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Appendix 1: Heat Transfer Literature The following is a list of journals, proceedings, and bibliography which may be consulted in order to keep abreast of the most recently published work in heat transfer.
The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press, monthly
The Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, The Institution of Mechnical Engineers, bi-monthly.
Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series C, quarterly.
Proceedings of the International Heat Transfer Conferences, e.g., 4th 1970 (Paris~ 5th 1974(Tokyo), Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer, Monograph Series of the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Pergamon Press.
Advances in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York. Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute,
Stanford University Press, California. Heat Bibliography, HMSO London, annual. Reports of the National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride,
(available on request). The Engineering Index, Engineering Index, Inc., New York. Applied Science and Technology Index, The H. W. Wilson Company,
New York. The British Technology Index, The Library Association, London. ISMEC Bulletin, Information Service in Mechanical Engineering.
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Science Abstracts A, Physics Abstracts, The Institution of Electrical
Engineers. Science Abstracts B, Electrical and Electronic Abstracts, The
Institution of Electrical Engineers and The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc.
236
Appendix 2: Units and Conversion Factors
SI units are used exclusively in this book. However, much of the existing heat transfer literature is in British units, and SI-British conversion factors are therefore included. The kJ and kW are accepted alternatives to the J and W in the use of SI units. They are the units of energy and power generally used in the teaching of engineering thermodynamics and are the preferred units used in this book. For a complete discussion see The UseofSI Units, published by the British Standards Institution, PD 5686: 1972.
The Basic SI units are:
Mass Length Time Temperature
1 kg = 2·2046lb 1m = 3·2808 ft 1 s = 2·778 x 1o- 4 h 1 K = 1·8 aRankine
Derived SI units are:
Force Pressure
Density Specific
volume Energy Power
1 N = 0·2248lbf (1 newton = 1 kg m/s2)
1 Pa = 14·5 x 10- 5 lbf/in2 (1 pascal= 1 N/m2)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 14·5lbf/in2
1 kgfm3 = 0·06243 lb/ft3
1 m3 fkg = 16·0179 ft3 flb 1 J = 1 Nm; 1 kJ = 103 Nm = 737·6ft lbf 1 W = 1 N mjs; 1 kW = 737·6 ft lbf/s = 1·341 h.p.
237
Con
vers
ion
Fac
tors
for
Hea
t Tra
nsfe
r U
nits
Phys
ical
C
onve
rsio
n R
ecip
roca
l
quan
tity
SI
B
ritis
h un
its
fact
or*
conv
ersi
on
fact
or*
Q
kW
Btu
fh
2·93
1 X
1
0-4
3·
412
X
103
q kW
/m2
Btu
/(ft
2 h)
3-
155
X
10
-3
3-17
0 X
10
2
h, u
kW
/(m
2 K
) B
tu/(
ft2
h °F
) 5·
678
X
10
-3
1·76
1 X
10
2
k kW
/(m
K)
Btu
/(ft
h °
F)
1·73
1 X
1
0-3
5·
777
X
102
cP
kJ/(
kg K
) B
tu/(
lb °
F)
4·18
68
Q-2
388
Pas
lb/(
ft h
) 4·
134
x w
-4
2·41
9 X
10
3 J1.
(Not
e: 1
Pas
= 10
dyn
sjc
m2
= 10
poi
se)
v, IX
, e,
D
m2 f
s ft
2/h
2·
581
X
10
-S
3·87
4 X
10
4
(Not
e: 1
m2 f
s =
104
cm2 fs
= 1
04 s
toke
s, u
nit
of d
ynam
ic v
isco
sity
) 't
',P
,p
Pa
lbf/
ft2
9·93
1 X
10
5 1·
007
X
10
-6
't',
P,p
P
a lb
f/in
2 6·
897
X
103
1·45
0 X
1
0-4
* M
ulti
ply
the
num
eric
al v
alue
in
Bri
tish
units
by
the
conv
ersi
on f
acto
r to
obt
ain
the
equi
vale
nt i
n SI
; m
ultip
ly t
he n
umer
ical
val
ue i
n SI
by
the
rec
ipro
cal
conv
ersi
on f
acto
r to
obt
ain
the
equi
vale
nt in
Bri
tish
units
.
N w
00
tTl z C':l z tTl
tTl
:::0 - z C':l
::II
tTl >
>-l
>-l
:::0 >
z rJ)
>Tj
tTl
:::0
N w
'CJ
Ap
pe
nd
ix 3
: T
ab
les
of
Pro
pe
rty
Va
lue
s
Tab
le A
.l.
The
rmal
Pro
pert
ies
of S
olid
s: M
etal
s
Prop
ertie
s at
20°
C
k x
103 ,k
W/(
m K
)
p CP
X 10
3 /{
X 10
3 IX
(~3)
(k~K)
(!:)
(~2
) 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0 (O
C)
Alu
min
ium
, pu
re
2707
89
6 20
4 8-
42 X
10
-5
206
215
229
249
Dur
alum
in, 9
4-96
AI,
3-5
Cu
27
87
883
164
6·68
18
2 19
4 L
ead
11.3
70
130
34·6
2·
34
33-4
31
·5
29·8
Ir
on,
pure
78
97
452
72-7
2·
03
67·5
62
·3
55·4
48
·5
Iron
, wro
ught
, C
< 0
·5%
78
49
460
58·9
1·
63
57·1
51
·9
48·5
45
·0
Iron
, ca
st, C
:::::
4%
72
72
419
51·9
1·
70
Car
bo
n s
teel
, C
:::::
0·5%
78
33
465
53-7
1-
47
51·9
48
·5
45·0
41
·5
Car
bo
n s
teel
. C
= 1
·5%
77
53
486
36-4
0·
97
36·3
36
·3
34·6
32
-9
Nic
kel
stee
l, 10
%
7945
46
0 26
·0
0·72
N
icke
l st
eel,
30
%
8073
46
0 12
·1
0·33
N
icke
l st
eel,
50%
82
66
460
13-8
0·
36
Nic
kel
stee
l, 70
%
8506
46
0 26
·0
0·67
N
icke
l st
eel,
90
%
8762
46
0 46
·7
1·16
C
hrom
e st
eel,
I %
7865
46
0 60
·6
1·67
55
-4
51·9
46
·7
41·5
C
hrom
e st
eel,
5 %
78
33
460
39·8
1·
11
38·1
36
·4
36·4
32
·9
Chr
ome
stee
l, 10
%
7785
46
0 31
·2
0·87
31
·2
31·2
29
·4
29·4
C
r-N
i st
eel,
18%
Cr,
8%
Ni
7817
46
0 16
·3
0-44
17
·3
17·3
19
·0
19·0
N
i-C
r st
eel,
20
% N
i, 15
% C
r 78
65
460
14·0
0·
39
15·1
15
·1
16·3
17
·3
Man
gane
se s
teel
, 2
%
7865
46
0 38
·1
1·05
36
·4
36-4
36
·4
34·6
600
39·8
36
·4
34·6
31
·2
36·4
29
·4
31·2
22
·5
19·0
32
·9
Tab
le A
. I.
