APPENDIX 1

The Welsh Mission Khasi and Jaifitia High School established ia 1892, right from

die beginning adhered to its objective to give a thorough knowledge of the Bible to the

students by allotting portions of the Bible from class I to class X and revising its syllabus

from time to time in keepmg witti the norms of school administration. The following is the

syllabus followed during the later years of the period. ^

1930-1940

Class DC and X - Old Testament Stories Part II

Vffl - I Samuel cc. I-XX

Gospel according to Mark

Vn - The Book of Judges cc. 1-16

Luke cc. 1-15,22-24

VI - The Book of Judges cc. 1-16

- Mathewcc. 1-15,26-38

V - The Book of Joshua cc. 1-15

rV - The Book of Joshua cc. 1-10.

in - The Book of Joshua cc. 1-10.

- Mark cc. 1- 8

n - I Samuel cc. 1-10.

- Exodus c. 20:1-17 (Ten Commandments)

I - Genesis cc. 12:1-9,16, 22, 28, 35:1-15, 37.

- Matthew : cc. 1:18-25,2-4, 8,10:1-15, 17:1-10, 27:1-14

To leam by heart:

- Exodus cc. 2:1-10, 20:1-17

- Matthew cc. 2:1-10,10:1-5,17:1-8, 28:16-20

1940-1941

Class DC & X - Old Testament Stories Part H

- Gospel according to John

Vm - IKingscc.I-XIX

- Actscc. 9-28

3** The list was given by Mra. M.L. Tariang, Headmistress in 1992.

262

Vn - I Samuel cc. 16-24 -11 Samuel 1-5

- Luke cc. 1- 4,12-14

VI - n Chronicle cc. 34-36

- n Kings cc. 23-36 (for reference)

V - Esther, Ruth and Psalm 140,142,143

IV - Exodus cc. 11,12,13; 38:14-17,20.

- Maik cc. 6-11

in - Joshua cc. 1-19, 23,24

- Luke cc. 1-9

n - I Samuel: cc. 1-3, 8:5-19,9-12,15,16

- Exodus c. 20:1-17 (Ten Commandments)

I - Gen cc.l2:l-9,16,18, 22, 28, 35:1-15, 37,45

- Exodus c. 20:1-17

- Luke cc. 2:8-14, 3:12-16, 46-55

1943-44

Class DC & X - Old Testament Stories Part n

- Gospel according to John

Vin - I Samuel cc. I-XX

- Gospel according to Mark

v n - The Book of Judges cc. 1-16

- Luke cc. 1 -4,12-14

VI - llie Book of Judges cc. 1-16

- St Mathew cc. 1-15, 26-38,

V - Hie Book of Judges cc. 1-14

- St Luke's Gospel cc. 1-12

IV - I Samuel cc. 1-12.

- Matthew cc. 1-10

m - Joshua cc. 1-10.

- Maikcc. 1-8

n - I Samuel cc. 1-10.

- Exodus c. 20:1-17 (Ten Commandments)

I - Genesis cc.l2:l-9,15,18, 22,28, 35:1-15, 37,42, 45.

- Exodus cc. 2:1-10, 20:1-17

- Matlhew cc.l:18-25, 2:1-10,10:1-4, 17:1-18, 28:16-20.

263

APPENDIX II

Ibe list of Khasi vernacular text books for the matriculatioii and other levels was

felt to be necessary to gather information from pre-independence students to deduce the

vernacular syllabus of the period. The following is the information collated from more tfian

50 past pupils of the then existing educational institutions and from the University

Questions from 1931-1936. The Khasi prescribed books for the vernacular were from

among books published between 1897 to 1936.

