Light harvesting pigment molecule is to absorb light

energy of different wave lengths shorter than that of reaction centre and

transferring it to neighbouring pigment molecule are finally to the reaction

centre.

5. Core Molecules:

a. Core molecules are the molecules which lie around the Reaction centre.

b. The number of core molecule is small ie; 20 – 30.

c. Core molecules are usually chlorophylla molecules.

Antenna Molecules:

a. Antenna molecules are the molecules which lie around the core

molecule.

b. Number of antenna molecule is large ie; 200 – 300.

c. It is usually various Chlorophyll molecules and carotenoid molecules.

LESSON - 8

NATURE OF LIGHT


1. The pupil acquires the knowledge about the Nature of Light.

2. The pupil tries to understand about the solar spectrum.

3. The pupil analyses the importance of visible spectrum in the importance of

Photosynthesis.

4. The pupil organizes and classifies the new knowledge.

5. The pupil evaluates the function of Solar spectrum.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Teacher explains the nature of light with the help of a

diagram. The content is presented in simple language

and in small frames. Read the content clearly, try to

understand, go through the questions and answers till

you are confident.

Input or Procedure


(1). The content with the help of diagram.

(2). Small multiple choice questions are give for

understanding.

(3). Guided practice is given in the model of correct

answers for the questions in the previous stage.

(4). Independent practice is given with the closure of

the lesson.

(5). Correct answers for the questions in the independent

practice is given in another file.

Sun is the ultimate source of all radiations. All the

radiation emitted by sun constitute the Solar spectrum.

The radiation from sun is electromagnetic in character.

So these radiations are called electromagnetic radiation

and the spectrum electromagnetic spectrum. The Solar spectrum consists of different types of

radiations with different wave length.

SOLAR SPECTRUM

Modelling

From the diagram you can understand that wave length

of visible spectrum is 390nm to 760nm. This visible part

in the solar spectrum is known as Visible Spectrum.

A beam of visible spectrum transmitted through a prism

consists of seven colours called VIBGYOR ie; Violet,

Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.

Each colour in the VIBGYOR has a different range of

wavelength. Violet has the lowest wave length and

the Red has the highest wave length in the Visible

spectrum. From the diagram, try to understand the wave

length of each colour in the Visible spectrum.

The radiation with wave length above 760nm includes

infra red radiation and radio waves. The radiation with

wave length below 390nm includes Ultra-Violet

radiation, X-Rays, Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays.

Photosynthetic pigment molecules absorb the light rays

with wave length 400nm to 700nm in the visible

spectrum. The portion of the Visible spectrum of light

between 400nm to 700nm is called Photosynthetically

Active Radiation (PAR).

The light rays (visible rays) travel as streams of minute

particles. Each light particle is called Photon. The

energy contained in an individual photon is said to be

Quantum.

When visible light falls on the pigment molecule only

certain wave length are absorbed by the pigment

molecule, the rest is reflected. The absorbed wave length

are to specific that they bring about certain Photochemical

reactions.


1. All radiations emitted by sun constitute the

__________.

(Solar spectrum, Ultra violet spectrum, Infrared

spectrum)

2. The wave length of visible spectrum ranges from

____________.

(10nm to 390nm, 390nm to 760nm, 760nm to

1,00,000nm)

3. The portion of the Visible spectrum of light

between 400nm and 700nm is called _________.

(Photo centre, Photosynthetic unit,

Photosynthetically active radiation)

4. Each light particle is called ____________.

(Proton, Neutron, Photon)

5. The energy contained in an individual photon is

called ___________.

(Neutron, Quantum, Electron)

Guided Practice

1. All radiation emitted by sun constitute the Solar

spectrum.

2. The wave length of visible spectrum ranges from

390nm to 760nm. 10nm to 390nm is Ultra violet

rays. 760nm to 1,00,000nm is Infra red rays.

3. The portion of the visible spectrum of light

between 400nm to 700nm is called

Photsynthetically active radiation. Photo centre is

the reaction centre ie; a Chlorophylla molecule

which absorbs long wave light energy. Photo

synthetic unit is the smallest group of pigment

molecules, participating in a Photochemical

reaction.

4. Each light particle is called Photon.

5. The energy contained in an individual photon is

called Quantum.


1. Why Solar spectrum is known as electromagnetic

spectrum?

2. What is visible spectrum?

3. Which all colours are there in visible spectrum.

Explain with there wave lengths.


And

4. What are Photosynthetically active radiation? Closure of the

Lesson 5. Define Photon.

6. Define Quantum.


1. The radiations in the Solar spectrum is electro magnetic in character.

Hence the Solar spectrum is called Electro magnetic spectrum.

2. The radiation which ranges from 390nm to 700nm is called Visible

spectrum.

3. The colours in the Visible spectrum is VIBGYOR ie; Violet, Indigo, Blue,

Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. The wave length of

Violet - 390nm to 430nm

Indigo - 430nm to 470nm

Blue - 470nm to 500nm

Green - 500nm to 560nm

Yellow - 560nm to 600nm

Orange - 600nm to 650nm

Red - 650nm to 760nm

4. Photosynthetic pigment molecules absorb the light rays with wave length

400nm to 700nm. The portion of visible spectrum of light between

400nm to 700nm is called Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR).

5. Each light particle is known as Photon.

6. The energy contained in a individual photon is called Quantum.

LESSON - 9

ABSORPTION AND ACTION SPECTRUM


1. The pupil acquires the knowledge of Absorption and action spectrum.

2. The pupil understands the concept.

3. The pupil analyses the importance of Absorption and Action spectrum.

4. The pupil organizes, evaluates and thus classifies the difference between

Absorption and Action spectrum

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

The teacher explains the concept of Absorption and

Action spectrum with the help of the diagram. The

concept is explained in simple language and for further

clarification the graphical representation of Absorption

and Action spectrum are given.

Input or Procedure

The lesson is prepared in different steps:

(1). The concept is given in simple language. For clear

Understanding graphical representation of

Absorption and Action spectrum is given.

(2). For checking understanding small multiple choice


(3). In guided practice the correct answer for the

questions in the previous step is given with

explanation.

(4). Independent practice and closure of the lesson is

given with small open ended questions.

(5). The correct answers for the questions in the

independent practice is given in another file.

From the previous lesson you have learnt that Chloroplast

pigments are responsible for the Absorption of light. A

particular pigment absorbs light rays with different wave

length. For example; Chlorophylla absorbs blue and red

lights in the visible spectrum. The amount of light

absorbed by a pigment can be plotted.

Modelling

The graphical representation of the absorption maxima

against wave length is called Absorption spectrum.

Action spectrum

Photosynthesis takes place in visible light ranging from

400nm to 700nm wave length. It does not take place at

the same rate with other wave length.