Con
tinu
ed
Prop
ertie
s at
2o•
c kx 1
03kW
/(m
K)
p cP
x
103
k X
10
3 IX
(~~)
(k~K)
(!:)
(~2)
100
200
300
400
600
(•q
Tun
gste
n st
eel,
2%
7961
44
4 62
-3
1·76
x w-~
58·9
53
·7
48·5
45
·0
36·4
S
ilic
on s
teel
, 2 %
76
73
460
31·2
0·
89
Cop
per,
pur
e 89
54
383
386
ll·2
37
9 37
4 36
9 36
4 35
3 B
ronz
e, 7
5 C
u, 2
5 Sn
86
60
343
26·0
0·
86
Bra
ss,
70 C
u, 3
0 Z
n
8522
38
5 11
1 3-
41
128
144
147
147
Ger
man
silv
er,
62 C
u 15
Ni,
22 Z
n
8618
39
4 24
·9
0·73
31
·2
39·8
45
·0
48·5
C
onst
anta
n, 6
0 C
u, 4
0 N
i 89
22
410
22·7
0·
61
22·2
26
·0
Mag
nesi
um, p
ure
1746
10
13
171
9·71
16
8 16
3 15
8 M
olyb
denu
m
10.2
20
251
123
4·79
ll
8
ll4
11
1 10
9 10
6 N
icke
l, 99
·9%
pur
e 89
06
446
90·0
2·
27
83·1
72
-7
64·0
58
·9
Silv
er, 9
9·9%
pur
e 10
.520
23
4 40
7 16
·6
415
374
362
360
Tun
gste
n 19
,350
13
4 16
3 6·
27
151
142
133
126
113
Zin
c, p
ure
7144
38
4 11
2 4
·ll
109
106
100
93-5
T
in,
pure
73
04
227
64·0
3-
88
58·9
57
·1
Ada
pted
fro
m T
able
A-1
, E.
R.
G.
Eck
ert a
nd R
. M
. D
rake
, Jr.,
Hea
t an
d M
ass
Tran
sfer
, M
cGra
w-H
ill B
ook
Com
pany
, N
ew Y
ork
(195
9).
tv
-1>-
0 tT'l z Q z tT'l
tT'l ~ z Q
::z::
tT'l >
....,
...., ~ > z (
/)
"l"l
tT'l ~
APPENDIX 3 241
Table A.2. Thermal Properties of Solids: non-Metals
cP x 103 p t k X loJ ac
(k~K) (~~) (OC) (!:) (~2)
Bakelite 1590 1273 20 0·232 0·0114 x 10-s Bricks:
Common 837 1602 20 0·692 0·0516 Face 2050 20 1-32 Chrome 837 3011 200 2·32 0·0929
550 2-48 0·0981 900 1·99 0·0800
Diatomaceous earth 204 0·242 (fired) 872 0·312
Fire clay (burnt 1450°C) 963 2323 500 1·28 0·0568
800 1·37 Q-0619 1100 1·402 0·0619
Magnesite 1130 204 3·81 648 2·77
1204 1·90 Concrete 879 1906- 20 (}814- Q-0490-
2307 1·40 0·0697 Glass, plate 837 2707 20 0·762 0-()336 Plaster, gypsum 837 1442 21 (}485 0-<>413 Stone:
Granite 816 2643 1·73- 0·0800-3·98 0·183
Limestone 908 2483 99 1·26 Q-0568 299 1·33 Q-0594
Marble 808 2499- 20 2·77 Q-0394 2707
Sandstone 712 2163- 20 1·63- 0·106-2307 2·08 0·127
Wood, cross grain : Cypress 464 30 0·097 Fir 2721 417 24 0·109 0·0095 Oak 2387 ~81 30 0·166 Q-0126 Yellow pine 2805 641 24 0·147 0·0083
Wood, radial: Oak 2387 609- 20 0·173- 0·0111-
481 (}207 (}0121 Fir 2721 417 20 0·138 0·0124
242 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Table A.2. Continued
CP X 1()3 p t k X 103
(k:JK) (~) c·q (~:)
Asbestos 816 577 0 0·151 816 577 100 0·192
Cotton 1298 80·1 20 ()-0589
Cork, board 160 30 ()-0433 Cork, expanded scrap 1884 44·8- 20 0-()363
119 Earth, coarse gravelly 1842 2050 20 0·519 Felt, wool 330 30 ()-0519 Fibre, insulating board 237 21 ()-0485 Glass wool 670 200 20 ()-0398 Ice 1926 913 0 2·22 Silk 1382 57·7 20 ()-0363
~
(~2)
0·194
()-0155--0·0439
D-0139
()-0284 0·124 ()-0439
Adapted from A. J. Chapman, Heat Transfer, The Macmillan Company, New York (1960); L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1951); W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1954); and E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Jr., Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1959).
APPENDIX 3 243
Table A3. Thermal Conductivity of Some Building Materials
Asbestos cement sheet Asbestos felt Asbestos insulating board Asphalt, roofing Brick, common, dry Brick, wet Chipboard Concrete, gravel1:2:4
vermiculite aggregate cellular
Cork, granulated, raw slab, raw
Fibreboard Glass, window Glassfibre, mat Hardboard Plasterboard, gypsum Polystyrene, expanded board Polyurethane foam Polyvinyl chloride, rigid foam Roofing felt Tiles, clay Tiles, concrete Tiles, PVC asbestos Urea formaldehyde foam Vermiculite granules Wilton carpet
1520 144
720-900 1920 1760 2034
350-1360 2240-2480 400-880 320-1600
115 160
280-420 2500
50 560
1120 15 30
25--80 960-1120
1900 2100 2000 8-30 100
k(Wj(mK))
0·29--0·43 0·078
0·11-0·21 0·58 0·81 1-67
0·07-0·21 1·4
0·11-0·26 0·08-0·65
0·046 0·05
0·05-0·08 1·05 0·033 0·08 0·16 0·037 0·026
0·035-0·041 0·19--0·20
0·85 1-10 0·85
0·032-0·038 0·065 0·058
244 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Table A3. Continued
U values for Building structures, based on the dift'eren~ between inside and outside environment temperatures, and for sheltered, normal and severe external exposure, in W /(m2 K).
Sheltered Normal Severe
260 mm cavity wall, lOS mm inner and outer leaves, plus 16 mm lightplaster on inner face H H H
220 mm solid wall, with 16 mm light plaster 1·8 1·9 2·0
335 mm solid wan, with 16 m light plaster 1·4 1·5 1·6
Pitched roof, tiles on battens with roofing felt, roof space, foil backed plasterboard ceiling 1·4 H 1-6
As above, plus SO mm glass fibre loft insulation ()-49 o-s ()-51
Window, single glazing, 30% area due to wood frame 3·8 4·3 s-o
As above, double glazing 2-3 2·5 2·7
From the CIBS Guide Book A, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London. The above U values and thermal conductivities are a brief extract only (used by permission of the Institution).
