Upload
sidestone-press
View
232
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 1/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 2/68
Sjnlsthel Trlss G elw ilelrgtjh e hf Tuaoj smjei
Zhu grl rlgnjei g fuoo vlrsjhe hf tmjs ahhb, fhr frll!
^mjs ahhb js pgrt hf tml Sjnlsthel l-ojargry wmlrl khst hf hur
puaojcgtjhes grl fuooy gcclssjaol fhr frll. Fhr gcclss th khrl
frll ahhbs vjsjt0 www.sjnlsthel.chk/ojargry
Nhweohgn Fuoo TNF
Vjsjt tml Sjnlsthel l-ojargry th nhweohgn khst hf hur l-ahhbs fhr
heoy ₯ >,<4. Fhr tmjs kjejkgo fll yhu wjoo rlcljvl g fuooy fuectjhego
TNF gen ay nhjei sh, yhu mlop th bllp hur ojargry rueejei.
www.sjnlsthel.chk/ojargry
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 3/68
G E G O L C ^ G T Q G L M J S ^ H Q J C G O L J N L E S J G
J J
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 4/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 5/68
GEGO L C^ G TQGL MJS^ HQJCG
O L J N L E S J G
JJ
T\A OJC G^J HES HF ^M L JES^ J^\^ L FHQ TQ LM JS ^H QZ
HF ^M L \E JV LQ SJ ^Z HF OLJNL E
>\8K*•k
O L J N L E \ E J V L Q S J ^ Z T Q L S S
7:66
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 6/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 7/68
C H E ^ L E ^ S
T. @. Q. KHNNLQKGE, Ojejleagenblrgkjscml Agutle gus Mjle-
mljk, Onbr. Bcomcjk
I. @. VLQYLQS, G ^ukuous gen ge \refjlon gt Kllroh, Trhv. Ojk
auri
T. @ . Q. KHNNLQKGE gen O. T. OH\YL BHHJ@KGES, ^ml Mljaohlk,
g Clkltlry frhk tml Ogtl Arhezl Gil gen Lgroy Jrhe Gil altwlle
Vlonmhvle gen Stlceslo, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget
I. @ . VLQYLQS, ^ukuoj gt tml Plvlealrile elgr Hss, Ilk.
Alrimlk, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget
I. @ . VLQYLQS, G Ogtl Arhezl Gil/ Lgroy Jrhe Gil \refjlon gt
Ihjroc, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget
I. ). VLQYLQS, Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets je tml Shutmlre Nuocm
7'refjcons
7
6
:
19
33
>:
h G `
Gkstlrngk 4?X , UU9 ( `
/´Ogjnk-e _ r"U
K" C U " „ c-*-/ J JK J JK«5 7)
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 8/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 9/68
O J E J L E A G E o ) B L Q G K J S C M L A G \ ^ L E G \ S M J L E M L J K ,
O N B Q . B L O M L J K
T. @ . Q . KH NN L QK GE
Jk Alrljcm nlr agunblj 'gjejscmce Buotur sjen,wjl albgeet, o5lj Gusirgaueile ge vlrscmjlnleleStloole Agutle flstilstloot whrnle. Njl Strluueinjlslr uetlrsucmtle Aguwlrbl nlcbt sjcm galree Je kjt nlr Vlrarlj tuei nlr Agenblrgkjb.Mjlr uen ng olitl kge lje/ljel Ilaîunliruen-rjssl frlj, irösslrl Bhkpolxl vhe vhoostîenjileMgusiruenrjssle sjen ajsmlr galr eur je Ayogey,Böoe-J genlet mgo uen ejlnlroîenjscm Ojkaurigusilirgale whrnle. Pu ljelr Iruppl kjttlo-
irhsslj Fuenhrtl kjt zlme hnlr klmr Agutleilmörle Khmloejcl, Pwlebgu, Iunlesalri,Kÿnnlrsmljk uen Qhskllr. Je zgmolekîssjilrJ Ljesjcmt jst nlr Ylstle kjt ueilfîmr 19< Agutlewljtgus gk alstle vlrtrltle. Slmr wleji jst mjeilile gus nlr sÿnojcmle Mîoftl nls agenblrg-kjscmle Ilajltls albgeet. Vhe mjlr sjen Mgus-iruenrjssl eur gus Mlrbmljk. Onbr. Eörnojeileuen Kgkjswhrtm alj Yjle _ lj Öffletojcm! whrnle.
Ngs 7:61 ilirÿenltl Jestjtuut vhhr Trlmjsthrjl
nlr Qljcmsuejvlrsjtît zu Oljnle mgt sjcm u.g.njl Gufigal ilstloot, ljele Aljorgi /uk Scmojlsslenjlslr Fhrscmueisoÿcbl zu oljstle. Njl zustîenjile Almörnle jk ogenl Agylre wgrle lrfrluojcmlrwljsl scmeloo fÿr ueslrl Toîel ilwheele. Qlcmt ilrel ngebl jcm ge njlslr StloolNr. B. Scmwgrz, Ogenlsbheslrvgthr nls Agylrjscmle Ogenlsgktls fÿr Ahnlenlebkgopfolilfÿr njl irhsszÿijil Grt uen Yljsl, kjt nlr lrueslrlk \etlrelmkle je `lnlr Mjesjcmt letilile ilbhkkle jst.
Vhralrljtlen zljitl ues jk Slptlkalr 7:63Jei. JJ. Eluagulr ljel igezl Qljml vhe agen-blrgkjscmle Fuenstloole, whfÿr wjr jmk zu Ngebvlrpfojcmtlt sjen. Hm el sljel Mjofl wîrl ls uesejcmt köiojcm ilwlsle, je burzlr Pljt ljelirösslrl Pgmo agenblrgkjscmlr Yhmepoîtzl jk(.(Oujnl bleele zu olrele. Kjt Mjofl vhe Ahmrueile wjenle njl iÿestjistle iltlstlt, whaljls sjcm zljitl, ngs kgecmls Kgo ngs Iloîenlaltrîcmtojcm gailscmwlkkt wgr. Eur je wlejile
Fîoole jst njl Ahnlelrhsjhe sh ilrjei ilwlsle.ngs kjt nlr Lrmgotuei nlr Alfuenl je alfrjlnjilenlk Guskgssl zu rlcmele wgr. Slmr iÿestjiscmjle je njlslr Mjesjcmt lje ^lrrgje jk NhrflHtzjei, Onbr. Nliilenhrf, ÿal rn jls jst njl ogenscmgftojcml Ogil Htzjei's jekjttle nlr irhsslesÿnagylrjscmle Oössogenscmgft fÿr ljel agenblrgkjscml Gesjlnouei slje' iÿestji.
Ljel nrljwöcmjil Trhalirgauei jk Slptlkalr7:6> mgt ngee zwgr agenblrgkjscml Alaguueis
spurle lrargcmt, nhcm stlootle sjcm zuioljcmzgmorljcml Ahnlevlrîenlrueile jk Puil `ÿeilrlr Agukgssegmejle gk Togtzl lje. Njl Irualerljmtle sjcm njcmt geljegenlr uen ÿalrscmejttlesjcm. Tfhstleoöcmlr je Pusgkklemgei kjt agenblrgkjscmle Iruale Mlssle sjcm alj njlsle ueiÿestjile Vlrmîotejssle ejcmt lrbleele. Nurcmnjlsl ueiÿestjile Alnjeiueile scmjln Htzjeifÿr ueslrl Pwlcbl gus.
Fji. J. Njl Ogil vhe Mjlemljk.
Lje elulr Vlrsucm wurnl lje @gmr spîtlrilkgcmt uen zwgr nhegugufwîrts je Mjlemljk.Onbr . Blom ljk (s. Fjt8. 7). Ls mgenlo t sjcm nhrtje ogenscmgftojcmlr Mjesjcmt uk lje rlogtjv' bolj-
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 10/68
Gegocctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Fji. 3. Vlrzjlr tl Blrgkjb gus ljelr nlr Irua le nls zwljtle Mgusls vhe Mjle mljk . Slm. 7 0 1.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 11/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge „ Ojejleagenblrgkjscou ojkjtrjj ges Mjlemljk
Fji. >. Vlrzjlrtl Blrgkjb gus ljelr nlr Iruale nls zwljtle Mgujlg vhe Mjlemljk. Slm. 7 0 1.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 12/68
J Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
ecs Oössilajlt, ngs sÿnojcm vhe nlr Nhegualirlezt wjrn. Njl Fuenstlool ojlit uekjttloagrge ljelk Stljomgei zur mlutjile Nhegutlrrgssl.Gos Jei. Eluagu lr jk Frÿm `gm r 7:<6 njl rökj
scmle ^lkplofuengkletl gk Yljealri sÿnojcmnlr Nhegu alsucmtl, stlootl lr `lesljts nls Fousslsje nle Gcblre östojcm vhe Mjlemljk scmwgrzlVlrfîraueile flst. Scmhe aljk lrstle Alsucmnls Fuenpogtzls fgen lr Scmlrale uen Flulrstljegascmoîil, whkjt Mjlemljk je njl Qljmlnlr agenblrgkjscmle Sjlnoueile gufilehkklewlrnle bheetl.
Ngeb nlr \etlrstÿtzuei nurcm njl MlrrleOgenrgt @hslf Agulr, Halrrlijlrueisrgt K.Goalrt uen Aÿrilrkljstlr @. Ljcmjeilr uen kjtnlr frluenojcmle Ilelmkjiuei nls Iruenstÿcbsalsjtzlrs Mlrre K. Fhrstlr bheetle wjr gk 14.Slptlkalr 7:6< kjt ljelr Trhalirgauei jeMjlemljk gefgeile. Kjt Mjofl vhe gcmt Mjle-mljklr Aÿrilre wurnl nrlj Yhcmle ilirgale.Vhe ejlnlroîenjscmlr Sljtl wgrle nlr Guthr,Mlrr A. Nlbblr uen zwlj Stunletle nls OljnlelrJestjtuts gewlslen.
Scmhe egcm zwlj ^gile wurnle Tfhstleoöcmlrflstilstloot, wlocml je Pusgkklemgei kjt ljelr
J# -r
D*
Fji. 1. Toge nls ljstle oÿÿleagenblrgkjscmle Mguslsges Mjlemljk.
Irual, njl gusscmojlssojcm agenblrgkjscml Scmlrale letmjlot, eur gos agenblrgkjscm ilnlutltwlrnle bheetle. Jk Ogufl nlr Irgauei sjenngee njl Ahnlevlrfîraueile ljels vhoostîenjile
Yhmemgusls frljilolit whrnle. Gusslrnlk bgkleehcm zwlj wljtltl Mgusiruenrjssl zutgil, nhcmwgr nlr lrstl .jk vhoostîenjistle.
Ngs lrstl Mjlemljklr agenblrgkjscml Mgus(s. Fji. 1) jst kjt sljelr Oîeisgcmsl vhe EEYegcm SSH hrjletjlrt. Oîeil uen Arljtl sjenltwg 76 k uen 6 k. Nlr Agu iojlnlrt sjcm jezwlj ^ljol0 ljele Ehrnwlsttljo kjt Ygenirîacmle uen ljele Sÿnhsttljo, alj nlk njl Ygenpfhstle flmole. Pwlj irösslrl Iruale ge nleîusslrle Oîeissljtle nls Mgusls wljsle ngrgufmje, ngss nlr Sÿnhsttljo Folcmtwîenl mgttl.Shocml Iruale je ioljcmlr Ogil sjen jezwjscmlesh kgeejifgcm zu ^gil ilbhkkle, ngss bljelAlnleble klmr alstlmle, njl kljstle njlslrIruale gos aljk Agu nls Mgusls letstgenlelOlmkiruale zu lrboîrle. Njl Spurle nlr Ygenpfhstle ge nle sÿnöstojcmle Oîeissljtle nlsMgusls sjen oljnlr nurcm njl Gascmwlkkuei nlsIloîenls vlrohrle iligeile.
Alj nle aljnle genlrl e Mgusir uenr jsslemgenlot ls sjcm slmr wgmrscmljeojcm uk Agutleioljcmlr Irössl. Sjl sjen galr ejcmt sh vhoostîenji
wjl ngs lrstl Mgus uen shoole nlsmgoa je njlslkVhralrjcmt eur lrwîmet slje.
Ge Mgen nls gus nle Ejlnlrogenle vhrojlilenle Kgtlrjgos jst ls köiojcm, nle MjlemljklrMgusiruenrjss eîmlr zu nlutle. Ls oîsst sjcm ljeEhrnwlst tljo kjt Ygenirîacmle vhe ljelk Sÿnhsttljo uetlrscmljnle, wh eur Tfhstleiruale nleVlroguf nlr Yîenl geilale. Nlr Sÿnhsttljo jstgos Yhmerguk zu altrgcmtle. Nlr Toge stjkktshwljt kjt nle Alfuenle gus nlk wlstojcmleIlajlt nlr agenblrgkjscmle Buotur ÿalrlje,
ngss jk Jeelerguk vhe Ehrnwlstle mlr zueîcmst je cg. 7.14 k Gastgen vhk ßalrigeinlr aljnle Mgustljol ljel Wulrrljml vhe Tfhstleguftrjtt. Ls fhoit jk Mjlemljklr Fgool ngee ehcmlje 'Nrljlr-Tfhstle-Qjlilr, wîmrlen je ejlnlroîenjscm Ojkauri stgttnlssle letwlnlr ljel Z-Bhefjiurgtjhe hnlr zwlj Nrljlr-Tfhstle-Qjliloÿaojcm sjen. Yjl sjcm njlsl \etlrscmjlnl nlutleogssle, nÿrftl whmo lrbleeagr wlrnle, wlee ljelirösslrl Pgmo vhe Mgusiruenrjssle zur Vlr-
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 13/68
J'. @. Q. Khnnlrkge „ Ojejleagenblrgkjscml Agutle gus Mjlemljk <
fÿiuei stlmle wjrn. Ylee kge guf Iruen nlrTfhstlestloouei ngs Mjcemljklr Mgus je njlwlstojcml cmrhehohijscml ^yphohijl ljerljmleköcmtl, sh wÿrnl jcm njl ßalrigeispmgsl nlr
gotle zuk `ueile Ojejleagenblrgkjb vhrscmogile.
Gus nle Iruale aljk Mgus 7 je Mjl emlj ksjen oljnlr eur wlejil Fuenl zuk Vhrscmlje
ilbhkkle. Njl wlejile vlrzjlrtle Scmlralej kkle galr iut kjo nle Fuenle gus ljelr
nlr Iruale nls Mgusls 1 ÿalrlje. Njlsl Blrgkjbwjrn je Fji. 3 uen > gmilajonlt. LjeilrjtztlOjejle sjen hffleagr igez je nlr Khnl, zusgkkle kjt ljelj ljefgcmle Altheuei nls Ilfîss-rgenls nurcm ljel Qljml vhe Ljestjcmle hnlrnurcm ljel Ojejl. Gus rlje typhohijscmle Irÿenle köcmtl jcm njlsl Fueniruppl vhroîufji ljelrkjttolrle Tmgsl nlr Ojejleagenblrgkjb zuwljsle.Ejcmt igez stlmt ngkjt njl C 7>-Ngtjlruei geMgen vhe Mhozbhmol gus nlr ioljcmle Irual jeßalrljestjkkuei. Mlrr Nr. @. C. Vhilo vhk
Irhejeilr CU-Ogahr mgt ues kjtiltljot, ngsslr mlj nlr Gotlrsalstjkkuei guf "5!' 74 n C, r
@gmrl (IrE->=34) bhkkt, wgs ueilfîmr 3:64· <4 v. Cmr . Ila. mljssle kgi.
Alj nlr Irgauei sjen ejcmt eur ojejleagenblrgkjscml Spurle, shenlre gucm Iruale nlrStjcmagenblrgkjb uen lje Irgale ilfuenlewhrnle, wlocmlr wgmrscmljeo jcm `ueielhojtmjscmjst. _ucm fÿr njlsl stjcmagenblrgkjscmle Irualebgee ljel C[ R-Ngt jlruei ililale wlrnle0 Sjlogutlt <9=4 · C, ,- @g mr l (Ire-> =31), wgkjt nlk gotle Cmgrgbtlr njlslr Alfuenl uen kjtnle genlrle CU-Ngtjlrueile njlslr Buoturÿalrljestjkkt. Scmojlssojcm slj ehcm lrwîmet,ngss je nlr Gcblrfurcml Flulrstljekgtlrjgo ljelrkjttlopgoîhojtmjscmle Buotur ilsgkklot whrnle
jst.
Njl Qlsuotgtl nlr Trhalirgauei je nlr j2cjj-ojtmjscmle Sjlnouei vhe Mjlemljk sjen sh vjlovlrsprlcmlen, ngss njl Fhrtsltzuei nlr \etlrsucmuei slmr wÿescmleswlrt lrscmljet.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 14/68
G ^ \ K \ O \ S G E N G E \ Q E F J L O N G ^ K L L Q O H . T Q H V. O J K A \ Q I
I. @. VLQYLQ S
/// 7:6> g tukuous, chetgjejei g Algblr hf Vlouvjge typl tmgt gcchkpgejln gcrlkgtln jetlrklet wgs lxcgvgtln gt Kllroh. ^h tml shutm hf tmjs tukuous,
g cjrcol hf phstmhols wgs njschvlrln je 7:6<. Jt rlprlslets tml ogst rlojc
hf g olvlooln agrrhw. ^h tml ehrtm hf tml tukuous wjtm crlkgtjhe, pgrt hf
ge urefjlon wjtm jetlrruptln cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn alle chestructln. ^ml flw
ures kgy al ngtln th tml MgC`N plrjhn. Je tml fojet kgtlrjgo, choolctln je gen
alohw tml fjrst tukuous, lpj-Tgoglhojtmjc gen Klshojtmjc trgnjtjhes grl prlslet.
Gftlr chkpoltjhe hf tje' puaojcgtjhe hf ^ukuous
J gohei tje' Thstagge gt Kllroh t, skgoo jevlstjigtjhes wlrl cgrrjln hut ahtm th tml ehrtm gen
oH\tm Hf tml tu kuo us je 7:6<. Frhk tml jefhr
kgtjhe prhvjnln ay Kr. Blsslos hf Kllroh. tmgt
fhrklroy g ojttol mjoo wgs sjtugtln he mjs fjlon,
ge l_r.j_ gtjhe hf g skgoo grlg lgst hf tml Thstagge
w .js aliue (fji. J ) = . Nurjei tml prlvjhus je
vlstjigtjhes hf tmrll qugnrgets, ahtm je gen
alohw ^ukuous J. fojet kgtlrjgo wgs fhuen. Nul
th tml kltmhn hf lxcgvgtjhe, wmhsl prjkgry gjk
wgs g stuny hf tml agrrhw, jt wgs jkphssjaol th
ijvl tml choolctjei hf tml fojet kgtlrjgo tml
gttletjhe jt nlslrvln. ^mjs jkplrflctjhe pous tml
fgct tmgt tml thtgo choolctjhe chkprjsls 94< pjlcls,
7. Vlrwlrs, I. @. (7:6>)0 'G Vlouvjge Ahoo Algblrwjtm Qlkgjes hf g Crlkgtjhe je ,j ^ukuous elgrKllroh', Gegm'ctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg, J, pp. 79-1>.1. ^ml lxcgvgtjhes hf 7:6< sthhn uenlr tml ngjoysuplrvjsjhe hf Kr. ('.. Mhhilenhhre gen Kr. ,). L. G.vgjo Qujtleallb, gssjstgets th tml Jestj tutl fhr Trlmjsthry.