Therefore, the rate of Photosynthesis at different wave

length is measured and plotted by amount of Action ie; O2

evolved and Co2 utilisation etc. This graphical

representation of rate of Photosynthesis against the wave

length is called Action spectrum.

In 1882, T.W.Engelmann plotted the first action spectrum

of photosynthesis using green algae. The maximum

rate of Photosynthesis occurs with red light of the

visible spectrum.


1. ________ pigment is responsible for the absorption

of light.

(Chlorophyll, Xanthophyll, Carotenoid)

2. The graphic representation of the absorption

maxima against wave length is called __________.

(Action spectrum, Absorption spectrum, Visible

spectrum)

3. The graphical representation of the rate of

photosynthesis against the wave length is called

_________.

(Action spectrum, Absorption spectrum, Visible

spectrum)

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place in

_________ light.

(Blue, Red, Green)

5. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the

amount of action of __________.

(Co2 utilisation, O2 utilisation)

Guided Practice

1. Chlorophyll pigment is responsible for the

absorption of light.

2. The graphic representation of the absorption

maxima against wave length is called Absorption

spectrum.

3. The graphic representation o rate of

photosynthesis against the wave length is called

Action spectrum.

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place in Red

light.

5. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the

amount of action of Co2 utilisation.


want to check whether it is correct or wrong , you can go to another file and see whether your answer are correct.

Independent 1. Explain Absorption spectrum with graphical

representation? practice

And Closure of the

2. What is Action spectrum? Explain with graphical

represention.

Lesson

3. How does the rate of photosynthesis measured?

4. Why does maximum rate of photosynthesis takes

place in red light?


1. The graphical representation of the absorption maxima against wave

length is called Absorption spectrum. The percentage of absorption is

plotted on the Y axis and wave length is plotted on the X axis.

2. The graphical representation of rate of photosynthesis against the wave

length is called Action spectrum.

3. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the amount of O2 evolved and

Co2 utilisation.

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place at maximum wave length.

Red light has maximum wave length so maximum rate of photosynthesis

takes place at red light.

APPENDIX – II

LESSON TRANSCRIPTS FOR E-MAIL LEARNING

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 1

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Author: Mary Sindhu J School:

Subject: Biology Standard:

Autotrophic plants prepare their own food material through the process

called Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of

carbohydrates from carbondioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and

chlorophyll.

It is the most important synthetic process on earth. Here the solar energy

is fixed in the form of chemical energy ie; the plants have the capacity of

capturing light energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy.

Here the kinetic energy of sunlight is transformed into chemical energy

and stored in the carbohydrate molecules.

This chemical energy is used for the growth and development of all forms

of life in the universe.

Approximately 90% of the world’s photosynthesis is carried out by marine

algae and fresh water algae and all animals depend on plants and their source of

energy.

Photosynthesis is considered as the natural physio-biological process of

the world on which the existence of life in earth depends. So photosynthesis is

the single most important biological process required for human existence.

Checking for Understanding:

1. Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of _______.

(Carbohydrate, Fat)

2. During photosynthesis ______energy is converted into _______energy.

(Light energy-Chemical energy, Sound energy-Chemical energy)

3. 90% of photosynthesis is carried out by ___________and _______________.

(Marine algae & Fresh water algae, Animals & Zooplankton)

4. The natural physio-biological process of the world is ___________.

(Photosynthesis, Respiration)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 2

CHLOROPLAST – THE SITE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS



Photosynthesis is the process of synthesis of carbohydrate from Co2 and

water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

Here the photosynthesis takes place in the green parts of the plant body

such as leaves, green stems and in green floral parts etc. In leaves the

photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll tissues.

Structure of Leaf

In the structure of a leaf the green tissues seen in between the upper and

lower epidermis is the mesophyll tissue. The mesophyll is differentiated

into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Both these parenchyma

cells contain the green plastid-CHLOROPLAST.

These chloroplasts are the characteristic structure of green plants. The

chloroplasts are green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll. Here

the chloroplasts are considered as the seats of photosynthesis, they synthesis

starch by using CO2 and sunlight. So chloroplast is considered as the


The chloroplasts are distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm of plant

cell. Their diameter is about 5 to 8 µ. The size of the chloroplast varies from

species to species. In green algae, the chloroplast has various shapes, example.

Ribbon shaped (Spirogyra)

Star shaped (Zygnema)

Girdle shaped (Ulothrix)

Disc shaped (Caulerpa)

Reticulate shaped (Oedogonium)

Cup shaped (Chlamydomanas)

Checking for understanding:

1. Photosynthesis takes place only in _____________.

(Green parts, Flowers, Roots)

2. The green plastids seen in the cytoplasm are called _________________.

(Chloroplast, Palisade tissue, Vacuoles)

3. ____________ is considered as the photosynthetic apparatus.

(Mesophyll tissue, Flowers, Chloroplast)

4. The diameter of the chloroplast varies from ________.

(5-10 µ, 5-8 µ, 5-6 µ)

5. The shape of chloroplast in chlamydomonas is ______________.

(Star shaped, Girdle shaped, Cup shaped)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 3

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST



Now we can see the structure of chloroplast.


The chloroplast is surrounded by two unit membrane. Each membrane is

lipo-proteinaceous in nature. The space in between two membranes is known as

periplastidial space. The space inside the chloroplast is filled with a

proteinaceous fluid called Stroma. The stroma contains DNA, Ribosome’s and

Enzymes for carbon assimilation. The enzymes found in stroma are capable of

utilizing ATP and NADPH2 to produce carbohydrates.

A number of membrane bound, sac like structure are embedded in the

stroma. The structures are called the Thylakoids or Lamellae. The thylakoids

are seen in groups. Each group is known as Granum. Each thylakoid in a

granum is called the grana thylakoid.

The thylakoid which interconnects the adjacent grana is called the

stromathylakoid or fret or intergranal thylakoid.

Each thylakoid is also a double membrane-bound structure. The green

pigment molecules, chlorophyll are seen as units inside the thylakoids. In the

process of photosynthesis there are two types of reaction ie; Light reaction or

Photochemical reaction and Dark reaction or Biosynthetic reaction.

Each smallest unit of pigment molecules in the thylakoids which is capable

of carrying out the light reaction is said to be Photosynthetic unit or PSU or

Quantasomes.

The granum is the site for photochemical reaction and the stroma is the

site for dark reaction in photosynthesis. These chloroplast are located at the

outer margins ie; periphery of the cytoplasm with their broader surfaces parallel

to the cell wall of the mesophyll cells.


1. Chloroplast membrane is made up of _____________.

(Lipoprotein, Cellulose, Chitin)

2. The space inside the chloroplast is filled with a protienaceous fluid called

_____________.

(Grana, Stroma, Thylakoid)

3. The number of membrane bound sac like structure Embedded in the stroma

are _______________.

(Grane, Thylakoid or Lamellae, Stroma thylakoid)

4. The site for light reaction is _________________.

(Grana, Stroma)

5. The site for dark reaction is _________________.

(Grana, Stroma).

6. Each small unit of pigment molecule capable of carrying out photosynthesis

are called ________ or _________.

(Stroma or Grana, Stroma thylakoid or Grana thylakoid, Photosynthetic unit of

Quantasome)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 4

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT – CHLOROPHYLLa



For photosynthesis light energy should be absorbed by some pigments.

Here a pigment is a molecule that absorbs light of specific wave length in the

visible spectrum.

You can learn about the visible spectrum in the coming lesson. The

photosynthetic pigments in higher plants are divided into Chlorophylls and

Carotenoids.

In this chapter we can deal with Chlorophylls. The chlorophylls are

green pigments. Many type of chlorophylls are known, they are Chlorophylla,

Chlorophyllb, Chlorophyllc, Chlorophylld, Chlorophylle, bacteriochlorophyll and

bacterioviridin. Of these Chlorophylla is widely distributed in all autotropic

plants. The photochemical reaction of photosynthesis takes place only in

Chlorophylla . The term Chlorophyll was given by Pelletier and Cavento.

Chlorophylla molecules are of different types. Some of them are

Chlorophylla673, Chlorophylla683, P680, P700 etc. Chlorophylla is found in all

photosynthetic organisms except bacteria. Hence Chlorophylla is known as

universal photosynthetic pigment.

Chlorophyll molecules absorb only red, blue and violet light in the visible

spectrum. Chlorophyll molecules reflects green light in the visible spectrum. So

Chlorophyll appears green. So the leaves also appear green in color. The

maximum rate of photosynthesis has been observed in red light. In a

photosynthetic unit all pigment molecules absorbs light energy and they transmit

it to the neighboring molecule, finally it is focused to Chlorophylla. The

photochemical reaction takes place only in Chlorophylla.


1. ____________ is a molecule that absorbs light of Specific wave length in the

visible spectrum.

(Carbondioxide, Oxygen, Pigment)

2. The photochemical reaction takes place only in _____________.

(Chlorophyllb. Chlorophylla, Carotenoids)

3. Chlorophylla reflects ____________ light in the visible spectrum.

(Red, Green, Violet)

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis has been observed in __________ light.

(Green, Blue, Red)

5. The term chlorophyll was give by ___________.

(Willstatler, Cavento, Stoll)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 5

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLLa AND

CHLOROPHYLLb MOLECULE



The structure of Chlorophyll was first studied by Willstatler, Stoll and

Fisher in 1912. The basic structure of all Chlorophyll molecule is……

Here if we analyse the structure , all Chlorophyll molecules is a porphyrin

skeleton in which 4 pyrrole (tetrapyrrole) rings linked together by methane

groups from a ring system. The centre of tetrapyrole is occupied by a central

core of magnesium (Mg2+). 2 covalent and 2 Co-ordinate bonds bind the Mg

atom with the pyrrole rings.

A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain is attached to the porphyrin ring.

It is called the phytol. So Chlorophyll has tadpole like structure. The phytol tail

is composed of insoluble carbon and hydrogen atoms. This tail helps to fix the

Chlorophyll molecule with the thylakoids in the Chloroplast. Porphyrin head is

hydrophilic ie; water loving and phytol tail is lipophilic ie; fat loving.

Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb structurally differ in the nature of groups

attached. In Chlorophylla a methyl group ( -CH3 ) and in Chlorophyllb an

aldehyde group ( -CHO ) are attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole ring in

the prophyrin head. The CHO group in Chlorophyllb increases the blue light

absorption and decreases the red light absorption peak.

Here see the difference between Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb molecules.

The only difference between the two molecules is in the carbon group, ie;

attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole ring in the porphyrin head. Because

of this difference the empirical formula also changes.

The empirical formula of Chlorophylla is C55H72O5N4Mg

The empirical formula of Chlorophyllb is C55H70O6N4Mg

Chlorophylla is blue green where as Chlorophyllb is olive green. Both are

insoluble in organic solvents like alcohol, acetone etc. Molecular weight of

Chlorophylla is 873 and Chlorophyllb is 907. Chlorophylla is more soluble in

petroleum ether but Chlorophyllb is more soluble in methyl alcohol.


1. The centre of tetrapyrrole is occupied by a central core of __________.

(Mg, Mn, C)

2. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail or side chain attached to the prophyrin ring is

called ________.

(Thylakoid, Phytol, Aldehyde)

3. In Chlorophylla molecule _______ is attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd

pyrrole ring.

(Aldehyde, Methyl group, Water)

4. CHO group in Chlorophyllb increases the ________ absorption.

(Blue, Green, Red)

5. The empirical formulae of Chlorophyllb is _______.

(C55H72O5N4Mg, C55H71O6N4Mg, C55H70O6N4Mg)

6. The colour of Chlorophyllb molecule ____________.

(Blue green, Olive green, Green)

7. Chlorophylla is more soluble in ____________.

(Methyl alcohol, Petroleum ether, Acetone)

8. Molecular weight of Chlorophylla molecule is ____.

(907, 906, 873)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 6

CAROTENOIDS



Carotenoids include the orange pigment Carotene and the yellow

pigment Xanthophyll or Carotenol.

Carotenes are named after carrot in which they are abundant. These

carotenes are responsible for the colour of Pumpkin, Red Pepper, Tomato etc.

The important carotenes are β Carotenes.

Xanthophyll are more abundant than carotenes. The yellow colour

autumn leaves are due to the common Xanthophyll, Lutein.

Carotenoids are present in all higher plants and in several lower plants.

Carotenoids absorb blue and green lights in the visible spectrum.

The general formula of Carotene is C40H56.

The general formula of Xanthophyll is C40H56O2.

Phycobilins are another group of photosynthetic pigment found in red

algae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Red algae contain red pigment, called Phycoerythrin and Cyanobacteria

contain blue pigment called Phycocyanin. Both are photosynthetic water-

soluble pigments.

Functions of Carotenoids are:

1. Carotenoid molecules absorb light energy and they transmit it to the

neighbouring pigment molecules in the photosynthetic unit.

2. Protect the Chlorophyll molecules from photo-oxidation by picking up

nascent O2 and converting it into harmless molecular stage.


1. Xanthophyll comes under the group __________.


2. The general formula of carotene is ____________.

(C40H56O2, C40H56O, C40H56)

3. _______ group of photosynthetic pigment found in Red algae and

Cyanobacteria.


4. Red algae contain ____________.

(Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin, Xanthophyll)

5. The general formula of Xanthophyll is _______.

(C40H56O2, C40H56O, C40H56)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 7

PHOTOSYNTHETIC UNIT



The smallest group of pigment molecules and enzymes, participating in a

photochemical reaction is called Photosynthetic unit or PSU or

quantasomes. It was first isolated by Park and Biggins in 1964. Each

photosynthetic unit has a Reaction Centre and a light harvesting pigment

molecule.