1. Ka Kitab Niam Khein H Khasi (Book of rubrics and religious formulas) by R. Singh

2. Ka Jingsneng Tymmen (Khasi Ethics) by Radhon Singh Berry

3. Ka Kotbah: "Ka Kitab U Job" bad "Ecclesiastes" (Book of Job and Ecclesiastes)

4. Ka Niam Tipbriew-Tipblei (Religion and Good Conduct) by Sib Charan Roy

5. Ka Phawer U Aesop (a transcreated translation from Aesop's Fables) by Soso Hiam

6. Ka Pomblang Nongkrem bad Thang Syiem Sohra

(Nongkrem Goat Sacrifice and Cherra Royal Funeral Rituals) by H. Lyngdoh

7. Ka Kitab Jingphawar (A Book of Incantations), by Rabon Singh

8. KiDienjat ULongshuwa (The Footprints of Forefathers)by J. Bacchiarello

9. Ka JingMid u Pilgrim (1910) by John Roberts^ '

10. Ki Poetry Khasi (1931) IKa Duitara Ksiar (Golden Harp) 1936 by Soso Tham

11. Ka HistoH Jong Ki Khasi ,1914 (Khasi History) By B.K. Sanna Roy

THE LIST WAS ENLARGED IN THE REVISED SYLLABUS OF 1937:

12. Ka Pansngiat Ksiar Ki Saw Atom by H. Elias

13. Ka Ain Khasi (translation) from K. Cantlie's Notes on Khasi Laws) by T. Cajee

14. Ka Riti Ki Laiphew Syiem Part I and II

(Hie Cultural Heritage Of the Khasi Sovereignty) by Fr. G. Costa

15. Ka Niam Khasi (Khasi Religion) by Dr. Homiwell Lyngdoh

16. Ki Syiem Khasi Bad Synteng (The Khasi and Synteng Chiefs) by Dr. H.Lyngdoh

17. SawdongKa Lyngwiar Dpei (Around the Hearth) by P.G. Gatphoh

18. Ki Sngi Barim U Hynniew Trep (The Primordial Days U Hynfiiew Trep) by Soso Tliam

19. Model English Translation by D.N.S. Wahlang

^^ It is a revised edition of Madam Lewis' translation of John Banyan's ITie Pilgrim's Progress, (1867). There is a possibility that John Roberts re-revised his translation of 1882.

264

APPENDIX III

Various pFe-independence newspapers, vehicles of Khasi poets and authors of the

period.

1. U NongUt Khubor (The Messenger), 1889

2. U Khasi Mynta (The Khasi Today), March, 1896

3. Ka Pateng Khristan (The Christian Generation), October, 1896

4. UNongSalam Kalholik (The Cattiolic Leader), January, 1902

5. UNongmlam Khristan (The Christian Leader), July, 1902

6. UNongphira (The Sentinel), July, 1903.

7. C/Jaiii/wCIheJaifltia), 1904.

8. Ka Jingshai Ka Gospel (The Light of die Gospel), June, 1905

9. Ka ling Khristan (The Christian Family), 1906.

10. ULurshai (The Shining Star), 1910.

W.Ka Seng Presbyterian (The Presbyterian Association), 1915.

12. U Khasi (The Khasi), May, 1921.

13. UNongpyrta (Tlie Crier), June, 1921.

14. UNongfalap (The Preacher), 1922.

15. Ka Jingshisha (The Truth), 1925.

\6,UWoh (The Uncle), 1928.

17. UNongpynim (The Saviour), March, 1928.

n.KaJingtip (Knowledge), 1930.

19. Ka Jingshai Jong ka Ri Khasi- Pnar, (The Light of Khasi-Pnar), May, 1931.

20. Uleit-Ri (A Patriot), January, 1933

21. UPaidbah (Ihe Public), 1933.

22. Ka Juk (Ihe Era), May, 1933.

23. UNongkit Khubor (The Messenger), November, 1934.

24. Ka Pateng Khristan (The Christian Generation), October, 1896, January, 1937]

25. UKhm Ka Ri (Ihe Son of the Nation), 1937.

26. Ka Syngkhong Jingtip (Source of Knowledge), April,1937.

27. Ka Sngi (The Sun), December, 1934.

28. Ka Mei-Rilung [Fondling-Mother (Magazine)] 1938.

29. Ka Turoi Gospel (The Gospel Trumpet), 19413<«.

^^ The above list of the Newsp^ers have been taken from K. W. Nongrum, Ki Kot Khubor Bad ki Kot

265

APPENDIX IV

A glimpse of the biblical books published during the pre-independence years will give us a clue to what the Christian press and the various denominational schools have enigmatically accomplished.

I. THE WELSH CALVINISTIC MISSION

THOMAS JONES I Ca Citap Nyngkong ban Hicaipule ca ctin Cassi, 1842, KaRhoddMam,\SAl. Ka Kot Pule Shaphang Ka Jingkoit Jingkhiah, 1842. Ka Kot Laiphew (Hyfforddwr), 1843. Ka Gospel uMathi, 1847.

