Apostila de Medicina Legal - Zigomar

8/3/2019 Apostila de Medicina Legal - Zigomar

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n |n}f g~qc`lf7 br~nin cnlibqbcf df qno`|sqf l`z`i cn db|l`hndsf) jn`sf lfh ab|n nhcnlibqbf b||`dbcb ufq sn|snh~dmb|$ \`s~bn| cn ndobdf) r~nq |ngb cfif|f f~ l~iuf|f)ufcnh blfdsnlnq) n dn|sn| lb|f| cnzn |nq jn`sb b qns`j`lbf$

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SNHB 1 ( @HUNC@HNDSF\ HBSQ@HFD@B@\

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M`hndfuib|s`b7 B in` n|sbaninln b uf||àì cbcn cn bd~ibf cf lb|bhndsf lb|fznq`j`r~n(|n r~n b d~andsn df nqb z`qonh) r~bdcf cf lb|bhndsf) f~r~n |`h~if~ b z`qo`dcbcn) bsqbz| cb m`hndfuib|s`b$

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SNHB < ( LFDG^DF LBQDBI


7/41


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nznds~bihndsn ufcnh |nq `cnds`j`lbcb| unif| unq`sf|$c lfdsbh`dbf7 b lfdsbh`dbf cb zs`hb ufq cfndb zndqnb ~h `dcl`f cn lfdsbsf

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3$1 ( Lib||`j`lbf n Lb~|b| 7

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3$< ( @dlbubl`cbcn ubqb b lfdg~df -Lfn~dc` 7B `hufsdl`b ubqb b lfdg~df) sbdsf df mfhnh lfhf db h~imnq) qnlnan f dfhn cn@hufsdl`b Lfn~dc`$ \ndcf b||`h) r~bdcf blfdsnlnq lfh f mfhnh) |nq Lfn~dc`Hb|l~i`db) n db h~imnq) Lfn~dc` Jnh`d`db$ Zbhf| n|s~cbq bofqb b| lb~|b| cn|sb`hufsdl`b df mfhnh n db h~imnq7df mfhnh7B `hufsdl`b Lfn~dc` df mfhnh ufcn |nq cn sq| n|ul`n|7

b `d|sq~hndsbi7 r~bdcf qnibl`fdbcb h jfqhbf f~ in|n| df bubqnimf qnuqfc~sfq)br~` |n `dli~`dcf uqfainhb| lfhf f `djbds`i`|hf -b~|dl`b cncn|ndzfiz`hndsf cf bubqnimf qnuqfc~sfq) b~|dl`b cn ud`| -lb|f|qbqf|) bhu~sbf cf hnhaqf -bl`cndsn|) lfhui`lbn| hc`lb|)s~hfqn| n b~hndsf zfi~hf|f cf ud`|$

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db h~imnq7G db h~imnq) cnz`cf uquq`b jfqhb cf |n~ bubqnimf qnuqfc~sfq) df jbw |nds`cf c`z`c`q b|lb~|b| nh `d|sq~hndsb`|) fqod`lb| n u|`lfj~dl`fdb`|$ N}`|snh c~b| n|ul`n| cn `hufsdl`bLfn~dc` db h~imnq7

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zbo`db -`djbdsì`|hf) r~bdcf f bubqnimf qnuqfc~sfq df |n cn|ndzfizn)lfd|nqzbdcf b| c`hnd|n| uq(u~anqsq`b|) f~ df| lb|f| cn b~|dl`bcn zbo`db) ufq cnjn`sf cn jfqhbf -qbqf| f~ `dsnqzndf l`qqo`lb-qnlfd|s`s~`f ufq l`q~qo`b ui|s`lb$

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zbo`db) uqfzflbcb ufq jbsfqn| mfqhfdb`| f~ u|`lfio`lf|$

3$3 ( @dlbubl`cbcn cf mfhnh ubqb b uqflq`bf -@hufsdl`b Ondnqbdc` 7 r~bdcf f mfhnh df buqn|ndsb uqfainhb| ubqb qnbi`wbq b qnibf |n}~bi) hb| dflfd|no~n onqbq jìmf|$ B `hufsdl`b |n qnibl`fdb f~ lfh qof| qn|ufd|zn`| unib uqfc~fcf |hnd) f~ lfh b| z`b| cn sqbd|h`||f cf |hnd$ Lfhf lb~|b|) ufcn(|n l`sbq b jbisb cnsn|sl~if|) ufq uqfainhb cn jfqhbf) bl`cndsn f~ ufq dnln||`cbcn cn qnhff l`qqo`lb)`d|~j`l`dl`b cn cn|ndzfiz`hndsf cb| oidc~ib| -lqùsfqr~`c`b) `djbdsì`|hf) iflbi`wbn|bdfqhb`| cf lbdbi ~q`dq`f -mùf|sbc`b n nu`|sbc`b) uqfln||f| `djibhbsq`f| -nu`c`c`h`sn 8`djibhbf cf nu`cc`hf$