Fji. 7. Sjtugtjhe hf tml lxcgvgtln grlgs, gen poge ho^ukuous JJ gt Kllroh. Scgol 707444 gen 70144.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 15/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ ^ukuous gen \refjlon gt Kllroh
Fji. 1. Toge hf ^ukuous J gen tml \refjlon g t Kllroh. Scgol 70144.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 16/68
= Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
v_ . 7 7 - •5
, ` X- r'G
'' ' "*• "y
o0j"""'.'-'!"* ~U m8
Fji. 3. Thttlry frhk tml \refjcon .jt Kllroh . Scgol 7 0>.
hf wmjcm heoy 93 grc chkpoltln grtjfgcts, kgbls
nlfjejtl stgtlklets rgtmlr plrjohus. Khrlhvlr tmjs
skgoo eukalr hf grtjfgcts vlry prhagaoy aloheis
th njfflrlet plrjhns. Aljei gwgrl hf tmlsl fgcts,
Kr. |. T. Nhlts uenlrthhb tml stuny hf tml
kgtlrjgo 0j. Alsjnls colgroy Klshojtmjc fjens, ml
njstjeiujsmls ge lpj-Tgoglhojtmjc trgnjtjhe je g
euk alr hf ha`lcts. ^mjs ogst supphsjt jhe kjimt al
supphrt ln ay tml prlslecl hf chkp grg aol kgtl rjgo
je tml jkklnjgtl eljima hurmhhn .Gahut <4 kltlrs th tml shutmlgst hf ^uku
ous f, (ml rlkgjes hf g olvlooln tukuous, ^uku
ous JJ, wlrl jevlstjigtln gt g pogcl jenjcgtln ay
Kr. Blsslos. Je tml yloohw sgen alohw tml ngrb
thpshjo, g flw vgiul njschohurgtjhes wlrl je
tlrprltln gs phstmhols. ^le hf tmlk sthhn
je g rliuogr cjrcol wjtm g njgkltlr hf 9.< k.
^mly grl tml ogst lvjnlecl fhr tml lxjstlecl hf
tmjs agrrhw. Je tml shutmlre pgrt hf tml cjrcol,
twh phstmhols c`hsl th hel gehtmlr kjimt jenjcgtl
g cohsln letrgecl. Eh trgcl hf tml jetlrklet wgsolft.
Fjegooy, skgoo pohts th tml- ehrtm gen shutm hf
^ukuous J wlrl jevlstjigtln. ^rjgo trlecmls je
tml shutmlre grlg njn eht yjlon gey jefhrkgtjhe.
Ehrtm hf ^ukuous J. tml rlkgjes hf ge ure-
fjlon wjt m cjrcuogr njtcmls wlrl njschvlrln | fji.
3. Yl tmgeb Kr. @. T. Nhlts gt tml Mgiul fhr mjscheslet th puaojsm g sukkgry hf mjs rlsuots.J. J'n[ nltl rkjeg tjhe J gk irgtlfuo th Nr. S. @. vgeHhstrhhk gen Kr. @. M. Blre, Stgtl Mlragrjuk gtOljnle.
1). Hf tml irgvl kheuklets hf tmjs plrjhn, heoy
hel colgroy vjsjaol rjeinjtcm, jetlrruptln je tml
shutmlgst, rlkgjeln. Je tml cletrl, ge ure (fji. 1,
eh. >=) mgn alle pogcln. Heoy pgrt hf g slchen,
jetlrruptln, njtcm rlkgjeln wmjol shkl nlojalr
gtloy rhuimleln smlrns (fji. 1, eh. :), thiltmlr
wjtm frgiklets hf crlkgtln ahel cgkl frhk tml
njsturaln cletlr. Frhk tml sgkl poht, pgrts hf
tmrll khrl ures wlrl choolctln, aut tmlsl wlrl
eht rlogtln th g kheu kl et (fji. 1, ehs. >, >1, >6) .
^mly cge al ngtl n th tml Mg C/N -pl rjh n.
Nurjei tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn
prlpgrln tml nrgwjeis je tml fjlon2 Kr. A. C.
Nlbblr nrguimtln tml jooustrgtjhes je tmjs puaoj
cgtjhe. ^ml sphetgelhus gen suastgetjgo supphrt
ay tml Kuejcjpgojty hf Kllroh gen jts 'Auril
kllstlr' Kr. K. @. G. Q. Njttrjcm js irgtlfuooygcbehwolniln.
^ml fjens frhk ahtm lxcgvgtjhes wjoo al blpt
je tml Egtjhego Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls gt Oljnle.
Fjens
Fojet0 Alcgusl hf tml ojkjtln sjzl hf tml lpj-Tgogl-hojtmjc/Klshojtmjc fojet-choolctjhe gen tml gaslecl hf grlgshegaol eukalr hf typjcgo grtjfgcts, eh nlscrjptjhewjoo al ijvle. Kletjhe js kgnl hf g aognl hf Yhje-ejlrshk-qugrtzjtl (73= x 3> x = kk ), njschvlrlnehrtm hf ^ukuous J.Thttlry0 ^ml phttlry hf ^ukuous J mgs prlvjhusoy allepuaojsmln. Ehrtm hf tmjs tukuous shkl ures cgkl th
ojimt2(fji. 3, eh. >) 2 mgenkgnl, cogy tlkplrln wjtm phttlry-kjo. skhhtm surfgcl, chohur rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjejeicrlkgtln ahels.(eh. >1)2 mgenkgnl, phttlry-irjt, surfgcl rhuimleln,chohur rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjejei crlkgtln ahels.(eh. >1 g) 0 jesjnl >1, mgenkgn l, skhhtm surfgcl,chohur rlnnjsm yloohw/irgyjsm arhwe.(eh. > 6) 2 mgen kgnl, phttlry-irjt, surfgcl phojsmln.chohur ngrb arhwe, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe.(eh. >= ) 2 mge nkgnl , ojttol phttlry-irjt, surfgcl vlr`wloo phojsmln, gen tmle chvlrln wjtm g sojp, chohuraogcb2 wmle pgrt hf tml surfgcl cgkl hff, ge lxtrlkloynjstjec tjvl prjet hf g flre-olgf wgs smhwe, wmjcm tur eln hut th alohei th Ttlrjnjuk gqujojeuk (O) Bume
>.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 17/68
J M L M L J A O H L K , G C L K L ^ L Q Z F Q H K ^ M L O G ^ L A Q H E P L G I L
G E N L G Q O Z J Q H E G I L A L ^ Y L L E V L O N M H V L E G E N S ^ L L E S L O ,
T Q H V. E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^
T. @, Q. K H N N L Q K G E GEN O. J'. OH \ YL B H H J @ K G E S
^mjs clkltlry mgs nrgwe tml gttletjhe hf grcmglhohijsts sjecl 7=>>. Lxclpt fhr
hel Lgroy Arhezl Gil phstcjrcol goo trgcls cge al ngtln altwlle 7444 gen
gpprhxjkgtloy <44 A.C. Ohei, rlctgeiuogr, gen cjrcuogr njtcmls wlrl fhuen,
wmjcm thiltmlr wjtm tml phttlry prhvls tmgt tml clkltlry wgs je chetjeugo usl
fhr slvlrgo cleturjls.
Jetrhnuctjhe
Sjecl 7=>> grcmglhohijcgo fjens mgvl alle kgnl
CK .je grlg sjtugtln th tml shutm-lgst hf tml kgje
rhgn frhk Vlonmhvle th Stlleslo he ahtm sjnls
hf tml ahrnlr altwlle tml kuejcjpgojtjls hf
Vlonmhvle gen Llrsl@ (fji. 7). ^m l kgtlrjgo
frhk tmjs fjlon smhws tml prlslecl hf ge lxtle
sjvl clkltlry hf tml Ogtl Arhezl Gil gen tml
alijeejei hf tml Jrhe Gil. ^ml sjtl js cgooln
tml Mljaohlk gftlr g arjcb fgcthry he tml hpph-
Fji. 7. Ohcgtj he hf tml cle jlt ce tml Mljaohlk. Scgol
7 0 <4 444.
sjtl sjnl hf tml rhgn. ^ml Stllesloscml Mut, ge hon
fgrkmhusl je tml vjcjejty, gosh slrvln th jenjcgtl
tml ohcgtjhe hf tml sjtl (fji. 1).
^ml khst rlclet rlslgrcm wgs kgnl je 7:<9
ay tml fjrst gutmhr gs g klkalr hf tml stgff hf
tml Q.H.A. (Stgtl Slrvjcl fhr Grcmglhohijcgo
Jevlst jigtjhes je tml Eltml rogen s) je cohsl cho
ogahrgtjhe wjtm Kr. I. Allx, g klkalr hf tml
Grcmglhohijcgo Chkkjssjhe hf tml Trhvjecjgo
Shcjlty fhr Grt gen Scjlecls. Alfhrl puaojsmjei
tml rlsuots, jt sllkln whrtmwmjol th choolct honlrngtg. ^mjs tml slchen gutmhr uenlrthhb. ^mjs
puaojcgtjhe tmle kgbls gvgjogaol fhr tml stuny
hf prlmjsthry goo tml ngtg frhk tmjs clkltlry.
^ml ogenscgpl
Gt tml tjkl hf tml fjrst lxcgvgtjhes, ay T. E.
Tgeble je 7=>>, tml tlrrgje wgs kgjeoy uenlr
mlgtmlr gen wgs pgrt hf tml Mllrscml Mljnl
(Mllrs' Mlgtm). Tgeble, wmh wgs gorlgny gc
qugjetln wjtm grcmglhohiy je tml fjlon, chuonlgsjoy rlchiejzl g eukalr hf agrrhws je tmjs
hple ogenscgpl. Ml igvl ge lxgct nlscrjptjhe
hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes je mjs grtjcol (Tgebl e.
7=>>).
Sjecl khnlre tjkls, tml rlijhe mgs alle gokhst
chkpoltloy uenlr fhrlst. ^ml clkltlry js sjtu
gtl n he g cjrcg 7 bk wjnl rjnil chesjstjei
hf ohgky, fjel sgen nlphsjtln ay wjen. ^ml
rlojlf js sojimtoy uenuogtjei gs js typjcgo fhr tmlsl
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 18/68
74 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Fjt Sjtugtjhe hf agrrhws gen lxcgvgtjhes hf tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 <444.
sh-cgooln chvcj sgens. ^m l rjnil js hrjle tgtln
E.L.-S.ZV. altwlle tml rjvuolts Ilenlr gen Que
(fji. 7). ^ml clkltlry js fhuen he tml ehrtmlre
mgof hf tml sgenrjnil, wmjcm sohpls nhwe th tml
Ilenlr chkpgrgtjvloy stllpoy. ^h tml shutm tmlrlgrl kjehr nuels, wmjcm wlrl nlscrjaln ay T.E.
Tguble gs 'mjoos fhrkln ay egturl'.
Jevlstjigtjhe* hf tml clkltlry
Yl grl gcqugjetln wjtm tml fhoohwjei gctjvjtjls
uenlrtgble je tml clkltlry. Gs je sh kgey hf
tmlsl cgsls tmlrl wjoo mgvl alle khrl gctjvjtjls
auo aljei hf g prjvgtl egturl, tmly mgvl alle ohst.
j =>->-0 T. E. Tge ble rlchiejzls tml agr rhws
gen jevlstjigtls qujtl g eukalr. Sll alohw.
7:4:0 @. M. Mhowlrng gen K. G. Lvlolje frhk
tml Qj`bskusluk vge Hu nml nle (Egtjhe go
Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls) gt Oljnle pgy g vjsjt
th tml clkltlry. ^mly nlcjnl eht th lxcgvgtlgs khst hf tml agrrhws mgvl alle irlgtm
ngkgiln.
Cjrcg 7:740 C. Qj`ble, mlg nkg stl r frhk
Vlonmhvle, rl-lxgkjels tml agrrhws gs wloo gs
tml 'pogtl gu' grl g th tml shutm. Fhr furtmlr
jefhrkgtjhe, sll alohw.
7:74-7:7 *0 Nur jei tml njii jei hf sgen, fjens
je kgnl wmjcm grl gpprhxjkgtl oy ohcgtln. Sll
alohw
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 19/68
J'. @. B. Khnnlrkge gen O, T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „ ^ml Mljaohlk 77
Fji. .')'. J'o.je uj J ojt- je J'K" rxj gvg tln pgjo hf tml llkl tle (ml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 <44.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 20/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 21/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „ ^ml Kljaohlk 73
7:49-7:730 ^ml Qj`bskusluk vge Hunmlnlegt Oljnle rlcljvls frhk C. Qj`ble gen @. E. G.Tgeble kgey ures, jecounjei shkl frhk Vlon
mhvle gen Stlleslo. Shkl hf tmlk grl frhk hur
clkltlry, auo wmjcm hels chuon eht al nltlctlnwjtm suffjcjlet clrtgjety fhr puaojcgtjhe.
7:>=0 Trhf. Nr. G. L. vge Ijffle, Njrlcthr hf
tml Q.H.A., nlcjnls th kgbl g trjgo-lxcgvgtjhe
th rlscul tml clkltlry, (fjis. 1 gen 3) . ^mjs wjoo
al nlgot wjtm je khrl nltgjo.
7:<30 Kr. @. T. Vllr kge frhk Ljenmhv le
kgbls shkl fjens je g agrrhw, wmjcm ogtlr wgs
agptjsln tml Muenrlntm alcgusl jt js eukalr
744 je tml ojst hf lxcgvgtln agrrhws je tml
prhvjecl hf Ehhrn-Argaget.
7:<90 ^ml gahvl kletjheln lxcgvgtjhe ay
Kr. I. Allx gen tml fjrst gutmhr tgbls pogcl.
^wh agrrhws (ehs. 744 gen 747) grl jevlstjigtln
j fjis. 1. J gen <) .
Yl mgvl hkjttln njscussjei goo fjens gahut
wmjcm wl chuon eht hatgje suffjcjlet clrtg jety
gs th tmljr fjenspht2 sucm gs tml cup wjtm
Blrascmejtt nlchrgtj he klet jheln ay I. Allx
(Argagets Mllk 76, 7:6>, p. ==), gen tml
gcqujsjtjhes th tml Oljnle Kusluk altwlle
7:49 gen 7:73.
^ml lxcgvgtjhes
Tgeble 7=>>0
Je 7=>> Kr. T. E. Tgeble, wgobjei frhk Stlle
slo th Vlonmhvle, wgs strucb ay g irhup hf vlry
rliuogr mjoohcbs g tmhusgen ehrkgo pgcls th tml
rjimt hf tml njbl (j.l. rhgn) gen < kjeutls
wlstlroy hf tml sh-cgooln Stllesloscml Mut (fji. 1).
Hel cge fjen tmjs mut he tml ^hphirgfjscml le
Kjojtgjrl Bggrt vge mlt Bhejeirj`b nlr Elnlr
ogenle, 70<4.444, smllt <7 JJJ jssuln je 7=<3,
wmjcm kgbls tml ohcgtjhe prltty wloo clrtgje.Gcchrnjei th Tgeble (7=>>), tml irhup hf
agrrhws chesjstln hf 74 aji gen 3 skgoo hels
wjtmje g surfgcl grlg hf 7<4 ay 94 strjnls
rueejei lgst-wlst. Shkl hple spgcl js nlscrjaln
altwlle tml fhur khst lgstlroy agrrhws gen tml
lolvle (jt kust al ejel) wlstlroy agrrhws. Je
tmjs hple spht wgs g skgoo wgtlrwloo. ^h tml
ehrtm gen wlst khrl agrrhws chuon al njstje
iujsmln aut Tgeble njn eht jevlstjigtl tmlsl.
Tgeble ijvls nltgjoln ngtg gs th tml sjtugtjhe
hf tml agrrhws je rlogtjhe th lgcm htmlr gen
gahut tml mjoohcbs tmlkslovls. Gt tml prlslet tjkl
g eukalr hf agrrhws js stjoo je lxjstlecl. Gftlr
tmly mgn alle kgppln, wl wlrl gaol th chkpgrltmljr sjtugtjhe wjtm Tgeble's nlscrjptjhe. Go
tmhuim shkl hf tml klgsurlklets grl eht
lxgctoy tml sgkl, wl wlrl gaol th chrrlogtl
kgey hf Tgeble's eukalrs wjtm hur hwe. ^ml
wmhol njstrjautjhe pgttlre js sh sjkjogr tmgt gey
nhuat cge al lxcounln. He tml kgp (fji. 1)
tml agrrhws grl smhwe je tmljr rlclet sjtugtjhe.
Je hur hpjejhe tmlr l js eh nhua t wmgtshlvlr
tmg t Tgeble 's eh. : js hur eh . 747. ^m l agrrhws
th tml ehrtm, kletjheln ay Tgeble, grl cohsl th
tml fjlon lxcgvgtln je 7:>=. Je g wlstlroy nj
rlctjhe, Tgeble gbh sgw khrl agrrhws2 hel hfwmjcm kust al hur euka lr 744. Tgeble's ehs.
7, 1, 3 hr >, 77. 71 gen 73 gen tml wloo g rl ohst.
Gs th tml fjens frhk 7=>>, slvlrgo shurcls grl
gt hur njsphsgo. ^ml Trhvjecjgo Kusluk gt nle
Ahscm chetgjes g eukalr hf ures he wmjcm grl
tmrll ogalos goo hf tml sgkl typl, je tml sgkl
mgenwrjtjei gen wjtm tml sgkl njschohurgtjhe.
He l ijvls0 'Stlleslo 7=>> eh. '2 g slchen0
'TJ. V (hr JV ) eh. ', rlflrs th tml puaojcgtjhe
ay Mlrkges (7=6<), wmh sukkgrjzls tml mjs
thry hf Tgeble's whrb he hur sjtl gen wmh ijvlsnrgwjeis hf khst hf tml ha`lcts. ^ml tmjrn ogalo
sgys0 ' 7=6< eh. ' wmjcm rlflrs th ge jevlethry
hf tmgt ylgr hr tmlrgahuts. Goo tmlsl ngtg lxcounl
gey nhuat gs th tml agrrhw wmlrl g clrtgje ure
wgs fhuen.
Je hur fjenojst, gnnln th tmjs puaojcgtjhe,
uenl r tml eukalrs 7 tmrhu im 74, tml ures ue
lgrtmln ay Tgeble grl nlscrjaln. Je mjs puaoj
cgtjhe ml kletjhes tmgt je tml agrrhws : (hur
eh. 747) gen 71 ehtmjei wgs fhuen, wmlrlgs tml
ure frhk agr rhw 74 wgs ohst wmle Mlr kges
igvl mjs sukkgry je 7=6<.
Qj`cble 7:740
Khst hf tml agrrhws lxcgvgtln ay Tgeble wlrl
rl-lxgkjeln ay C. Qj`ble je 7:74. Furtmlrkhrl
ml kgnl shkl fjens he 'g vgst lolvgtjhe hf tml
irhuen th tml shutm2 wmlrl ge hon trgcb
slpgrgt ls ahtm grlgs'. ^ml fjens frhk tmlsl
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 22/68
77 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
•
•
-V
Fji, <. Toge gen olc tjhej hf tml 747st agrrh w gt tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 144 gen 7 0 =4.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 23/68
J'. @, Q. Khnnlrkge gen O, T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kgjjs ^ml Mljaohlk 7<
' r ! '
Fji. 6. Thj jcj _ frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 24/68
76 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
•v _' 7
• 0 K
h-y _
_ E5 • v
• _ ••• • /
_ X
Fj`f. 9. Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 25/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „ ^ml Mljaohlk 79
jevlstjigtjhe! grl fhr tml khst pgrt je tml
Trhvjecjgo Kusluk gt nle Ahscm. Je tml cgtgoh
iul hf 7:79 ay @. M . Mhowlrng gen @. T. Y. G.