MR AND MRS. WILLIAM LEWIS Ka Jinffuiid u Pilgrim, by Mrs. William Lewis, 1867. ToWanhauJisu, 1881. Ki Saw Kospel bad fa Kam ki Apostol, by William Lewis, 1885.

DR. JOHN ROBERTS Ka Testament Barim-1, n & HI (In collaboration with other Missionaries). KaKotbah, 1897 Ka History ne Jinglong, hi rukom pynbeit Synran Ka Jingphla ka Jingngeit Jong ki Welsh Presbyterian Ka Khasi First Reader, 1896. Ka Khasi Second Reader, Printed posthumously by E.H. Williams in 1910. Ka Khasi Third Reader, 1883-84 (?)3«!> Ka Khasi Fourth Reader -do-Ka Jinguiid u Pilgrim Printed by Mrs. J. Roberts, 1910. Ka Kot Tikir {Rhodd Mam). Ka Kot Laiphew ^yfforddwr).

Khasi Bynta I, op. cit, pp. 2-13.

3^' According to W.R. Laitflang the Khasi Third Reader was first prescribed as a Text Book in the Lower Primary Examination only in 1903. Refer Shiltong Government High School Souvenir, op. cit, p. 11.

266

WILLAM WILLIAMS Editor of UNongHt Khubor, 1889.

HUGH ROBERTS Ka Kot Jingkyntid ruai Id Jingi'aseng Mane-Ta-U Blei ha Ri Khasi bad Synten, 1894.

MORKHA JOSEPH Ka Ryngkap - written between 1891 and 1916 but published by James Ibam in 1967.

CL. STEPHENS Khasi Primer, (ban pule kloi la ka ktien U Blei), 1895.

EJLWILLL\MS Ka Komentari U Petrus.

REV. EDWARD WILLIAMS Ka Kot Pynkhreh - (Na ka Bynta ki Nongpyrshang Khristan), 1912.

DONRAI I Kot Niam Khristan, 1914.

MONDON BAREH Ki Sermon UJohn Roberts.

Ka Komentari Sha fa Galatia, 1916,

HARISSONBLAH Ka Evangelis Campaign, 1914.

AMIRKHACHYNE Ka Lynti Ka Hok, 1919.

SIDNEY EVANS

Ka Komentari la kashithi U Paul sha fdKolassai, 1928.

Ka Shithi U Paul sha ki Philippi - Ka Komentar, 1933.

Ki Bible Reading, 1938.

Sha Ki Hebrew I-IV, 1941.

REV.KHNONG Jenesis bad History Hapdeng fd Testament, (published by Ondromoney), 1931.

O^. KHONGTIR AND H. RUMNONG Scripture Readings and Sermon Outlines, 1933.

REV.T.RODBORNE Ka Jinglong Blei u Khrisi, 1934.

267

MISSA-W.-niOMAS

Ka Gospel UMathaios I. II & III ,1934 (published by the Welsh Missioii)370

Ka Scripture Union - Ki notes ne Jingbatai lyngkot Id Kitab Jenesis-Eksodos.

SOSOTHAM KaJingim U Trai Jong Ngi, 1936.

AGNEL JONES Ka Komentari ia ka Gospel u Markos, Lyn., XIH-XVI, 1940.

Ka History Jong ka Balang Presbyterian, 1940.

REV. HOLINSON KHONGWIR Ka Komentari id ka shithisha HRom, Lyn., I-VI., 1946.

Ka Komentari la ka shithi sha ki Rom, Lyn., VII-XI.

Ka Komentari U Jakob.

SIDNEY THAM

Ka JingpUe id ka Kitab Jingpynpaw u loannis, 1934.

Ka Synvet UKhasi badKa Christian Era.

REV. T. BEVAN PHILLIPS

Ki Kam Ki Apostol - Part I.

REV.T.J.GRIFnTIIS

Ki Kam ki Apostol - Ka bynta II.

LARIAMMA KHONGWIR Ki Kot Skul Pynpaw (translated from Mrs. E. A. Annet).

Ia Ki Skul Pynpaw ki Junior Bad Intermediate (10-15 snem).