3$> ( @dlbubl`cbcn cb h~imnq ubqb b uqflq`bf -@hufsdl`b Lfd|ù`ndc` 7Dfqhbihndsn) b h~imnq `dlb/ubw cn uqflq`bq bdsn| cb u~anqcbcn) bu| b hndfub~|b n df|unqfcf| `djqsn`| cf l`lif hnd|sq~bi$ Ndsqnsbdsf) lb~|b| ubsfio`lb| sbhah uqfzflbh b`djnqsì`cbcn$ Cndsqn nib|7 bl`cnw zbo`dbi) r~n lq`b ~h hn`f mf|sì bf| n|unqhbsfw`cn|)qnsqfznq|f cn snqf) r~bdcf f snqf df |n ndlfdsqb nh |~b uf|`f dfqhbi) in|n| f~l`|sf| df fzq`f)ndcfhnsq`f|n -`djibhbf df snqf f~ h`fhb| -s~hfqn| df snqf) anhlfhf f~sqf| uqfainhb| qnibl`fdbcf| bf| fzq`f|) sqfhub| -fa|sq~f n snqf$

3$: ( Lfhf bon b unql`b 7

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mfqhfdb`| qninzbdsn|) anh lfhf f n|sbcf u|`lfio`lf -u|`ls`lf ndn~qs`lf cf ubl`ndsn$

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3$? ( @dsnqn||n G~qc`lf 7\no~dcf f Lcòf L`zì -120) @@@) b| `hufsdl`b| Lfn~dc` |f hfs`zf ubqb unc`cf cnbd~ibf cf lb|bhndsf) r~bdcf f ldg~on znh b sfhbq lfdmnl`hndsf cn |~b n}`|sdl`b|fhndsn bu| qnbi`wbcf f hbsq`hd`f$

SNHB > ( OQBZ@CNW

>$2 Lfdln`sf 7F lfdln`sf cn oqbz`cnw |n lfdj~dcn lfh f cn l`lif oqbzc`lf) ufcndcf |nq cnj`d`cf lfhf f`dsnqzbif cn snhuf cnlfqq`cf ndsqn f hfhndsf cn jnl~dcbf) lfh b j`}bf cf z~if dbubqncn ~snq`db) n b n}u~i|f cf jnsf n |n~| bdn}f| bsqbz| cf ubqsf$

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F l`lif hnd|sq~bi snh ufq lbqblsnq|s`lb flfqqnq nh ~h `dsnqzbif cn snhuf cnsnqh`dbcf$Onqbihndsn lfd|`cnqb(|n f l`lif lfhf sndcf 1= c`b|) ufcndcf n|sn dhnqf zbq`bq cn h~imnqubqb h~imnq$ Lfd|`cnqbdcf(|n ~h l`lif cn 1= c`b|) lfhnbhf| b lfdsbq f| c`b| b ubqs`q cf

uq`hn`qf c`b cn ji~}f$

B fz~ibf lbqblsnq`wb f hfhndsf jqsì cb h~imnq) n |n c buqf}`hbcbhndsn df 23f$ c`bcf l`lif$ Lfhf f z~if sh ~h lnqsf `dsnqzbif cn jnqsì`cbcn) b uqfabaì`cbcn cn r~n nin |ngbjnqsì`wbcf hb`fq df `dsnqzbif cn < c`b| r~n bdsnlncnh f~ |~lncnh b fz~ibf) nh z`qs~cnsbhah cb n}unlsbs`zb cn z`cb cf| n|unqhbsfw`cn| df `dsnq`fq cb zbo`db$ Lfd|`cnqb(|n)ndsf) r~n b h~imnq ndlfdsqb(|n nh |n~ unqfcf jqsì ndsqn f 22f$ n 2?f$ c`b cn |n~ l`lifhnd|sq~bi -cn 1= c`b|$ Lb|f f l`lif sndmb f~sqb c~qbf) hbdsh(|n n|sb uqfufqf$

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N}`|sn ~hb `cbcn nh r~n b h~imnq ubqb cn fz~ibq) |n sfqdbdcf `djqsì$ N|sn jndhndf lbqblsnq`wbcf unif j`h cb hnd|sq~bf) n qnlnan f dfhn cn Hndfub~|b f~ Li`hbsq`f$