Tab
le A
.4.
Phys
ical
Pro
pert
ies
of so
me
Com
mon
Low
Mel
ting
Poi
nt M
etal
s
Mel
ting
Boi
ling
p Jl
cP x
10
3 k
X
103
poin
t po
int
Tem
p.
(~~)
(k:K)
(~~)
(oC
) (o
C)
(OC
) P
as
Bis
mut
h 27
2 14
80
315
10,0
10
1·62
x
10-3
14
4 16
·4
760
9467
0·
79
164
15·6
L
ead
328
1738
37
1 10
.540
2·
40
159
16·1
70
4 10
,140
1·
37
155
14·9
L
ithi
um
179
1318
20
4 50
6 0·
59
4187
38
·1
983
442
0·42
41
87
Mer
cury
-3
9
357
10
13.5
70
1·59
13
8 8·
14
315
12,8
50
0·87
13
4 14
·0
Pot
assi
um
64
760
149
807
0·37
79
6 45
-()
704
674
0·13
75
4 33
·1
Sod
ium
97
88
4 20
4 90
2 0·
43
1340
80
·3
704
779
0·18
12
56
59·7
S
od
ium
-Po
tass
ium
, 22
% N
a 19
82
6 93
·5
849
0·49
94
6 24
·4
760
690
0·16
88
3 S
od
ium
-Po
tass
ium
, 56
% N
a -II
795
93·5
88
7 0·
58
1130
25
·6
760
740
0·16
10
42
28·9
L
ead-
Bis
mut
h, 4
4·5%
Pb
12
5 16
70
288
10,3
50
1·76
14
7 1(
}7
649
9835
1·
15
Pr
0·01
4 0·
0084
0·
024
0·01
6 0·
065
0·02
7 0·
0084
0·
0066
0·
0031
0·
0072
0·
0038
0·
019
0·02
6 0·
058
0·02
4
>
"t::
"t:: til z 0 ><
w
N
Ada
pted
fro
m T
able
' 1&
-1, J
. G.
Knu
dsen
and
D.
L.
Kat
z, F
luid
Dyn
amic
s an
d H
eat
Tran
sfer
, M
cGra
w-H
ill
Boo
k C
ompa
ny,
Inc.
, N
ew Y
ork
t; (1
958)
.
t p
cP x
t(
)l
(OC
) (k
gfm
31
kJ/(
kgK
)
0 10
02
4218
20
10
01
4182
40
99
4·6
4178
60
98
5-4
4184
80
97
4·1
4196
10
0 96
()-6
4216
12
0 94
5·3
4250
14
0 92
8·3
4283
16
0 90
9·7
4342
18
0 88
9·0
4417
20
0 86
6·7
4505
22
0 84
2-4
4610
24
0 81
5·7
4756
26
0 78
5-9
4949
28
0 75
2·5
5208
30
0 71
4·3
5728
Tab
le A
.S.
The
rmal
Pro
pert
ies
of S
atur
ated
Liq
uids
v I
kxW
(%
P
r
(m2 /
s)
I kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Wat
er (H
20
)
0·17
9 X
10
-S
()-55
2 13
-1 X
10
-8
13-6
()-
101
()-59
7 14
·3
7-()2
()-
0658
()-
628
15·1
4·
34
0047
7 ()-
651
15·5
3-
()2
0036
4 0·
668
16·4
2·
22
0029
4 ()-
680
16·8
1·
74
0024
7 ()-
685
1H
1·
446
0021
4 0·
684
17·2
1·
241
0018
9 ()-
680
17-3
I -
o99
0017
3 ()-
675
17·2
1-
()04
0016
0 ()-
665
17·1
()-
937
0014
9 ()-
653
16·8
()-
891
0014
3 ()-
635
16·4
()-
871
0013
7 ()-
611
15·6
()-
874
0013
5 ()-
580
14·8
o-
910
0013
5 ()
-540
13
-2
1-()1
9
{J
(1/K
)
I ()-
18 X
10
-3
N
-1>-
0\ m
z C'l z tT1 m
:;e z C'l =
m
> ....,
....,
:;e > z V
>
'Tj m
:;e
-50
10
53
1476
-4
0
1033
14
83
-30
10
17
1492
-2
0
999·
4 15
04
-10
98
1·4
1519
0
962-
4 15
38
10
942·
4 15
60
20
923·
3 15
86
30
903-
1 16
16
40
883·
1 16
50
50
861·
2 16
89
-50
15
47
875·
0 -4
0
1519
88
4·7
-30
14
90
895·
6 -2
0
1461
90
7·3
-10
14
30
920·
3 0
1397
93
4·5
10
1364
94
9·6
20
1330
96
5·9
30
1295
98
3·5
40
1257
10
02
50
1216
10
22
Met
hyl
Chl
orid
e (C
H3C
l)
0·03
2o x
to
-s
0·21
5 13
·9 x
10-
8
0·03
18
0·20
9 13
-7
0·03
14
0·20
2 13
-4
Q-0
309
0·19
6 n
o
0·03
06
0·18
7 12
·6
0·03
02
0·17
8 12
·1
D-0
297
0·17
1 11
·7
Q-0
292
0·16
3 Il
-l
0·02
87
Q-1
54
10·6
0·
0281
D
-144
9·
96
Q-0
274
0·13
3 9·
21
Fre
on (C
CI 2
F 2
)
o-o3
10 x
10-
s Q
-067
5 5·
01
x 10
-8
D-0
279
0-06
92
5·13
0·
0253
0·
0692
5·
26
0·02
35
0.07
10
5·39
D
-022
1 0.
0727
5·
50
Q-0
214
0.07
27
5·57
Q
-020
3 0·
0727
5·
60
Q-0
198
0·07
27
5·60
0·
0194
0·
0710
5·
60
Q-0
191
0·06
92
5·55
0·
0189
0·
0675
5·
44
2·31
2·
32
2·35
2·
38
2·43
2·
49
2·55
2·
63
2·72
2·
83
2·97
6·2
5-4
4·8
4·4
4·0
3·8
3·6
3·5
3·5
3·5
3·5
2·63
x 1
0-3
>
'"t:l
'"t:l ttl z t:i >< w
w ~
-.J
t p
c, X
J(
)l
("C
) (k
l/m
3)
kJ/(
kg K
)
0 12
76
2261
10
12
70
2320
20
12
64
2387
30
12
58
2445
40
12
52
2512
50
12
45
2583
0 11
30
2294
20
11
17
2382
40
11
01
2474
60
10
88
2562
80
10
78
2650
10
0 10
59
2742
Tab
le A
.5.