Ka ling Khristan, 1946)

Ka Jingimlang Bathymmai

n. SALVATORIAN BOOKS AND ARTICLES 1892-1915

When the Salvatorian missionaries came to the Khasi hills in 1890, they found

leading literate Khasi men like U Jeebon Roy Mairom, U Rabon Singh Kharsuka, U

Radhon Singh Berry Kharwanlang and U P. Nelson Jaid Dkhar fonning a nucleus to

revive Khasi Culturo-Literature which they feared was eroding very n^idly under flie

influence of the Welsh Calvinistic Me&odists' quasi-monopoly of the schools and the

press. As a result, they did not venture to write on topics in which they were not competent

•''"Her books were published for the scriptural classes of the then Welsh Mission Girls' High School which she had the privilege of establishing as one of the best schools for girls in the Province.

268

and therefore confined their writings only to religious books. However, there are many

articles and accounts which the German Salvatorian Fathers have left in their home archive

in Germany which no doubt will enrich die Khasi annals and literature. Itiat is when

someone translates them into English or KhasL Some of them as referred to by Becker

were, however, written in English.^'*

THE CATHOLIC PRESS AT LAITKYNSEW

Great was the joy when Fr. Gabhard Abele was able to begin the first Catholic

manual press apostokte in 1899. With die hel^ of Sr. Evangelista and die orphans, he was

able to bring out a monthly journal UNongialam Katholik from 1899 and to regularly print

leaflets and other reading material to further the mission woik.^^^ The presence of the press

in the mission was a great boon to the missionaries. Hie principal books printed by the

Catholic Press of Laitkynsew were:

FR. IGNATIUS BETHAN SDS

Ka Khasi Catechism, 1892.

Ka Jinghikai la Ka Niam Khrisian, 1893."3

Ka Kot Lynti Byneng, 1894.

FR. GABHARD ABELE SDS

Ka Niam U Blei bad Ka Niam Ba la thaw da ki briew. 1900.

Ka Jingim bad H Jinghikai jong u Martin Luther, 1901.

''^ - Fr. Ignatius Bethan, "A Journey to Lamin" in The Missionary. 1900, No. 9, p. 282.

•Salvatmian News. 1902, No. 1, p. 8; 1901, No 1, p. 8f.

- "The Brief Life sketch of Fr, T. Hoffinaon", in Salvatorian News. 1903, No, 1, p, 7ff.

-A series ofarticles by Fr, Benedict, in :5'a/vaton'fl«iVeM!S', i911 Nos, 5,6; 1912, No, 1, on " How and where the people of the "war" country earn their UveUhood".

- "Coniinnation Journey among Bhois" in Ihe Missionary. 1915 p. 31.

• C. Becker,'The Breaking of Eggs Among Oie Khasis" in Anthropos Vol. 12-13, p. 494£r.

- Fr. Stegmiller, "Aus demReligioesen Leben de Khasi", in AnthroposWoX. 16-17, p. 429ff.3'

3'^ C. Becker, op. cit, p. 193.

- O. Paviotti, op. cit., p. 10.

- R. S. Lyngdoh, Salesian Golden Jubilee Souvenir, op. cit., p. 85.

373 Ibid.

269

Ka Jingbatai la ka Baible, 1903.

Ki Epistel bad Ki Gospel Sngi U Trai bad H Sngikhuid ha ka Shisnem, 1904.

Ka Jingim U Francis Xaverious

Editor: U Nong^alam Katholik The Catholic Mission Paper (1899) which was renamed Ka ling Khristan in 1907. Till date, Ka ling Khristan is still the voice of the Catholic denomination for the Khasi speaking community. ^^

Fit P. M. STEINHERR SDS

Ka Jingbatai fa ka Catechism Jong ka Niam Khristan Katholik, 1904.

FR. CORBINIAN BOHNHEIM SDS

Ka JingMthuhkhana Lyngkot kiba na ka Testament Barim bad Bathymmai, 1900.

KiMartirNekro, 1914.

Ka Purkateri bad ki Jingduwai Na ka Bynta kiba lap, 1914.

Ka Daw Ka Jingngeit, 1914.

Kaba Burom la ki Dur, 1914.

UJisuKhristUei?\9\A.

Ka Baibel History. 1914.