>$< ( L`lif Oqbzc`lf 7F l`lif oqbzc`lf |n `d`l`b lfh f z~if |n bifgbdcf db ubqncn ~snq`db) bu| b jnl~dcbf$B ubqs`q cn|sn hfhndsf) c~qbdsn buqf}`hbcbhndsn 0 hn|n|) f z~if `q |n cn|ndzfiznq)sqbd|jfqhbdcf(|n `d`l`bihndsn nh ~h nhaq`f) r~n |n cn|ndzfizn bs f $3 ( \`db`| Uqnlfln| cn oqbz`cnw 7Lfd|s`s~nh `dcl`f| cn oqbz`cnw) ufcndcf) ndsqnsbdsf) |nqnh hfs`zbcf| ufq f~sqf| jbsfqn|$Ufq |` | df |f |~j`l`ndsn| ubqb cnsnqh`dbq b n}`|sdl`b f~ df cb oqbz`cnw$

b bhndfqq`b7 b b~|dl`b cn hnd|sq~bf$ Ufcn |nqz`q cn `dcl`f cn oqbz`cnw)ndsqnsbdsf) c`znq|f| f~sqf| jndhndf|) lfhf c`|j~dn| mfqhfdb`|)unqs~qabn| nhfl`fdb`|) cn|d~sq`f n fan|`cbcn lfdc~wnh sbhah b~h r~bcqf lid`lf |nhnimbdsn$

ahfc`j`lbn| df sbhbdmf cf snqf7 nz`cndsn r~n ~h lqn|l`hndsf cf zfi~hn cfsnqf ufcn n|sbq qnibl`fdbcf lfh b oqbz`cnw$Ndsqnsbdsf) uqfln||f| `djibhbsq`f| n s~hfqn|sbhah ufcnh uqfzflbq n|sn jndhndf) anhlfhf f lqn|l`hndsf cf bachnd df lb|f cnoqbz`cnw `hbo`dq`b -u|n~cfl`n|n$

l hfc`j`lbn| uòhndsbqn|7 b| bisnqbn| mfqhfdb`| cnlfqqndsn| cb oqbz`cnw sbhahuqfzflbh bisnqbn| df uòhndsf cb unin) uq`dlùbihndsndf| hbh if|) df bachnd n df qf|sf$ Hb`| ~hb znw)c`|j~dn| mfqhfdb`| -|~uqb(qndb`| ufcnh uqfzflbq fhn|hf njn`sf) df |nqz`dcf cn |`dbi lnqsn`qf$

c bisnqbn| cb| hbhb|7 B| uq`dlùb`| bisnqbn| |f f b~hndsf cn zfi~hn nuòhndsbf cb b~qfib) lfh f lqn|l`hndsf cf| S~aql~if|cn Hfdsofhnqp bf qncfq cf| hbh if|) anh lfhf b|nlqnf cn lfif|sqf) uqnl~q|fq cf in`sn hbsnqdf$ Hb`| ~hb

2


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znw) f~sqf| jbsfqn| ufcnh inzbq b r~bcqf| lid`lf||nhnimbdsn|$

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b abs`hndsf| lbqcblf| jnsb`|7 f| abs`hndsf| lbqcblf| | ufcnh |nq f~z`cf| bubqs`q cb hnsbcn cf l`lif oqbzc`lf$ F| abs`hndsf| cfjnsf |f lnqlb cn 235 auh -abs`hndsf| ufq h`d~sf)ndr~bdsf r~n f| cb hn |f cn hnsbcn cn|sn zbifq)buqf}`hbcbhndsn ?5 auh$ `dcl`f df | cnoqbz`cnw) hb| sbhah cn r~n f jnsf |n ndlfdsqbz`zf$

a hfz`hndsf| jnsb`| ub||`zf|7 n}`|snh sld`lb| cn uqfzflbq f hfz`hndsf cf jnsf)r~n lfhuqfzbh |~b n}`|sdl`b) n ufqsbdsf) boqbz`cnw$ \f sld`lb| r~n qnr~nqnh lnqsflfdmnl`hndsf) ufcndcf |nq qnbi`wbcb| ufquqfj`||`fdbi lbubl`sbcf f~ hnc`bdsn sqn`dbhndsf$

l hfz`hndsf| jnsb`| bs`zf|7 b ubqs`q cb hnsbcn cb oqbz`cnw -r~bsqf hn|n| n hn`f) fjnsf g lfd|no~n |n hfz`hndsbq$ B on|sbdsn) n hn|hf f~sqbun||fb) lfd|no~n |nds`q f| lmfr~n| cn hnhaqf| cf jnsflfh b| ubqncn| cf snqf$ Sbhah |`dbi lnqsf cn oqbz`cnwn b`dcb cn r~n f jnsf |n ndlfdsqb lfh z`cb$