Skjt, tml fjen cjrcukstgecls grl ijvle aut tml)
grl eht vlry lxgct, gs je smhwe je hur fjenojst.
^rgkwgy sgenpjt (:74-7:770^h tml shutm hf tml rhgn frhk Stlleslo th
Vlonmhvle, sgen wgs nui he ge lolvgtln pgrclo
wjtm shkl ohw mjoohcbs fhr tml chestructjhe hf
g trgkwgy (fji. 1). ^mrll fjens cgkl th tml
Trhvjecjgo Kusluk je nle Ahscm (Mhowlrng,
7:79). Heoy hel chuon al trgcln ay us j.l. eh. 19
je tm l fjenojst. ^ml fjenspht ojls wlst hf tukuous
eh. 744.
Lxcgvgtjhe 7:>=0
Je 7:>9 Trhf. Nr . G. L. vge Ijffle, Nj rlct hr
hf tm l Q.H.A., nlcjnln th kgbl g cuoturgo njg
irgk je tml rlijhe hf tml Ljimt Algtjtunls, S.Y.
hf Ljenmhvle. Je 7:>9 g stgrt wgs kgnl wjtm tml
lxcgvgtjhe hf tml agrrhws altwlle ^htlrfhut gen
Mgovl Kj`o. Trhf. Nr. Y. Iogsalrile je tmhsl
ngys gssjstget th tml Ajhohijcgo-Grcmglhohijcgo
Jestjtutl hf Irhejeile \ejvlrsjty wgs cmgriln
wjtm ngjoy kgegilklet. Nurjei tmjs jevlstj
igtjhe. Trhf, vge Ijffle wgs jefhrkln ay Nr. @.Qlenlrs frhk Ljenmhvle tmgt ge ure wjtm
crlkgtln mhels wgs fhuen nurjei aujonjei gc
tjvjtjls he g Mlon hpphsjtl tml mrjlb fgcthry nl
Mljaohlk elgr Vlonmhvle, ^rjgo-trlecmls wlrl
nui je Kgrcm-Gprjo 7:>=, ge n je Hcthalr-
Ehvlkalr hf tmgt ylgr tml `ha wgs fjejsmln
(fji. 1). Y. Iogsalrile vjsjtln tm l lxcgvgtjhe
g flw tjkls. M. Trggkstrg gen C. vge Nuj`e
rlsplctjvjoy frhk tm l A.G.J, gen tml Q.H.A. igvl
tlcmejcgo gssjstgecl. ^ml rlsuot hf tml nji wgs eht
gs getjcjpgtln sh eh furtmlr jevlstjigtjhes wlrl
kgnl.
^ml ngtg frhk tmjs lxcgvgtjhe wlrl pogcln
gt hur njsphsjtjhe ay tml bjenelss hf Trhf. Nr.
M. ^. Ygtlrahob, Njrlcthr hf tml A.G.J, gen
Trhf. Nr. Y. Iogsalrile.
^ml fjlon-kgps smhw g eukalr hf loheigtln
gen cjrcuogr njtcmls wmjcm sllk th jetlrslct.
Je shkl jestgecls tmlsl slctjhes grl vlry nhuat-
fuoo alcgusl g rlogtjvloy hon njtcm je hel jestgecl
js cuttje i g rlogtjvloy rlclet hel gt gehtmlr phjet.
^mjs js qujtl wloo uenlrstgengaol jf hel behws
mhw njffjcuot jt js th sll je tmlsl sgeny shjos
jetlrslctjhes hf tmjs typl. Yl mgvl tmlrlfhrl
kgnl e h njstjectjhe altwlle tml njfflrlet njtcmls.
\efhrtuegtloy tml fjens frhk tmjs lxcgvgtjhecgkl jeth njshrnlr, wmjcm js tml rlgshe wmy
heoy mgof hf tmlk cge al ohcgtln lxgctoy he tml
kgp. Mhwlvlr goo grl nlscrjaln je hur fjenojst
uenlr ehs. 1=->>.
^ml poge hf tml lxcgvgtjhe (fji. 3) smhws twh
typls hf prlmjsthrjc chefjiurgtjhes2 ahtm grl
njtcmls. Je hel jestgecl, tm l njtcm cjrcukscrjals
ge haohei pjlcl hf irhuen. ^ml njtcmls vgry je
wjntm frhk 1.9-6.4 k. ^ml oleitm js behwe je hel
cgsl th al 3< k. G skgoo hel kjimt al uenlr
34 k, wmlrlgs tml oheilst js hvlr 3: k. Fhurgrl je pgjrs wmlrlgs tmrll khrl grl sjeiol. Je tml
ohei gxjs hf tmrll ohei njtcmls shkl crlkgtln
ahels wlrl fhuen. ^mlrl js eh prhhf tmgt tmly
wlrl jetletjhegooy aurjln je tml ohei lecohsurls.
Fhr furtmlr nltgjos gahut tmjs typl hf njtcm wl wjsm
th rlflr th g puaojcgtjhe ay I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66 J.
wmh prhphsls tml egkl hf 'Ohei Njtcmls hf tml
Ihjrol typl' fhr tmlsl pmlehkleg.
^ml slchen typl hf njtcm js tml wloo behwe
cjrcuogr hel. G eukalr hf tmlk gr l ogtlr tmge
tml ohei njtcmls, gs pgrt hf tml khrl hr olsscjrcuogr njtcm js fhrkln ay g ojelgr njtcm hf g
ohei njtcm. Jt js qujtl rlkgrb gaol tm gt je heoy
hel jestgecl tm l cletrl hf g cjrcuogr njtcm
chetgjeln trgcls hf g crlkgtjhe. Je fjvl htmlr
jestgecls, trgcls hf cmgrchgo hr shkl phtsmlrns
wlrl fhuen wmjol he l cletrl wgs rlcletoy njs
turaln, wmjcm kjimt phjet th shkl shrt hf aurjgo.
^wh shjo sgkpols wlrl tgble ay M. ^. Ygtlr-
ahob, wmh puaojsmln tm l rlsuot hf mjs phoole-
gegoysjs je mjs tmlsjs, 7:<>, pp. 74:-774. Hel
sgkpol js frhk tml hon surfgcl je tml cletrl hf hel
hf tm l sh-cgooln 'ohei alns', tm l htmlr js frhk g
njtcm hf g 'ohei aln'. Qlogtjvloy ohw gkhuets
fhr Cgooueg ih wjtm mjim gkhuets fhr Irgkjelgl,
Quklx ge n Ttlrjnjuk. Je tml njtcm ge lx
clptjhegooy irlgt eukalr hf Tgpjojhegclgl wlrl
fhuen. ^ml rgtmlr mjim plrcletgil fhr Fgius
(3.6% je tml hon surfgcl) gen tml ohw gkhuet
fhr Chryous smhw tmgt je chkpgrjshe wjtm tml
elgr-ay irhup hf tukuoj hf Mgovl Kj`o, g ngtjei
ogtlr tmge tml Kjnnol Arhezl Gil js prltty wloo
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 26/68
J« Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Fji. =. Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 27/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 28/68
14 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
3= /./
2 X /33
3>
J1=
Fji. 74. Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. 3<0 scgol 7 0 1.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 29/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „ ^ml Mljaohlk 17
clr tgje . He toj?' htmlr mgen, g ngt jei lgrojlr t mge
tml alijeejei hf tml fhrkgtjhe hf tml yhuei
khss-plgo je tml Tllo js khst ojbloy.
Lxcgvgtjhe 7:<90 tml 744tm agrrhw 0^ml mgrrhw mgn alle agnoy ngkgiln ay gejkgo
gen mukge gctjvjtjls0 tml wlstlre mgof gpplgrln
th al fuoo hj pgssgils nue Je rgaajts hr agnilrs2
goo trgct's hf prlmjsthrjc hccupgtjhe mgn chk
poltloy vgejsmln, th njl ehrtm gen ehrtmlgst g
sgenpjt mgn gttgcbln tml agrrhw (fji. >). Nurjei
tmjs whrb twh ures gen hel crlkgtjhe wlrl
fhuen. Nrs. @. T. Vll rkge frhk Ljenmhvle
rlphrtln je 7:<3 tmgt shkl cmjonrle mgn ue
lgrtmln ge ure. Trhf. Nr. Y. Iogsalrile wmh
sj e tmjs splcjkle igvl g nlscrjptjhe hf tml ehw
ohsj phj gs aljei hf tml nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln
typl ilelrgooy behwe gs Mgrpstlntlr wgrl. ^ml
slchen ure js stjoo hweln ay Nrs. Vllrkge gen
js nlscrjaln je hur fjenojst (fji. 74. eh. >< j.
^ml fjrst aurjgo he tml sjtl hf tml 744tm
agrrhw sllks th al g crlkgtjhe (fji. >, eh. <6)
surrhuenln ay g khrl hr olss rlctgeiuogr njtcm
Oleitm gen wjntm grl rlsplctjvloy :.9< gen
<.64 k. Je crhss slctjhe tml njtcm mgs g fogt
ah tthk2 tml wjntm vgrjls frhk JN-tjo) ck gen tml
nlptms gvlrgils <4 ck.
G slchen rlctgeiuogr njtcm wgs kgnl wmle
tml fjrst wgs fhr tml khst pgrt sjotln up. gotmhuim
jt kust stjoo mgvl alle vjsjaol, gs tml slchen
njtcm js sjtugtln gen hrjletgt ln gcchrnjei th
tml fjrst hel. \efhrtuegtloy eh trgcl hf g
crlkgtjhe hr geytmjei losl wgs fhuen aut tml
grlg wmlrl jt kjimt al lxplctln wgs tmhrhuimoy
njsturaln. Yjtm tml shjo frhk tml njtcmls g vlry
ohw agrrhw wjoo mgvl alle chestructln. Shkl
tjkl logpsln alfhrl tml elxt gctjvjtjls hccurrln.
^mlrl wgs suffjcjlet tjkl fhr tml vliltg tjhe je
tml fjoojei hf tml njtcm th fhrk ge haslrvgaolphn/ho.
^h tml elxt nlvlohpklet wl gssjie pgtcmls
hf cmgrchgo je tml cletrl hf tml agrrhw `ust
hvlr tml phjet wmlrl ahtm njtcmls jetlrslct.
G crlkgt jhe (fji. 7. eh. <<) je tml Y-C aguob
js je goo prhagajojty tml cletrgo aurjgo hf g aji
agrrhw, aujot up hf wloo njsclregaol shns gen
surrhuenln ay g cjrcol hf cohsloy slt skgoo phsts.
^ml njgkltlr hf tml whhn chestructjhe js 7< k.
Je tml S.Y. qugnrget, he tml lnil hf gen
oust hutsjnl hf tml phst-cjrcol, fjvl crlkgtjhes
wlrl fhuen (fji. >. ehs. >:, <7. <1, <3 gen <=).
^h ngtl tmlk rlog tjvl th tml agrrhw js jkphssjaol.
Frhk tml fjoojei hf shkl bjen hf elgray cjrcuogrnjt cm cgkl g olw smlrns (fjis. > gen 74, eh. <9 j.
^ml fjen cjrcukstgecls hf eh. <7 smhuon al
splcjgooy kletjheln. ^ml cgocjeln ahels fhrkln
g chkpgct kgss, wjtm tml arhezl pje (fji. 71)
he thp hf tmlk. ^ml nrjebjei cup (fji. 74, eh.
<7) wgs gosh je chetgct wjtm tml crlkgtjhe. Jt js
mjimoy prhagaol tmgt tml cgocjeln ahels wlrl
choolctln je g cohtm, wmjcm wgs fgstleln wjtm
tml arhezl pje. Gftlr tmjs mgn alle ogjn nhwe
je g skgoo pjt. tml cup wgs pogcln tmlrl gs wloo
Lxcgvg tjhe 7:<90 tml 747st agr rhw0
Y j mgvl gorlgny stgtln tmgt tmjs agrrhw kust
al Tgeble's eh. :. Ml wrjtls tmgt tml agrrhw
wgs aujot hf kjxln lgrtm aut gs g ruol yloohw.
Eh phttlry, ahels hr cmgrchgo wgs fhuen.
Gt hur lxcgvgtjhe tml cletrl gpplgrln th
al chkpoltloy njsturaln, wmlrlgs tml wmhol agr
rhw mgn alle nlstrhyln (fhr gffhrlstgt jhe) ay
pohuimjei nhwe th 34 ck (fji. <).
Gt hel tjkl tml agrrhw wgs surrhuenln ay
g cjrcol hf twlovl phsts wmhsl njgkltlr wgs 74 je.
Eht g sjeiol trgcl hf gey aurjgo wgs fhuen.
Gt tml phjet hf jetlrslctjhe hf tml ojels nrgwe
altwlle hpphsjtl phsts, tml agrrhw wgs nlcpB
nlstrhyln.
Shklwmgt lccletrjcgooy, je tml S.L. hf tml
phst-cjrcol, ge ure wgs fhuen (fji. 77, eh. >=) .
^mjs pht mgn alle pogcln je g skgoo mhol wmhsl
aht thk wgs 7 k alohw tml prlslet surfgcl hj
tml agrrhw. Mhwlvlr hel whuon lxplct tmjs mhol
th mgvl alle nui frhk g olvlo ohwlr tmge tml
thp hf tml agrrhw. Gt <4 ck alohw tmjs surfgcl.
gehtmlr surfgcl wgs coglroy njstjeiujsmgaol Jeg tmje ogylr hf cmgrchgo. ^ml mhol fhr tml ure
alcgkl vjsjaol alohw tml cmgrchgo. Cgocjeln
ahels wlrl tmrhwe jeth tml ure wmle jt mgn
gorlgny alle sueb jeth tml mhol, wmjcm js prhvle
ay tml pgr tjcols hf ahel gen ge jrhe pje (fji. 71 J
fhuen hutsjnl tml ure je tml mhol. Khtlhvlj
ahels wlrl spjooln hutsjnl tml mhol gs shkl
pjlcls wlrl fhuen 3< ck th tml lgst hf tml ure
je tml ogylr hf cmgrchgo. Gt tml sgkl spht g
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 30/68
11 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
61
Fji. JJ. Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 31/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhr`kges ^ml Mljaohlk 13
Fji. 71, Arhegl j5je (eh. <7) gen jrhe phjet (eh. >=)frhk njl clkltle njl Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 1.
phst mhol wgs trgcln wmjcm wgs gosh chvlrln wjtm
cmgrchgo. ^ml agrrhw wgj tmlrlfhrl tmrhwe up
h_ lr tml cmgrchgo.
^ml grcmglhohijcgo lvjnlecl nlrjvln frhk tml
lxcgvgtjhe js tmgt tml ure gen tml agrrhw wjtm
jts phstcjrcol fhrk hel letjty. Je gashoutl njsg
irllklet wjtm tmjs js tml rlsuot hf twh rgnjh-cgt o5he klgsurlklet s (@. C. Vhilo gen M. ^.
Ygtlrahob, 7:63, p. 7:4)0 IrE-7<31, frhk g -
cmgrrln phso huo hf tml phst-cjrcol, ijvls 3>>4
· <4 hr 7>:4 · <4 A.C. wmjcm js heoy sojimtoy &
lgrojlr tmge tml ngtjei hf tmjs typl hf phstcjrcol @
je ilelrgo. Cmgrchgo choolctln grhuen tml ure f
ijvls 1<7< · <4 rgnjhcgrahe ylgrs ( Ir E- oS So ), 7 !
wmjcm kjimt al trgesflrrln jeth <6< · <4 A.C., "
wmjcm kl.jes g JogC-7) ngtjei. ^mjs J ogrpstlnt .
ure nhls eht chetrgnjct tml rlsuot. ^h arjei tml
grcmglhohijcgo lvjnlecl je girllklet wjtm tml «
rgnjhcgrahe ng tjei whuon klge th gcclpt tmgt J
tml ure wgs aurj ln gen tml agrhw wgs aujot up `
ejel cleturjls gftlr tml lrlctjhe hf tml phstcjrcol.
Checousjhes
^je choolctln ngtg gahut tml clkltlry tml
Mljaohlk ijvl rjsl th shkl ilelrgo rlkgrbs
jecounjei tml ngtjei hf tml pmlehkleg.
^ml honlst trgcl hf g clkltlry js g phstcjrcol
hf Iogsalrile typl 3, ngt ln ay rgnjhcgrahe
IrE-7<31 0 7>:4 · <4 A.C. wmjcm klges ge
Lgroy Arhezl Gil ngtl (fji. <). ^mjs js sojimtoy
lgrojlr tmge tml mjtmlrth gcclptln ngtl fhr tmjs
typl hf aurjgo lecohsurl (M. ^. Ygtlrahob, 7:6>,
p. 77>). Mhwlvlr kletjhe kust al kgnl hf tml
fgct tmgt tml agrhw wjtm g njrlctoy chkpgrgaol
phst-cjrcol, tukuous 3 hf tml Mgovl Kj̀ o (Y.
Iogsalrile, 7:<> 7. p. >1 j mgs hel C , , ngtjei
wmjcm js sojimtoy og tlr0 IrE-7434 0 7><4 · <4
A.C. (Mo. nl Vrjls gen I. Y. Agrlensle, 7:<=,
j
p. 7<<>). Gehtmlr rgnjh-cgrahe ngtjei fhr tml
sgkl cmgrchgo igvl 733< · <4 A.C. Jt gosh kgy
eht al lxcounln tmgt tml wjnloy spgcln phst-
cjrcols wlrl gorlgny je usl je tml ogst pgrt hf tml
Lgroy Arhezl Gil.Frhk tml 7 Rljaohlk eh trgcls hf Kjnnol Arhezl
Gil jetlrklets grl behwe th tml wrjtlrs. ^h tml
Ogtl Arhezl Gil slvlrgo fjens cge al ngtln.
^ml je 7:>= lxcgvgtln chkpolx ho ohei njtcmls
aloheis th tmjs plrjhn. ^ypjcgo fhr tmjs pgrt ho
tml clkltlry grl tml Blrascmejtt nlchrgtln
smlrn (fji. 74, eh. 3<), tml rjksmlrn wjtm slkj
cjrcu ogr nlchrgt jhe (fji. 74. eh. 1:). tml hel-
mgenoln ahwo (fji. 74. eh. >>) gen tml fgct
tmg t eh nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln wgrl wgs fhuen.
^mlsl pmlehkleg cge al ngtln th MgA. Fhr
khrl nltgjoln njscussjhe gahut tml ohei njtcmls
gen tmljr ngtjei wl rlflr th tml splcjgo stuny
kgnl ay I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66).
Hf Ogtl Arhezl Gil ngtl grl shkl ngtg
frhk tml 744tm agrrhw. ^ml ure ( fji. 74, eh. ><),
tml nrjebjei cup (fji. 74, eh. <7) wjtm tml
arhezl pje (fji. 71) gen ahtm tml smlrns (fji.
74, eh. <9) cge al ngtln th MgA. Jt js eht colgr
wmltmlr tmlsl fjens mgvl gey cheelctjhe wjtm
tml agrrhw jtslof. ^mjs js hf jkphrtgecl je tml
njscussjhe hf tml ngt jei hf tml jetlrklet s frhk
tml agrrhw.
^ml rlctgeiuogr njtcmls frhk tml 744tm agrrhw
cge al pogcln je g slrjls hf chkpgrgaol kheu
klets. I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66) nlscrjals tml ehe-
cjrcuogr njtcmls frhk wmjcm wl olgre tmgt g
prlcjsl ngtjei fhr hur njtcmls js mgrnoy phssjaol.
^mly kgy al ogtl MgA, MgC, hr lvle MgN.
Shkl hf tml fjens he tml sjtl hf tml 744tm
agrrhw grl th al ngtln je MgC hr plrmgps lvle
ogtlr. \re eh. >: (fji. 77) rlkjens us vlry kucm
hf tml Oguflonlr wgrl.
Khst hf tml ures fhuen ay T. E. Tgeble
(ehs. 7-74) gen C. Qj`ble (ehs. 77-16) grl hf
tml nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln Mgrpstlnt typl, wmjcm
phjets th g ngtjei je MgC-N hr lvle ogtlr.
^ml aj-chejcgo pht (hr 'Scmrîirgen \rel') wjtm
g colgroy nlfjeln rjk (fji. 6, eh. 7) js supphsln
th al chetlkphrgry wjtm tml gnvlet hf tml
Mgrpstlnt ures. j.l. MgC.
^m l sprlgn hf tml fjens frhk Tgeble, Qj`ble
gen tml 747st agrrhw chkpgrln th tml ohei
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 32/68
1> Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
njtcmls lxcgvgtln je 7:>= phjets th g mhrjzhetgo
Strgtjirgpmy. \efhrtuegtloy tml 744tm agrrhw
nhls eht fjt jeth tmjs systlk.
Ygtlrahob (7:<>, p. 74:-774) njscussls tml
rlsuots hf mjs phoole gegoysjs hf tml ohei njtcm
hf Ihjrol typl. Gotm hui m jt js njffjcuot th ha tgje
lxgct ngtjeis fhr tmlk, ml tmjebs jt ueojbloy
tmgt tmly grl honlr tmge g flw cleturjls A.C.
Nr. Y. vge Pljst frhk tml Ajhohijcgo-Grcmgl
hohijcgo Jestjtutl hf Irhejeile \ejvlrsjty
bjenoy rlchesjnlrln tmlsl rlsuots. Ml gosh je
vlstjigtln tmrll sgkpols frhk tml 744tm agrrhw.
Gcchrnjei th khnlre stgengrns, g ngtjei altwlle
7444 gen <44 A.C. kgy al gcclptln fhr ahtm
kheuklets. ^mly nh eht njfflr vlry kucm je
gil, tmgt js th sgy ay eht khrl tmge twh cleturjls.
Gcbehwolnilklets grl th al kgnl th tmhsl
wmh wlrl hf mlop th us je choolctjei tml ngtg
gahut tml Mljaohlk clkltlry. Yl wget th
lxprlss hur irgtjtunl th goo hf tmlk gen th tml
jestjtutjhes tmly rlprlslet. Lsplcjgooy kletjheln
smhuon al I. Allx, C. vge Nuj`e, Trhf. Nr. Y.
Iogsalrile , M. Trgg kstr g, Nrs. @. T. Vllr kg e
gen ^m. vge nl Vle. Nrguimtskle je tml fjlon
wlrl M. Trggk strg g en C. vge Nuj`e. ^ml ogttlr
prlpgrln fji. > gen < fhr tmjs puaojcgtjhe, wmlrl
gs tml htmlr nrgwjeis grl ay A. C. Nlbblr. Ylgrl jenlatln th Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo fhr chrrlctjei
tml Leiojsm tlxt.
^m l fjens frhk tml 7:>= ge n 7:<9 lxcgv gtjhe s
grl ehw je tml Clet rggo Ehh rn- Arga get' s
Kusluk gt Nle Ahscm.
J'uj n'ojst
Heoy tml fjens stjoo gvgjogaol th tml gutmhrs grl
jechrphrgtln je tmjs ojst wmjol honlr fjens mgvl
alle ohst.
^ml smgpls hf tml phts gen smlrns grl ehtnlscrjaln gs goo grl smhwe je tml jooustrgtjhes.
Goo tml phttlry js mgen -kh nlol n. Chohu rnlscrjp -
tjhes grl kgnl wjtm tml mlop hf Kuesloo's Chohr
Cmgrt.
Fjens frhk T. E. Tgeble 7=>>0
7. CEK7 99. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 72 TJ. V
eh. 732 7=6<-79. Fhuen je cletrl hf agrrhw 7 che-
7. CEK ; Cletrggo Ehhrnargagets Kusluk gt's-Mlrthileahscm.
tgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 6, eh. 7. Thttlr y irjt, phojsmln,pgtcmls hf ngrb irgy th yloohwjsm rln.1. CE K 9=. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. :0 TJ. VJeh. 32 -76. Fhuen je agrrhw = th tml wlst, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe gen ge jrhe pje (ehw ohst). (O. 6ck). Fji. 6, eh. 1. Thojsmln, ngr b irgy wjtm pgolarhwe stgjes.
3. CE K 9:. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. >2 TJ. VJeh. 72 7=6<-:< ( 8 ) . Fhuen je agrrhw > th tml wlst,chetgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 6, eh. 3. Thttlry-irjt, rjkgen smhuonlr phojsmln, ahny tmjeoy nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe ge n pgol arhwe.
>. CE K =4. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 90 7=6<-=4(hr =6 ) . Fhuen0 nllp nhwe je agrrhw 9, chetgjejeicrlkgtjhe. Fji. 6, eh. >. Eht tlkplrln, chjoln, phojsmln,vlry ngrb arhwe wjtm yloohwjsm arhwe pgtcmls.<. CE K =7. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 742 TJ. VJeh. <2 7=6<-34. Fhuen je agrrhw 77 wjtm cmgrchgo genaogcbjsm lgrtm. Fji. 6, eh. <. Chgrsl phttlry- irjt, fjeilrjkprjets he skhhtm rjk, ahny tmjcboy nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, ojimt arhwejsm irgy.
6. CE K =1. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo eh. 30 TJ. V eh. 7107=6<-3>. Fhuen je cletrl hf agrrhw 3 wjtm shklcmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 9, eh. 6. Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk, ahny tmjeoynlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.9. CE K =3. Hon kgrbs0 uerlgngaol0 TJ. V eh. 7>27=6<-3<( 8 ) . Fhuen je agrrhw 1 th tml wlst wjtm kucmcmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 9, eh. 9. Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk, ahny tmjcboy nl ojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.
=. CE K =>. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 77 2 TJ. VJeh. >0 7=6<-9<. Fhuen je agrrhw 73, chetgjejeicrlkgtjhe. Fji. 6, eh. =. Thttlr y-irjt, fjeilr jkprjetshe skhhtm rjk gen smhuonlr, ahny nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, rlnnjsm irgy th rlnnjsm arhwe.:.
CE K =<. Fhuen
je agrrhw
=, Fji. 9, eh. :. Thttlry-
irjt, nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe.74. CE K =6. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 7 <2 TJ. VJeh. 62 7=6<-99. Fhuen je agrrhw < `ust alohw tml thpwjtm cmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe gen cup (sllalohw). Fji. 9, eh. 74. Thttlry- irjt, fjeilr jkprjetshe skhhtm rjk, ahny nlojalrgtloy r huimlel n, rlnnjsmarhwe.74g. CEK =9. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 62 TJ.VJ eh. 12 7=6<-6<. Fhuen je ure eh. 74. Fji . 9, eh.74g. Eh t tlkplrln, rgtmlr skhhtm, hon surfgcl kjssjei.
Fjens frhk H Qj`ble0
77 . CE K 673. Fhuen je altwlle tw h agrrhws. Fji. :,eh. 77 (rlches tructln frhk Cgtgohiul 7:792 ehw ohst).Thojsmln.
71. CEK 67>. Fhuen gt fhht hf agrrhw. Fji. :, eh. 71.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, aogcb wjtm rlnnjsm yloohw stgjes.73. CEK 67<. Fhuen gt cletrl hf agrrhw. Fji. 9, eh.73. Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, ojimt hojvl arhwe.7>. CEK 679. Fhuen gt fhht hf agrrhw wjtm cmgrchgo.Fji. =, eh. 7>. Thttlr y-irjt , fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm-rjk, ahny nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsmarhwe.7<. CE K 67=. Fhuen gt fhht hf skgoo agrrhw. Fji. 9,eh. 7<. Thttlry-irjt, rjk wjtm fjeilr jkprjets, ahnymlgvjoy nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, njrty pgol arhwe.76. CE K 616. Eh fjen cjr cukstgecls. Y jtm tmrllfrgiklets hf jrhe ha`lct(s). Fji. =, eh. 76. Thttlry-irjt, nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, irgyjsm arhwe.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 33/68
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „ ^ml Mljaohlk 1<
79. CEK 613. Fhuen je agrr hw. Ehw ohst. Gcch rnjeith Cgtg ohiul 7:79. je smgpl chkpg rgaol th CE K 673(hur fji. :. eh. 77) aut wjtm gt olgst hel oui, nlchrgtln. he tml smhuonlr wjtm twh agens hf mhrjzhetgoirhhvls, wmjcm grl cheelctln ay vlrtjcgo irhhvlsalohw jo²' ouit.
7=. CE K 67:. Fhuen gt 'pog tlgu ' grlg, fji. =, eh. 7=.Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, phojsmln, ngrb irgywjtm yloohwjsm rln pgtcmls.7:. CEK 614. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. 9, eh. 7:.Thttlry-irjt, chgrsl sgen gen shkl hrigejc kgtlrjgo.phojomln, ojo.ub th ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe wjtm rlnnjsmyloohw stgjes.
14. CEK 617. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 14.Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, fjeilr jkprjets herjk, ahny nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, arhwe th rlnnjsmyloohw.17 . CEK 611. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 17.Thttlr) irjt, skhhtm, irgyjjm-aogcb.11 . CEK 61>. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 11.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm rjk gen nlojalrgtloy rhuimlelnahny, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.
13. CEK 619. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji =, eh. 13.J'httlrv-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, skhhtm, pgol arhwe.1>. CEK 61=. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 1>.Chgrsl qugrtz-irjt, phojsmln, ngrb irgy.1<. CEK 69<. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. 9, eh. 1<.Chgrsl sgen, skhhtm wjtm jecjsln ojels, yloohwjsm rlngen irgy2 trgesfhrkln ay slchengry fjrjei.16. CEK 6==. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu' elgr CEK 67:(hur fji. =, eh. 7=). Fji. :, eh. 16. Thttlry -irj t genhri,kjl kgtlrjgo, phojsmln, rlnnjsm arhwe.
Fjen frhk sgen-pjt0
19. CE K 671. Fhuen gt cletr l hf skgoo agrrh w wjtmshkl 'gsmls'. Fji. :, eh. 19. Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejckgtlrjgo, skhhtm, ojimt rlnnjsm arhwe.
Tjeng frhk lxcgvgtjhe 7:>=0
\efhrtuegtloy eht lvlry fjen frhk tml 7:>= lxcgvgtjhestjoo mgn jts fjen eukalr. Jt mgs alle jkphssjaol thrlchestruct tml eukalrjei wjtm tml mlop hf tml smhrtnlscrjptjhe kgnl gt tml lxcgvgtjhe. Sh wl wjoo ijvltmjs nlscrjptjhe gen gosh gt tml len, ijvl g nlscrjptjhehf tml fjens wjtmhut eukalr.
Fjen eukalrs 7. 1, gen 3 wlrl fhuen n urj ei sgennjiijei alfhrl tml lxcgvgtjhe. ^mly grl rlsplctjvloy,j phtsmlrn , g aji ure , gen g skgoo pht ( fhuen wjtmtml ure8),1=. Fjeneh. >. Fji. 74, eh. 1=. Qjksmlrn ge n ah tthk-smlrn, phttlry-irjt, eht vlry skhhtm, rlnnjsm arhwe.1:. Fjen eh. <. Fji. 74, eh. 1:. Qjks mlrn , prhagaoyeht tlkplrln, phojsmln wjtm irhhvln nlchrgtjhe, ngrbrlnnjsm arhwe.Fjeneh. 6. Aji pgrt ure.34. Fj eneh. 9. Vlry skgoo rjksmlrn, eht tlkplr ln,rgtmlr jkhhtm, rlnnjsm arhwe.3 7 . Fjeneh. =. Fji. :, eh. 37. Qjksmlr n, phttlry-ir jt,phojsmln, aogcb wjtm ojimt arhwe pgtcmls.J jtuoehs. : gen 74. Thtsmlrns .Fjenehs. 77 gen 71. Crlkgtjhe.Fjeneh, 73. Tgrt hf ure.Fjeneh. 7>. ^wh phtsmlrns.31. Fjeneh. 7<. Fji. 74, eh. 31. Smlr n, phttl ry-i rjt,phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy th ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe.
33. Fjeneh. 76. Fji. :, eh. 33. Smlrns hf pht, pht tlry -irjt, shkl qugrtz irjt, phojsmln stgjeln aogcb th rlnnjsmarhwe. Qjksmlrn, phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, ojimt arhwe.3>. Fjeneh. 79. Fji. 74, eh. 3>. Smlrns hf pht,phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, aogcb.3<. Fjeneh. 7=. Fji. : gen 74, eh. 3<. Smlrns hf
tmrll phts0 g) Smlrn wjtm trul Blrascmejtt, chgrslsgen, phojsmln, aogcb, a) Smlrn wjtm irhhvln ojels,chgrsl sgen, phojsmln, ngrb irgy, c) Cup wjtm hkpmgohsagsl, chgrsl sgen, skhhtm, arhwe.
36. Fjeneh. 7:. Fji. :, eh. 36. Smlrn, qugrt z irjt, rjkphojsmln, ahny rgtmlr rhuim, arhwe.39. Fji. 74, eh. 39. Smlrns hf pht, qug rtz irj t, skhhtm ,rlnnjsm arhwe th arhwe.3=.- Fji. 74, eh. 3=. Smlrns hf pht, fjel qugrtz irjt,skhhtm, rlnnjsm arhwe.3:.'- Thojsmln smlrn, sgen, ngrb irg y.>4.- Qgtmlr rhuim smlrn, sgen, rlnnjsm arhwe.>7 . Fji. :, eh. >7. Ahtthk, phttlry-i rjt gen sgen,chjoln, rgtmlr skhhtm, rlnnjsm irgy th rlnnjsm arhwe.>1. Fji. :, eh. >1. Mgof hf pht, sgen, phojsmln, kgjeoyngrb irgy, aut stgjeln th yloohwjsm rln.>3. ' Fji. :, eh. >3. Jechkpoltl ahwo, ph ttlry-irj t,phojsmln, stgjeln ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe gen rlnnjsmarhwe.>>.0j pji p3) e h >> Jechkpol tl pht, phttlry -irjt,skhhtmln, stgjeln, rlnnjsm arhwe th rlnnjsm yloohw.
Fjen frhk 7:<30
>< . Fhue n je ehr tml re pgrt hf 744tm agrr hw. Fji. 74,eh. ><. Thttlry-irjt, phojsmln, irhhvln nlchrgtjhe,stgjeln.
Fjens frhk lxcgvgtjhe 7:<90
>6. Fjeneh. 7. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw je njsturalnshjo. Fojet aognl (O. 6.= ck).
>9 . Fje neh . 1. Fhuen je S.Y. qu gnrg et hf 744tmagrrhw `ust jesjnl phstcjrcol. Ahtthksmlrn, phttlry-irjt,skhhtm, ngrb arhwe.>=. Fjeneh. 3. Fhuen je 747st agrrhw chetgjejeiCrlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. >=. Thttlr y-i rjt gen qugrtz irjt,fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk gen smhuonlr, ahnynlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm yloohw. ^hiltmlr wjtmge jrhe pje0 fji. 71.>: . Fjeneh . >. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw th tml wlstchetgj ejei crlkgtjhe . Fji. 77, eh. >:. Thttlry-ir jt.phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy wjtm yloohwjsm arhwe pgtcmls.<4. Fjen eh. <. Fhuen je 747st agrr hw. Cmgr chgo Frhkphst je E.Y. qugnrget.<7 . Fjen eh. 6. Fhuen je 744tm agrr hw je S.Y. qugn rget wjtm arhezl pje (fji. 71) gen wjtm crlkgtjhe.Fji. 74, eh. <7. ^lkplrjei uenltlrkjeln, phojsmln,pgtcmls hf arhwe.<1. Fjen eh. 9.. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw je S.Y. qug nrge t wjtm crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. <1. Smlrns hf pht,chgrsl phttlry-irjt, skhhtm, ojimt arhwe.<3. Fjeneh. =. Fhuen je 744tm agrrhw je S.Y.qug nrg et chetgjej ei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77 , eh. <3.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, pgjrln fjeilr jkprlssjhes, ojimtyloohwjsm arhwe.
1. Ehs. 39->4 wlrl thil tml r je hel fjen-agi.3. Shkl smlrns hf ehs. >3 gen >> mgvl tm l eh. 7
htmlrs mgvl tml eh. 7,3 gen gigje htmlrs mgvl eheukalr.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 34/68
16 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
<>. Fjeneh. :. Fhuen je oH\tm agrr hw je S.L. chrelrhf E.Y. qugnrget. Cmgrchgo.<<. Fjene h. 74. Fhuen je 744tm agrrhw. Cr lkgtjhe .<6. Fjeneh. 77. Fhuen je C-L aguob hf 744tm agrrhw.Crlkgtjhe.<9. Fjeneh. 71. Fhuen je rjei njtcm shutm hf 744tm
agrrhw. Fji. 74, eh. <9. ^wh rjksmlrns0 g) wjtm oui,phttlry-irjt, rgtmlr skhhtm, jkprjets gen fjeilr jk-
Allx, I. (7:<9), ^wll irgfmluvlos, Argagets MllkVJJJ, p. 94-97.
Allx, Ir. (7:6>), Vhenstklonjeile, Argagets Mllk]VJ, p. ==-:4.
Iogsalrile. VV. ( 7:7:). Hpirgv jeile je Ehhr n-Ar gaget(Gopmle, ^htlrfhut, Mgovl Kj`o, Vlonmhvle), Argagets Mllk J, p. <<-61.
Iogsalrile, VV. (7:<>). Agrrhw Lxcgvgtjhes je tml
Ljimt Algtjtunls. ^ml Arhezl Gil Clkltlry altwlleJ hjrj fhut gen Mgovl Kj`o, Ehrtm Argaget , J , JJ ,
Tgogchmjsthrjg 1, p. 7-73>2 Tgoglhmjsthrjg 3, p. 7-14>.Mlrkge«, C. Q. (7=6<), Ehhrnargagets Hunmlnle,
p. =1-=< (Stl les lo) 2 TJ. V, 71-7> le TJ. VJ , 7-6.Mhowlrng, @. M., le K. G. Lvlolje (7:74), Hpirg
vjeile tl Vlonmhvle (E.Ar.), Hunmljnb. Klnln. M.K.v.H., H.Q. JV, p. >3->=.
Mhowlrng, . [. M., le @. T. VV. G. Skjt (7 :7 9) , Cgtgohius nlr grcmlhohijscml vlrzgklojei vge mlt Trhvje-cjggo Ilehhtscmgp vhhr Buestle le Yltlescmgppleje Ehhrn-Argaget.
prjets he rjk, oui gen smhuonlr, arhwe gen ojimtarhwe, a) phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, jkprjets fhr nlchrgtjhe, aogcb gen arhwe.<=. Fjene h. 73. Fhue n je 744tm agrrhw je S.Y.qugn rget chetgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. <=.Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk, ahny
nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe.
Tgeble, T. E. (7= >>) , Vhhrcmrjstloj`bl alirggfpoggtsle je nl mljnle tl Alriljb, Qjltmhvle, Vlonmhvle.Stlleslo, Belislo, Hlrol, Yjetlorl, Llrslo, Mgplrtle Oujbs-Ilstlo, pp. <<6-<6<0 Alrjit wliles llevhhrcmrjstloj`b blrbmhf je nl mljnl tusscmre Vlonmhvle le Stlleslo. Je0 C. Q. Mlrkges Aj`nrgile ohonl Ilscmjlnlejs, Hunmlnle, Olttlrle, Stgtjstjlb le
Allonlenl Buestle nlr Trhvjecjl Ehhrn-Argagen,
no. 7.Vlrwlrs, I. @. (7:66), Ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets je
tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons, Gego. Trglm. Oljn.,JJ , p. >:.
Vhilo, @. C , gen M. ^. Ygtlrahob ( 7:6 3), Irhe jeileQgnjhcgrahe Ngtls JV, Qgnjhcgrahe <, p. 763-141.
Vrjls, Mo. nl, gen IY . Agrlensle (7: <=) , IrhejeileQgnjhcgrahe Ngtls JJJ, Scjlecl 716, p. 7<<4-7<<6.
Ygtlrahob, M. ^. (7:<>), Nl prglmjsthrjscml kles le zj`e kjojlu, Gssle.
Ygtlrahob, M. ^. (7:6>), ^ml Arhezl Gil olttolkleohf Lop, Mlojejuk JV, p. :9-737.
O J ^ L Q G ^ \ Q L
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 35/68
^ \ K \ O J G ^ ^ M L P L V L E A L Q I L E E L G Q H S S I L K. A L Q I M L K
T Q H V . E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^
I.@ .VLQYLQS
Je tml mgkolt hf "Plvlealrile" RSlvle Mjoos) twh hut hf tml slvle tukuoj
wlrl jevlstjigtln. ^ml fjrst hel wgs aujot hvlr ge lxtlenln jemukgtjhe wjtm
hut irgvl ihhns. Ogtlr ge ure hf tml Mjovlrsuk`'Nrgblestlje irhup gen g
nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln ure wlrl aurjln je tmjs kheuklet. ^ml slchen tukuous
ogy he thp hf ge hvgo lecohusurl, ahrnlrln ay g njtcm gen rhws hf phstmhols.
ohei tjkl, aut wgs elvlr geswlrln. ^ml prhphsgos
fhr leogrijei tml rhgn gt tml lxplesl hf tmjs fhrlst
kgnl lxcgvgtjhe elclssgry. ^mlrlfhrl twh hf tml
slvle mjoos wlrl jevlstjigtln. Ay tml fgct tmgt jt
wjoo o)c rlchkklenln th pogcl tml 'Plvle Alrile'
he tml rlijstlr hf gecjlet kheuklets, hel kgy
iulss tml rlsuot hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes.
^ukuous J
^ml pmlehkleg smhwe ay slctjhes gen poges je
tmrll qugnrgets hf tmjs tukuous (tml EY.
qugnrget wgs olft uethucmln) jenjcgtl tmgt jt
wgs aujot hf shns (fji. 1). ^ml mljimt gen nj
gk lt lr grl 64 ck gen gahut 71 k rlsplctjvloy.
^ml tukuous chvlrs g rlctgeiuogr irgvl wmjcm
wgs nui tmrhuim tml phnzhojsln sua-shjo jeth
yloohw sgen. Tgrt hf tml tmrhwe-hut sgen mgs
alle prlslrvln gs g tmje ogylr he tml hon surfgcl,
vjsjaol je tml C-Y. slctjhe. He tml ahtthk hf
tml >4 ck nllp irgvl, g ahny mgn alle aurjln.
^ml heojel smhwln tml fhoohwjei nltgjos0 tml
ahny wgs pogcln lxtlenln he tml agcb, mlgn
hrjletln LEL., tml grks alsjnl tml ahny, gen
tml mgens prhagaoy he tml plovjs (fji. 1).
Cgocuogtjhes hf tml thtgo mljimt he tml agsjs hf
tml oleitms hf flkur gen tjajg rlsuotln je ge
gvlrgil hf 7=< ck wmjol tmhsl agsln he muklrus
gen uoeg/rgnjus igvl 7=6 ck. ^ml oleitm hf
^ml 'Kggsbget' behws oue_ th mhehur jts getj
qujtjls0 gohei Tggoirgvleogge gen Blotlewli
hel rlgcmls Aurscm's tukuoj, wmjost tml Vhrstle-
irgfogge wjoo arjei yhu th tml 'algutjfuoo agrrhw
hf Hss'. Hel js tlkpln th pogcl tml egkl Plvle-
alrile gos., je tmjs slrjls. Je tml mgkolt hj
Plvlealrile, he tml ahuengrjls altwlle tml
kuejcjpgojtjls hf Alrimlk, Hss, Scmgyb, gen
Ejstlorhnl, he g skgoo poht hf fhrlst ehrtm hf tmlrhgn frhk 's-Mlrthileahscm th Ej`klile, g
irhup hf slvle ojttol mjoos js sjtugtln. Nrjf tsgen
hr tukuous8, wgs g qulstjhe wmjcm sthhn fhr g
Fji. / . Ilhirgpmjc ohcgtjhe hf tml ^ukuoj gt tmlPlvlealrile.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 36/68
1= Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg 77
j X . . .„ . „ ' " ' j *. " " ' ' . «² -
tml chkpoltl hutojel wgs 7==-7:4 ck. Fhr tmjs
rlgshe 7=9 · 1 ck kjimt al ches jnlrln gs tJe
khst prhagaol mljimt hf tml nlclgsln 7
.^ml irgvl wgs fjooln wjtm shns. ^ml custhk
hf auryjei tml nlgn je g rlctgeiuogr irgvl,
supjel, je ge lxtlenln phsjtjhe, suiilsts g ngtjei
je tml Lgroy hr Kjnnol Arhezl Gil.
Ge getl qulk ngt l wgs prhv jnln ay ge ur e.
(fjis. 3 gen >, eh. 3), wmjcm wgs fhuen je tml
agrrhw gahvl tml irgvl. Slvlrgo khol-trgcbs
7. Yl grl jenlatln th Kr. L. Phengi fhr mjs cgocu-ogojhes gen mjs cheslet th puaojsm tml rlsuots.
Fji. 1. Toge gen slctjhes hf ^ukuous J gt Plvleacrile. Scgol 7 0 744 gen 7 0 144.
grhuen tml ure cgusln slvlrl ngkgil. ^ml ure
js mgenkgnl hf cogy tlkplrln wjtm qugrtz irjt.
Gs eh sgen wgs usln, fjrjei arhuimt gahut ojttol
crgcbs colgroy vjsjaol gt tml surfgcl. ^ml wgoo
wgs aujot hf fjvl chjos wmjol tml hutsjnl mgn alle
nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln wjtm khjst cogy. ^mjs
chvlr mgs je pogcls alle skhhtmln wjtm tml
fjeilrs je g vlrtjcgo njrlctjhe gen tml chohur js
rlnnjsm yloohw.
^ml ure chetgjeln g ogril qugetjty hf crl
kgtln ahels. Gkhei tmlk wlrl pjlcls wjtm
jecjsln nlchrgtjhes2 tml cjrcol gen phjet khtjf
hccurrln g flw tjkls (fji. <). ^mjs khtjf mgs
alle usln je kgey rlijhes fhr kgey cleturjls,tmlrlfhrl jt nhls eht hfflr gey ngtl.
^ml smgpl gen kgtlrjgo hf tml ure phjet
thwgrn tml Mjovlrsuk/Nrgblestlje-clrgkjcs aut
gtypjcgo th tmg t irhu p js tml rhuimleln surfgcl
ht tml Alrimlrg pht. ^mjs mhwlvlr cgeeht plr
sugnl us th nlpgrt frhk tml currlet ngtjei je
tml Kjnnol hr Ogtl Arhezl Gil.
Colgroy vjsjaol je goo slctjhes js g cjrcuogr njtcm,
nui eht jeth tml fhht aut jeth tml sjnls hf tml
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 37/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ ^u
oÿi. JJ. J je je). 3 fhuen je ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile. Scgol 7 0 >.
Fji. J. \re eh. 3 fhuen je ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile.
uoj gt tml Plvlealrile 1:
tukuous (sll l.i. E-C.slctjhe). ^ml poges (fji.
1) hf tml tmrll qugnrgets gosh smhwln tmjs njtcm.
Jt kjimt al jetlrruptln je tml shutmlgst. Aljei
slchengry, rlogtjvl th tml agrrhw, jts rlogtjhe
wjtm tml ure nlscrjaln gahvl sllks phssjaol.
Frhk tml fjoo hf g rlclet njsturagecl je tml
cletrl hf tml tukuous cgkl shkl frgiklets hf
crlkgtln ahel gen twh smlrns hf tmjcb phttlry
wjtm g nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcl (ueojbl
ure 3, fji. 3). ^mly plrmgps jenjcgtl g tmjrn
jetlrklet wmjcm hfflrs gehtmlr phssjaol ngtjei
fhr tml cjrcuogr njtcm.
Ay wgy hf sukkgry, jt kgy al stgtln tmgj
^ukuous J wgs chestructln je tml Lgroy hr
Kjnnol Arhezl Gil hvlr ge lxtlenln aurjgo.
Jt wgs rlusln je tml Kjnnol hr Ogtl Arhezl Gil,
gcchrnjei th tml nlphsjtjhe hf ge ure hf tml
Mjovlrsuk/Nrgblestlje irhup. G fjego jetlrklet
wgs gcchkpgejln ay g vlsslo hf tmjcb phttlry
wjtm nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcl, prhagaoy
aloheijei th tml MgC/N plrjhn.
^ukuous JJ
7 mjrjei tml jevlstjigtjhes hf tmjs gsykkltrjcgo
tukuous jt wgs lsplcjgooy tml poge tmgt hfflrln
jetlrlstjei jefhrkgtjhe (fji. 6) . Alohw tml agr
rhw, wmjcm wgs aujot frhk shns he g phnzhojslnsua-shjo, ge hvgo arhwe njtcm wgs hutojeln
gigjest tml yloohw sgen. ^ml C-S. slctjhe smhws
tmjs njtcm th al honlr tmge tml tukuous, tmjs fgct
aljei supphrtln ay tml njfflrlecl je smgpl hf
tukuous gen njtcm.
Je tml EY. gen SY. qugnrgets, twh rhws hf
phst-mhols rge pgrgoolo th tml hvgo njtcm (fji. 9) .
Loslwmlrl heoy hel rhw js vjsjaol gen tml phsts
mgvl alle spgcln khrl cohsloy. ^ml cmrhehohij-
) X _ ,'JM'07. \j
Fji. <. Frgiklets hf nlchrgtln ahel frhk tml chetletshf ure eh. 3. ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile. Scgol 707.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 38/68
34 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Ocjnlesjg JJ
Fji. 6. Toge gen slctjhes hf ^ukuous JJ gt tml Plvlealrile . Scgol 7 0 744 gen 7 0 144.
cgo rlogtjhe altwlle njtcm gen phsts js uebehwe.
Cohsl th tml SY. aguob je tml SY. qugnrget
shkl smlrns gen crlkgtln ahels wlrl fhuen
altwlle trll rhhts. ^m l smlrns wlrl kgn l frhk
cogy tlkplrln wjtm phttlry-irjt. ^mly mgn alle
phojsmln he tml hutsjnl gen wlrl wloo-fjrln.
^mrll frgiklets smhw g nlchrgtjhe hf jecjsln
trjgeiols aut tmjs khtjf hfflrs eh lxgct ngtjei
lvjnlecl (fji. =) . ^mlr l js eh jefhrkgtjhe gs th
tml smgpl hf tmjs phttlry. ^ml fjenspht js lccletrjc
je rlsplct th tml tukuous gs jt js sjtugtln he
tml ohei gxjs hf tml hvgo khe ukl et. \ef hrt ueg
tloy tml trll rhhts eligtl tml phssjajojty hf
clrtgjety gs th wmltmlr tml smlrns gen crlkgtjhe
wlrl stjoo je tmljr hrjijego phsjtjhes2 tmus wl grl
olft je nhuat gs th tmljr rlogtjhe th hel hf tml
kheuklets nlscrjaln.
Htmlr fjens grl ogcbjei2 ehr wlrl gnnjtjhego
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 39/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ ^ukuoj gt tml Plvlealrile 37
jetlrklets hr g irgvlpjt haslrvln. ^mlrlfhrl g
ngtjei hf tml tukuous gen tml hvgo chestructjhe
js njffjcuot.-
Ge lxgctoy chkpgrgaol chkajegtjhe hf g rhuen
gen ge hvgo kheuklet js uebehwe th us. Njstgetrlslkaogecls grl prlslet gt tml urefjlon gt Beli-
slo. Je slvlrgo urefjlons hvgo kheuklets hf sj
kjogr smgpl mgvl alle rlchrnln, surrhuenln
cjtmlr ay phsts hr ay g njtcm. ^mly wlrl che
structln nurjei tml wmhol hf tml shutmlre Nutcm
*uklevlonle' plrjhn, j.l. MgA th MgC/N. ^mjs
irhup js nlscrjaln je hel hf tml fhoohwjei grtjcols.
Gt tml fhht hf ahtm tukuoj, sua-rlclet njs
turagecls je egrrhw pgrgoolo smjps wle- ehtjcln.
^mly mgvl alle jetlrprltln gs cgrt trgcbs. G
1. Nr. @. C. Vhilo gt Irhejeile jefhrkln us tmgt gcmgrchgo sgkpol frhk tml fjoo hf tml hvgo njtcm mgnmlle gegoysln. Gs g prlojkjegry ngtjei wl grlgoohwln th puaojsm <=4 · <4 A.C. ^mjs ngtl girllsvlry wloo wjtm tmgt hf tml uepuaojsmln hvgo kheuklet hf Mgps, wmjcm he grcmglhohijcgo irhuensaloheis th tml MgC/N plrjhn (sll p. <<).
Fji. =. Nlchrgtln smlrns (eh. 1) frhk ^ukuous JJ gttml Plvlealrile. Scgol 7 0 1.
chje fhuen gt tml ahtthk hf hel hf tmlsl trgcbs
ahtl tml ylgr 7=19. ^ml trgcbs grl pgrgoolo th
tml Plvlealrislwli gen phssjaoy fhrk g fhrl
rueelr hf tml khnlre gspmgot rhgn.
^ml jevlstjigtjhes prhvln, tmgt gt olgst twh hf
tml slvle mjoos wlrl tukuoj. Jt tmlrlfhrl sllks
gcclptgaol th rligrn tmjs grlg gs g Arhezl
Gil/Jrhe Gil clkltlry. Ymltmlr gey rlogtjhes
th tml elgray Mg C 'Vhrstleirgf' grl prlslet,kjimt al jenjcg tln ay furtmlr jevlstjigtjhes.
^mlsl mgvl alle scmlnuoln fhr tml elgr futurl.
^ml lxcgvgtjhes gt tml Plvlealrile thhb pogcl
je twh plrjhns0 je Hcthalr hf 7:6>, tml SY.
qugnrgets hf ahtm tukuoj wlrl jevlstjigtln.
Fji. 9. Tgrt hf tml hvgo njtcm gen tml twh rhws hf phstmhols alohw ^ukuous JJ gt tml Plvlealrile, vjlwjei wlst.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 40/68
31 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Kjss A. Sjrg gen Kr. O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges.
stunlets hf tml Jestjtutl fhr Trlmjsthry mgn tml
ngjoy suplrvjsjhe. Trhflsshr Khnnlrkge njrlctln
g trgjejei-chursl fhr stunlets je Gprjo 7:6<.
J mjrjei t mgt plrjhn, tml rlkgjejei qugnr gets(lxclpt tml EY. hel je ^ukuous J) wlrl lxcg
vgtln. Je tml fjlon tml nrgwjeis wlrl kgnl ay-
Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn gen Kr. A. C. Nlbblr kgnl
tmlk rlgny fhr puaojcgtjhe. Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo
bjenoy chrrlctln tml Leiojsm kgeuscrjpt. Yl grl
irlgtoy jenlatln th tml kuejcjpgo gutmhrjtjls hf
Alrimlk gen th Kr. M. ^luejssle, klnjcgonhcthr gt Alrimlk, fhr tml jenjsplesgaol mlop
hfflrln th us.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 41/68
G O G J L A Q H E P L G I L / L G Q O Z J Q H E G I L \ Q E F J L O N G ^
(2 () J Q O L, T Q H V. E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^
I. @. V L Q Y L Q S
Je gnnjtjhe th tml jevlstjigtjhes hf 7:1>` 7:1< ay G.L. Qlkhucbgkps, pgrt hf
kj urefjlon gt Ihjrol wgs lxcgvgtln. ̂ ml shjokgrbs aloheiln th twh typls hf
kheuklets. Cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn hecl surrhuenln ohw tukuoj, wmjcm chvlrln
ures hf MgA gen MgC`N ngtl. Ohei pgrgoolo njtcmls ahrnlrln loheigtln
lecohsurls, klgsurjei 64 ] 3.< k he tml gvlrgil. ̂ mly wlrl rlogtln th shkl
hf tml cjrcuogr njtcmls. Smlrns gen cmgrchgo, choolctln frhk tmljr fjoojeis, ngtl
tmlsl kheuklets th MgA. ^mly grl jetlrprltln gs girjcuoturgo fjlons, tmgt
slrvln shkl purphsls cheelctln wjtm tml fuelrgo rjtl. Yl prhphsl fhr tmlk tml
egkl "Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl".
Jetrhnuctjhe
'Jkprlssjvl' js wmgt hel kjimt cgoo tml eukalr
hf ures nlrjvjei frhk tml 'urelevlonle' o je tml
shutmlre pgrt hf tml Eltmlrogens. ^ml kusluks
hf Oljnle, 's-Mlrthileahscm gen Kggstrjcmt,thiltmlr wjtm slvlrgo ohcgo kusluks gen prjvgtl
choolctjhes, mhon muenrlns hf phts, wmjcm alcgusl
hf tmljr rlputln uejfhrkjty grl g nrlgnln sua`lct
je prlmjsthry slkjegrs. Kgey hf tml ures lscgpln
geejmjogtjhe alcgusl hf tml gctjvjtjls hf choolcthrs
muetjei fhr getjqujtjls he tml khhrogens uenlr
rlcogkgtjhe gt tml ture hf tml cletury. ^mljr
jetlrlsts wlrl usugooy rlstrjctln th chkpoltl
pjlcls, smlrns wlrl jevgrjgaoy tmrhwe gsjnl, gen
je kgey cgsls tml lxgct hrjije hf tmljr trlgsurls
js uebehwe.
77 js uef hrt ueg tl tmgt tml skgoolst pgr t hf hu r
'urelevlonle'-jemcrjtgecl chkls frhk scjletjfjc
jevlstjigtjhes, hrjijegtln je 7:4: gt Qjltmhvle
ay Kr. K. G. Lvlolje frhk tml Qj`bskusluk
vge Hun ojlnle (Egtjheg o Kuslu k hf Getjquj
tjls) gt Oljnle gen sjecl cgrrjln he ay slvlrgo
htmlr grcmglhohijsts (Lvlolje, 7:74). G alttlr
gpprlcjgtjhe hf tml Nutcm prlmjsthry hf tml ogst
J. Fht tml rlogtjhe altwlle tml Nutc m '\ rel evlo nle 'gejo tml Ilrkge '\releflonlr', sll p. >:.
kjoolejuk A.C. kjimt al furtmlrln ay jecrlgsjei
tml eukalr hf fuooy nhcukletln fjens. Yl wlrl
tmlrlfhrl polgsln ay tml ehtjfjcgtjhe frhk Kr.
I Allx hf Ljenmhvle tmgt tml sjtl hf tml pgrtjgooyjevlstjigtln urefjlon elgr Ihjrol wgs hple th
lxcgvgtjhes alcgusl fhrtmchkjei chestructjhe.
Yl grl jenlatln th tml kuejcjpgo gutmhrjtjls hf
Ihjrol fhr tmljr cheslet, th tml getjqugrjge
shcjlty 'Nl Vylr Mllrtigeimle' fhr tmljr ch
hplrgtjhe gen tmljr mhspjtgojty hfflrln th hur
stunlets, th Kr. M. vge Tuylearhlb wmh bjenoy
smhwln us mjs choolctjhe, gen th goo htmlrs wmh
chetrjautln th tml succlss hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes.
Sjtugtjhe
Je tml chvlrsgen grlg elgr tml Aloijge frhetjlr,
shkl 9 bjohkltlrs shutm hf ^joauri, tml vjoogil
hf Ihjrol js sjtugtln. ^hngy jts honlst pgrt ojls
je tml vgooly hf tml Thpploscml gen Qhvlrtscml
Olj. Kr. G. Mhhilenhhre, Slcrltgry th tml
shcjlty 'Nl Vylr Mllrtigeimle', wmh njn kucm
whrb he tml lgrojlst mjsthry hf Ihjrol, jefhrkln
us tmgt tml fjrst slttolklet hf Ihjrol kust mgvl
alle khrl wlstlroy, he tml mjimlr sgenrjnil,
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 42/68
3> Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
wmjcm he jts wlstlre sjnl ahrnlrs tml skgoo vgooly
hf tml Hunl Olj.
^mjs rjnil, stjoo pgrtoy chvlrln wjtm mlgtm,
cgrrjls slvlrgo trgcls hf prlmjsthrjc hccupgtjhe
gkhei wmjcm tml Arhezl Gil tukuoj he tml'Qlcmtl Mljnl', lxcgvgtln ay Trhflsshr G. L.
vge Ijffle, alohei th tmhsl alst behw e (vge
Ijffle, 7:39).
Lgst hf Ihjrol, tml sgenrjnil mgs tml egkl hf
'Mhhiljen' (mhhi ; mjim). ^mlrl, gohei tml
Qjlosl Nj`b, tml urefjlon js sjtugtln 1. ^ml shjo
chesjsts hf vlry ohgky fjel sgen hf vlry phhr
qugojty, wmjcm mgs alle phnzhojsln. Jt nhls eht
chetgje gey irgvlo. G flw muenrln kltlrs th tml
ehrtm, tml ngrb chohur hf tml thpshjo jenjcgtls tml
prlslecl hf hon grgaol ogen he gokhst tml sgkltypl hf shjo.
1. Nutcm thphirgpmjc kgp.737.></3:1.64.
7 0 <4.444. <4 Hhst.
Trlvjhus lxcgvgtjhes
Gftlr tml ehtjcl ay Kr. L. @. vge Tuylearhlb hf
Ihjrol, tmgt ay sgen-njiijei he tml Mhhiljen
phts mgn chkl th ojimt, tml Curgthr hf tml
Egtjhego Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls, Kr. G. L.Qlkhucmgkps, vjsjtln tml pogcl je Kgy 7:1>.
Jt wgs nlcjnln th stgrt g scjletjfjc lxpohrgtjhe,
fhr gotmhuim pgrt hf tml grlg mgn alle rlkhvln,
je tml rlkgjejei phrtjhe slvlrgo skgoo agrrhws
wlrl vjsjaol. Gosh g flw muenrln kltlrs th tml
shutm, ures mgn alle njschvlrln nurjei fhrlst
pogetjei je 7:79. ^mjs jefhrkgtjhe wgs prhvjnln
ay Kr. vge Tuylearhlb, je wmhsl phsslssjhe
wlrl gahut g nhzle hf tml ures.
Je tml sukklr hf 7:1> Qlkhucmgkps lxcg
vgtln slvlrgo tukuoj fhr twh wllbs2 je 7:1< helwllb wgs nlvhtln th tml jevlstjigtjhe hf tmljr
surrhuenjeis ay hel kltlr wjnl trlecmls (fji. 7).
^ml rlsuots hf tmlsl lxcgvgtjhes wlrl puaojsmln
je 7:16 (Qlkhucmgkps, 7:16).
Fji. 7. Ilhirgpmjc ohcgtjhe hf tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol. Scgol 7 0 1<.444 gen 7 0 744.444.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 43/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ \refjlon gt Ihjrol 3<
h 74
Fji. 1. Toge hf tml Lxcgvgtjhes gt tml \re fjlon gt Ihj rol. Scgol 7 0 :44.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 44/68
36 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Fjt Ojhei Njtcmls hf tml O^kfjlon g7 Ihjrj?
Qlkhucmgkps' kgp (fji. 1) smhws hvlr 34
frgiklets hf cjrcuogr njschohurgtjhes, wmjcm grl
tojc rlkegets hf rjeinjtcmls tmgt usugooy lecohsln
tml skgoo urefjlon tukuoj. Je tml cletrls hf
slvlrgo hf tmlsl, ures wjtm crlkgtln ahels mgn
alle aurjln. Gt olgst sjx cjrcols wlrl jetlrruptln
je tml shutmlgst mut tml kltmhn hf lxcgvgtjhe
gppojln nhls eht legaol us th sll wmltmlr tmlrl
wlrl khrl cjrcols hf tmjs typl.
Alsjnls tml ohei njtcmls th al nlscrjaln alohw,
je tml wlstlre pgrt hf tml lxcgvgtjhe g tukuous.
elgroy hel kltlr mjim, wgs jevlstjigtln. Jt wgs
surrhuenln ay g sjeiol, wjnloy spgcln phst-cjrcol
wjtm gehtmlr cjrcol hf cohsl-slt stgbls, hutsjnl hf
wmjcm twh rjeinjtcmls mgn alle nui. Je tml
cletrl tmlrl mgn alle g rlctgeiuogr irgvlpjt
chetgjejei crlkgtln ahels. ^mlsl flgturls goo
aloheiln th hel plrjhn, gcchrnjei th Qlkhu
cmgkps, gen chuon al ngtln je tml Ogtl Elh
ojtmjc plrjhn hr sojimtoy ogtlr. Y. Iogsalrile
chrrlctoy njstjeiujsmln tmrll plrjhns2 tml fjrst
plrjhn, wjtm phst gen stgbl cjrcols gen tml
crlkgtjhe irgvl js ngtln th tml Lgroy hr Kjnnol
Arhezl Gil (Iogsalrile, 7:<>). Jt rlkgjes
ueclrtgje wmltmlr twh hf tml ohei njtcmls rue
ejei thwgrns tmjs agrrhw gctugooy fhrkln ge
'gooll' th jt. gs Qlkhucmgkps suiilstln.
Fjegooy ge gokhst rlctgeiuogr njtcm gahut
14 k je oleitm wgs njschvlrln. Jt chetgjeln ge
ure wjtm crlkgtln ahels je tml cletrl (fji. <,
eh. 39). Jt wgs ogtlr chvlrln ay g tukuous wjtm
g cjrcuogr njtcm, th wmjcm aloheis ure eh. 36
(fji. 6).
^ml fjens hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe grl nlscrjaln
alohw thiltmlr wjtm tmhsl frhk tml 7:6< lx
cgvgtjhe. Khst hf tmlk chkl frhk tml cletrls
hf tml cjrcuogr njtcmls. Jt js th al rlirlttln tmgt
eht khrl gttletjhe wgs pgjn th tml ohei njtcmls,
gs tmly chuon mgvl suppojln kucm checousjvl
jefhrkgtjhe.
He tml poht jevlstjigtln ay Qlkhucmgkps,
fjrs wlrl pogetln je Ehvlkalr gen Nlclkalr
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 45/68
I. @. Vlrwljs „ \re`jlon gt Ihjrol 39
7:3 J. 7 mjrjei tmjs whrb, slvlrgo uj gs gigje turelnup. He tml suiilstjhe hf Nr. F. C. Aurscm hf tmlEgtjhego Kusluk, tml ogahurlrs gccurgtloy
kgppln tmljr fjens. \efhrtuegtloy tml eukalrs
he tml kgp wlrl eht ehtln he tml ures. ^mlnlscrjptjhes je tml fjenahhb, ojbl 'aogcb, je smlrns'.
'ngrb, chkpoltl', hr 'nlchrgtln, trgkpoln nhwe'
ltc , prhvln th al jesuffjcjlet fhr lxgct nltl r
kjegtjhe. Heoy hel pht chuon al ohcgtln0 tmjs hel
mgvjei g mgenol, g fgct tmgt gosh strucb tml
scrjal hf 7:3>.
Lxcgvgtjhe 7:6<
Gssjstln ay tml 'Bhejeboj`bl Stncrogenscml Mlj-
jot ogggt.u mgppj`' frhk 16 Gprjo tjoo < @u el 7:6<,grcmglhohijcgo jevlstjigtjhes wlrl cgrrjln hut he
pgrt hf tml futurl aueigohw lstgtl (fji. 7).
Tgrgoolo th tml Ahnlpgn, g strjp 34 ] =4 kltlrs
wgs lxcgvgtln. Cheelctln wjtm tmjs strjp twh
trlecmls wlrl hpleln je tml njrlctjhe hf tml
Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhes, legaojei us th chk
ajel tml poges hf 7:1< gen 7:6<. Fjegooy, gohei
tml \relevlonstrggt g skgoo tlstpjt njn eht hfflr
gey jefhrkgtjhe, gs tml shjo mgn alle whrbln th
g irlgt nlptm. Qlcletoy tml grlg wlst (7 tmlAhnlpgn wgs chvlrln wjtm mlgtm gen shkl ! kgoo
fjrs. Gotmhuim arhble up lgrojlr, tmjs wgs nhel
sh suplrfjcjgoy tmgt tml hon kjcrh-rlojlf hf skgoo
rjnils rueejei gahut ehrtm-shutm wgs olft jetgct.
^ml njsturagecl hf tml thpshjo rlgcmln fhr shkl
14 ck je nlptm gt tml thp hf tml rjnils, olgvjei
pgrt hf tml A-ogylr hf tml phnzhojsln prhfjol je
pogcl. Je tml nlprlssjhes altwlle tml rjnils, tml
shjo mgn alle arhble up th g irlgtlr nlptm. Mlrl
tml phnzho prhfjol mgn vgejsmln chkpoltloy.
^mlsl nlprlssjhes grl vjsjaol he tml kgp gs strjps
wjtmhut shjokgrbs.
Ay tgbjei gwgy tml njsturaln thpshjo. lsplcjgooy
je tml mjimlr pgrts, pgrgoolo ojels hf ngrb arhwe
chohur alcgkl vjsjaol je tml arhwejsm yloohw
sgen. ^mly kgy al jetlrprltln gs tml rlkegets
Fji, >. ^ml ehrtmwlstlre cuns hf tml Ohei Njtcmls je tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol, vjlwjei lgst.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 46/68
3= Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
0, j Jt M
\ o t f " '
Fji. <. Thttlry frhk tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol, Scgol 7 0 >. >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 47/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ \re`jlon gt Ihjrol 3:
/
• '
!
g
o>=
\´
$LNXU@ 3:
Fji. 6. Tht tlry frhk tml \refjlon gt Ihjr ol. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. 36a 0 jrhe, scgol 7 0 1.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 48/68
JJ) Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
hf phn/hojscn prhfjols hrjijegtjei alohw gen al
sjnl tml njtcmls. Slvle th ejel hf tmlsl njtcmls
rue pgrgoolo th lgcm htmlr gt njstgecls hf gahut
3.< kltlrs je g ehrtmwlstlroy th shutmlgstlroy
njrlctjhe hvlr (SH th 94 kltlrs , tmr huim tml lx
cgvgtln grlg. Gt ahtm lens tmly ture thwgrns
lgcm htmlr, gen fhrk ohei, egrrhw lecohsurls.
Gosh th tml ehrtm hf tmjs irhup hf njtcmls, je
tml egrrhw trlecmls, pgrts hf htmlr njtcmls
smhwln up wmjcm clrtgjeoy lecohsl sjkjogr spgcls.
Fjegooy, Qlkhuc mgk ps gosh kgp pln frgiklets
hf tmlsl ohei njtcmls je tml shutmwlstlre chrelr
hf mjs lxcgvgtjhe.
^mgt tmlsl njtcmls fhrklroy lecohsln ohei
grtjfjcjgo agebs js kgnl pogusjaol ay tml fho
ohwjei haslrvgtjhe. Je poge, tml chohur hf tml
shjo hutsjnl tml ohei lecohsurls wgs khrl arhwe,jesjnl khrl yloohw. ^mjs kgy fjen ge lxpogegtjhe
je gssukjei tmgt tml hon surfgcl hutsjnl tml ohei
njtcmls wgs ohwlr tmge jesjnl0 cheslquletoy
phnzhojsgtjhe fhrkln g shjo-prhfjol wjtm tml sgkl
njfflrlecls je mljimt. Gftlr wjen gen rgje mgn
olvlooln njl tlrrgje, tml phnzho prhfjol he tml
fhrklr mgebs vgejsmln. Alsjnl tmlsl agebs jt wgs
prlslrvln. G slchen griuklet kgy al slle je
tml sjkjogrjty hf tml Ihjrol typl ohei njtcmls
wjtm stjoo lxjstjei grtjfjcjgo agebs je tml kjnnol hf
urefjlons, l.i. he tml Ehhrnsl Vlon elgr Plyle(prhv. Nrletl) gen gt Tlstrup (Ilrkgey)3 .
^ml poge hf tml Ihjrol urefjlon smhws twh
irhups hf kuotjpol systlks hf ohei njtcmls0 tml
hel je tml ehrtmlgst wgs lxcgvgtln ay Qlkhu
cmgkps. wmlrlgt tml shutmwlstlre irhup wgs
lxphsln je 7:6<.
Je altwlle tmlrl grl sjeiol gen nhuaol sys
tlks. Frhk tml smgpl hf tml njtcmls gt ahtm lens
hf tml shutmwlstlre irhup jt cge al nlnucln
tmgt tmlrl js hel cletrgo , shklwmgt wjnlr, syk
kltrjcgo lecohsurl2 gigjest jt tml htmlr lecohsurls
wlrl gftlrwgrns chestructln. Gt twh tjkls
smhrtlr njtcmls wlrl nui.
^ml shutmlgstlre lens hf tml 7:6< irhup hf
njtcmls ojl he hel hf tml skgoo egturgo rjnils
kletjheln gahvl. Mlrl tml ohwlst pgrt hf tml
hon fjoojei hf tml njtcmls wgs stjoo prlslet. Kgjeoy
mlrl, cmgrchgo wgs fhuen je tml fjoojei. Gt slvlrgo
3. Fhr furtmlr jefhrkgtjhe he grtjfjcjgo agebs, sllC. @. Vlrwljs. 7:66.
pogcls phttlry smlrns tureln up gs wloo. Jt sllks
havjhus tmgt tml phttlry gen cmgrchgo iht jeth
tml njtcmls alfhrl tmly wlrl chkpoltloy fjooln je.
^mlsl fjens tmlrlfhrl prlslet jkphrtget ngtjei
lvjnlecl. C U klgsurlkle ts he sgkpol Ihjrol
3 wlrl ngtln th =94 · <4 A.C. (Ir E-> :7: )* .
Je shkl cgsls, smlrns chuon al chkajeln th
fhrk mgovls hf phttlry vlsslos. Sjkjogr fjens
cgkl frhk cjrcuogr njtcmls gigjest tml ohei
hels. Ehel hf tml njtcmls chetgjeln gey crlkgtln
ahel.
Frhk tml lecohsurls jesjnl tml ohei njtcmls,
heoy g flw fjens wlrl ohcgtln0 shkl skgoo pjts
wjtm crlkgtln ahel, gen je hel pogcl ahel
thiltmlr wjtm tmrll skgoo smlrns hf rhuim phttlry.
Ge lxclptjhe js ge ure (fji. <, eh. 9g ), wmjcm
wgs fhuen oyjei gigjest hel hf tml ohei njtcmls.Jt chetgjeln g crlkgtjhe he thp hf wmjcm g skgoo
algblr mgn alle pogcln. Crlkgtln ahel gosh
hccurrln je tml aogcb shjo grhuen tml ure.
Gotmhuim eh clrtgjety chuon al hatgjeln, wl
alojlvl tml ure th mgvl alle aurjln gftlr tml
ohei njtcm wgs chestructln. Jt js rlkgrbgaol tmgt
ge gokhst jnletjcgo ure (eh. 9<, fji. 74) wgs
njschvlrln je g sjkjogr phsjtjhe.
Elgr tml jesjnl len hf g eukalr hf tml ohei
lecohsurls, g ngrb spht wgs ehtjcln. ^mlsl sphts
kjimt al jetlrprltln gs phstmhols. Je hel hf tmllecohsurls, tml pogcl hf tml phstmhol mgn alle
tgble ay g rlctgeiuogr pjt. chetgjejei kucm
cmgrchgo, stjoo pgrtoy rlchiejzgaol gs cmgrrln
algks. Gt tml ahtthk hf tmjs pjt twh phstmhols
alcgkl vjsjaol. ^ml C7> sgkpol Ihjrol = frhk
tmjs pjt wgs ngtln th =34 · <4 A.C. (IrE-
>:14).
Je gnnjtjhe th tml nlscrjaln ohei njtcmls, je
ahtm lxcgvgtjhes cjrcuogr njtcmls mgvl alle
kgppln. ^mly hccur hvlr tml wmhol surfgcl hf
tml lxcgvgtln grlg. Gs th tmljr rlogtjhe th tml
ohei njtcmls jt js th al ehtjcln tmgt tml cjrcols
gen ohei njtcmls elvlr jetlrslct. Shkl cjrcols
thucm tml hutlrkhst ohei njtcmls je tml ehrtm-
lgstmlre gen shutmwlstl re irhup . Jt js colgr tmgt
gt olgst g eukalr hf cjrcols grl chetlkphrgelhus
wjtm g eukalr hf ohei njtcmls0 wmjol njiijei tml
>. Yl grl jenlatln th Nr. @. C. Vhilo gt Irhe jeileohr mjs prhkpt jefhrkgtjhe gahut tml rlsuots hf mjsklgsurlklets.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 49/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ \refjlon gt Ihjroc 77
Fji. 9. Töttlr` frhk tml \refjlon go Hhjrol. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. << 0 arhezl , scgol 7 0 1.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 50/68
JO' Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
hel, tml htmlr wgs tgble jeth gcchuet, shkltjkls
lvle usln.
^ml fjens
Frhk tml fjoojeis hf tmlsl cjrcuogr njtcmls goshcmgrchgo gen g flw phttlry smlrns wlrl choolctln.
Sgkpol Ihjrol 3: frhk hel hf tmlsl njtcmls wgs
C 7 > ng tln th :14 · <4 A.C. (IrE ->: 17) , tmus
prhvjnjei gehtmlr griuklet fhr tml chetlkph
rgeljty hf ahtm typls hf njtcmls.
G vlry cmgrgctlrjstjc ure hf ohw aj-chejcgo
smgpl wjtm cyojenrjcgo elcb aloheis th tml honlst
pmgsl hf tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons. Jt js rl
ogtln th tml Pyojenlrmgosurel frhk shutmlre
Ilrkgey gen Swjtzlrogen. Khst hf tml ures hf
77 ojs Ohwlr Qmj el i rh up g rl nlchrgtln je Blra-scmejtt tlcmej qul, aut gosh htmlr nlchrgtjhes
hccur (Nlsjttlrl. 7:6>). ^mlrl grl gosh uenl
rrgtln splcjkles.
Je tml Ihjrol urefjlon eh. 6/77 (fji. <)
rlprlslets tmjs lgroy typl hf ure. Mlrl jt js
nlchrgtln wjtm jecjsln ojels gen trjgeiols, g
chkajegtjhe wloo behwe frhk Swjss MgA phttlry
(Vhit, 7:34). ^ml smlrns frhk wmjcm 6/77 wgs
rlchestructln cgkl frhk tml fjoo hf hel hf tml
ohei njtcmls. ^mlsl chestructjhes tmlrlfhrl cge
al ngtln th tml MgA plrjhn. Qlogtln je smgpl jseh. 6= (fji. =), wjtm g nlchrgtjhe typjcgo fhr
MgA phttlry je tml \pplr-Qmjel rlijhe. Je tml
nlchrgtjhe he eh. 93 (fji. :) tml mgof hf cjrcols
chuon al nlrjvln frhk tml Ilrkge Mgoaaucblo
alohei jei th Mg G. Je tml smg pl, g rlogtjhe th tml
cyojenlr-elcbln ure js prlslet. Furtmlr gwgy
frhk tmjs irhup stgens eh. =3g (fji. :) wmhsl
nlchrgtjhes wjtm trjgeiols hccurs frlquletoy je
MgA. Tlrmgps eh. 34 (fji. <) frhk tml fjoo hf g
ohei njtcm kjimt gosh al ngtln je tmjs plrjhn.
^ml ure eh. >>g (fji. 6) js nlchrgtln wjtm ojels
gen phjets, tml ogttl r usln frlquletoy thiltml rwjtm Blrascmejtt khtjvls. ^mjs ure, fhuen elgr
ay hel hf Qlkhucmgkps' ohei njtcmls, tmlrlfhrl
gosh aloheis th tml honlst phttlry hf tmjs urefjlon.
Je eh. 6< (fji. =) rlslkaogecls wjtm Blrascmejtt
nlchrgtjhe sllk prlslet.
Mgenoln cups hccur je kgey pogcls. ^ml
shutmlre Ilrkge Mleblotgssle ngt l frhk Mg G
gen A gen je A tmly grl hftle nlchrgtln. Alttlr
pgrgoolos chkl frhk Ylstpmgojg, wmlrl je Qgn-
alri tmly wlrl nlphsjtln je tml fjoo hf blymhol-
smgpln njtcmls gen tmlrlfhrl alohei th MgA
(Brhoo, 7:3=). Je Mhoogen, ahtm ehrtmlre gen
shutmlre urefjlons hfflr furtmlr lxgkpols. Ge
uenlchrgtln cup frhk Mhosohht (Trhv. Nrletl)wgs fhuen je tml njtcm hf g ogei aln hf Igs
tlrle typl. ^mjs kheuklet mgs g C 7 > ngtl hf
:34 · 94 A.C., wmj cm js vlry wloo ch kpg rga ol
wjtm tml C 7 > ngtls frhk Ihjrol (IrE-7<672
Cogshe, 7:<:). Gt Ihjrol, ehs. 73g gen 33g
(fji. <), ahtm hut hf ohei njtcmls, rlprlslet tmjs
irhup.
Gosh hf MgA ngtl js tml aj-chejcgo ure eh. 39
(fji. <) wjtm twh vlrtjcgo mgenols. Aj-chejcgo
phts hf tmjs smgpl grl chkpgrgaol wjtm splcjkles
th tml ehrtm gen lgst hf tml Ohwlr Qmjel2 tmlygrl ueojbl tml scgrcl lxgkpols hf Nhpplobheus
clrgkjcs je shutmlre Ilrkgey.
Ehr hf shutmlre hrjije js tml jetlrlstjei irhup
hf mgenoln ures eh. 9g (fji. <), eh. <9 (fji. 9)
gen eh. 9< (fji. :). Fhr tmlsl ures, pgrgoolo grl
prlslet je Ylstpmgojg gen tml ehrtmlre Eltmlr
ogens, wmlrl tmly alohei th MgA. Elgray ge
lxgkpol chkls frhk tml MgA pgrt hf tml
urefjlon gt Alst (Trhv. E.-Arga get) (Yjoolks.
7:3<). Ehs. 9g gen 9< grl gcchkpgejln ay skgoo
algblrs tmgt kjimt mgvl shkl rlogtjhe wjtm tml
MgA Spjtzalcmlr. Ahtm ures wlrl fhuen elgr
ohei njtcmls.
Ehs. 36g gen >7 (fji. 6) grl ihhn rl
prlsletgtjvls hf g ogril irhup hf ures tmgt mgvl
g ohw spogyln elcb gen g rgtmlr rhuenln prhfjol.
Je Ilrkgey tmly grl shkltjkls cgooln Scmrîi-
rgenurel gen grl typjcgo fhr tml ogtl r pmgsl hf
tm l Ejlnlrrmljejscml Irgamÿilobuotur. ^ml y grl
tmlrlfhrl ngtln th MgC (gen N8). Ahtm lxgkpols
frhk Ihjrol alohei th crlkgtjhe aurjgos je tml
cletrl hf cjrcuogr njtcmls.
Je tml MgC hr N plrjhn tml ures hf Mgrpstlnt
typl gpplgr je tml Ohwlr Qmjel. ^mljr smgpl
khrl hr olss rlslkaols g aucblt, tml ohwlr pgrt hf
tml ahny js rustjcgtln, gen tml rjk hftle smhws
skgoo jkprlssjhes hf fjeilrtjps hr g spgtuog.
Ehs. ><g, >9 (fji. 9), eh. <4 (fji. 6), eh. 66
(fji. =), eh. 9: (fji. :) alohei th tmjs typl.
^mrll hf tmlk wlrl choolctln gt tml cletrl hf tml
cjrcuogr njtcmls.
G MgC ngtl cge al gssjieln th eh. >4 (fji. <),
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 51/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 52/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 53/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ \refjlon gt Ihjrol ><
eh. >1 (fji. 6) gen eh. =1 (fji. :). ^mlsl ures
cge al chkpgrln wjtm phts frhk Ilrkge
clkltlrjls ojbl Agsslemljk gen Oguflon. Hf
sjkjogr ngtl hr shklwmgt honlr kjimt al eh. <3
(fji, 9). ^mjs ure chetgjeln tml arhezl rgzhr(8)
(fji. 9, eh. <<) fhr wmjcm eh chkpgrjshes chuon
al fhuen.
^ml frgiklets hf g sh-cgooln Ogpplescmgol
grl njffjcuot th ngtl (fji. 74, eh. 9=). ^mly grl
behwe frhk tml MgN Muesrÿcb-Ljflo cuoturl
aut wlrl clrtgjeoy je usl gorlgny je MgC, jf eht
je A. ^ml arhezl pje eh. 61 (fji. =) wjtm tml
skgoo aj-chejcgo mlgn js g wjnlsprlgn typl, tmgt
je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens js behwe fhr jestgecl
frhk tml, pgrtjgooy MgA, urefjlon gt Qjltmhvle
(Mhowlrng, 7:73). Gt Alst, Y. @. G. Yjoolks
(7:3<) twjcl fhuen g pje hf tmjs typl thiltmlr
wjtm Blrascmejtt phttlry, tmus ngt jei tml pje th
MgA.
Fjego chesjnlrgtjhes
G eukalr hf fjens frhk Ihjrol rlkgje uenjs
cussln. ^mly grl ljtmlr thh frgikletgry hr tmljr
smgpl js eht typjcgo lehuim th kletjhe ngtls.
^ml jenjcgtjhes gahvl ijvl shkl jefhrkgtjhe
gs th tml plrjhn nu rjei wmjcm tml urefjlon gt
Ihjrol wgs usln.
^h MgA alohei0 ehs. 6/77, 9g, 73g, 34, 33g,
39, >>g, <9, 61, 6=, 93, 9< gen =3g. Hf tmjs
irhup 6/77, 73g gen 34 chkl frhk tml fjoojei hf
ohei njtcmls, wmjcm grl tmlrlay ngtln. Cohsl th
tml ohei njtcmls, ehs. 9g, >>g gen 9< mgn alle
nlphsjtln. Eh. 33g prhvls tml cjrcuogr njtcm th
al he grcmglhohijcgo irhuens rhuimoy chetlkph
rgry wjtm tml ohei njtcm gigjest jt. Eh. 39 ngtls
tml rlctgeiuogr njtcm hf Qlkhucmgkps' lx
cgvgtjhe. Fhr furtmlr njscussjhe he tmjs typl
hf kheuklet sll I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66). Fjegooy
eh. 61 jenjcgtls tmgt gosh je tml pgrt hf tml
urefjlon nlstrhyln je 7:1>, MgA fjens wlrl
kgnl.
MgC ngtls cge al gssjieln th ehs. >4, >1, <3
gen =1. ^ml fjrst twh ures chkl frhk tml cletrls
hf cjrcuogr njtcmls.
Yjtmhut ijvjei nul gttletjhe th tml poge
hf tmjs urefjlon, hel whuon al tlkptln th che
counl tmgt gppgrletoy tml twh kgje typls hf
kheuklets, tml ohei gen tml cjrcuogr njtcmls, rl
prlslet twh suaslqulet plrjhns2 tml fjrst al
oheijei th MgA. wmjol tml slchen js cheelctln
wjtm MgC/7) phttlry. Chesjnlrjei tml poge
"X / =?
Z202. - 59ha
9
96
Fji. 74. Thttlry frhk tml 7'jeojloco gt Ihjrol. Scgol 7 0 >.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 54/68
Jf. Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
mhwlvlr, twh ha`lctjhes kust al kgnl. Fjrstoy,
gt slvlrgo pogcls kheuklets hf ahtm typls mgvl
alle chestructln gigjest lgcm htmlr, usjei lgcm
htmlrs njtcmls, gen elvlr jetlrslctjei. Slchenoy,
goo cjrcuogr njtcmls ngtln th MgC/N ojl gt shkl
njstgecl frhk tml ohei njtcmls. Yjtm tml lxclp
tjhe hf eh. 33g (fji. <) (M gA!) ehel hf tml
cjrcols gigjest ohei njtcmls hfflrln gey ngtjei.
Chetlkphrgeljty js gosh suiilstln ay tml strjbjei
sjkjogrjty altwlle tml smlrns ehs. 1<a-c gen
33a (fji. <), nlrjvjei rlsplctjvjoy frhk tml fjoojeis
hf g ohei gen hf g cjrcuogr njtcm. Ahtm smlrns
chuon lvle alohei th tml sgkl vlsslo.
Fjegooy tmlrl grl tml C 7 > klgsurlklets. Eht
heoy nh tmly jenjcgtl g MgA ngtl, aut tmly
khrlhvlr prhvjnl g strhei griuklet je fgvhur
hf tml sjkuotgelhuselss hf tml ohei gen tml
cjrcuogr njtcmls.
^mlsl fgcts gen chesjnlrgtjhes olgn us th tml
checousjhe tmgt nurjei tml MgA plrjhn gt slvlrgo
pogcls je tml urefjlon gt Ihjrol, ures chetgjejei
crlkgtln mukge ahels wlrl aurjln uenlr skgoo
agrrhws, wmjcm wlrl surrhuenln ay g cjrcuogr
njtcm. Je cheelctjhe wjtm tmlsl agrrhws, ohei
njtcmls wlrl chestructln grhuen loheigtln grtj
fjcjgo agebs. Je tml fhoohwjei MgC/N plrjhn,
heoy skgoo agrrhws wlrl lrlctln hvlr ures. ^ml
chetlkphrgeljty hf tml grtjfjcjgo agebs genslvlrgo hf tml agrrhws sllk th jenjcgtl tmgt tml
agebs mgn g fuectjhe cheelctln wjtm tml aurjgo
rjtl. ^mgt tmly tmlkslovls wlrl irgvl-kheu
klets js chet rgn jctl n ay tml gokhst chkpoltl
gaslecl hf jetlrklets. Heoy tmrll ures wjtm
crlkgtjhes ehs. 9g, >>g gen 9< chkl frhk elgray
ohei njtcmls, wmjol hf tmjs irhup heoy eh. >>g
mgn g cletrgo phsjtjhe je tml kjnnol hf tml ageb.
^hiltmlr wjtm tml scgttlrln mlgps hf crlkgtln
ahels, tmlsl ures kgy al slchengry th tml ohei
agebs gs wl gctugooy sllkln th ehtjcl nurjei tml
lxcgvgtjhe hf eh. 9g.
Yl prhphsl th cgoo tmlsl ohei gen egrrhw
lecohsurls0 Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl (N ut cm 0
Ogeil irlpplos vge mlt typl Ihjrol2 Ilrkge0
Ogeiirîale, ^ypus Ihjrol)<. Gs jt js lxpogjeln
<. Nlojalrgtloy tml whrn 'Ohei Aln' (Ogeil alnnle,Ogeialttle) mgs alle gvhjnln, gs tmjs tlrk js thhkucm cheelctln wjtm irgvlkheuklets hf Igstlrletypl (Ygtlrahob, 7:61).
je tml fhoohwjei grtjcol (Vlrwlrs, 7:66), wl
chesjnlr tml Ihjrol irhup hf grtjfjcjgo agebs th
al gecjlet fjlons hf tml Mhcmîcblr typl. Furtm lr
khrl wl fhoohw @. Tîtzhons' myphtmlsjs wmjcm
stgtls tmgt tml girjcuoturgo gctjvjtjls cgrrjln hut
je tmlsl fjlons je tml kjnnol hf clkltlrjls slrvln
rjtugo purphsls (Tîtzhon, J:64) 6 . ^ml crhp
prhnucln mlrl kgy mgvl alle usln nurjei
fuelrgo klgos gen kgy gosh mgvl slrvln gs ge
hfflrjei th tml nlgn. ^ml phttlry choolctln frhk
tml njtcmls js gosh th al rligrnln gs rlogtln th
tmlsl hfflrjeis. ^mgt nurjei hel hr khrl gcts je
tml fuelrgo rjtl fjrl pogyln g rhoo, js jenjcgtln ay
tml prlslecl hf cmgrchgo checletrgtjhes je tml
njtcmls ahtm grhuen tml Mhcmîcblr gen tml
agrrhws. Frhk tml gaslecl hf rlkgjes je tml ohei
njtcmls tmgt cge al ngtln th ogtlr plrjhns, jt kgyal checounln tmgt gt olgst gt Ihjrol tml Mhcm
îcblr wlrl eh oheilr je usl nurjei MgC/N,
ueolss tml fjlons frhk tmgt plrjhn mgvl eht ylt
alle njschvlrln.9
Thstscrjpt
\efhrtuegtloy tml rlsuots hf tml phoole gegoysjs
hf shjo sgkpols frhk tml ohei njtcmls, grl eht ylt
gvgjogaol fhr puaojcgtjhe.
Fjenojst 7:6<
1. crlkgtln ahels, cmgrchgo, je skgoo pjt.3. cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm.<. crlkgtln ahels je skgoo pjt.6/77. (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, surfgclphojsmln, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, ngrb arhwe.=
9. (fji. <) ure, skgoo algblr, crlkgtln ahels, cmgrchgo,je skgoo pjt gigjest ohei njtcm. 9g0 surfgcl phojsmln,ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjes crlkgtln ahels. 9a0surfgcl phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy/ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe,jesjnl 9g.=. cmgrchgo je nllp pjt.
6. ^ml sgkl suiilstjhe wgs kgnl ay Trhflsshr vgeIjffle nurjei g rlclet njscussjhe gt Gklrsfhhrt hetml rlsuots hf tml Ihjrol lxcgvgtjhes.
9. Nurjei tml lxcgvgtjhe tml gutmhr wgs gssjstln aytml nrguimtskge Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn. ^ml nrgwjeisfhr tml puaojcgtjhe wlrl prlpgrln ay Kr. A. C.Nlbblr. Kjss Kjlbl M. Mjool kgnl tml gutmhrspmhthirgpms rlgny fhr puaojcgtjhe. Yl grl lsplcjgooy jenlatln th Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo fhr mjschrrlctjhe hf tml Leiojsm kgeuscrjpt.
=. Nlscrjptjhes hf chohurs gcchrnjei th Kuesloo ChohrCmgrt.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 55/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ \refjlon gt Ihjroc 79
:. cmgrchgo je skgoo pjt.74. (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, surfgclphojsmln, rlnnjsm arhwe/strhei arhwe.71. cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm .73. (fji .<) phtt lry smlrns je ohei njtcm. 73g0 skhhtmsurfgcl, rlnnjsm yloohw. 73a0 rhuim surfgcl, yloohwjsmarhwe.7<. phtt lry smlrns je ohei njtcm, skgoo phojsmln wgoo-smlrn.76. cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm.79. (fji. <) phttlry smlrns, crlkgtln ahels, je oheinjtcm, phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.7=. crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.7:. cmgrc hgo je skgoo pjt.14. crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.11. crlkgtln ahels je skgoo pjt.13 . crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.1>. cmgrchgo, je pjt81<. (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm . 1<g0 phojsmlnsurfgcl, ngrb arhwe. 1<a0 rhuim surfgcl, jecjslnnlchrgtjhe, arhwe. 1<c0 sgkl typl hf phttlry, gokhstclrtgjeoy aloheijei th 1<a.19. cmgrc hgo je ohei njtcm.1=. cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njt cm.1:. cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njt cm.34. (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, phojsmlnsurfgcl, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, yloohwjsm rln/ngrb arhwe.37 . crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.31. cmgrchgo , je cjrc uogr 8 njtcm.33. phttlry smlrns je cjrcuogr njtcm. 33g0 phojsmlnsurfgcl, arhwe/ngrb arhwe, gokhst chkpoltl. 33a0surfgcl rhuim, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, arhwe, vlry kucmojbl 1<a, c.3>. cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njtcm.
Fjens frhk tml lxcgvgtjhe 7:1>/7:1<0
Hf tml eukalrs altwlle pgrletmlsjsls, tml fjrst rlflrsth Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhe eukalr, tml slchen thtml cgtgohiul eukalr je tml Egtjhego Kusluk hfGetjqujtjls gt Oljnle, wmlrl goo fjens grl sthrln.36g. (7- M:1 </< .<2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, irgyjsmarhwe/ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.36a. (o -b o: 1</ <. <2 fji. 6) jrhe pje he rjei, fhuenjesjnl 36g.39. (o g-b o:1 </< .62 fji. <) phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrbirgy.3=. (3- bo: 1</ <.92 fji. <) phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrbarhwe.3:. (>-bo:1</<.=2 fji. 6) lxgct ohcgtjhe uebehwe,rhuim surfgcl, arhwe.>4. (:- bo: 1</ <.: 2 fji. <) skhhtm uelvle surfgcl wjtmscrgtcmls, pjebjsm irgy.>7 . (7>- bo:1 </<. 732 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy/ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.>1. (7<-bo:1</<.7>2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>3. (76-bo:1</<.7<2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>>g. (7= -M: 1</ <.7 92 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, jecjslnojel nlchrgtjhe wjtm jkprlssln phjets, rlnnjsm arhwe.>>a. (7= -bo :1< /<. 792 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, rlnnjsmyloohw.><g. (7:- bo:1</ <.7=2 fji. 9) surfgcl nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, upplr pgrt skhhtm, ojimt arhwe.