Con
tinu
ed
v k
X
103
IX
(m1/s
) kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Gly
ceri
n (C
3H
5(0
Hh
) 8·
31
x w
-3
0·28
2 9·
83 x
to
-s
3-()(
) Q
-284
9·
65
H7
Q
-286
9·
47
()-50
Q
-286
9·
29
Q-22
0·
286
9·13
Q-
15
0·28
7 8·
93
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
(C
2H
4(0
Hh
)
5-75
x w-
5 Q
-242
9·
34 X
JO
-S
1·92
Q
-249
9·
39
Q-8
69
Q-2
56
9·39
Q
-475
Q
-260
9·
31
Q-2
98
Q-2
61
9·21
Q
-203
Q
-263
9-
()8
Pr
84·7
X
103
31·0
12
·5
5·38
2-
45
1·63
615
204 93
51
32-4
22
-4
p
(1/K
)
I 0·
504
x w
-3
1 o-
648
x w-
3
t0 """ 00 tT1 z C1 z tT1
tT1 ::e z C1
::I:
tT1 >
....,
...., ::e > z ~ 'T
l tT1
::e
Eng
ine
oil (
unus
ed)
0 89
9 17
96
4·28
X J
O-l
()-
147
9·11
x l
O-a
47
,100
20
88
8 18
80
()-9
()
()-14
5 8·
72
10,4
00
I o-1
02 x
w
-3
40
876
1964
()
-24
()-14
4 8·
33
2870
60
86
4 20
47
0083
9 ()-
140
8-()(
) lO
SO
80
852
2131
00
375
()-13
8 7·
69
490
100
840
2219
00
203
()-13
7 7-
38
276
120
829
2307
00
123
()-13
5 H
O
175
140
817
2395
00
080
0·13
3 6·
86
116
160
806
2483
00
056
()-13
2 6·
63
84
Mer
cwy(
Hg)
0
13.6
30
140-
3 00
124
x 10
-s
8·21
43
0 X
lO
-a
0028
8 20
13
.580
13
9-4
0011
4 8-
69
461
0024
9 )·8
2 X
10
-4
so
13,5
10
138-
6 00
104
9·40
S0
2 00
207
100
13,3
90
137-
3 00
0928
1o
-5
571
0016
2 IS
O 13
,260
13
6·5
0-()(
)853
11
·5
635
()-01
34
200
13,1
50
136·
1 00
0802
12
·3
691
()-01
16
2SO
13,0
30
135-
7 00
0764
13
-l 74
0 ()-
0103
31
6 12
.8SO
13
4.()
0006
73
14.()
81
5 0-
()()8
3
Ada
pted
from
Tab
le A
-3, E
. R. G
. Eck
ert a
nd R
. M. D
rake
, Jr.,
Hea
t and
Mas
s Tr
ansfe
r, M
cGra
w-H
ill B
ook
Com
pany
, Inc
., N
ew Y
ork
(195
9).
> :g tr1 z t1 x w
N ~
\0
T p
(oK
) (k
g/m
3)
250
1·41
3 .3
00
H7
7
350
()-99
8 40
0 Q
-883
45
0 ()-
783
500
()-70
5 55
0 ()-
642
600
()-58
8 65
0 ()-
543
700
()-50
3 75
0 ()-
471
800
o-44
1 85
0 o-
415
900
Q-3
92
950
()-37
2 10
00
()-35
2 11
00
Q-3
20
1200
()-
295
1.30
0 ()-
271
Tab
le A
.6.
The
rmal
Pro
pert
ies
of G
ases
at
Atm
osph
eric
Pre
ssur
e
C0
X
1()3
v
k X
J(
)l
Q(
Jl kJ
/(kg
K)
(m2 /
s)
kW
/(m
K)
(m2 /
s)
Pa
s
Air
10
05
()-94
9 X
10
-S
()-02
23
1·32
X
10-S
1·
60 X
w-
s 10
06
1·57
()-
0262
2·
22
1·85
10
09
2-()8
()-
0300
2·
98
2·08
10
14
2·59
0·
0337
3-
76
2·29
10
21
2·89
()-
0371
4·
22
2·48
10
30
3-79
()-
0404
5·
57
2·67
10
39
4·43
()-
0436
6·
53
2·85
10
55
5·13
0·
0466
7·
51
3·02
10
63
5·85
()-
0495
8·
58
3·18
10
75
6-63
()-
0523
9·
67
3-33
10
86
7-39
()-
0551
10
·8
3-48
10
98
8·23
()-
0578
12
-()
3·63
1
ll0
9-
()7
()-06
03
IH
3·77
ll
21
9·93
()-
0628
14
·3
3·90
ll
32
1(
)-8
()-06
53
15·5
4·
02
1142
11
·8
()-06
75
16·8
4·
15
ll61
13
·7
()-07
23
19·5
4·
40
ll7
9
15·7
()-
0763
22
-()
4·63
11
97
17·9
()-
0803
24
·8
4·85
Pr
0·72
2 ()-
708
0·69
7 0·
689
()-68
3 0·
680
0·68
0 0·
680
0·68
2 0·
684
0·68
6 ()-
689
()-69
2 ()-
696
0·69
9 ()-
702
0·70
6 0·
714
0·72
2
N
Vl
0 tr1 z 0 z tr1
tr1
:;tl - z 0 ::I:
tr1 > o-l
o-l
:;tl > z en
'TI
tr1
:;tl
Hyd
roge
n 25
0 Q
-098
1 14
,060
8·
06 X
lO
-S
0·15
6 30
0 0·
0819
14
,320
10
·9
0·18
2 35
0 0·
0702
14
.440
14
·2
Q-2
06
400
O-o
614
14.4
90
17-7
0·
229
450
0·05
46
14,5
00
21·6
0·
251
500
0·04
92
14.5
10
25·7
0·
272
550
0·04
47
14.3
30
30·2
0·
293
600
0·04
08
14,5
40
35·0
0·
315
650
0·03
49
14,5
70
45·5
0·
351
700
0·03
06
14,6
80
56·9
0·
384
750
0·02
72
14,8
20
69·0
0·
412
800
0·02
45
14.9
70
82·2
0·
440
850
0-()2
23
15.1
70
96·5
0·
464
Oxy
gen
200
1·95
6 91
3·1
Q-7
95 X
lO
-S
0-()1
82
250
1·56
2 91
5·6
1·14
4 Q
-022
6 30
0 1·
301
920·
3 1·
586
Q-0
267
350
1-11
3 92
9·0
2·08
0 Q
-030
7 40
0 Q
-976
94
2-Q
2·
618
Q-0
346
450
0·86
8 95
6·7
3·19
9 Q
-038
3 50
0 Q
-780
97
2-2
3·83
4 Q
-041
7 55
0 0·
710
988·
1 4·
505
Q-0
452
600
Q-6
50
1004
5·
214
Q-0
483
11·3
x w
- s
15·5
20
·3
25·7
31
·6
38·2
45
·2
53·1
69
·0
85·6
10
2 12
0 13
7 1·0?