c qbc`foqbj`b n ~isqb(|fdfoqbj`b7 b qbc`foqbj`b ufcn `cnds j`lbq f jnsf b ubqs q cfhfhndsf nh r~n nin bcr~`qn ubqsn| ||nb| -3f$ f~>f$ h|$ Df cnzn |nq ~|bcb lfh jqnrdl`b) uf`| b`dl`cdl`b cn qb`f|(} ufcn z q b uqng~c`lbq fcn|ndzfiz`hndsf cf jnsf$ B ~isqb(|fdfoqbj`b ~hbsld`lb hb`| bcnr~bcb) df uqng~c`lbdcf f jnsf$ Fc`bod|s`lf ufcn |nq jn`sf b ubqs`q cb >b$ |nhbdb cnoqbz`cnw) n unqh`sn blfhubdmbq sfcf fcn|ndzfiz`hndsf cf jnsf) `dli~|`zn cnsnqh`dbq f |n}fbdsn| cf db|l`hndsf$

nuqn|ndb cb ofdbcfsqfu`db lfq`d`lb7 ~h mfqhd`f |nlqnsbcf unib uiblndsb) r~nufq |~b znw | n}`|sn fdcn n}`|sn f jnsf$ !Fdcnm uiblndsb) m jnsf) fdcn jnsf) muiblndsb$!$ sbhah ~hb uqfzb `dc`|l~sznicn oqbz`cnw$

23


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SNHB : ( UBQSF N U^NQUQ@F

:$2 Lfdln`sf 7Ubqsf f uqfln||f j`|`fio`lf fdcn f uqfc~sf cb lfdlnuf) sndcf bilbdbcf oqb~bcnr~bcf cn cn|ndzfiz`hndsf) ni`h`dbcf cf snqf hbsnqdf$U~nquq`f f unqfcf lfhuqnndc`cf ndsqn f j`h cf ubqsf n b zfisb cf fqobd`|hf hbsnqdf |lfdc`n| uq(oqbzc`lb|$

:$1 ( Blninqbf n bdsnlùbf cf ubqsf 7Bhaf| |f uqfln||f| fdcn flfqqn f ubqsf nh ~h unqfcf hndfq cf r~n f dfqhbi -0 hn|n|$B blninqbf cf ubqsf uqfzflbcb ufq in|n| lfqufqb`| on|sbdsn) r~n uqfzflbh b

n}u~i|f cf jnsf cn |n~ snqf) `dcnundcndsn cn f jnsf g bilbdbq ~h oqb~ cncn|ndzfiz`hndsf |~j`l`ndsn ubqb b z`cb n}sqb(~snq db$ R~bdcf n|sb| in|n| |f uqfzflbcb|ufq snqln`qf|) ufcnh |nq lbqblsnq`wbcb| lfhf lq`hn -bqs$ 210 LUB bdsnlùbf cf ubqsf r~bdcf f hc`lf `dsnqzh df uqfln||f cn on|sbf)n|lfimndcf f hfhndsf hb`| bcnr~bcf ubqb b qnbi`wbf cf ubqsf$ N}`|snh lnqsb| cfndb|)n hn|hf uqfainhb| qnibl`fdbcf| bus`cf cb h~imnq ubqb f ubqsf) r~n ufcnh jbwnq lfhr~n f hc`lf n|lfimb unib |~b bdsnlùbf$

:$< ( Snhuf| cn ubqsf 7N}`|snh sq| n|so`f| a|`lf| nh r~n |n c`z`cn f ubqsf7

bcìbsbf7 r~bdcf f lfif ~snq`df |n uqnubqb ubqb b ub||bonh cf jnsf$ hbqlbcfufq inzn| lfdsqbn|) n onqbihndsn uqfzflb cfqn|$

a n}u~i|f7 r~bdcf b| lfdsqbn| ~snq`db| |n blninqbh) uqfzflbdcf b |bcb cfjnsf$

lcnr~`sbf7 b nsbub j`dbi cf ubqsf) r~bdcf |f n}u~i|f| sfcf| f| bdn}f|nhaq`fdq`f| cf fqobd`|hf hbsnqdf$

G~q`c`lbhndsn) |n lfd|`cnqb lfhf hfhndsf cf ubqsf f cb n}u~i|f cf jnsf cf lfif cf

snqf -f~ cn |~b n}sqbf) df lb|f cn ln|bq`bdb$J`dcf f ubqsf) `d`l`b(|n ~h uqfln||f cn qnlfdc~f cf fqobd`|hf hbsnqdf |n~ n|sbcffqò`dbi -bdsnq`fq bf `dl`f cf l`lif oqbzc`lf) lmbhbcf cn u~nquq`f$