FR DOMINIC M. DAUNDERER SDS

Ka Jinghikai ia ka niam Khristan Katholik

Ka Kotniam kaba khraw, 1911.

ni . TBE SALESIANS OF DON BOSCO SDB

FR. IGINO RICALDONE SDB

UPope, 1932.

U Nonfftatam Khynnah, 1945.

FR CONSTANTINE VENDRAME SDB

Ka Gospel UMatheus, 1933.

Ka Rukom Pynkyntang la H ling, 1934.

374 cfr Foot-notes of C. Becker's Book: pp. 256-257.

270

FR.HLELIASSDB

Ka Nobena Ban Burom ia u Don Bosco Bakhuid, 1936.

KiKjatSng^. 1936.

Ka Kommunion Bakhuid, 1938.

U Paila hapdeng fdpailajong ka Hok ka Sot, 1938.

Ka Jingieit la Ka Dohnud u Jisu, 1942.

U Nongpynim JongNga, 1943.

FR. ALBERT CORRENGIA SDB

Ka Jingkhot UBlei, 1933.

ULyngdohKatholik, 1942.

IV PUBLICATIONS OF LATER DENOMINATIONS

Other minor denominations who came to evangelise the Khasis during die pre-

independence periods and contributed to the Khasi biblical collections by their

publications.

A.KYRHAI

UJisu Khrist - U Trai ka Balang - U Stem ki Stent bad U Trai Ki Trai, 1929.

U Jisu Khrist - Ka Jingngeit jong ki synran, 1931.

UJisuKhrist U Trai ki hukum bad UNongthawHukum, 1931.

UJisu Khrist - U Trai Ka Niam bad ka Hima - Jisu Khrist - U Baieit - U Nongleitkurim, 1933.

UJisu Khrist U Trai ka Balang - tojied lanophin shakri, 1933.

UJisu UNongpynpaw, 1934.

UJisu Emmanuel U Trai ki Hukum bad u Nongthaw Hukum, 1934.

UJisu Emmanuel - U Alpha bad U Omega - U Kiien bad U Khun Jong u Blei badonbor baroh, 1934.

U Jisu Emmanuel - UBleilem badngi, 1935.

271

B. CHURCH OF GOD

JJ.M. NICHOLS-ROY

KaBahngUBlei

Dei Ban Kha Pat

JingpynkoU U Blei

Jngsait KJat

Ka History Ka Balang Khristan

Ka Jingwan pat U Jisu

Ka Lad Ka Jingpynim

UKhrist ba la ka Balang

Ka JingiJta thymmai ka Mynsiem

U Blei Bad ka Spah

Ka Mynsiem U Briew Hadien ka Jinguxp

Ka Sngi U Trai

Ka Hukum badKa Sabaton

Ka Hukum bad ka Gospel

UJisu Bad Ka Mary Tbeisotti

Ka Jingtrei U Mynsiem Bakhuid (1939)

C. THE SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS '*

A.C.SELMON Ka Jingkoit-jingkhiah badjingimslem

WILLIAM HYNRY BRANSON Kiei Kiei Ki Ban Sa Jia

ELLEN G. WHITE KiMawjam sha UKhrist

J.F.ASHLOCK Ki Jingkylli U Briew. Ki Jubab U Blei/Ka Lynti Sha Ka Jingsuk Baneh

MAREELA K. ASHLOCK Ka Jinghikai la Ki ling Khristan/Ki Jinghikai Shaphang Ka Jingkoit jingkhiah Bynta IV

'^' According to Mr. J.M. Dkhar, a senior Adventist, all the five books were published during the pre-independence period.

272

APPENDIX V

Contributions of non-Christian and Christian authors of the period who besides

literature and folklores, wrote on Khasi indigenous religion and ethics and Hindu

philosophy.

JEEBON ROY MAIROM

Ka Niam Id Khasi. February 2,1897.

Ka Kitab Nyngkong, in Bengali script, March 12,1897.

History of India in Khasi, March 1897.

Hit-Upodesa Part I. May, 1898.

Hit-Upodesa Part II, November, 1898.

Hit-Upodesa HI, March, 1899.

Hit-Upodesa IV, May, 1899.

Ka Kot Pule Nyngkong, April, 1899.

Ka Kot Pule Ba-ar, May, 1899.

