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7/27/2019 Appendicular Report
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SKELETAL SYSTEM:APPENDICULAR
SKELETONDiarina Jane B. Cariaso
III-A BSBT
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OBJECTIVES
a. Appendicular system
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
b. Joints
Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
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Ap-pendo means tohang something on.
Consists of the bones ofthe:
upper limbs lower limbs
girdles (pectoraland pelvic)
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
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APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
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PECTORAL GIRDLE
Consists of four boneswhich attach theupper limb to thebody:
2 scapulae
2 clavicles
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
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PECTORAL GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Scapula or Shoulder Blade
-- a flat, triangular bone with threefossae, where the muscles extending
to the arm are attached.
Glenoid activitySpine
Acromion processes
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PECTORAL GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
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PECTORAL GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Clavicle
-- articulates with the scapula at theacromion process
First to begin ossification, but the last tocomplete the process.
Coracoid Processprovides
attachment for arm and chest muscles.
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PECTORAL GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
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Bet you dont know thisThe clavicle may be fractured in the
newborn during delivery.
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UPPER LIMBConsists of thebones of:
arm(brachium) forearm(antebrachium)
wrist (carpal) hand(metacarpal)
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
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UPPER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Arm (Brachium)
-- region between the shoulder and elbowand contains the humerus
Humerus
o Heado Anatomical neck
o Surgical necko Greater and lesser tubercleo Deltoid tuberosityo Epicondyles (epiupon; kondylosknuckles)
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Humerus
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Bet you dont know thisDeltoid tuberosity can increase in size as a
result of frequent and powerful pulls from thedeltoid muscle.
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UPPER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Forearm (Antebrachium)-- has two bones:
Ulna found on the medial side of the
forearm (little finger)
o Semilunar notch (Trochlear)oOlecranon process
o Corocoid
o Styloid process
Radius has a head by which the radius
articulates with both the humerus and ulna
o Radial tuberosity
o Distal end
o
Radial and ulnar styloid process
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Radius and Ulna
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UPPER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Wrist (Carpal)
-- short region between forearm and hand with
8 carpal bones:
Scaphoid
boat-like Lunate moon
Triquetrium three-cornered
Pisiform pea-shaped
Trapeziumtable
Trapezoidresembling a tableCapitateheadHamatehook
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Right wrist
and hand
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Right wrist
and hand
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PELVIC GIRDLE
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
Place where thelower limbs attach to
the body.
Right and left coxaejoin each other
anteriorly and thesacrum posteriorly toform a ring of bone.
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PELVIC GIRDLEAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Pelvis (pelvic girdle and coccyx)
Ilium (groin)most superioro Iliac crest
o Anterior superior iliac spine
Ischium (hip)inferior and posterior
o Acetabulum
o Obturator forameno Pelvic inlet
o Pelvic outlet
Pubis (genital hair)inferior and anterior
Coxa (hip)
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Anterior view of Pelvis
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Lateral and Medial View of Left Coxa
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COMPARISONOFMALEANDFEMALEPELVIS
Area Description of DifferenceGeneral Female pelvis somewhat lighter in weight and wider laterally,
but shorter superiorly and less funnel-shaped; less obvious
muscle attachment points in female than in male.Sacrum Broader in female, with the inferior portion directed more
posteriorly; sacral promontory projects less anteriorly in female.Pelvic inlet Heart-shaped in male; oval in femalePelvic outlet Broader and more shallow in femaleSubpubic angle Less than 90 degrees in male and 90 degrees or more in femaleIlium More shallow and flared laterally in femaleIschial spines Farther apart in femaleIschial tuberosities Turned laterally in female and medially in male
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COMPARISONOFMALEANDFEMALEPELVIS
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LOWER LIMB
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM
Consists of bones of
the: thigh leg ankle
foot
A S
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LOWER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Thigh
-- region between hip and knee.