:$3 ( \`db`| cn ubqsf qnlndsn 7

2>


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N}`|snh `dhnqf| |`db`| qnlndsn| cn ubqsf) r~n c`wnh qn|un`sf bf| qof| ond`sb`|) bffqobd`|hf lfhf ~h sfcf) n sbhah | |nlqnn|$ Bio~d| cn|sn| |`db`| |f7

b ncnhb cf| oqbdcn| n unr~ndf| ia`f|7 cnlfqqndsn cn in|n| `dnz`szn`| |bcb cf

jnsf$a |`db`| cn nu`|`fsfh`b7 r~bdcf qnbi`wbcf ~h lfqsn ubqb jblì`sbq b |bcb cf jnsf)

j`lbh f| |`db`|$

l c`h`d~`f cf zfi~hn cf snqf7 f snqf `dzfi~`) oqbcbs`zbhndsn) bu| f ubqsf$

c uòhndsbf cb unin7 ~h |`dbi n}sqbond`sbi) cnlfqqndsn cn bisnqbn|mfqhfdb`|$

n mùnqsqfj`b cf| S~aql~if| cn Hfdsofhnqp7 f| s~aql~if|) r~n |n nds~hn|lnh

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o c`|snd|f cb unin cf bachnd7 b unin db qno`f bacfh`dbi |n sfqdb jil`cb$

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òfdbcfsqfu`db lfq`d`lb7 cnsnlsbcb b`dcb ufq z`dsn c`b| bu| f ubqsf) df |bdo~n ndb ~q`db$

g |nlqnn| zbo`db`|7 n}`|snh |nlqnn| znqhnimb|) cnlfqqndsn| cn mnhl`b| n li~ib|~snq`db|) bhbqnib) cnlfqqndsn cf uib|hb n cb jàq`db) n aqbdlb)qnjnqndsn b in~ll`sf|$

:$>( \`db`| cn ubqsf bdsòf 7Ndr~bdsf r~n bio~d| |`db`| cf ubqsf cn|bubqnlnh lfh f snhuf) bio~d| unq|`|snh ufq sfcb bz`cb cb h~imnq$ Cndsqn nin|7

b |`db`| ond`sb`|7 z~izb jil`cb) ndsqnbanqsb) l`lbsq`w cn nu`|`fsfh`b) r~bdcf jn`sff lfqsn c~qbdsn f ubqsf) mhnd qnc~w`cf lbqdl~ib|$

ac`jnqndb| ndsqn f snqf z`qonh n f r~n lfdlnan~7 B jò~qb 1 ì~|sqb f r~n flfqqnlfh f fq`jl`f cf lfif ~snq`df7

2:


17/41


Jò~qb 17 N|r~nhb cn fq`jl`f cf lfif cf snqf -Fcfd Qbhf| Hbqbdmf) L~q|f A|`lf cn Hnc`l`dbInobi

R~bdcf b h~imnq df lfdlnan~ ufq ubqsf dbs~qbi) f fq`jl`f cf lfif cf snqf l`ql~ibq-z`qonh$ R~bdcf g lfdlnan~ ~hb znw -uq`hubqb) f fq`jl`f snh b jfqhb cn ~hb jndcb$R~bdcf g lfdlnan~ hb`| cn ~hb znw -h~isubqb) f fq`jl`f h~is`jndcìmbcf -znq Jò~qb1$F~sqb| c`jnqndb| hbqlbdsn| |f r~bdsf | c`hnd|n| cf snqf$ ^h snqf z`qonh) r~nb`dcb df lfdlnan~) un|b nh hc`b 35(>5o) ndr~bdsf r~n ~h snqf r~n g lfdlnan~ un|bnh hc`b cn >5 b ?> o$ R~bdsf bf sbhbdmf) ~h snqf z`qonh hncn cn >)> b ? lh)ndr~bdsf r~n ~h snqf r~ng lfdlnan~ hncn cn = b 0 lh$

SNHB ? ( HFQSN CF JNSF N QNLH(DB\L@CF

?$2$ Lfdln`sf 7Lfd|`cnqb(|n hfqsn cf jnsf br~nib r~n flfqqn nh r~b`|r~nq ~hb cb| jb|n| cf l`lifoqbzc`lf$ Sfcb hfqsn jnsbi lfd|`cnqbcb lfhf bafqsf$B hfqsn cf qnlh(db|l`cf br~nib r~n flfqqn nh snhuf uf|snq`fq bf ubqsf$ Sh`dsnqn||n g~qc`lf df lq`hn cn `djbds`lc`f$

?$1$ Lfdln`sf cn Bafqsf 7 b `dsnqq~uf cb oqbz`cnw flfqq`cb nh r~b`|r~nq ~hb cb| jb|n| cf l`lif oqbzc`lf$

2?