X
JO-S
1·58
2·
24
2·97
3-
77
4·61
5·
50
6"·44
7-
40
7·92
x w
-6
8·96
9·
95
1Q-9
11
·8
12·6
13
·5
14·3
15
·9
17-4
18
·8
20·2
21
·5
14·9
x w-
6
17·9
2Q
-6
23·2
25
·5
27·8
29
·9
32·0
33
·9
G-7
13
Q-7
06
0·69
7 0·
690
0·68
2 0·
675
0·66
8 0·
664
0·65
9 0·
664
0·67
6 0·
686
0·70
3
0·74
5 0·
725
0·70
9 0·
702
0·69
5 Q
-694
0·
697
0·70
0 0·
704
>
"'C
"'C
tr.l z 0 - >< w
N
01
Tab
le A
.6.
Con
tinu
ed
T
p c,
X
1()3
v
k X
10
3
("K
) (k
l/m
3)
k.J/
(kg
K)
(m2 /
s)
kW/(
m K
)
--
Nit
roge
n 20
0 1·
711
1043
o-
757
x w
-5
0018
2 30
0 1-
142
1041
1·
563
0026
2 40
0 0·
854
1046
2·
574
0033
3 50
0 0·
682
1056
3-
766
0039
8 60
0 0·
569
1076
5·
119
(}04
58
700
0·49
3 10
97
6·51
2 00
512
800
(}42
8 11
23
8·14
5 00
561
900
(}38
0 11
46
9·10
6 Q
-060
7 10
00
0·34
1 11
68
11·7
2 00
648
1100
(}
311
1186
13
·60
(}06
85
1200
(}
285
1204
15
·61
0071
9 C
arbo
n di
oxid
e 25
0 2·
166
803-
9 Q-
581
x w-
5 00
129
300
1·79
7 87
(}9
(}83
2 00
166
350
1·53
6 90
02
1-11
9 00
205
400
1·34
2 94
2-()
1·43
9 00
246
450
H9
2
979·
7 1·
790
0029
0 so
o 1-
()73
1013
2-
167
(}03
35
sso
(}97
4 10
47
2·57
4 00
382
600
(}89
4 10
76
3002
00
431
IX
(m1/s
)
1-o2
x w
-5
2·21
3-
74
5·53
7-
49
9·47
11
·7
13-9
16
·3
18·6
20
·9
0·74
0 x
w-5
1-()6
1·
48
1-95
2-
48
3-()8
3-
75
4·48
IJ
Pa
s
12·9
x w
-6
17·8
22
·0
25·7
29
·1
32·1
34
·8
37·5
4(
}0
42-3
44
·5
12·6
x w
-"
15·0
17
·2
19·3
21
·3
23-3
25
-1
26·8
Pr
(}74
7 (}
713
0·69
1 0·
684
(}68
6 0·
691
(}70
0 (}
711
(}72
4 (}
736
(}74
8
(}79
3 0·
770
(}75
5 (}
738
(}72
1 (}
702
(}68
5 (}
668
IV
...,.
IV
ttl z 0 - z ttl
ttl ~ - z 0 ::: ttl >
o-,l
o-,l ~ > z til
"!1
ttl ~
Car
bon
mon
oxid
e 25
0 ()-
841
1043
1-
128
X
10-5
(){
)214
30
0 1-
139
1042
1·
567
(){)2
53
350
()-97
4 10
43
2-()6
2 (){
)288
40
0 ()-
854
1048
2·
599
()-03
23
450
()-76
2 10
55
3-18
8 ()-
()436
50
0 ()-
682
1063
3·
819
(){)3
86
550
0·62
0 10
76
4·49
6 ()-
0416
60
0 ()-
568
1088
5·
206
()-04
45
Wat
er v
apou
r 38
0 ()-
586
2060
()-
216
X
10-4
(){
)246
40
0 ()-
554
2014
()-
242
(){)2
61
450
()-49
0 19
80
()-31
1 ()
{)29
9 50
0 ()-
441
1985
()-
386
(){)3
39
550
0·40
0 19
97
()-47
0 (){
)379
60
0 0·
365
2026
()-
566
()-()4
22
650
()-33
8 20
56
()-66
4 (H
)46
4
700
0·31
4 20
85
0·77
2 (){
)505
75
0 ()-
293
2119
()-
888
(){)5
49
800
()-27
4 21
52
1-()2
0 (){
)592
85
0 Q
-258
21
86
H5
2
()-06
37
1·51
X
10-5
15
·4 X
10
-6
2-13
17
·8
2·84
2(
)-1
3·61
22
·2
4·44
24
·2
5-33
26
·1
6·24
27
·9
7-19
29
·6
2·04
X
10
-5
12·7
X
10-6
2·24
13
-4
3·07
15
-3
3·87
17
·0
4·75
18
·8
5·73
2(
)-7
6·66
22
·5
7-12
24
·3
8·83
26
·0
1(){
) 27
·9
11·3
29
·7
Q-7
50
()-73
7 ()-
728
()-72
2 ()-
718
()-71
8 ()-
721
()-72
4
1-()6
0 1·
040
1·01
0 ()-
996
()-99
1 ()-
986
()-99
5 H
XlO
1·
005
1-()1
0 1-
()19
> :g tt
l z t)
>< w
Ada
pted
fro
m T
able
A-4
, E. R
. G. E
cker
t and
R. M
. Dra
ke, J
r., H
eat a
nd M
ass
Tran
sfer
, McG
raw
-Hil
l Boo
k C
ompa
ny, I
nc.,
New
Yor
k (1
959)
. (N
ote:
A
t pr
essu
res
othe
r th
an a
tmos
pher
ic, t
he d
ensi
ty c
an b
e de
term
ined
fro
m t
he id
eal g
as e
quat
ion,
p =
= p/
RT
. H
ence
at
any
give
n te
m
pera
ture
p =
p0(
pjp
0)
whe
re P
o is
atm
osph
eric
pre
ssur
e an
d P
o is
giv
en i
n th
e ta
ble.
k, p
, an
d c
• m
ay b
e as
sum
ed i
ndep
ende
nt o
f pr
essu
re.
tv
v an
d 11
are
inve
rsel
y pr
opor
tion
al t
o th
e de
nsit
y; h
ence
at
a gi
ven
tem
pera
ture
are
inve
rsel
y pr
opor
tion
al t
o th
e pr
essu
re.)
~
254 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Table A.7. Normal Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces
Ref. t Emissivity (OC)
Aluminium: Highly polished plate, 98·3% pure 11 237-576 Q-039--0057 Rough polish 1 100 Q-18 Commercial sheet 1 100 {)-()9
Heavily oxidized 2 93-505 Q-20-0-31 At-surfaced roofing 5 38 Q-216
Brass: Highly polished, 73-2 Cu, 26·7 Zn 11 247-357 0028-0031 Polished 1 100 006 Rollcd plate, natural surface 10 22 006
Chromium. polished 1 100 0075 Copper:
Carefully polished electrolytic copper 6 80 Q-018 Polished 1 100 Q-052 Molten 3 1076-1278 Q-16-o-13
Iron and steel : Steel, polished 1 100 0066 Iron, polished 12 427-1028 Q-14-0-38 Cast iron, polished 9 200 Q-21 Cast iron, newly turned lO 22 ()-44
Wrought iron, highly polished 16 38-249 Q-28 Iron plate, completely rusted lO 19 ()-69 Sheet steel, shiny oxide layer 10 24 Q-82 Steel plate, rough 5 38-372 Q-94-0-97 Cast iron, molten 15 1300-1400 Q-29 Steel, molten 7 1522-1650 Q-43-o-40 Stainless steel, polished 1 100 Q-074
Lead, grey oxidized 10 24 Q-28 Magnesium oxide 8 278-827 ()-55-Q-20 Nichrome wire, bright 14 49-1000 ()-65-Q-79 Nickel-silver, polished 1 100 0·135 Platinum filament 4 27-1230 0036-o-192 Silver, polished, pure 11 227--fJ27 ()-02....()-032 Tin, bright tinned iron lO 23 ()-043, ()-064 Tungsten filament 18 3320 Q-39 Zinc, galvanized sheet iron, fairly
bright lO 28 Q-23
APPENDIX 3
Table A.7. Continued
Ref. t c·q
Asbestos board 10 23 Brick:
Red, rough 10 21 Building 14 1000 Fireclay 14 1000 Magnesite, refractory 14 1000
Candle soot 17 97-272 Lampblack, other blacks 14 5{}-1000 Graphite, pressed, filed surface 8 249-516 Concrete tiles 14 1000 Enamel, white fused, on iron 10 19 Glass, smooth 10 22 Oak, planed 10 21 Flat black lacquer 5 38-94 Oil paints. 16 different, all colours 13 100 Aluminium paints, various 13 100 Radiator paint, bronze 1 100 Paper, thin, pasted on blackened plate 10 19 Plaster, rough lime 16 1{}-87 Roofing paper 10 21 Water (calculated from spectral data) {}-100
255
Emissivity
0·96
(}93 0·45 0·75 0·38 (}952 0·96 (}98 (}63 0·90 0·94 0·90
0·96--0·98 0·92-0·96 0·27-0·67
0·51 (}92, 0·94
(}91 (}.91
0·95-0·963
(Note: When temperatures and emissivities appear in pairs separated by dashes, they correspond; and linear interpolation is permissible.) By courtesy of H. C. Hottel, from Heat Transmission, 3rd ed., by W. H. McAdams, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1954).
REFERENCES
I. Barnes, B. T., Forsythe, W. E., and Adams, E. Q. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., Vol. 37, 804 (1947).
2. Binkley, E. R., private communication (1933). 3. Burgess, G. K. Nat/. Bur. Stand., Bull. 6, Sci. paper 121, Ill (1909). 4. Davisson, C., and Weeks, J. R. Jr. J. OpL Soc. Amer., Vol. 8, 581 (1924). 5. Heilman, R. H. Trans. ASME, FSP 51,287 (1929). 6. Hoffman, K. Z. Physik, Vol. 14, 310 (1923). 7. Knowles, D., and Sarjant, R. J. J. Iron and Steel Inst. (London), Vol. 155,
577 (1947). 8. Pirani, M. J. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 16, 12 (1939). 9. Randolf, C. F., and Overhaltzer, M. J. Phys. Rev., Vol. 2, 144 (1913).
10. Schmidt, E. Gesundh-Ing., Beiheft 20, Reihe 1, 1-23 (1927).
256 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
11. Schmidt, H., and Furthman, E. Mitt. Kaiser-Kilhelm-Inst. Eisenforsch. Dusseldorf, Abhandle., Vol. 109, 225 (1928).
12. Snell, F. D. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 29, 89 (1937). 13. Standard Oil Development Company, personal communication (1928). 14. Thring, M. W. The Science.of Flames and Furnaces, Chapman and Hall,
London (1952). 15. Thwing, C. B. Phys. Rev., Vol. 26, 190 (1908). 16. Wamsler, F. Z. Ver. deut.lng., Vol. 55, 599 (1911); Mitt. Forsch., Vol. 98,
1 (1911). 17. Wenzl, M., and Morawe, F. Stahl u. Eisen, Vol. 47, 867 (1927). 18. Zwikker, C. Arch. neerland. sci., Vol. 9, 207 (1925).
Appendix 4 Gas Emissivities The curves in Figs. Al and A2 give respectively emissivities of carbon dioxide and water vapour. In each case there are separate curves for constant values of the product of partial pressure and mean beam length. As the total pressure is increased, the lines of the C02
spectrum broaden, and a correction factor from Fig. A3 is applied for pressures other than 1 atmosphere. In the case of water vapour, the emissivity depends on the actual partial pressure and the total pressure as well as on the product of partial pressure and beam length.
()o02
()oOl
()o008
()o006
2500K
Fig. Al. Emissivity of carbon dioxide; adapted from W. H. McAdams Heat Transfer, McGraw·Hill Book Company, 3rd ed., New York (1954);
by permission of the publishers.
257
ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
()o()l
<roo! ~~K~~~K~~~~--~~~--~~-
()-8 ()-6 ()-5 ()-4 o-3
Fig. Al. Emiuillity ofwtlterNpO.,.; tulllpt«lfrom W. H. McAtlturu, Hetlt Tr11111mislio11, 3nl ed. McGNw-Hi/1 Book Co111JH111y, New York (1954);
by permislio11 of tM pdlUMrr.
Hence Fig. A2 is for actual partial pressures extrapolated to zero, and the emissivity is multiplied by a correction factor from Fig. A4. When carbon dioxide and water vapour are both present the sum of emissivities is reduced by a value & obtained from Fig. AS, to allow for mutual absorption. Thus e1 = Ba1o + Bco1 - lie. To estimate absorptivities to radiation from enclosing surfaces, which depend on the gas temperature as well as the surface temperature, Hottel recommends an emissivity figure (e) is first determined at the surface temperature and at (pL)(T./T.~ Then
!Xcoz = e(T"./1'.)0·65
IXnzo = e(T"./T.)0·45
APPENDIX 4 259
2·0 3·0 5·0 total pressure, atm
Fig. A3. Adllptetl from W. H. McAtlams, Hut Trtu~smissioll, 3rtl etl., McGraw-Hill Book Co~~~pt~11y, New York (1954); by permissi011 of tu
p•blh,ers.
(total pressure + PH2o) /2, atm
Fig. A4. Adllptetl from W. H. McAtlams, Hetlt Tr1U1smissio11, 3rtl etl., McGraw-Hill Book Comptu~y, New York (1954); by permissioll of tu
pllblisurs.
810K >HOOK
0 PH20 PH.p PHil
Pco2 + PH20 Pco2 + PHp Pco2 + 1 JH20
Fig. AS. Adllptetlfrom W. H. McAtlams, Heat Tra11smissioll, McGraw-Hill Book ColllfHIIIy, New York (1954); by permusio11 of the p•blisurs. For Iiiia ofcouttutt P002 L + P820 L, ilf m btu, 1-1·5 m btu, :Z-HJ m btu, 3-0·6
m btu, 4-0·5 m btu, 6-0•:Z m hr, 7-0·1 m btu.