FemuroHeadoCondyles
oEpicondylesoTrochanters (runners)
oPatella (kneecap)
R F
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RIGHT FEMUR
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RIGHT
FEMUR
A S
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LOWER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Leg
-- region between knee and ankle.
Tibia (shin bone)major weight-bearingbone of leg Fibula (clas0 or buckle)smaller of thetwo
o Malleolus (hammer or mallet)
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RIGHT TIBIAAND FIBULA, ANTERIOR
A C S S
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LOWER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Ankle
-- consists of 7 tarsal (sole of the foot)bones:
Talus (ankle) Calcaneus (heel) Cuboid (cube-shaped)
Navicular (boat-shaped) Medial, Intermediate and Lateralcuneiforms (wedge-shaped)
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SUPERIORVIEWOFRIGHTFOOT
SHOWINGTHEANKLEBONES
APPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
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LOWER LIMBAPPENDICULAR SYSTEM:
Foot
-- consists of metatarsals and phalanges
Arranged in numbers. Metatarsals are longer than themetacarpals but phalanges of the foot areshorter than those of the hands.
Three Arches:o Longitudinal archeso Transverse arch
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SUPERIORVIEWOFRIGHTFOOT
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MEDIALVIEWOF LEFTFOOTANDANKLE
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SO, HOWMANYBONES
ARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?
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SO, HOWMANYBONESARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?
The AppendicularSkeleton has a total
of 126 bones.
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SO, HOWMANYBONESARETHEREINTHEAPPENDICULARSYSTEM?
(4) Pectoral Girdle:2 Scapula2 Clavicle
(60) Upperlimbs:2 Humerus2 Radius
2 Ulna16 Carpals10 Metacarpals28 Phalanges
(2) Pelvic Girdle2 Os Coxal
(60) Lowerlimbs:2 Femur
2 Tibia2 Fibula
2 Patella14 Tarsals10 Matatarsals28 Phalanges
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SKELETAL SYSTEM:
ARTICULATIONSORJOINTS
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Three functional classifications ofjoints:
Synarthrosis (nonmovable)Amphiarthrosis (slightlymovable)Diarthrosis (freely movable)
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS
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SYNARTHROSISAND AMPHIARTHROSIS
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Three structural classificationsof joints:
Fibrous jointsunited by fibrous
tissue Cartilaginous jointsunited bycartilage Synovial jointsfreely movable that
contains synovial fluid
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
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FIBROUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
Consists of two bones united by fibroustissues that exhibit little or no movement.
1) SUTURES
joints between bones of the skull. fontanels (soft spots in newborn)
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LATERAL VIEWOFTHE SKULL
SHOWING SUTURES
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ENLARGED PORTIONOF SKULL:
SUTURE
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NORMAL SKULLOF A NEWBORN
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
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FIBROUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
2) SYNDESMOSES joints in which the bones are
separated by some distance and
are held together by ligaments.
Example:o Fibrous membrane connecting
most of the distal parts of radius
and ulna, and tibia and fibula.
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SYNDESMOSESIN
RADIUS & ULNAAND
TIBIA & FIBULA
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
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FIBROUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
2) GOMPHOSES consist of pegs fitted into socket
and held in place by ligaments.
Example:
o Joint between a tooth and itssocket.
GOMPHOSIS IN TOOTH
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GOMPHOSISIN TOOTH
ANDITS SOCKET
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
Unite two bones by means of cartilageand only slight movement can occur atthese joints.
Example:oCartilage in the epiphysal platesgrowing long bones
oCartilages between the ribs and the
sternum
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CARTILAGINOUSJOINTS
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JOINTS
ARTICULATIONS/ JOINTS:
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SYNOVIAL JOINTSCU O S/ JO S:
Freely-movable joints that contain synovialfluid in a cavity surrounding the ends ofarticulating bones.
Articular CartilageJoint Cavity Joint Capsule Synovial Memebrane Synovial Fluid
Bursa pocket or saco Bursitis
Tendon Sheath
STRUCTURE
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STRUCTURE
OF SYNOVIAL
JOINT
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT