APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 403

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT -MODEL RADIO-CONTROL

SYSTEM The radio-control system described in the text makes an interesting and instructive constuctional project. It is more complicated than the average 'student construction project', but has the advantages that it pulls together something of radio and digital techniques and the end-result is worth while in itself.

There should be no serious problems if the circuits and instructions given in the text of this book are followed carefully, and with an under­standing of the way the systems work.

If reliable results are to be obtained, it is a good idea to follow the circuit layouts given in this appendix quite closely. The printed circuit board patterns are reproduced full size, and many students will want to make their own. However, all the printed circuit designs given in this appendix are available as ready-made boards, tinned and drilled. Contact the Editor for the Macmillan Master Series at the publisher for details of prices, etc ...

The boards are designed with rather more 'space' than would be the case for commercial designs, to ease construction. The transmitter, receiver, encoder and decoder are all on separate circuit boards so that they can, if required, be put together by separate project groups.

Also included are oscilloscope photographs, illustrating the waveforms that are to be expected at various points in the circuit. This should help with fault-finding in projects that do not work first time.

This model control system requires no license to operate it in the UK. The correct model control crystals must be used, however. The system is compatible with most makes of model control servo.

404

fig A.1 underside of printed circuit layout for the transmitter

405

fig A.2 component positions for the transmitter; TR 1 should be fitted with a clip-on heat radiator; the connecting wire to the aerial should be short; a 1.4 m telescopic aerial is recommended

~ AERIAL

3 o L 1 f 1 FIXINGS

IN 3 POSNS

OV +9V SUPPLY

Transmitter component layout

RI : 2.7 C1 : 47p CI2 : 0.047J,L TRl : BFY51 R2 : 100 C2 : trimmer, 40p CI3 :27p TR2 : 2N3702 R3 : 2.2k C3 : lOOp CI4 : lOp TR3: BC109C R4 : 100 C4 : trimmer, 40p CIS: 27p L I -L 3 : (see text) Rs : 150 Cs : 47p L4 : l5J,LH R6 : 10k C6 : O.Q1J,L Ls : l5J,LH R7 : 22k C7 : 0.1J,L

C8 : 10J,L SKTl : type 25u socket C9 : 0.D47J,L C10 : lOOp CII : O.047J,L

406

fig A.3 underside of printed circuit layout for the transmitter encoder

Printed circuit board for encoder.

fig A.4 component positions for the transmitter encoder; link wires are marked 'LK', and the numbered connecting pads go to the control potentiometers; if commercially made 'joystick' controls are used, the values of the fixed resistors R 1 -R, may need to be changed.

Encoder component layout

R 1 -R 4 : (see text) Rs : 68k R6 : 68k R, : 68k Rs : 1.2M R9 : 120k

RIo: 220 Rll : 10k

C 1 -C, : 0.022 Jl Cs : 0.01 Jl C9 : 0.0047 Jl

C1o :l0Jl

TRl : BC479 (or BC179) i'Cl : 4022 IC2 : 4078 IC3 : 4001

407

fig A.S underside of printed circuit layout for the receiver

408

fig A.S component positions for the receiver; 'LK' is a wire link

r"7 0 <> BC' "'c"". GD""

" E~r.C?, []' E [j .. n .~ De10 g: o-ao:o " " ----- y Y 0' 10· ( A) 0-1 R3 I- + R4~ R

05 e @ ~~07 oRSos q

R XTAL ~ r----l TR6 b L..J co DC3 C6 R6 L5 0

cO' TR,e -c::l- h D 0 + ~ ...:::::J- C}.J + R,O

~ 01 TR5 C9 C·' C, ~ Receiver component layout

Rl : lOOk R2: 1.5k R3 : 1.5k R4 :47 R5: 47 R6 : 15k R7: 1k RS : 150k Rg :3.9M RlO: 33k Rl1: 4.7k

C1 :47JJ, C2: 22n C3 : 15p C4 : 15p C5 :47p Cs : 470n C7 : 22n Cs : 10JJ, Cg : 2.2JJ, C10: 22n

All electrolytic capacitors should be tantalum 'bead' type, 10V working or more. All resistors O.25W,10%.

D1 : lN4148 TR1: 2N4124* TR2: 2N5457 TR3-S: 2N4124* L 1 : (see text) L2 : Taka 113CN 2K159DZ L3 : Toko LPC 4200A L4 : Taka LPCS 4201A L5 : Taka LMC 4202A SKT1 : type 25u socket

*8C184L can be used instead of 2N4124 if more easily available.

409

fig A.7 underside of printed circuit layout for receiver decoder

0 0

'" en ~ ... "" 0 (!)

a: w 0 0 (.) w 0

0

fig A.8 component positions for the decoder. The numbered connections go to the servos, along with suitable power supply lines taken direct from the battery. It is advisable to use a socket for the CMOS IC.

Rl ; 1.5k R2; 470k

r coO> ... i:i ",650 ~ -~--, !::! NO ... ~ 0 (!)

a: w 0 0 (.) w 0

-'o~D "'0 .,0

""0

~o 0 '" "'0 ".c+ ()

,O~ [; c:J coO 000 --=::t- ;; ~ N '"

Decoder component layout

Cl ; 22J.1 C2 ; 10n C3 :47J.1

ICI: 4017 D1 ; lN4148 TR1; 2N4124 or BC184L Battery; 4.8V NiCd

410

fig A.9 the output waveform of the transmitter encoder; all channels are set about midway; the long gap is the synchronising period

A.., '" Hea INa'X'RUNICN'X'.

fig A.1 0 the waveform at the receiver output

.. ADV".ANCB J:NST:Ft.U:M:BNTS

411

fig A.11 the receiver decoder output, measured at the RESET input of the 4017, pin 15; the large excursion is the only time that the signal should rise above half the supply voltage, to reset the counter

Level

Trigger

Off

Bright line

vJ

NOTES ON TUNING THE RADIO CONTROL RECEIVER

When setting up the receiver you will find that L2, L3 and L4 have a powerful effect, and need to be tuned very carefully. L5 has less effect, and is best adjusted to give the longest range and freedom from servo 'jitter'.

As an alternative to setting up using a meter, an oscilloscope can be used to view the output at the collector of TR4, setting L2, L3 and L4 for the greatest amplitude. L5 is still best adjusted as above, but it can be interesting to view the waveform at the collector of TR5.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Terry Tippett of Micron Radio Control for permission to use the receiver circuits.

412 APPENDIX 2

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT -COMPUTER CONTROL

INTERFACE The interface described in Section 24.6 enables most computers to control up to eight external devices. It has been tested with a variety of machines, and I have written demonstration programs in GW BASIC running on an IBM PC (or compatible), and on the BBC Microcomputer; see Figures A.l3 and A.l4. I have tested the interface successfully with other com­puters, including a Sinclair QL and a Spectrum with serial-to-parallel adapter! The program is in principle very simple, so writing something suitable for a different machine should be easy.

At the time of writing, a kit is available for the interface, complete with all components including PCB, relays, and Centronics connector. Contact Cirkit Distribution Limited, Park Lane, Broxbourne, Hertfordshire ENlO 7NQ, England for details.

The circuit layout is given in FiguresAlS and A.16.

fig A.12 the completed interface unit, ready to plug into a standard Centronics printer cable

413

fig A.13 demonstration program for IBM's: some machines drive the interface correctly but complain about it; the 'on error' routine makes the program ignore the spurious error messages

10 REM CENTRONICS INTERFACE DEMO PROGRAM 20 REM GW BASIC Version 30 REM Requires IBK-compatible with parallel printer port 40 REM * 50 REM * 60 CLS 70 PRINT 80 PRINT "Press number keys corresponding to channels 0 to 7, followed" 90 PRINT "by ENTER. When you have selected the channels you want," 100 PRINT "press ENTER on its own." 110 PRINT 120 PRINT "Press ENTER before any numbers to turn all channels off." 130 PRINT 140 A=240 150 INPUT 1.$ 160 IF A$>"7" OR 1.$<"0" THEN GOTO 260 170 IF A$="O" THEN A=A+1 180 IF A$="l" THEN A=A+2 190 IF A$="2" THEN A=A+4 200 IF A$-"3" THEN AaA+8 210 IF A$="4" THEN A=A-16 220 IF 1.$="5" THEN A=A-32 230 IF A$="6" THEN A=A-64 240 IF A$="7" THEN 1.=1.-128 250 GOTO 150 260 REM Send character to interface 270 ON ERROR GOTO 300 280 LPRINT CHR$(A); 290 GOTO 60 300 REM Ignore spurious device errors only 310 IF ERR=25 THEN RESUME 290 320 ON ERROR GOTO 0 330 STOP

fig A.14 demonstration program for the BBC Microcomputer: the 'VDU' command sends the single character, whose ASCII code is held in A, to the printer port

10 REM CENTRONICS INTERFACE DEMO PROGRAM 20 REM BBC BASIC Version 30 REM Requires BBC Microcomputer 40 REM * 50 REM * 60 MODE 3 70 CLS 80 PRINT 90 PRINT "Press number keys corresponding to channels 0 to 7, followed" 100 PRINT "by ENTER. When you have selected the channels you want," 110 PRINT "press ENTER on its own." 120 PRINT 130 PRINT "Press ENTER before any numbers to turn all channels off." 140 PRINT 150 A=240 160 INPUT A$ 170 IF A$>"7" OR 1.$<"0" THEN GOTO 270 180 IF A$-"O" THEN A-A+l 190 IF A$="I" THEN A-A+2 200 IF 1.$-"2" THEN A-A+4 210 IF A$-"3" THEN A=A"8 220 IF A$-"4" THEN A=A-16 230 IF A$-"5" THEN A-A-32 240 IF A$-"6" THEN A=A-64 250 IF A$-"7" THEN A=A-128 260 GOTO 160 270 REM Send character to interface 280 VDU 2,1,1.,3 290 GOTO 70

414

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416 APPENDIX 3

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS A Ampere (amp); the unit of electric current. a.c. Alternating current. AF Audio frequency. alternating current An electric current that alternates in its direction

of flow. The frequency of alternation is given in herz. AM Amplitude modulation. amplitude modulation A system of modulating a carrier in which the

amplitude of the carrier is changed in sympathy with the modulating signal.

analogue A system in which changing values are represented by a con­tinuously variable electrical signal.

astable A circuit which has no stable condition, and oscillates at a fre­quency determined by circuit values. See also oscillator.

audio Relating to a system concerned with frequencies within the range of human hearing.

bandwidth The range of frequencies to which a system will respond in the required manner.

base One terminal of a bipolar transistor. BASIC The most popular computer language for small computers. The

letters of the acronym stand for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

binary A number system to the base 2. bipolar transistor A transistor in which current is carried through the

semiconductor both by holes and electrons. bistable A system which can have two stable states, and which can

remain in either state indefinitely. Boolean algebra A system of formal logic used for minimising complex

digital systems. breakdown A sudden loss of insulation properties, resulting in a rapid

and large current flow. Typically, breakdown might occur in a semi­conductor device operated at too high a voltage.

bus A group of wires having a related function. Used particularly in computers.

camcorder A portable video camera that incorporates its own video tape recorder, often using a small tape format such as VHS-C.

candle Unit of luminous intensity.

417

capacitor A component used in electronic circuits, exhibiting the pro­perty of capacitance.

CCD Charge Coupled Device. A solid-state television camera element, converting light into electrical signals for the camera's electronic systems.

CdS Cadmium sulphide; used in photoresistors. Centronics The international standard parallel printer port (connection)

for personal computers. chrominance In a television system, the part of the television signal

concerned with colour. class A amplifier An amplifier in which the output transistor is operated

at approximately half the supply voltage, resulting in a continuous heavy current flow, but low distortion.

class B amplifier An amplifier in which the output is shared between two transistors, resulting in much more efficient operation but potential problems from crossover distortion

CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A family of digital logic, featuring medium-speed operation, and very low current require­ments.

collector One terminal of a bipolar transistor. conductor A material through which an electric current can flow rela­

tively easily. conventional current Electric current, regarded as flowing from positive

to negative. CPU Central Processor Unit. The main number-processing and control

section of a computer. In a microcomputer the CPU will be a micro­processor.

CRT Cathode ray tube. crystal Usually refers to quartz crystal, used as a precision timing element

in many circuits. May refer to a piezoelectric crystal pick-up. Darlington pair Transistors used in a configuration giving high gain and

high input impedance. dB Decibel: one-tenth of a bel, the unit of relative power. See decibel. d.c. Direct current. decibel One-tenth of a bel. A measure of power, on a logarithmic scale.

Symbol dB. The decibel is a convenient unit for representing a very large range of powers.

demodulation The recovery of a modulating signal from a modulated carrier.

denary The 'normal' number system, to the base 10. diac A bidirectional breakover diode. Often used for triggering a triac. digital electronics The branch of electronics concerned with the pro-

cessing of digital systems, usually in binary. DlL-pack The standard package used for digital integrated circuits, and

many analogue integrated circuits. diode A component, either semiconductor or thermionic, that permits

current to flow through it in one direction only. direct current An electric current that flows steadily in one direction

(compare alternating current). discrete Used to refer to systems constructed from individual com­

ponents-e.g. transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors-as opposed to systems made using integrated circuits.

418

disk A system of magnetic recording used to store large volumes of information. Used with computers, the disk enables relatively rapid recovery of recorded information, as compared with tapes.

doping The addition of tiny amounts of impurities to semiconductor material during the manufacture of semiconductor devices.

dynamic RAM A Random Access Memory circuit, used in computers, in which information is stored in the form of electric charges. Dynamic RAM must be read at intervals of a few milliseconds if the information is not to be lost. However, dynamic RAM is cheaper than static RAM and can be packed more densely.

emitter One terminal of a bipolar transistor. EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. A ROM in which

data are fixed, but can be erased if required by the application of suitable electrical signals or ultraviolet light.

extrinsic semiconductor A semiconductor material produced artificially by the addition of impurities.

F Farad: the unit of capacitance. See farad. fan-in The number of standard devices that can be connected to the

input of a digital circuit. fan-out The number of standard devices that can be connected to the

output of a digital circuit. farad Unit of capacitance. The farad is a very large unit, the largest

practical unit being the microfarad. ferrite A finely divided ferrous dust, suspended in a plastic material.

Ferrite has useful magnetic properties, but does not conduct elec­tricity.

fibre-optic A glass or plastic fibre used for the transmission of light over long distances.

field timebase In television, the basic oscillator used to control the vertical scanning of the picture.

field-effect transistor A type of transistor characterised by a very high input resistance.

flip-flop General term for a bistable, astable or monostable circuit. FM Frequency modulation. frequency The number of waves, vibrations or cycles of any periodic

phenomenon, per second. Unit hertz. frequency response Generally the range of frequencies that can be pro­

cessed by an electronic system. gain The factor by which the output of a system exceeds the input. gate (a) A component in digital logic circuits.

(b) One terminal of a field-effect transistor, or other semiconductor device.

Ge Chemical symbol for germanium, a semiconductor. geostationary A geostationary orbit is one in which the orbital speed

corresponds to the rotation of the earth. A satellite in geostationary orbit appears to hang motionless over the same point on the earth's surface.

H Henry: the unit of inductance. Hall-effect A change in the way that current flows through a conductor

or semiconductor when subjected to a magnetic field. henry Unit of inductance.

419

hertz The unit of frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second. hexadecimal A number system to the base 16-commonly used in com­

puting. hi-fi High-fidelity-used to apply to audio systems that reproduce the

entire audio spectrum, and beyond, with minimal distortion. Hz Hertz: the unit of frequency. IC Integrated circuit. IGFET Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistor. impedance The ratio of the voltage applied to a circuit to the current

flowing in the circuit. Similar to resistance, but applicable to alternating currents and voltages.

inductor A component exhibiting inductance. insulator A material through which electric current will not easily flow. integrated circuit An electronic system, or part of a system, produced on

a silicon chip using microelectronic techniques. intermediate frequency In radio and television, the frequency generated

as a result of mixing the local oscillator and incoming signal. JUGFET JUnction Gate Field-Effect Transistor. Karnaugh mapping A visual technique used in the planning of digital

systems for the minimisation of logic circuits. LC oscillator An oscillator using an inductor and a capacitor in a resonant

circuit as a timing element. LCD Liquid crystal display. See liquid crystal display. LED Light-emitting diode. light·emitting diode (LED) An electronic component in which electric

current is converted directly into visible or infra-red light. line timebase In a television, the oscillator circuits concerned with hori­

zontal scanning of the picture. linear electronics Electronic systems in which quantities are represented

by continuously varying electrical signals. See also digital electronics, analogue.

liquid crystal display (LCD) A reflective display, used in digital systems for the presentation of output. The liquid crystal display is charac­terised by a very low power consumption.

LNB Low Noise Block (sometimes 'Low-Noise Block Down-Converter'). In satellite TV, this is the unit that receives the extremely weak super high frequency signal from the satellite, amplifies it, and converts it to a lower frequency.

luminance In television, the part of the signal concerned with the bright­ness of the image on the tube.

microcomputer A computer in which the CPU is a microprocessor. microprocessor A computer CPU constructed using large-scale integration

in which all the CPU circuits are fitted into a single integrated circuit. modulation Variation of the frequency, phase or magnitude of a high

frequency waveform in accordance with a waveform of lower frequency. monostable A system with a single stable state. MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor. MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor. multimeter A general-purpose measuring instrument, usually able to

measure resistance, current and voltage. negative feedback Feedback applied to a system in such a way that it

420

tends to reduce the input signal that results in the feedback. NiCd Chemical symbols for nickel and cadmium; used to refer to nickel­

cadmium accumulators. NMOS n-channel MOS. npn Negative-positive-negative (although always pronounced 'en-pea-en');

refers to one of the two alternative types of bipolar transistor. NTSC National Television Standards Committee. The American body

that defined the American television standard. 'NTSC' is used to refer to the type of TV system used in the USA.

operational amplifier A highly stable, high gain, d.c. amplifier, usually produced as a single integrated circuit.

optoelectronics Electronic systems or devices that involve the use of light.

opto-isolator An optoelectronic component used to couple signals from one system to another, while retaining a very large degree of electrical isolation between the two systems.

oscillator An electronic system that produces a regular periodic output. oscilloscope An instrument for displaying electrical waveforms on a

cathode ray tube. n Ohm: the unit of resistance. PAL Phase Alternation by Line. The colour television system used in the

UK and elsewhere. It has advantages over the NTSC system that pre­ceded it.

passive component A component that does not involve the control of electrons in a thermionic or semiconductor device.

PCB Printed circuit board. photoresistor Also known as an LDR (light-dependent resistor). A

resistor whose value depends upon the· amount of light falling on it. piezoelectric effect The direct conversion of electrical to mechanical

energy, or vice versa, in some crystalline materials. PMOS p-channel MOS. pnp positive-negative-positive (although always pronounced 'pea-en-pea');

refers to one of the two alternative types of bipolar transistor. positive feedback Feedback applied to a system in such a way that the

feedback tends to increase the input signal causing the feedback. potentiometer A variable resistor having connections to each end of the

track and also to the brush. PPM Pulse-position modulation. program A set of instructions used by a computer. PWM Pulse-width modulation. quartz crystal oscillator A very stable oscillator, depending for its stability

on the electromechanical properties of a quartz crystal. RAM Random Access Memory. The main storage area in a computer

system. raster The pattern of horizontal lines produced on a television screen. relay An electromechanical device in which an electric current closes

a switch. resistance The property of a material that resists the flow of electrical

current. resistor A component exhibiting a known amount of resistance. RF Radio frequency.

421

ROM Read Only Memory. Used in computer systems to store programs and information that is not lost when the system is switched off.

RS232 The international standard serial port for personal computers. The standard is only partial, and many variations are in use.

Rx Abbreviation for 'receiver'. semiconductor A material with properties that lie between those of

insulators and conductors. Extensively used in modern electronics. Si Chemical symbol for silicon, a semiconductor. speaker (loudspeaker) An electromechanical device for converting elec­

trical energy into sound. static RAM Random Access Memory in which information is stored in

bistable devices. See dynamic RAM. stepping motor A d.c. electric motor without a commutator. It does not

rotate on its own, but must be driven by external switching of the stator magnets. It can be made to turn an exact amount in either direction.

superheterodyne A radio receiver system in which the radio frequency input is mixed with a frequency generated within the receiver to produce an intermediate frequency.

teletext Any system that involves production of digitally generated text and pictures using standard television systems.

thermionic Electronic devices involving electrons generated by heat, usually in a vacuum.

thyristor A component similar to a semiconductor diode but having in addition a gate connection by which the component, normally non­conducting, can be triggered into conduction.

tolerance Generally the amount by which a specified component value can vary from the marked value.

triac A semiconductor component similar to the thyristor but which will conduct in either direction.

TTL Transistor-transistor logic: one of the two major 'families' of digital logic circuits. Uses more power than CMOS, but is capable of higher operating speeds.

Tx Abbreviation for 'transmitter'. ultrasonic A frequency above the range of human hearing. Note that

'supersonic' is now generally used to mean 'faster than the speed of sound'.

unijunction transistor A semiconductor device used in some oscillators. V Volt: the unit of electrical potential. varicap diode A semiconductor diode in which the junction capacitance

varies according to the applied voltage. This effect is inherent in all semiconductor diodes, but in the varicap diode the property is deliber­ately enhanced. Used in tuning circuits in radio and television.

VDU Visual display unit. VHS Video Home System. The most popular standard tape format for

domestic video recorders. A smaller cassette designed for camcorders, known as VHS-C (for compact) uses the same tape standard.

video (a) In television, the demodulated vision signal. (b) More generally, anything relating to the recording, replaying,

transmission or reception of pictures. wavelength The physical distance between two similar and successive

422

points on an alternating wave. Zener diode A semiconductor diode, used for voltage regulation. When

The Zener diode is reverse-biased, it exhibits a sudden increase in con­ductivity at a certain specific voltage.

APPENDIX 4 423

RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING

The following books may all be of interest as further reading. Practically all of them involve studies in greater depth in specific subjects, or a more mathematical approach to subjects discussed in Mastering Electronics.

S. W. Amos: Dictionary of Electronics, 2nd edition (Butterworths, 1987) P. H. Beards: Analog and Digital Electronics (Prentice-Hall, 1987) G. D. Bishop: Audio Circuits and Projects (Macmillan, 1985) G. D. Bishop: linear Electronic Circuits and Systems, 2nd edition

(Macmillan, 1983) G. D. Bishop: Program and Electronics Projects, 2nd edition (Macmillan,

1986) British Computer Society: A Glossary of Computing Terms, 6th edition

(Cambridge University Press, 1989) J. de Sousa Pires: Electronics Handbook (Chartwell-Bratt, 1989) P. E. Gosling: Mastering Computer Programming, 2nd edition (Macmillan,

1985) I. Kampel: A Practical Introduction to the New Logic Symbols

(Butterworths, 1985) R. Lewis: Electronics Servicing II (Macmillan, 1983) D. N. Pim: Television & Teletext (Macmillan, 1988) P. Silvester: Electric Circuits (Macmillan, 1989) G. Turner: Video Recording & Playback (Macmillan, 1987) G. Waterworth: Wark Out Electronics (Macmillan, 1988) G. Wright: Mastering Computers, 3rd edition (Macmillan, 1988) J. Zarach & N. Morris: Television (Macmillan, 1979)

424

INDEX A

address bus 362 aerial 197 alternating current 12 Ampere, A. M. 10 amplifier, LM380 180

class A 170 class B 171, 174 integrated circuit 178 transistor 98, 120

analogue interface 389 analogue-to-digital converter 345 ASCII codes 381 assembly language 365 astable multivibrator 135 a~abk,555~ype 328

CMOS 331 atom 7,69 automatic gain control 216

B

backing store 376 Bardeen 2 BASIC 370,372,413 battery 8 baud 388 Baxandall tone control 178 bias, transistor 121

ultrasonic 190 binary arithmetic 288 binary counter 317 bistable multivibrator 134 bistable,op-amp 163 Bohr, N. 7,69 Boolean algebra 355 Brattain 2 bridge rectifier 38 buffer, data 382 byte 363

C

C 376

CD mechanical system 392 signal processing 391 tracking 395

CMOS 306 COBOL 375 camcorder 236 capacitor 25 capacitor, bypass 124

coupling 123 electrolytic 31 variable 31

cartridge, record player 184 cassette 237 cassette tape 376 cathode ray tube 64 central processing unit 362, 363 Centronics interface 381 characteristic curves 103 charge carriers 74 circuit diagrams 1 7 Clarke, A. C. 233 colour television 227 compact disc (see also CD) 186,

290,390 compiler 374 computer control interface 383,

412 conductors 73 control bus 362 control port 388 counter, decade 321

D

synchronous 322 up-down 323

D-type flip-flop 318 DIL pack 151 DTL 301 data bus 363 database 399 De Forest, L. 62 decoupling 128 desoldering 46

detector, AM 205,215 FM 206 RF 203

diac 266 diffraction grating 395 digital arithmetic 350 digital audio tape 193 digital recording 289 digital subtracter 355 digital-to-ana1ogue converter 343 diode, LASER 261, 393

light-emitting 90, 242 light-sensitive 254 semiconductor 81 thermionic 60 varicap 90 Zener 88

direct current 12 dish, satellite television 235 disk storage 378 display file 369 display, 7 -segment 245

bar 244 LCD 246 LED 320

distortion 181 distortion, cross-over 172 doping 76 double insulation 53 dua1-s1ope conversion ADC 347