18/41


?$ n 21:7

b uqfzflbcf7 f b~sf(bafqsf) r~bdcf qn|~isb cn ~hb lfdc~sb zfi~dsq`b cb uquq`bon|sbdsn$

a|fjq`cf7 r~bdcf f bafqsf qnbi`wbcf ufq snqln`qf) |nh f lfd|nds`hndsf hbsnqdf$ \ fsnqln`qf qn|ufdcn undbihndsn$

l lfd|nds`cf7 r~bdcf b on|sbdsn lfd|ndsn r~n ~h snqln`qf qnbi`wn f bafqsf$ F| cf`|qnlnanh |bdf unif bsf$

N}`|snh b`dcb jfqhb| cn bafqsf lfdsqfznqs`cb|) r~n b`dcb df n|sf libqbhndsn cnj`d`cb|df b|unlsf inobi$ Sqbsb(|n cf bafqsf n~od`lf) r~bdcf oqbdcn b uqfaba`i`cbcn cf qnlh(db|l`cf |nq ufqsbcfq cn cnj`l`dl`b| oqbzn|) f bafqsf n~sbd|`lf) r~bdcf f jnsf df uf||~`

2=


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n}unlsbs`zb cn z`cb qninzbdsn n}sqb(~snq`db) n b`dcb f bafqsf nlfdh`lf) r~n z`|buq`dlùbihndsn f uibdngbhndsf jbhì`bq cn ufu~ibn| lbqndsn|$

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b mnhfqqbo`b7 ufcn |nq unq|`|sndsn) mbzndcf qno`|sqf| cn hfqsn;

a `dlbubl`cbcn ubqb lfdlnanq dfzbhndsn7 r~bdcf f bubqnimf qnuqfc~sfq lfhuqfhns`cf unif| uqflnc`hndsf|bafqs`zf|;

l unqj~qbn| zbo`db`| f~ ~snq`db|7 cnlfqqndsn| cn `hunql`b c~qbdsn f uqfln||fcn bafqsf$

c `djnln| n `dsf}`lbn|7 nh qbwf cf| hn`f| nhuqnobcf|;

n qnsndf cn qn|sf| nhaq`fdq`f|;

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>$2 Lfdln`sf 7

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>$1 Lb~|b| 7( Mnqbdb lfd|s`s~l`fdbi7 f sqbd|sfqdf ufcn |nq |~b| fqònd| db lfd|s`s~`f onds`lb$ flfdln`sf cn mnqbdb u|`lfonds`lb$

( S}`lf|) bilffi`|hf

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35/41


B u|`lf|n df snh l~qb cnj`d`s`zb$ B `don|sf cn qnhc`f| uqfzflbh b n|sbaì`wbf cbcfndb r~n) ndsqnsbdsf) ufcn zfisbq b |n hbd`jn|sbq) nh |~qsf| cn lbcb znw hb`fq`dsnd|`cbcn$

B u|`lf|n hbqlbcb ufq jb|n| cn cniq`f| n bi~l`dbn|)-n|so`f| il`cf|&lqs`lf|c~qbdsn f| r~b`| b un||fb ufcn cn|ndzfiznq n|sbcf| cn c~uib unq|fdbi`cbcn`dlfd|l`ndsnhndsn) f~ |ngb) b uquq`b un||fb df |ban r~n snh n|sb c~uib unq|fdbi`cbcn$R~nh lfdmnln f jìhn) zbin b undb lfhndsbq"""

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>$> N|r~`wfjqnd`b 7Ubqs`l~ibq`cbcn f~ n|ul`n cb u|`lf|n r~n flfqqn r~bdcf n}`|sn ~h sqbd|sfqdf db ubqsnu|r~`lb -SS$ ^h n}nhuif cn n|r~`wfjqd`lf f bis`|sb$

>$: N|ul`n| 7

lbsbsd`lf7 |`dsfhb| hfsfqn|$ Cfq df lfquf f |`dsfhb uqncfh`dbdsn r~bdcf lfhnbhb| lq`|n|$

mnanjqd`lf7 lfdc~sb| `huqnz`|zn`|$

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Dn~qf|n7

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b cn|fqcnh unq|fdbi|s`lb onqbdcf bdo|s`b| n `dà`dcf |~b| lfdc~sb|$ ~h lfdji`sf `dsqb(u|r~`lf$

>$= \`dsfhb| 7`d|bs`|jbn| onqb`|n}ln||f cn hnds`qb|) hbd`b|


36/41


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Ja`lb7 ~h fagnsf b qbwf cb bdo|s`b$ Of|sbh cn |n}f |~gf n bdbi) f lmn`qf fn|sh~if) snh j`}bf unif fagnsf) n hbd`b| cn unq|no~`f$

Fa|n||`zb Lfhu~i|`zb7 Un||fb |`|snhs`lb) hnsc`lb) lfh hbd`b cn i`hunwb$ Df r~nq|nq f r~n - f !lnqs`dmf!) r~n df j~dcf) df j~dcf) r~nq`b n|sbq db

jbqqb"""M`|sq`lb7 un||fb| nhfs`zb| bf n}sqnhf) jsn`| n zfisn`|$

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Ndsqnsbdsf) nh bio~h n|so`f cn|sn cn|ndzfiz`hndsf) ufcnhf| |nq inzbcf| ~hbqnoqn||f) f~ |ngb) ~hb `dzfi~f$ \f c`znq|b| b| lb~|b| r~n ufcnh cn|ndlbcnbq n|sbqnoqn||f7 cqfob|) sqb~hb| u|r~`lf|) cndsqn f~sqf|$

B qnoqn||f |n c b ubqs`q cn ~hb bisnqbf df hnlbd`|hf cf nof cf lqnaqf) r~n ~hblbubl`cbcn hndsbi r~n n}`|sn ubqb r~n b un||fb df j`r~n cn|lfdund|bcbhndsbihndsn$

Cnundcndcf cb `dsnd|`cbcn cf lfdji`sf n cb qn|`|sdl`b cf nof) cn|ndzfizn(|n bdn~qf|n -hb`fq qn|`|sdl`b f~ b u|`lf|n -hndfq qn|`|sdl`b$


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SNHB : ( BILFFI@\HF -SQBD\SFQDF\ HNDSB@\

:$2 Lfdln`sf 7!Bilfibsqb| |f anancfqn| n}ln||`zf|) l~gb cnundcdl`b cf ilffi lmnob b ufdsf cnblbqqnsbq(imn| unqs~qabn| hndsb`| nz`cndsn|) hbd`jn|sbn| bjnsbdcf b |bcn j|`lb nhndsbi) |~b| qnibn| `dc`z`c~b`|) |n~ lfhufqsbhndsf |l`f(nlfdh`lf f~ uqcqfhf| cnunqs~qabn| cn||n odnqf n r~n) ufq `||f) dnln||`sbh cn sqbsbhndsf!$ N|sn f lfdln`sfcb Fqobd`wbf H~dc`bi cn \bcn -FH\ cn bilffi`|hf$

:$1 Qnr~`|`sf| 7 dnln||q`b b uqn|ndb cn cf`| qnr~`|`sf| ubqb r~n |n lbqblsnq`wn f bilffi`|hf7 f ma`sfn b cnundcdl`b$

Ma`sf7 b un||fb cnzn `donq`q b cqfob -ilffi lfh lfd|sdl`b n nh `dsnqzbif|qnibs`zbhndsn l~qsf| cn ba|s`ddl`b$

Cnundcdl`b7 R~bdcf |n jbib nh cnundcdl`b) |ngb nib j|`lb) r~h`lb f~ u|r~`lb)

sqbsb(|n cb qnibf ndsqn ~h fqobd`|hf z`zf n b cqfob) r~n lbqblsnq`wbcb unib lfhu~i|f ufq `donq`q b cqfob) cn jfqhb lfdsd~bf~ unq`c`lb) n unif |~qo`hndsf cn ~hb lq`|n cn ba|s`ddl`b) r~n |nhbd`jn|sb r~bdcf f fqobd`|hf |ndsn jbisb cb cqfob$

:$< Lib||`j`lbf 7F| bilfibsqb| lib||`j`lbh(|n |no~dcf f odnqf cn ana`cb r~n lfd|fhnh$ Cn blfqcf lfhn|sb lib||`j`lbf) |f sq| f| s`uf| cn bilfibsqb|7

ndfi`|sb|) r~n ananh ana`cb| jnqhndsbcb|) lfhf b lnqzngb n f |br~;

nsd`|sb|) r~n ananh ana`cb| cn|s`ibcb|) lfhf f m`|knp n b zfckb;

ba|nds`|sb|) r~n ananh ana`cb| bqfhs`lb|) lfhf i`lfqn| n hndsb;

:$3 Unq|fdbi`cbcn 7


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\ngb r~bi jfq f oqb~ cn cnundcdl`b cf bilfibsqb) nin |nhuqn uqfl~qb df ilffi ~hb jfqhbcn bg~|sn |fl`bi) r~n ) nh is`hb bdi`|n) f fagns`zf cn sfcf bilfibsqb$ \f sq| sbhah b|lib||n| cn unq|fdbi`cbcn| buqn|ndsbcb| unif| bilfibsqb|7

|`dsfhs`lf7 br~nin r~n `d`l`bihndsn anan) f~ |ngb) b un||fb n}unq`hndsb bcqfob;

uq`hq`f7 br~nin r~n) bu| n}unq`hndsbq b cqfob) ub||b b jbwnq ~|f qno~ibq cnib)lfd|~h`dcf qno~ibqhndsn cf|n| cb ana`cb;

|nl~dcq`f7 b un||fb r~n anan n}ln||`zbhndsn;