First we can see about the Reaction Centre. Reaction centre consist of

a special Chlorophylla molecule which absorbs long wave light energy. It is also

called Photo centre or trap centre.

There are 3 different types of reaction centre. They are P700, P680, P870.

P700 – means Chlorophylla molecules with an absorption peak around 700nm.

P680 – means Chlorophylla molecule with an absorption peak around 680nm.

P870 – means bacteriochlorophyll molecule with an absorption peak around

870nm.

The Reaction centre is surrounded by a number of Light harvesting

pigment molecules. The Photo centre requires the help of Light harvesting

pigment molecules in the absorption of light energy. Second is the Light


These are those pigment molecules which absorb light energy of different

wave lengths and transfer it to the neighbouring pigment molecules. Finally the

light energy is focused on to the Reaction Centre. The Photochemical reaction

takes place only in the Reaction Centre.

The Light harvesting pigment molecule is of two types. They are Core

Molecules and Antenna Molecules.

Core Molecules:

They are pigment molecules which lie around the reaction centre. The

number of core molecule is small, about 20-30. They are usually Chlorophylla

molecule.

Antenna Molecules :

They are pigment molecules which lie around the core molecules. The

antenna molecules are usually 200-300 in number. These molecules include

various Chlorophyll molecules and carotenoid molecules. They absorb light

energy of different wave lengths but shorter than that of Photo centre or

Reaction centre.

The chloroplast pigment can be extracted and separated by Paper

Chromatography.


1. Photosynthetic unit was isolated by __________.

(Pelletier and Cavento, Willstatler and Fisher, Park and Biggins)

2. The Chlorophylla molecules which absorbs long wave light energy is called

____________.

(Light harvesting molecules, Photo centre, Stroma thylakoid of Fret)

3. _______ is a bacteriochlorophyll.

(P700, P680, P870)

4. The Photochemical reaction takes place only in the ____________.

(Light harvesting molecules, Photo centre, Periplastidial)

5. The pigment molecules which lie around the reaction centre is _______.

(Antenna molecule, Core molecule, Trap centre)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 8

NATURE OF LIGHT



Sun is the ultimate source of all radiations. All the radiation emitted by

sun constitute the Solar spectrum. The radiation from sun is electromagnetic

in character. So these radiations are called electromagnetic radiation and the

spectrum electromagnetic spectrum. The Solar spectrum consists of

different types of radiations with different wave length.

SOLAR SPECTRUM

From the diagram you can understand that wave length of visible

spectrum is 390nm to 760nm. This visible part in the solar spectrum is known as

Visible Spectrum.

A beam of visible spectrum transmitted through a prism consists of seven

colours called VIBGYOR ie; Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.

Each colour in the VIBGYOR has a different range of wavelength.

Violet has the lowest wave length and the Red has the highest wave

length in the visible spectrum. From the diagram, try to understand the wave

length of each colour in the visible spectrum.

The radiation with wave length above 760nm includes infra red radiation

and radio waves. The radiation with wave length below 390nm includes Ultra-

Violet radiation, X-Rays, Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays.

Photosynthetic pigment molecules absorb the light rays with wave length

400nm to 700nm in the visible spectrum. The portion of the Visible spectrum of

light between 400nm to 700nm is called Photosynthetically Active Radiation

(PAR).

The light rays (visible rays) travel as streams of minute particles. Each

light particle is called Photon. The energy contained in an individual photon is

said to be Quantum.

When visible light falls on the pigment molecule only certain wave lengths

are absorbed by the pigment molecule, the rest is reflected. The absorbed wave

lengths are to specific that they bring about certain Photochemical reactions.


1. All radiations emitted by sun constitute the __________.

(Solar spectrum, Ultra violet spectrum, Infrared spectrum)

2. The wave length of visible spectrum ranges from ____________.

(10nm to 390nm, 390nm to 760nm, 760nm to 1,00,000nm)

3. The portion of the Visible spectrum of light between 400nm and 700nm is

called _________.

(Photo centre, Photosynthetic unit, Photosynthetically active radiation)

4. Each light particle is called ____________.

(Proton, Neutron, Photon)

5. The energy contained in an individual photon is called ___________.

(Neutron, Quantum, Electron)

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 9

ABSORPTION AND ACTION SPECTRUM



From the previous lesson you have learnt that Chloroplast pigments are

responsible for the Absorption of light. A particular pigment absorbs light rays

with different wave length. For example; Chlorophylla absorbs blue and red

lights in the visible spectrum. The amount of light absorbed by a pigment can be

plotted.

The graphical representation of the absorption maxima against wave length is

called Absorption spectrum.

Action spectrum

Photosynthesis takes place in visible light ranging from 400nm to 700nm

wave length. It does not take place at the same rate with other wave length.

Therefore, the rate of Photosynthesis at different wave length is measured

and plotted by amount of Action ie; O2 evolved and Co2 utilisation etc. This

graphical representation of rate of Photosynthesis against the wave length is

called Action spectrum.

In 1882, T.W.Engelmann plotted the first action spectrum of

photosynthesis using green algae. The maximum rate of Photosynthesis

occurs with red light of the visible spectrum.


1. ________ pigment is responsible for the absorption of light.

(Chlorophyll, Xanthophyll, Carotenoid)

2. The graphic representation of the absorption maxima against wave length

is called __________.

(Action spectrum, Absorption spectrum, Visible spectrum)

3. The graphical representation of the rate of photosynthesis against the

wave length is called _________.

(Action spectrum, Absorption spectrum, Visible spectrum)

4. Maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place in _________ light.

(Blue, Red, Green)

5. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the amount of action of

__________.

(Co2 utilisation, O2 utilisation)

APPENDIX- III

LESSON TRANSCRIPTS FOR VOICE CHATTING TECHNIQUE

LESSON TRANSCRIPT I

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Author : School : Subject : Standard :

Content Objective

In this lesson the significance of photosynthesis is

explained. Teacher expresses the content with the help

of examples and thought provoking questions.

(1). The pupil acquires the knowledge of photosynthesis.

Stated objective Purpose

or Goal of lesson

(2). The pupil understands the significance of

photosynthesis.

(3). The pupil analyses the process of photosynthesis as

the important biological process.

(4). The pupil organizes, evaluates and makes inferences

on the importance of photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set

or Introduction

Teacher gives the concept of photosynthesis and their

significance through clear explanation.

Input or

Procedure

The lesson is prepared in different phases:

1. Teacher presents the lesson in small steps.

2. Teacher guides the students to learn the lesson

with divergent questions.

3. Teacher explains the questions through guided

practice.