E

Edison effect 59 Edison, T. A. 59 electret 278 electromagnetic spectrum 199 encapsulations 107, 305 energy band, atomic 71 energy-level diagram 72,83, 100,

259 erasable-programmable ROM 359

F

FET physics 112 FORTH 375 FORTRAN 375 fan-out 302 farad 28 Faraday, M. 28

feedback 121,125,159,162, 342

fibre-optics 260 fire 54 first aid 55 Fleming, I. A. 60 floppy disk 379

425

freq uency response 181 frequency response, op-amp 168 full-adder 351

G

gain, amplifier 125 gain,op-amp 156,161 geostationary 233 gemanium 74

H

half-adder 351 Hall effect 270 hard disk 380 heat-sinks 105 Heisenberg, W. 69 henry 34 hertz 12 Hertz, H. R. 12 high-fidelity 181 holes 75

impedance, input 129 inductors 33 information technology 399 insulators 73 integrated circuit 148 integrated circuit, bistable 313 interfacing 380 intermediate frequency 213 interpreter 372

L

LASER 261 LISP 375 latch 320 lighting controller 267 liquid crystal 246 logic gates 291

426

logic gates, minimisation of 297

M

master-slave flip-flop 316 memory circuits 356 memory map 368 meter, moving coil 279 microcomputer 364 microphone, capacitor 278

crystal 277 moving-coil 277

microprocessor 364 mixer 214 modulation, amplitude 204

frequency 204 modulator 208 monostab1e,555-type 328

CMOS 330 multimeter 47 multivibrator, bistable 311

o

Ohm's Law 10 Ohm, G. S. 10 operational amplifier 152,155 opto-isolator 256 orbit 233 Orwell, G. 186 oscillator, crystal controlled 141,

200,332 Hartley 139 LC 136,196 op-amp 165 relaxation 133 Wein bridge 167

oscilloscope 48

P

parallel port 381 Pascal 374 Pascal, B. 374 phase-locked loop 207 photodiode 255 photoresistor 251 photovoltaic cell 257 picture tube 230 piezoelectric sounder 276 potential difference 10

potentiometer 25,26 power 20 power supply 37,141,303 power supply, op-amp 160 preamplifier 125, 176 printed circuits 40 pulse position modulation 336 pulse width modulation 336

R

RS232 interface 387 radio 198 radio control 403 radio control decoder 341 radio control encoder 339 radio control receiver 216 random access memory 356 raster 221 read-only memory 359 receiver, TRF 210

radio 209 superheterodyne 212

record player 119 reed switch 273 regulator 142,303 relay 271 relay, reed 273 resistors 19 resistors, colour code 23

parallel 12 power 20 preferred values 16 series 12 tolerances 15 variable 25 voltage dependent 269

robot arm 385

S

safety 51 satellite television 233,399 scanning, helical 237

interlaced 222 Schottky TTL 305 semiconductors, extrinsic 76

intrinsic 74 manufacture of 78

serial adder 353 serial port 387

servo 342,385,394,396 shell, atomic 70 shift register 323 Schockley 2 signal generator 50 silicon 144 single-slope conversion ADC 345 slot-mask 231 solar cell 257 soldering 42 solenoid 274 sound, television 225 speaker 275 specification, transistor 104 stepping motor 280,386 stereo 182 strain gauge 270 successive-approximation ADC

348 symbols, logic 294 synchronisation, television 224 system, colour television 227

stereo 183 television 225

systems 3

T

TTL 301 tape recorder 187 tape recorder drive 193 teletext 226 television receiver 220 thermionic triode 62 thermistor 269 thyristor 263 timers 326 tone control 177 tools 42 touch switch 164

tracking ADC 346 traffic lights 333 transformer coupling 127 transformers 34 transistor physics 99 transistor tester 51 transistor types 108 transistor, bipolar 95

field-effect 110 unijunction 268

translator 375 transmitter, radio 198 triac 265 truth table 292

u

unijunction transistor 268

V

VHS 237 video camera 239 video tape recording 236 Volta, A. 10

W

Watt 20 waveform, television 223,228 waves, electromagnetic 196 Winchester disk 380

Z

Z80 364 Zener diode 141 Zener, C. M. 89 70ne refining 79

427