:$> J`|`fubsfifo`b 7

J`|`fubsfifo`b c`w qn|un`sf bf lbh`dmf r~n f ilffi unqlfqqn nh df||f fqobd`|hf) |ndcfn|sn lbh`dmf c`z`c`cf nh sq| nsbub|7ba|fqf) hnsbafi`|hf n n}lqnf$

2( ba|fqf7 Z`b cn qnoqb) |n c unib| z`b| c`on|s`zb|) ufcndcf) ndsqnsbdsf) |n cbqufq f~sqb| z`b|7 qn|u`qbsq`b -`dsf}`lbn| uqfj`||`fdb`|) l~sdnb-cn|uqnwzni n `dsqbzndf|b -hnc`cb| snqbu~s`lb| f~ bdn|s|`lb|$Cfn|shbof) ub||b qbu`cbhndsn bf |bdo~n bsqbz| cf hnlbd`|hf cbc`j~|f$

^h uf~r~`dmf |faqn c`j~|f7 ( B c`j~|f ~h uqfln||f uqn|ndsn sbhah nh df||flfs`c`bdf7 r~bdcf br~nlnhf| b ufdsb cn ~hb lfimnq) nib sfcb sndcn b |n br~nlnq) cnz`cf bbisb sb}b cn c`j~|f cf lbifq df hnsbi$ b c`j~|f sqh`lb$ Df lb|f cf n|shbof) sqbsb(|n cbc`j~|f r~h`lb) fdcn n|sf ndzfiz`cb|) bf `dz| cn c`jnqndb| ndsqn snhunqbs~qb|)c`jnqndb| ndsqn lfdlndsqbn| cn illfi$ F ilffi lmnob l`ql~ibf lfhf |n bsqbzn||b||n~hb hnhaqbdb r~n |nubqb b| c~b| c`jnqndsn| sb}b| cn lfdlndsqbf$

1)


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B l~qzb hnsbai`lb cf ilffi) f~ |ngb) f snhuf cn unqhbddl`b cf ilffi df fqobd`|hf) |no~dcfcn|ndmf cf Uqfj$ Wòfhbq$

b `dsf}`lbf qn|~isbdsn cb `don|sf cf ilffi -n}lnsf nh lb|f| lqd`lf|$ Lib||`lbhndsn c`z`c`cf nh sq| unqfcf|7

2( Jb|n n~jq`lb -uq`hn`qf unqfcf7 f| lndsqf| cn lfdsqfin dnqzf|f| |f `dsf}`lbcf|)uqfzflbdcf cn|`dà`f)anh lfhf |nd|bn| cnn~jfq`b) n}l`sbhndsf) nqfs`|hf$ Ubqbinibhndsn)flfqqn c`h`d~`f cb lbubl`cbcn cn g~iobhndsf)cf snhuf cn qnbf -qnjin}f n cf ufcnq cnlfdlndsqbf$

1( Jb|n bo`sbcb -unqfcf hc`lf(inobi7 Bisnqbf cb| j~dn| u|`lf||nd|fq`b`|)`dsninls~b`| n hfsfqb|$

B cnaì`cbcn cb| j~dn| hfsfqb| jbw f `dc`zc~f unqcnq f nr~ìaq`f) lb`q |fw`dmf) bdcbq cnjfqhb cn|lffqcndbcb$ Lfh b bisnqbf cb| j~dn| `dsninls~b`|) flfqqn b unqcb cb lqs`lb)n f `dc`zc~f ufcn uqfzflbqbsf| bds`(|fl`b`|) lfhf bl`cndsn| cn sqd|`sf) |n ndzfiznq f~uqfsbofd`wbq bsf| cn z`fidl`b n zbdcbi`|hf$ F~sqb| jbl~icbcn|) lfhf b hnhq`b n fufcnq cn lfdlndsqbf sbhah |f lfhuqfhns`cf|$


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:$0 ( Sld`lb| cn cf|bonh 7

Abjhnsqf) n}bhn cn |bdo~n7 bhab| |f sld`lb| cn bzbi`bq b cf|bonh cn ilffidf |bdo~n$ Df abjhnsqf) n|sb cf|bonh lbil~ibcb

b ubqs`q cb lfdlndsqbf cn illfi df bq cf| u~ihn|$\bandcf(|n b sb}b cn c`j~|f) lbil~ib(|n blfdlndsqbf df |bdo~n -f bubqnimf jbw db mfqb$ Dfn}bhn cn |bdo~n) lfinsb(|n f uquq`f |bdo~n) r~nsnh |~b cf|bonh cn ilffi r~bds`j`lbcb ufq ~hbsld`lb n}unq`hndsbi ubcqfd`wbcb$

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