260 ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Then the correction factors are applied as in the case of emissivity determination, and finally the mutual absorption correction is similarly made.
ExAMPLE
A 1·5 m cubic chamber contains a gas mixture at a total pressure of 2·0 bar and a temperature of 1000 K. The gas contains 5 per cent by volume of carbon dioxide and 10 per cent water vapour. Determine the emissivity of the gas mixture.
Solution. The beam length is (2/3) x 1· 5 m = 1·0 m.
pL(C02) = 0·1 m bar, e = Q-112
pL(H20) = 0·2 m bar, e = 0·18.
The correction factor for C02 at 1·97 atm = H5 from Fig. A3, and for H 20 at (0·197 + 1·97)/2 = 1·083 atm, is 1·5, from Fig. A4
ec02 = 0·112 x H5 = Q-129
f:H 20 = (}18 X 1·5 = 0·270
The correction for mutual absorption is at PH2o/(p002 + PH2o) = 0·66, and pL(C02) + pL(H20) = 0·3 m bar. From the set of curves at 1100 K, lle = Q-035, at 810 K, = 0·016. Hence & may be taken as 0·023.
e = 0·129 + 0·270- Q-023 = 0·376 II
Index
absorptivity definition of 209 of black body 210 of grey body 213
Akers, W. W. 149 algebra, configuration factor, in
radiation 222-4 analogy, Reynolds 101-11, see
also Reynolds analogy analogy in complex flow 137 analogy of conduction 52-5 analogy of radiation 224-8,
230-1 anisotropic materials 1 0
Bagley,R. 153 BASIC listings 23, 30, 45, 51, 65,
116, 172, 198 batch heat exchangers 202-3 Bayley, F. J. 47, 68, 80 beam length in gas radiation 229 bibliography, heat transfer 236 Binder, L. 67 Biot, J. B. 3 black body 6, 210
artificial 21 0 emission 211 radiation 210-24
boiling coefficients 1 5 1-3 general discussion of 149-54 mechanisms of 149-50 vertical tube, in a 152-3
Boltzmann, L. 6, 211 boundary condition in transient
conduction 6 2-3, 68-9 boundary layer
equations of 80-7 growth in a tube entrance 79 integral equations of 84-7
laminar 78 separation of 136 sub-layer 78, 107 thermal 80
thickness of 90 thickness of 8 7-8 turbulent 78-9
velocity distribution in 79 velocity distribution in 79-87
boundary mesh points 47-9 British Nuclear Fuels, plc 158 Buckingham's pi theorem 111 building materials, thermal con-
ductivities of 243
capacity ratio in heat exchangers definition of 1 79 limiting values of 180
Carslaw, H. S. 10 Chapman, A. J. 118 Chato,J.C.J. 149 Churchill, S. W. 139 Clapp, R. M. 152 Colburn, A. P. 109, 139 ColburnJ-factor 109, 137 Collins,M.W. 115 condensation
general discussion of 144-5 inside a tube 149 on a horizontal tube 148 on a vertical surface 145-8
conducting film, equivalent 91 conduction
definition of 3 differential equation of
in cylindrical coordinates 13-15
in rectangular coordinates 10-13
in fins 157-60
261
262 INDEX
conduction cont'd in multiple plane slabs 170-3 one-dimensional
in cylindrical layers 25-9 in parallel systems 20 in plane slabs 16-20 in spherical layers 29 steady state 16-3 5 transient 61 -7 with heat sources 31-5
two-dimensional steady state 39-52 with heat sources 42-3
conductivity of metals 9 of non-metals 9
conductivity, thermal definition of 3 temperature dependent 10
in a plane slab 24-5 configuration factor
algebra 222-4 in radiation 218-24, see also
radiation configuration factor
convection at boundary
in transient conduction 63-7 in two-dimensional con
duction 48-52 coefficient 5, 18, see also
Nusselt number discussion of treatment 78 forced see forced convection in cross flow 139-42 in separated flow 136-42 in tube bundles 139-42 natural see natural convection with phase change 144-54
conversion factors 23 7-8 counter flow in heat exchangers
176 critical radius in insulation 28-30
program list 30 cross flow heat exchange 191-4 Crosser, 0. K. 149
Deans, H. A. 149
diffusivity eddy, definition of 101 thermal, definition of 12 thermal eddy, definition of
103 dimensional analysis
of forced convection 111-15 of natural convection 125-6
dimensionless groups 111 Donohue, D. A. 140 double glazed window
analysis 21-4 program list 23
Douglas, M. J. M. 139 drag loss coefficient 13 7 Drake, R. M. Jnr 10
Eckert, E. R. G. 10,87 eddy diffusivity 101 effectiveness of heat exchangers
180 electrolytic tanks 55 emission 21 0
of black body 211 of grey body 213
emissivities of various surfaces 254-55
emissivity, monochromatic 211 of black body 214 ofgreybody 214
emittance, monochromatic 211 emitters, selective 212 empirical results
of forced convection 115, 118, 139-40
of natural convection 12 7-30 energy equation for laminar flow
in a tube 92-5 energy equation of laminar
boundary layer 83 integral form 85-7
energy stored in transient conduction 62
entry length, laminar flow 115 extended surfaces 15 7-73, see
also fins
Farber, E. A. 150 Fenner, R. T. 52
INDEX 263
film, equivalent conducting 91 fin analysis, program list 172 finite difference relationships
in steady state conduction 42, 47-50
in transient conduction 61 , 63,67
finned surface equivalent effectiveness of
164-5 overall coefficient of 165-8
fins conduction in 158-62,170-2 effectiveness of 164-5 limit of usefulness of 164 numerical relationships in
170-3 temperature distribution in
160-3 fire-resistant door analysis 64-7
program list 65 Firman, E. C. 152 forced convection
definition of 4 dimensional analysis of 111-15 empirical results of 115, 118,
139-40 in laminar flow 78-98
flat plates 87-92 in tubes 92-8
in tubulent flow 117-19 forces, buoyancy 4, 124-5 Fourier number, definition of 62 Fourier's law 3, 8 friction coefficient
for flat plates 102 for tubes 103
Gardner, G. C. 152 gas emissivities 257-60 gas radiation, non-luminous 228-
31 gases, thermal properties of
250-3 Gaussian elimination method 4 7 Gauss-Siedel iterative method 52 Graetz number 115 graphical solution of transient
conduction 67
Grashof number, definition of 126
grey body 212 emission 213
Griffith, P. 151 Grimison, E. D. 140
heat, definition of 2 heat exchangers
basic types of 176-7 batch 202-3 cross flow 177, 191-4 determination of performance
of 181-203 in counter and parallel flow
181-91 in cross flow 191-4
effectiveness of at limiting value of capacity
ratio 190 in counter flow 187-8 in cross flow 190-1 in parallel flow 189
general discussion of 176 in-line 176-7 thermal wheel 116, 194-9 transfer units 18 5-91
heat flux 8 heat sink, transistor 163 heat transfer across boundary layer
in laminar flow 103 in turbulent flow 103