4. Students learn the lesson through thought

provoking questions.

Modelling

Teacher presents the topic photosynthesis through small

steps. Teacher expresses the content by using simple

language.

Checking for

understanding

Small multiple choice questions are asked to the

students. So that the students can identify whether they

have mastered the content.

Guided Practice

In guided practice the answers for the questions in the

previous step is explained. If the students wish to hear

the content once again the teacher explains the content

once again in the phase.


And Closure of the

Lesson

In Independent practice small open ended questions are asked. Students should answer the questions without choice. The questions are:

1. Why photosynthesis is considered as a significant

process?

2. What is photosynthesis?

3. During photosynthesis which energy is converted

into chemical energy?

4. Which is the most important biological process

required for human existence?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 2

CHLOROPLAST – THE SITE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS


Content Objective

The students after learning the concept photosynthesis

the concept chloroplast are explained. The importance of

chloroplast and why chloroplast is considered as the

photosynthetic apparatus is explained in this lesson.

Stated objective

Purpose or Goal of lesson

(1). The pupil understands the importance of chloroplast

in the process of photosynthesis.

(2). The pupil identifies the structure of leaf and its

importance.

(3). The pupil analyses the importance of photosynthetic

apparatus.

(4). The pupil differentiates the different shapes of

chloroplast.

(5). The pupil synthesis the knowledge that size and

shape of chloroplast varies from species to species.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Teacher explains the position of chloroplast with the help

of a diagram The structure of Leaf. Teacher explains the

significance of chloroplast and why chloroplast is said to

be the photosynthetic apparatus.

Input or Procedure

The lesson is prepared in different steps:

1. Teacher explains the content in series of small

steps.

2. Teacher checks the understanding of students with

multiple choice questions.

3. Teacher explains the content once again in the

guided practice.

4. Teacher makes the closure of lesson through

Independent practice.

Modelling

Teacher explains where the chloroplast is present with the

help of the diagram of structure of Leaf. Teacher explains

why chloroplast is considered as the photosynthetic

apparatus and explains that size and shape of chloroplast

varies from species to species. To show various shape of

chloroplast the teacher with the help of diagrams site the

shape of chloroplast of some green algae.

Checking for

understanding

Small multiple choice questions are asked to the

students. So that the students can identify whether they

have mastered the content.

Guided Practice

Here the teacher explains the answers for the questions

in the previous step. Once again the teacher explains the

content for the students through this page.

In Independent practice the teacher ask small open

ended questions such as Independent

practice 1. Why chloroplast is considered as the photosynthetic

apparatus? And Closure of the

Lesson 2. Why photosynthesis takes place in the green parts

of the plant body?

3. Why photosynthesis doesn’t takes place in the roots

of the plants?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 3

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST


Content Objective

The pupil tries to understand the structure of Chloroplast.

Students perceives the terms such as periplastidial space,

stroma, grana, thylakoid, frets, photosynthetic unit or

quantasomes.

The pupil understands the structure of chloroplast.

Stated objective Purpose

(1) The pupil explains the importance of chloroplast.

(2) The pupil analyses the role of chloroplast in the or Goal of lesson process of photosynthesis.

(3) The pupil syntheses the knowledge about the function

of chloroplast.

The teacher presents the topic with the help of the

diagram of chloroplast. The teacher explains the concept

in simple language.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Input or Procedure

The lesson is prepared in different steps :

(1) The lesson is presented with the help of a

diagram.

(2) Small questions are given for checking

understanding.

(3) Answers for the questions in the previous step are

given.

(4) Independent practice with the closure of the

lesson is given.

Modelling

The teacher explains various terms which is involved in

the structure of chloroplast with the help of diagram.

Teacher interacts with the students and through

discussion the students tries to learn about photosynthetic

unit or quantasomes, stroma, grana, and fret.


After explaining the structure of chloroplast for checking

the students understanding teacher ask multiple choice

questions.

Guided Practice

In guided practice if the students are unable to answer

the questions in the previous stage the teacher explains

the concept once again for the students in the question

answer form.


And Closure of the

Lesson

In Independent practice small open ended questions are asked. Students should answer the questions without choice. The questions are:

1. Describe the structure of Chloroplast?

2. What are quatasomes?

3. Why light reaction takes place only in granum of

chloroplast?

4. Why chloroplasts are located on the periphery of

cytoplasm?

5. Define fret?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 4

PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT - CHLOROPHYLLa


The student should understand the importance of

pigments in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover

students should generalize the importance of chlorophylla

molecule and why chlorophylla is considered as the

Universal photosynthetic pigment.

Content Objective

Stated objective


(1). The pupil tries to understand the importance of

pigments in photosynthesis.

(2). The pupil acquires the knowledge of photosynthetic

pigment.

(3). The pupil analyses the different types of

photosynthetic pigments.

(4). The pupil generalizes the importance of chlorophylla

molecule.

(5). The pupil evaluates the importance of chlorophylla

molecule in the process of photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Here the teacher explains the content before the students

with examples so that the students would understand the

content thoroughly.

The lesson is prepared in different phases: 1. Teacher presents the lesson in small steps with

Input or

Procedure

clear definitions.


with divergent questions. 3. Teacher explains the questions through guided

practice. 4. Students learn the lesson through thought


The teacher presents the concept with clear definitions.

Through discussion the new terms such as Universal

photosynthetic pigment and visible spectrum are

introduced before the students. Teacher with explanations

presents the topic.

Modelling

The teacher after explaining the concept asks question to

check the understanding of the students. Small multiple

choice questions are asked so that if the students had

understood the concept can answer easily.


After asking questions if the students didn’t answer the

questions the teacher explains the answers with suitable

examples. Here in guided practice the teacher explains

the concept once again for the students.

Guided Practice

In Independent practice small open ended questions are asked. If the students have analyzed the concept the students will be able to answer the questions. The questions are:

Independent 1. What is a pigment? practice

2. Name the different type of photosynthetic

pigments. And

Closure of the Lesson 3. Name the different types of photosynthetic

Chlorophyll pigments.

4. Why chlorophylla is considered as the universal

photosynthetic pigment?

5. Why the leaves appear green in colour?

6. Does all the pigment molecules appear light energy

in the photosynthetic unit?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 5

STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPHYLLa AND CHLOROPHYLLb

MOLECULE.


Content Objective

Teacher introduces the molecular structure of

chlorophylla and chlorophyllb molecule with the help of

the diagrams. The students should familiarize the terms

such as tetrapyrrole, phytol, hydrophilic, lipophilic etc.

The students should categorise the difference between

chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb molecule.

(1). The pupil acquires the knowledge about Chlorophylla

Stated objective


and Chlorophyllb molecules.

(2). The pupil understands the differences between

Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb molecules.

(3). The pupil develops the skill of observing, describing

and classifying the difference between the

molecules.

(4). The pupil develops the elements of creativity such as

visualizing and combining the facts in a lateral

thinking.

(5). The pupil develops proper attitude.

Anticipatory set

or Introduction

Teacher explains the general structure of Chlorophyll

molecule with the help of the diagram of the molecular

structure of Chlorophyll molecule. After that the teacher

presents the diagram of the molecular structure of

Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb molecule from the diagrams

the students should try to differentiate the two molecules.

The lesson is prepared in different steps: 1. Teacher explains the content with the help of

molecular structure of Chlorophyll and Chlorophylla b

molecules.

Input or Procedure 2. Teacher checks the understanding of students with

multiple choice questions.

3. Teacher explains the content once again in the

guided practice.

4. Teacher makes the closure of lesson through

Independent practice.

First the teacher explains the structure of Chlorophyll

molecule. Than by showing the molecular structure of the

Chlorophyll molecule the teacher explains the terms such

as tetrapyrrole and phytol tail. After that the teacher

shows the diagram of the molecular structure of

Chlorophyll

Modelling and Chlorophylla b molecule. The students by

observing the diagrams should give the differences

between the two molecule. The teacher gives the

empirical formulae of Chlorophyll

and Chlorophylla b

molecule.

Checking for For checking the understanding of the students the understanding

teacher asks multiple choice questions.

After asking the questions the teacher would explain the

content once again for the students for thorough

understanding. Than the teacher explains the answers for

all questions which was asked.

Guided practice

After mastering the content thoroughly through guided

practice the teacher asks small open ended questions like,

Independent (1) Explain the structure of Chlorophyll molecule? practice And (2) State the difference between Chlorophylla and

ChlorophyllClosure of the molecule. bLesson (3) What do you mean by hydrophilic?

(4) Why maximum rate of photosynthesis doesn’t

takes place in Chlorophyllb molecule?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 6

CAROTENOIDS


Content Objective

The students should understand what are carotenoids and

what are the different types of carotenoids? Why carrot

has orange colour? Why during autumn the leaves

become yellow in colour? The student tries to learn the

general formulae of Carotenoid and Xanthophyll.

(1) The pupil develops the knowledge of Carotenoids.

(2) The pupil understands the functions of

Carotenoids.

Stated objective

Purpose (3) The pupil develops the skill of observation and

classifying the different types of photosynthetic

pigment.

or Goal of lesson

(4) The pupil develops visualizes the functions of

Carotenoids.

(5) The pupil evaluates the importance of Carotenoids.

The topic Carotenoid is generally easy for the students.

The teacher presents the topic with examples and

explanations.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

(1) The teacher presents the topic with examples and

explanation.

Input or (2) Teacher asks certain divergent questions for

checking the understanding of the students. Procedure

(3) In guided practice the teacher with explanation

gives the correct answers for the questions.

(4) In independent practice section open ended

questions are asked.

The teacher explains the term Carotenoids and the

different types of Carotenoids. The teacher introduces

Beta carotenes and lutein. The teacher gives the general

formulae for carotene and Xanthophyll. Teacher

introduces the new concept Phycoblins. And explain the

functions the functions of Carotenoids

Modelling

Checking for

understanding For checking the understanding of the students the

teacher asks multiple choice questions.





Guided practice

In Independent practice the teacher ask small questions

like : (1) What are carotenoids?

Independent (1) Which pigment is responsible for the yellow colour

of the autumn leaves? practice and

closure of the lesson (2) What are the functions of Carotenoids?

(3) What are Phycobilins?

(4) Why Carotenoids appears in orange and yellow

colour other than green colour ?

(5) Which pigment is responsible for the colour of

Pumpkin, Tomato etc .

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 7

PHOTOSYNTHETIC UNIT


Content Objective

Students should know about the photosynthetic unit. For

that the teacher with the help of a diagram explains the

concept of photosynthetic unit. The pupil should

understand analyse and organize the concept.

(1) The pupil acquires the knowledge of

photosynthetic unit. (2) The pupil understands the importance of

photosynthetic unit. Stated objective

Purpose or Goal of lesson (3) The pupil analyses the functions of photosynthetic

unit. (4) The pupil visualizes the importance of Chlorophylla

in the photochemical reaction.

(5) The pupil organizes and evaluates the importance

of Chlorophylla molecules in the process of

photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set

or Introduction

Teacher presents the lesson with the help of a diagram.

The student carefully observes the diagram and analysis

the important parts in the diagram and should arrive at a

conclusion.

The lesson photosynthetic unit is given is small steps.

(1) For checking understanding small questions are asked. Input or

Procedure (2) In guided practice the teacher explains the content once again to the students and clarifies the doubts. (3) In Independent practice small questions are asked to

the students.

(4) Here the teacher explains the correct answer to the

students.

The teacher explains the concept of photosynthetic unit in

simple language so that everyone can grasp the concept

easily. Teacher introduces the new terms like P700, P680,

P870, Reaction centre, Light harvesting pigment molecule,

Core molecule, Antennae molecules etc. The students’

tries to understand the concepts if they have doubts the

students can clarify their doubts.

Modelling

Checking for The teacher asks small questions to check the

understanding of the students. understanding

In guided practice the teacher explains the content once

again to the students and clarifies their doubts. Teacher

explains to the answers to the questions which were

asked.

Guided practice

In independent practice section divergent questions are

asked to the students so that the skill of thinking will be

increased. The questions are ;

(1) Differentiate between reaction centre and light

harvesting pigment molecule? Independent (2) Why do photochemical reactions takes place only in practice

And

the reaction centre? Closure of the (3) What are the different types of light harvesting Lesson

pigment molecule?

(4) Differentiate between core molecule and antennae

molecule?

LESSON TRANSCRIPT 8

NATURE OF LIGHT


The student should know about the Nature of light. The

solar spectrum is also explained to the students so that

they should know the importance of visible spectrum in

the solar spectrum.

Content Objective

Stated objective


(1) The pupil acquires the knowledge about the nature

of light.

(2) The pupil tries to understand about solar

spectrum.

(3) The pupil analyse the importance of visible

spectrum in the process of photosynthesis.

(4) The pupil organizes and classifies the new

knowledge.

(5) The pupil evaluates the function of solar spectrum.

The teacher explains the Nature of light with the help of a

diagrammatic sketch of the solar spectrum and the visible

spectrum.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Input or Procedure

(1) Teacher presents the content with the help of a

diagram.

(2) For checking understanding small multiple choice


(3) In guided practice the content is explained once

again for the students.

(4) In independent practice small open ended


The teacher explains the nature of light ie; the solar

spectrum and the wave length for each light. Along with

the explanation diagrammatical sketch is also shown for

better understanding. The teacher introduces the new

terms such as photosynthetic active radiation, photon and

quantum.

Modelling

Checking for For checking the understanding of the students the

teacher asks multiple choice questions. understanding





Guided practice

In Independent practice the teacher ask small questions

like: Independent practice and (1) Why solar spectrum is known as electromagnetic

spectrum? closure of the lesson

(2) What is visible spectrum?

(3) What are photosynthetically active radiations?

(4) Define photon?

(5) Define quantum?

LESSON PLAN 9

ABSORPTION SPECTRUM AND ACTION SPECTRUM


Content Objective

Plus one students will have the knowledge about

absorption and action spectrum. With the graphical

representation of absorption and action spectrum the

students build ups the knowledge in detail.

Stated objective


(1) The pupil acquires the knowledge of Absorption

and Action spectrum.

(2) The pupil understands the concept.

(3) The pupil analyses the importance of Absorption

and Action spectrum

(4) The pupil organizes, evaluates and thus classifies

the difference between Absorption and Action

spectrum.

(5) The pupil generalizes the importance of Absorption

and Action spectrum in the process of

Photosynthesis.

Anticipatory set or

Introduction

Teacher explains the concept of Absorption and Action

spectrum with the graphical representation. The students’

observation will be increased when they find out the

difference between Absorption and Action spectrum.

Input or

Procedure

The lesson is prepared in different phases:

1. The concept is given in simple language for clear

understanding graphical representation of

Absorption and Action spectrum is shown.


with divergent questions.

3. Teacher explains the questions through guided

practice.

4. Students learn the lesson through thought


Modelling

Teacher first shows the graphical representation of

absorption spectrum and motivates the students to define

it. Like that Action spectrum is also taught.


The teacher after explaining the concept asks question to

check the understanding of the students. Small multiple

choice questions are asked so that if the students had

understood the concept can answer easily.

Guided Practice

After asking questions if the students didn’t answer the

questions the teacher explains the answers with suitable

examples. Here in guided practice the teacher explains

the concept once again for the students.

In Independent practice small open ended questions are

asked. If the students have analyzed the concept the

students will be able to answer the questions. The

questions are:


And

Closure of the 1. Explain absorption spectrum? Lesson

2. What is Action spectrum?

3. How does the rate of photosynthesis measured?

4. Why does maximum rate of photosynthesis takes

place in red light?

APPENDIX- VI

LIST OF EXPERTS

1. Sophiammal Nettar, Head of the Botany Department, Fatima Matha

National College, Kollam.

2. Thomas Bannans, Lecturer, Botany Department, Fatima Matha

National College, Kollam.

3. Marlyn V.J., Lecturer, Botany Department, Fatima Matha National

College, Kollam.

4. Birdget Fernandez, Lecturer in Natural Science, Karmela Rani

Training College, Kollam.

5. Lali S., Principal, SNGM Training college, Thuravoor.

APPENDIX- VII

LIST OF SUBJECT TEACHERS

1. Betsy James, Government Higher Secondary School, Vallathungal.

2. Sajeev P.G., Government Higher Secondary School, Panayam.

3. Manumohan, Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School,

Kollam.

4. Biju.P., Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Kollam.

5. Rosamma Rajan, Government Higher Secondary School, Chathanoor.

6. Sheeja Evline Marian, Government Higher Secondary School,

Vallathungal.

7. Sherly Mathew, Government Higher Secondary School,

Anchallumoodu.

8. Lathika R. Amirta Higher Secondary School, Karicode.

9. Gopakumar, Government Higher Secondary School, Chavara.

10. Biju Lal, Government Higher Secondary School, Vellamanal.

APPENDIX- VIII

Weightage to Content of draft of Achievement test in Biology for

Standard – XII

Sl.No Content Marks %

1. Photosynthesis 5 12

2. Chloroplast – The site for Photosynthesis 7 12

3. Structure of Chloroplast 8 16

4. Photosynthetic pigment Chlorophylla 5 20

5. Structure of Chlorophylla and Chlorophyllb molecule 8 12

6. Carotenoids 5 8

7. Photosynthetic Unit 3 8

8. Nature of Light 5 8

9. Absorption and Action Spectrum 3 4

APPENDIX- IX

Weightage to Objectives of draft of Achievement test in Biology for

Standard – XII

Sl.No Objectives Marks %

1. Knowledge 14 28

2. Understanding 28 56

3. Application 8 16

Total 50 100

APPENDIX- X

Weightage to Difficulty Level of draft of Achievement test in Biology for

Standard – XII

Sl.No Difficulty Level Marks %

1. Easy 14 28

2. Average 28 56

3. Difficult 8 16

Total 50 100

APPENDIX- XI

Blue Print of the draft of Achievement test in Biology for

Standard – XII

Objectives Knowledge Understanding Application Total

Types of Questions

Content Objective

Short

Answer Objective

Short

Answer Objective

Short

Answer

Photosynthesis

1 (2) 1 (2) 1(1) 5

Chloroplast – The site for

Photosynthesis 1(2) 1(2) 1 (3) 7


1 (3) 1 (2) 1 (3) 8

Photosynthetic pigment

Chlorophylla1 (1) 1 (3) 1 (2) 6

Structure of Chlorophylla

and Chlorophyllb molecule 1 (3) 1 (5) 8

Carotenoids

1(1) 1 (4) 5

Photosynthetic Unit

1 (1) 1 (2) 3

Nature of Light

1(1) 1 (4) 5

Absorption and Action

Spectrum 1(1) 1 (2) 3

15 26 9 50

APPENDIX- XII

Achievement Test in BIOLOGY on “Photosynthesis”

DRAFT

Time: 50 mts. Standard: XII Max Mark: 50

Answers can be written on separate sheet. Each question carries one mark.

I. Name the following 1. Name the universal photosynthetic pigment. 2. Which energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis? 3. Which is the most important physio- biological process of the world? 4. The smallest group of pigment molecule participating in a photochemical reaction. 5. Name the green plastid seen in the cytoplasm. 6. Name the membrane bound sac like structure seen in the stroma. 7. Which molecule is attached to the 3rd carbon of the 2nd pyrrole of chlorophylla molecule? 8. What is the colour of chlorophyllb molecule? 9. Which is the pigment seen in red algae? 10. Name the pigment molecule which lies around the reaction centre.

II. Fill in the Blanks: 11. Photosynthesis takes place only in …………………….. 12. ………………… is considered as the photosynthetic apparatus. 13. The light rays reflected by chlorophyll is …………………... 14. Photosynthesis is maximum in…………………….. 15. Autotropic plants prepare their own food material through the process called …………………... 16. The membrane of chloroplast is made up of ………………….. 17. The site of dark reaction is …………………... 18. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail is attached to the prophyrin ring is called ……………………... 19. The aldehyde group increases …………………… light absorption. 20. The chloroplast pigment can be extracted and separated by ………………………. 21. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the amount of action of ……………………….. 22. The kinetic energy of sunlight is transformed into chemical energy and stored in …………………….