Ka Kot Pule ba Lai, November, 1899.

Ka Ramayon, September, 1900.

Ka Kitab Chatanya neLord Gauranga Charittra, 1900.

Ka Kitab ba batai pynshynna shaphang Uwei U Blei, October, 1900.

Buddha Deb Charittra, July, 1901.3«

RABON SINGH

/. Ka Kitab Niam Khein H Khasi, (between 1897-1903).

2. Ka Kitab Jingphawar, (not later ttian 1905).

3. Ka Jingiathuhkhana Puriskam, 1908. 77

RADHON SINGH BERRY

KiJingsneng Tymmen Part 1,1901.

KiJingsneng Tymmen Part II, 1903."8

' K. W. Nongrum, Ki Nongthoh-kot Khasi Bynta I, op. cit., p. 10.

3'' R.S. Lyngdoh, in Soso Tham Birth Centenary Souvenir.op. cit, p. 39.

378 Berry's, Rabon Singh's and Jeebon Roy's books were among the Matriculation and University text boolcs of the revised syllabus of the Calcutta University from the early thirties and the post-independence University of Guwahati from 1948.

273

HAJOM KISSOR SINGH

Ka Kot sarvis ia Id Nongiap

Ka Jingngeit ki Unitarian

Ka sarvis bad ki Jingrwai Id Unitarian

Ka Kot Jingkylli lyngkot shaphang ka Niam Mane-wei-Blei (in collaboration with R. Roy)

SIB CHARAN ROY DKHAR

Chanakya-Niti-drapana lane Ka kot hikai buit ban iaid ban iengjong u Chanakya, 1902.

Ka Bagavad Gita lane Ka Phawar kaba nieu-tang shaphang u Blei, 1903.

Ka Jinglakyrsi&i ia H Khasi, 1903.

Ka Jingpyni ka hnie bad ki khun, 1911.

Ki Lekshor -1912.

KiLekshor-1913.

Ka Kot tohkit tir-tir shaphang ka Niam tip Blei ki Khasi, 1913.

Ka Jingrwai Niam ki Khasi, 1919.

Ka Niam-Ki-Khasi, Ka Niam Tip-Blei-Tip-brieu, 1919.

Ka Jingiakren iapule Shaphang ka Niam.

Ka Bui Hok iynrai-kaba najrong, 1940.

RASH MOHON ROY NONGRUM

iJingrwai ki Khynnah skul Seng Khasi, 1921.3^'

Ka Kitab Shaphang Ka Dayamanti Bad UNol, 1927.

FR. JOSEPH BACCHIARELLO SDB

^1 Dienjat U Longshuwa, 1930.

DR HOMIWELL LYNGDOH NONGLAIT

Ka Pomblang Nongkrem badKa Thangsyiem Sohra, 1928.

Ka Niam Ki Khasi, 1937.

Ki Syiem Khasi bad Synteng, 1938.

^'^ Rash Mohon Roy included other Seng Khasi songs and hymns of his contenq)oraries. He printed the 2nd edition in 1945 and the 3rd edition in 1990.

274

BINODBIHARIROY

Ka Jingnvai Ainguh Blei, 1930.

AURELIUS MASCmO (S.C.) SDB

Ka Atom Basuk, 1932.

FR. GIULIO COSTA SDB Ka Riti Jong ka Ri Laiphew Syiem - Bynta /, 1936.

Ka Riti Jong ka Ri Laiphew Syiem - Bynta II, 1937.

HecmtTihutedazticlestoKaSyngkhongJingtip, 1937, 1958).38o

BRONATH THANGKHIEW Ki Tienrwai KJiasi, 1936.

PRIMROSE GARFIELD GATPHOH

Sawdong Ka Lyngwiar Dpei, 193 3.

Ki Khanatang bad U Sier Lapalang, 1937.

KiUmjerKsiar, 1941.

He also contributed articles to Ka Jingshai Ka Ri Khasi-Pnar

THEODORE CAJEE

KaAinUKhasU 1939.

Ka Histori Ka Ri Assam, 1936.

Khasi Primary School Series - Ka Pyrthei, 1937.

0^

\^ ^

Enter i.v

^^"Ka Syngkhong Jingtip of 1937 discontinued during the Second World War and was revived in 1958.

275