heat transfer coefficient 19, 28-9, 165-8, see also convection coefficient and Nusselt number
in complex flow system 137-9 in fins 158-64 in liquid metals 118-19 in uniform temperature system
58-61 heat transfer in building structures
20-1 horizontal surfaces, natural con
vection 12 7-8 Hottel, H. C. 224, 229 Hsu,S.T. 67,127,139,153
insulation, critical thickness of 28-30
264 INDEX
integral energy equation of laminar boundary layer 85-7
integral equation of motion of laminar boundary layer 84-7
intensity of radiation 215-17 irradiation 210
in grey body exchanges 225 isothermal surfaces in conduction
8,9 isotropic materials 10 iterative technique 51-2
program list 51
Jaeger, J. C. 10 Jakob, M. 153,211 /-factor 109, 137-8 joule, definition of 237
Karmam, T. von 85 Kays, W. M. 141, 186 Kirchhoff's law 213-15
Lam bert's law 215 laminar boundary layer 78
equations of 80-7 laminar convection
in tubes 92-7 on flat plates 87-92
laminar sub-layer 78 velocity at limit of
in tubes 103 on a flat plate 1 02
Langhaar, H. L. 112 Liebmann method 52 liquid metals
heattransferin 118-19 thermal properties of 245
liquids, saturated, thermal properties of 246-9
London, A. L. 141,186 lumped capacity systems 58-61,
202-3
MacLaurin's series 40 McAdams,W.H. 117,127,131 metals, liquid
heat transfer in 118-19 thermal properties of 245
metals, thermal properties of 239-40
mixed fluid in heat exchangers 187
models, testing of 114 modes of heat transfer, discussion
of 3-7 momentum diffusivity, definition
of 83 monochromatic emissivity 211
natural convection 4, 124-32 approximate results, in air
130-2 buoyancy force 125 definition of 4 dimensional analysis of 125-6 empirical results of 126-32 in laminar flow 127-32 in tubulent flow 127-32
newton, definition of 237 Newton's equation of convection
5, 18,78 Newton's second law 81 number of transfer units, defini
tion of 186 numerical relationships in fins
170-3 in steady state conduction 41-
3,47-9 in transient conduction 61-8
numerical solution of cross-flow heat exchange 191-4
of transient conduction 62-8 of two-dimensional steady state
conduction 40-52 Nusselt, W. 145 Nusselt number
definition of 91 for laminar flow on flat plates
91 average value of 92
in pipes 96, 97 of condensation 148 of finned surfaces 157
Ohm's law 17, 52, 224 one-dimensional steady state
conduction 16-35
INDEX 265
program list 23-4 one-dimensional transient con
duction 61-7 program list 65
overall heat transfer coefficient 19,28
finned surfaces 165-8 heat exchangers 181
Owen, J. M. 47,80
parallel flow in heat exchangers 179, 182, 189
parallel plates, natural convection 129
pi theorem 111 Planck, M. 211 plate heat exchangers 200-2 Pohlhausen, K. 88 Prandtl number, definition of 83 pressure loss
in a complex flow system 137-9
in pipe flow 103 properties, thermal
of building materials 243 of gases 250-3 of liquid metals 245 of metals 239-40 of non-metals 241-2 of radiating surfaces 254-5 of saturated liquids 246-9
radiation 208-32 definition of 6 electrical analogy of 2 24-8,
230-1 general discussion of 208-9 intensityof 215-17 real surface 212 solar 231-2
radiation coefficient 19 radiation configuration factor
218-24 for arbitrarily disposed black
surfaces 218-19 for black bodies 217-24 for grey bodies 224-8 for grey enclosures 227 for infinite parallel black
surfaces 219 grey surfaces 227
for parallel and perpendicular rectangles 221-2
for thermocouple in a duct 220 radiation exchange
between black bodies 217-24 between grey bodies 224-8
radiation in black enclosures 219 radiation in gases 228-31 radiosity 21 0
in grey body exchanges 225 radius, critical 28-9 Rayleigh number, definition of
126 rectangular solids, natural con
vection 130 reflectivity, definition of 209 relaxation method 40-4
program list 45 resistivity 17 Reynolds, 0. 101 Reynolds analogy 101-6
assumptions in 104 in laminar flow 102 in turbulent flow 108
in tubes 109-10 on flat plates 108-9
in laminar flow 104 on a flat plate 105-6
in turbulent flow lOS in tubes 106
Prandtl-Taylor modification of 107-11
Reynolds number, definition of 79
Rohsenow, W. M. 151 rotary generator 194-9
Schenck, H. Jm 137 Schmidt, E. 67 Scorah, R. L. 1 SO selective emitters 212-13 shape factor
electrical 54 thermal 54
shear stress at wall 102 shear stress equation 79
in laminar flow 10 1
266 INDEX
shear stress equation cont'd in turbulent flow 101
SI units 3, 23 7 Sieder, E. N. 115 Snyder, N. W. 139 solar constant 231 solar energy, flat plate collectors
for 232 solar radiation 231-2 solid, semi-infinite 68 spines, conduction in 158-63 Stanton number, definition of
105 Stefan-Boltzmann constant 211 Stefan-Boltzmann law 211 system, uniform temperature,
heat transfer in 58-61
Tate, G. E. 115 temperature, periodic changes of,
in transient conduction 68-75
temperature distribution in fins 161-2 in laminar pipe flow 95 in thermal boundary layer 88
temperature residuals 42 temperature wave
velocity of propagation of 72 wave-length of 72
Test,F.L. 115 thermal boundary layer 80
on a flat plate 88 thickness of 90
thermal diffusivity, definition of 12
thermal eddy diffusivity, definition of 104
thermal properties of building materials 243 of gases at atmospheric pressure
250-3 of liquid metals 245 of saturated liquids 246-9 of solids 239-43
thermal wheel 116, 194-9
program list 198-9 time constant 58 transients, in cross flow heat
exchange 192-4 transistor heat sink, analysis 163 transmissivity, definition of 209 turbulent boundary layer 78, see
also boundary layer Turner, A. B. 47,80 two-dimensional steady state
conduction 39-55 program list 45-6, 51
two-dimensional transient conduction 67-8
units, discussion of 3, 23 7 unmixed fluids in heat exchangers
185 U-values for building structures
variables in forced convection 112 in natural convection 125
velocity of temperature wave 72 velocity profile
in condensing flow 145 in laminar flow on flat plates
87 in pipes 79, 94
in turbulent flow on flat plates 78, 107
in pipes 79 vertical cylinder, hollow, natural
convection in 130 vertical surfaces, natural con
vection 128-9 viscosity
kinematic, definition of 83 molecular, definition of 79 temperature dependent 114
wall shear stress 1 02 watt, definition of 237 wave-length of temperature wave
72 wheel, thermal 116, 194-9