23. The space inside the Chloroplast is filled with a proteinaceous fluid called ……………………………. 24. ………………………. is a molecule that absorbs light of specific wavelength in the visible spectrum. 25. The centre of tetrapyrrole is occupied by a central core of …………….. molecule. 26. Photochemical reaction takes place only in …………………. 27. All radiation emitted by sun constitute the ………………………. 28. The graphic representation of absorption maxima against wavelength is ………….

III. Match the Following: 29. Light reaction (a) Phycocyanin 30. Photon (b) C55H72O5N4Mg 31. Carotene (c) quantum 32. Cholorophyllb (d) C40H56 33. Photochemical reaction (e) C40H56O2

34. Chlorohylla (f) granum 35. Cyanobacteria (g) Cholorophylla

(h) C55H70O6N4Mg

IV. Answer in One Sentence: 36. Why photosynthesis doesn’t takes place in the roots of the plants? 37. Which pigment is responsible for the colour of pumpkin and tomato? 38. It is not advisable to keep plants in the bedroom during night. Why? 39. Why light reaction takes place only in the granum of chloroplast? 40. Why the solar spectrum is called the electromagnetic spectrum? 41. When we maintain aquarium we keep green plants in it. Why? 42. Why the leaves appear green in colour? 43. Why Chloroplast are located at the periphery of the cytoplasm? 44. Does all the pigment molecule absorbs light energy in the photosynthetic unit? 45. Why maximum rate of photosynthesis doesn’t takes place in Cholorophyllb

molecule? 46. Which pigment is responsible for the yellow colour of autumn leaves? 47. When does maximum rate of photosynthesis takes place? 48. During rainy season does the plant prepares the food materials? 49. How does Chlorophylla and Cholorophyllb molecule differs in their solubility? 50. Does the coloured plants prepare their own food materials or they depends upon Other green plants?

(50 X 1 = 50)

APPENDIX- XIII

SCORING KEY FOR DRAFT OF ACHIEVEMENT TEST

1. Chloroplast.

2. Light energy.

3. Photosynthesis.

4. Photon

5. Chloroplast.

6. Thylakoid or lamellae.

7. Methyl group.

8. Olive green.

9. Phyco-erythrin.

10. Core moleculel.

11. Green plants.

12. Chloroplast

13. Green.

14. Red.

15. Photosynthesis.

16. Lipoprotein.

17. Stroma.

18. Phytol tail.

19. Blue.

20. Chromatography.

21. CO2 Utilisation.

22. Carbohydrate.

23. Stroma.

24. Pigment.

25. Mg.

26. Photocentre.

27. Solar Spectrum.

28. Absorption Spectrum.

29. Granum.

30. Quantum.

31. C40H56.

32. C55H70O6N4Mg.

33. Chlorophylla

34. C55H72O5N4Mg.

35. Phycocyanin.

36. In root there is no Chloroplast.

37. Carotenes.

38. During night due to respiration the amount of CO2 increases.

39. Quantasomes are present only in the granum.

40. Solar radiation is electromagnetic in nature.

41. To maintain CO2 & O2 equilibrium.

42. Leaves reflect green light.

43. It helps in the diffusion of CO2 required for photosynthesis.

44. Yes.

45. Chlorophyllb increases blue light absorption and decreases red light

absorption.

46. Lutein.

47. During noon time.

48. Yes.

49. Chlorophylla is more soluble in Petroleum ether and Chlorophyllb is soluble in methyl alcohol.

50. Coloured plants prepare their own food materials.

APPENDIX- XIV

ANSWER SHEET FOR DRAFT OF ACHIEVEMENT TEST

Name :

Standard : Name of the School : Name the Following 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Fill in the Blanks

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Match the Following

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Answer in one sentence

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

APPENDIX- XV

Achievement Test in BIOLOGY on “Photosynthesis”

Time: 25 mts. Standard: XII Max Mark: 25 Answers can be written on separate sheet. Each question carries one mark.

I. Name the following 1. Name the universal photosynthetic pigment. 2. Which is the most important physio- biological process of the world? 3. The smallest group of pigment molecule participating in a photochemical reaction.

II. Fill in the Blanks: 4. The light rays reflected by chlorophyll is …………………... 5. Photosynthesis is maximum in…………………….. 6. Autotropic plants prepare their own food material through the process called …………………... 7. The membrane of chloroplast is made up of ………………….. 8. The site of dark reaction is …………………... 9. A lengthy hydrocarbon tail is attached to the prophyrin ring is called …………. 10. The aldehyde group increases …………………… light absorption. 11. The chloroplast pigment can be extracted and separated by ………………………. 12. The rate of photosynthesis is measured by the amount of action of …………… 13. The kinetic energy of sunlight is transformed into chemical energy and stored in …………………….

III. Match the Following: 14. Light reaction (a) Phycocyanin 15. Photon (b) C55H72O5N4Mg 16. Photochemical reaction (c) quantum 17. Chlorohylla (d) granum 18. Cyanobacteria (e) Cholorophylla

(f) C55H70O6N4Mg IV. Answer in One Sentence:

19. Why photosynthesis doesn’t takes place in the roots of the plants? 20. Which pigment is responsible for the colour of pumpkin and tomato? 21. It is not advisable to keep plants in the bedroom during night. Why? 22. Why light reaction takes place only in the granum of chloroplast? 23. Why the solar spectrum is called the electromagnetic spectrum? 24. When we maintain aquarium we keep green plants in it. Why? 25. Why the leaves appear green in colour?

(25 X 1 = 25)

APPENDIX- XVI

SCORING KEY FOR ACHIEVEMENT TEST

1. Chloroplast.

2. Photosynthesis.

3. Photon

4. Green

5. Red.

6. Photosynthesis.

7. Lipoprotein.

8. Stroma.

9. Phytol tail.

10. Blue.

11. Chromatography.

12. CO2 Utilisation.

13. Carbohydrate.

14. Granum.

15. Quantum.

16. Chlorophyll.

17. C55H72O5N4Mg.

18. Phycocyanin.

19. In root there is no Chloroplast.

20. Carotenes.

21. During night due to respiration the amount of CO2 increases.

22. Quantasomes are present only in the granum.

23. Solar radiation is electromagnetic in nature.

24. To maintain equilibrium.

25. Leaves reflect green light.

APPENDIX- XVII

ANSWER SHEET

Name :

Standard : Name of the School : Name the Following 1.

2.

Fill in the Blanks

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Match the Following

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Answer in One Sentence

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Documents

APPENDIX- 1 LESSON TRANSCRIPTS FOR WEB SITE LEARNINGshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/22537/17/17_appendices.pdf · Photosynthesis is considered as the natural physio-biological