><a. (7:-b o:1</ <.7=2 fji. 9) fhuen thiltmlr wjtm ><g,skhhtm surfgcl, ojimt rlnnjsm arhwe.>6. (14-K:1</<.7:2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>9. (17-bo:1</<.142 fji. 9) heoy chpy prlslet jechoolctjhe hf Kr. vge Tuylearhlb, hrjijego ohst, rhuimsurfgcl, skhhtmln wjtm tml fjeilrtjps je pogcls.>=. (11- 7:1< /<.172 fji. 6) uelvle skhhtm surfgcl,fhrklroy g mhrjzhetgo agen kust mgvl alle gppojlnth tml hutlr surfgcl, hel cletjkltlr alohw tml rjk,ojimt arhwe.>:. (1> -M: 1</ <.1 32 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, rlnnjsmarhwe.<4. (1<- M:1< /<. 1>2 fji. 6) surfgcl nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, upplr pgrt skhhtmln, irgyjsm arhwe.<7. (16- bo:1< /<.1 <2 fji. 6) skhhtm surfgcl, rlnnjsmarhwe.<1. (bo :1< /< .192 fji. =) eht ohcgtln fjen, g0 rhuimsurfgcl, vlry pgol arhwe, a0 rlnnjsm yloohw, c0 rhuimsurfgcl, arhwe.
Fjens frhk tml grlg shutm hf Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhe0
Eukalrs <3, <> gen << wlrl njschvlrln ay Kr.Alcblrs gt Ihjrol, gen nlscrjaln ay Qlkhucmgkpswmh jenjcgtln tmgt tmly wlrl fhuen thiltmlr, je tmlgrlg njrlctoy ahrnlrjei he mjs lxcgvgtln poht. Ohcgtjhehf tml htmlr fjens wgs phssjaol ay klges hf ge honpmhthirgpm, prhagaoy tgble ay Qlkhucmgkps je tmligrnle hf Kr. vge Tuylearhlb. He tml pmhthirgpmgoo phts hf tmjs irhup grl vjsjaol thiltmlr wjtm tmljefhrkgtjhe tmgt tmly wlrl choolctln je tml grlg shutmhf tml 'urelevlon'. Jt sllks prhagaol tmgt gt olgst pgrthf tmjs irhup chkls frhk tml poht lxcgvgtln je 7:6<.
<3. (bo :1</ <.1 =2 fji. 9) thiltmlr wjtm <> gen <<,phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrb irgy.
<>. (bo :1> /74 .7 2 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, irgy.<<. (bo :1>/ 74. 12 fji. 9) arhezl.<6. (bo:3 >/< .32 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, (ng rb)rlnnjsm arhwe.<9. (b o:3>/ <.>2 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.<=. (eh. >2 fji. 9) choolctjhe hf Kr . vge Tuylearhl b,phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.<:. (eh. 7>2 fji. 9) choolctjhe hf Kr . vge Tuylearhl b,phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe/pgol arhwe.
Fjens frhk tml grlg th tml ehrtmlgst hf Qlkhucmgkps'lxcgvgtjhe0
^mjs irhup, njschvlrln je 7:1>, wgs tml njrlct cguslhf tml jevlstjigtjhes hf 7:1>/7:1<.64. (b o:1 </<.1 :2 fji. =) hrjijego je choolctjhe hf Kr.vge Tuylearhlb, chpy gt Oljnle, surfgcl phojsmln,yloohwjsm arhwe.67 . (bo :1< /< .34 2 fji. 9) fhuen jesjnl 64, hrjijeg o ohst,chpy gt Oljnle, skhhtm surfgcl.61. (bo :1< /< .37 2 fji. =) arhezl.63. (bo:1</<.332 fji. =) phojsmln surfgcl, irgyjsmarhwe.6>. (K:1</<.3>2 fji. =) phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe/rlnnjsm yloohw.6<. (bo: 1</<. 362 fji. =) skhhtm surfgcl, nlchrgtjhegppojln wjtm spgtuog, ojimt arhwe.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 56/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 57/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 58/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 59/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets <7
thwgrn lgcm htmlr, tmus fhrkjei ge hvgo rgtmlr
tmge g 'qugnrgeiuogr' lecohsurl. ^mljr oleitm
wgs 34 gen 39 k rlspcctjvjoy. ^ml wlstlre
'ogy-hut' chetgjeln smlrns wjtm 'jecjsln che
cletrjc mgof cjrcols'. Je tml slchen 'ogy-hut' tmlohwlr pgrt hf g skhhtm ure, chetgjejei crlkgtln
ahel, wgs njschvlrln. ^ml lxgct ohcgtjhe hf ahtm
fjens js uebehwe. Mhowlrng alojlvln ahtm ehe-
cjrcuogr kheuklets th al chetlkphrgry wjtm tml
honlst tukuoj gt Nl Mgklrt. Ml nhls eht lxpogje
tmljr klgejei,
Ihjrol0 Je 7:1>/1< G. L. Qlk hucm gkps njs
chvlrln slvlrgo ohei njtcmls je tml kjnnol hf ge
urefjlon gt Ihjrol. shutm hf ^jo aur i (Trhv .
Ehhrn-Argaget). Frhk mjs poge, tml prlsleclhf 3-< ohei hvgo lecohsurls kgy al nlnucln
(Qlkhucmgkps, 7:16). ^mly mgvl alle che
structln gigjest lgcm htmlr. ^mljr oleitm js
lstjkgtln gt gahut >4 k gen tmljr wjntm js 3-<
k. Eh cletrgo jetlrklet wgs fhuen. Cohsl th tml
njtcmls twh ures hf MgA ngtl mgn alle pogcln.
Gigjest tml ohei njtcmls, cjrcuogr hels wlrl
vjsjaol. Qlkhucmgkps nlscrjals tml ohei njtcmls
gs 'ogeiwlrpjil cuotusrujktle' (loheigtln cuot
lecohsurls), gen rlflrs th tml puaojcgtjhe hf tml
clkltlry gt Qj`ssle (Mhowlrng, 7:1<). Ml al
ojlvls tml njtcmls th mgvl mlon g whhnle pgojsgnl.
G slchen typl hf ehe-cjrcuogr njtcm chetgjeln
g MgA aj-chejcgo ure gs tml cletrgo jetlrklet.
Jt wgs ogtlr chvlrln ay g agrrhw wjtm g cjrcuogr
njtcm, aujot hvlr g MgC/N ure. Klgsurlklets hf
tml hvgo njtcm wlrl 14 ] 6 k. Gosh, tmjs njtcm
hecl wgs tml fhuengtjhe trlecm fhr g whhnle
pgojsgnl, gcchrnjei th Qlkhucmgkps.
^h tml shutm hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe ge gnnjtjhego
jevlstjigtjhe wgs cgrrjln hut je 7:6< (Vlrwlrs,
7:66a). Gigje g irhup hf <-9 ohei lecohsurls
wjtm gvlrgil klgsurlklets hf 64 ] 3.< k wgsue-lgrtmln. ^mly wlrl chetlkphrgelhus wjtm
tml cjrcuogr njtcmls tmgt wlrl chestructln gigjest
tmlk. Eh cletrgo jetlrklets jesjnl tmlsl le
cohsurls mgvl alle rlchrnln. Frhk tml fjoojei
hf tml njtcmls cgkl cmgrchgo gen smlrns. ^ml
ogttlr ngtln tmlsl kheuklets th tml MgA plrjhn.
C | | klgsur lklet s hf tml cmgrchgo igvl tml
fhoohwjei ngtls0 Ihjrol 3 frhk tml fjoojei hf g
ohei njt cm0 =94 · <4 A.C. (Ir E-> :7: ). Ihjrol
= frhk g phstmhol elgr g ohei nj tcm0 =34 · <4
A.C. (IrE->:14). Ihjrol 1: frhk tml fjoojei hf
g cjrcuogr njtcm gn`gclet th tml ohei njtcmls0
:14 · <4 A.C. (I rE- >:1 7).
Vohnrhp0 Shutmlgst hf Qhl rkh en, tml vjoogil hf
Vohnrhp (Trhv. Ojkau ri) js sjtugtln. ^ml rl F.C.
Aurscm nui ge urefjlon je 7:37 (Aurscm, 7:36).
^h tml lgst hf tml kgje checletrgtjhe hf cjr
cuogr njtcmls, g irhup hf 'ohei alns' wgs njs
chvlrln. Gt tml tjkl hf tml lxcgvgtjhe tmly wlrl
vjsjaol gs 'loojptjcgo lolvgtjhes'. Fhur pgrgoolo
lecohsurls, oyjei gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr gen
ahrnlrln ay njtcmls smhwln up gftlr tml thpshjo
mgn alle rlkhvln. Aurscm nlscrjaln tmljr
klgsurlklets gs gahut 3> ] = k. ^ml ue
puaojsmln poge hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe, wmjcm js blpt
gt tml Egtjhego Kusluk gt Oljnle, jefhrks us
tmgt tml wjntm hf tml lecohsurls vgrjls altwlle
< gen 9 k. Khrlhvlr heoy tml ehrtmwlst lre
lens mgvl alle fhuen. Je tml hpphsjtl njrlctjhe
tml ohei pgrgoolo njtcmls grl cut ay g rhgn. ^mjs
klges tmgt tml gctugo oleitm hf tmlsl kheuklets
wgs gt olgst 3> k gen prhagaoy oheilr. Aurscm
haslrvln tmgt je tml kjnnol hf tml ohei le
cohsurls tml shjo mgn g irgy chohur, 'gs jf jt mgn
alle frlquletoy wgobln hvlr'.
He tml fhur ohei gxls ures mgn alle nl
phsjtln. ^mrll ures alohei th tml typl wjtm
aj-chejcgo smgpl gen cyojenrjcgo elcb gen wlrl
gosh nlchrgtln je Blrascmejtt tlcmejqul. ^m l
fhurtm ure js rlogtln th tml Ilrkge Mleblotgssl
gen mgs tml jecjsln zjizgi nlchrg tjhe hftle
fhuen he tmlsl cups. Gs Blrascmejtt ures wlrl
gosh njschvlrln je tml htmlr pgrt hf tmjs urefjlon,
Aurscm checounln tmgt gppgrletoy tml 'ohei alns'
aloheiln th tml urefjlon. Ml nhls eht ijvl ge
lxpogegtjhe fhr tmlsl 'alns' aut ngtls tmlk th tml
lgrojlst pmgsl hf tml Nutcm urefjlons. ^mjs girllswjtm tml ngtjei fhr tml Blrascmejtt ures, wmjcm
cge al gssjieln th MgA.
Alst0 Nurjei mjs lxcgvgtjhe je 7:33/3> hf tml
urefjlon gt Alst, ehrtmwlst hf Ljenmhvle (Trhv.
Ehhrn-Argaget), Y. G. Yjoolks njschvlrln
slvlrgo hvgo njtcmls, sjtugtln altwlle cjrcuogr
hels (Yjoolks, 7:3<). Gt hel pogcl twh lohe
igtln hvgo lecohsurls, >: ] >-< k, wlrl che-
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 60/68
<1 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
structln gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr. Hel hf tmlk mgn
g skgoo pjt wjtm crlkgtln ahel elgr tml ohei
gxjs. Gigjest tmjs pgjr hf njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls
wlrl sjtugtln. Je g slchen ohei kheuklet,
3> ] > k, g ahwo hf skhhtm phttlry wjtm crlkgtln ahel mgn alle pogcln gokhst he tml ohei
gxjs. Ge jechkpoltl (lkpty8) pht wjtm g nlch
rgtjhe rlogtln th tml Blrascmejtt tlcmejqul,
sthhn gokhst gn`gclet th tml hutlr sjnl hf hel
hf tmlsl ohei njtcmls. Yjoolks jenjcgtls tmlsl
ohei egrrhw njtcmls th al 'hvgo loheigtln njtcmls',
wmjcm ml ngtls alfhrl tml surrhuenjei cjrcuogr
njtcmls. Ml nhls eht chesjnlr tmlk th mgvl
alle chestructln th lecohsl jetlrklets.
^mrll htmlr ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls klgsurln
7: ] 6.<, 748 ] < ge n 77 ] 6 k rlsplctjvjoy.^ml fjrst hel thucmln tml cjrcuogr njtcmls gt
twh pogcls. Jt wgs sjtugtln je tml wlstlre pgrt
hf tml urefjlon, wmlrl tml heoy nlojalrgtloy
rhuimleln ures je tmjs clkltlry mgn alle aurjln,
tmus ngtjei tmjs pgrt th MgC/N. Lccletrjc th tml
slchen kheuklet, g skgoo pht wjtm twh mgenols
wgs fhuen. ^mjs ohei njtcm jetlrslctln wjtm g
cjrcuogr hel wjtmhut g cletrgo jetlrklet.
Belislo0 ^m l urefjlon gt Belislo, wlst hf Ljen
mhvle (Trhv. Ehhr n-Ar gage t) wgs jevlstjigtln
je 7:3> ay Y. C. Arggt (Arggt, 7:36). Je gn
njtjhe th g irlgt eukalr hf cjrcuogr njtcmls,
gahut 73 hvgo njtcmls wlrl arh uim t th ojimt.
^mljr oleitm vgrjls altwlle 7< gen 11 k gen
tmljr wjntm altwlle > gen 6 k. Je tml ehrtmwlst
pgrt hf tml urefjlon tmly grl irhupln thiltmlr,
loslwmlrl tmly ojl slpgrgtloy. Gn`gclet th tml
hvgo njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls mgvl alle che
structln, wmjcm sllk th jetlrslct tml fhrklr gt
g flw pogcls. Qlke gets hf twh (tmr ll8 ) sjeiol
hr kuotjpol phstcjrcols rlprlslet tml honlst kheu
klets je tmjs clkltlry. ^mly uenlrojl tml urefjlon njtcmls. Gt hel pogcl, hel hf tml cletrls
hf ge hvgo njtcm chjecjnls wjtm tml cletrls hf g
phstcjrcol gen g cjrcuogr njtcm. ^ml cmrhehohijcgo
slqulecl hf tmlsl tmrll kheuklets cgeeht al
rlchestructln wjtm clrtgjety. Je gehtmlr hvgo
njtcm, ge ure wgs njschvlrln he tml ohei gxjs.
Ge jetlrl stjei kheuklet js g. tmjr n hvgo n jtcm.
Tgrgoolo th tml jesjnl hf tmjs njtcm, wmjcm
klgsurls 7: ] < je, phsts mgvl alle pogcln.
Arggt rlchestructln tmjs ogy-hut gs g 'mut', wjtm
tml rhhf rlstjei he tml phsts, wmjol tml njtcm
chuon mgvl slrvln gs fhuengtjhe trlecm fhr g
pgojsgnl. Gs th tml klgejei hf tmjs gen tml
htmlr 'ohei, hvgo alns' Arggt nhls eht ijvl gejenjcgtjhe. ^ml kg`hrjty hf tml ures lxcgvgtln
je tmjs urefjlon aloheis th tml MgA plrjhn.
Vlonmhvle0 Je 7:>= lxcgvgtjhes uechvlrln pg rt
hf ge urefjlon elgr Vlonmhvle, shutmwlst hf
Ljenmhvle (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget). Mlrl gosh
slvlrgo loheigtln njtcmls wlrl kgp pln (Kh nnl r
kge, 7:66). ^wh sjeiol lecohsurls klgsurln
(168) x 3 k gen 36 ] 6 k, rlsplctjvloy. Je
twh pogcls, rlkhvln frhk tml gxjs, tml fjrst
lecohsurl mgn shkl smlrns gen tml frgikletshf g skgoo pht. Je tml slchen lecohsurl twh skgoo
pjts wjtm crlkgtln ahel wlrl njschvlrln he tml
gxjs. Fhur hr fjvl lecohsurls wlrl irhupln
gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr. ^mly rlslkaol vlry kucm
tml Ihjrol typl hf ohei njtcmls. Gs tml rhuenln
lens hf tml njtcmls wlrl fhuen heoy je tml
ehrtmlgst, tmljr oleitm kust mgvl alle hvlr
3= k. ^ml gvlrgil wjntm wgs >-< k. Crlkgtln
ahel ogy jesjnl tml lecohsurls heoy je hel spht.
Ahtm gigjest tml sjeiol gen tml kuotjpol systlks
hf ohei njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn alle che
structln. Skgoo njsturagecls je tml cletrls hf
tmlsl cjrcols jenjcgtln, tmgt tml jetlrklets mgn
alle choolctln prlvjhus th tml lxcgvgtjhe. Smlrns
wjtm Blrascmejtt nlchrg tjhe ngt l gt olgst pgrt
hf tmjs urefjlon je tml MgA plrjhn. ^ml phoole-
chetlet hf tml ohei njtcmls jenjcgtln ge girj
cuoturgo usl fhr tml lecohsurls. M. ^. Ygtlrahob
ngtln tmlk th tml Jrhe Gil. Ml tmhuimt jt
ueojbloy, tmgt tmly wlrl honlr tmge g flw cle
turjls A.C. (Ygtlrahob, 7:<>).1
Sjttgrn0 Nur jei tml lxcgvgtjhes hf tml Agen-clrgkjc slttolklet gt Sjttgrn (Trhv. Ojkauri)
je 7:<3/<>, T. @. Q. Kh nn lr kg e njschvlrln ge
'loheigtln hvgo njt cm' hf 6 ] 73 k. Je jts ohei
gxjs tmlrl wgs ge ure wjtm crlkgtln ahels gen
g skgoo pjt wjtm crlkgt ln ahels (K hnn lr kg e,
1. Nr. Y. vge Pljst gt Irhejeile rlcletoy jefhrklnus tmg t ml ehw prlflrs g ngt jei altwlle 7444 gen<44 A.C. fhr tml Vlonmhvle njtcmls. ^mjs ngtlpogcls tml njtcmls ahtm gt Vlonmhvle gen gt Ihjrolje tml sgkl plrjhn.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 61/68
I. @. Vlrwlrs „ Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets <3
7:<=/<:). ^mjs kheuklet wgs nlscrjaln uenlr
tml mlgnjei 'Ehe-agenclrgkjc getjqujtjls'.
^htlrfhuo J Mgovl Kj`o0 Je mjs stuny he tml ag r
rhws je tml 'Ljimt Algtjtunls', shutm hf Lj enmhvle, Y. Iogsalrile nlscrjals ge hvgo kheu
klet je cheelctjhe wjtm agrrhw 11G (Iogsalr
ile, 7:<>). ^mjs agrrhw mgn alle surrhuenln
ay g nhuaol phstcjrcol, wmjcm Iogsalrile ngtls
th Lgroy hr Kjnnol Arhezl Gil, gen clrtgjeoy
alfhrl tml Jrhe Gil. ^ml ehrtmlre ohei njtcm
hf tml lgst/wlst hrjletgtln hvgo, cut tmrhuim tml
phstcjrcol gen tml shutmlre njtcm thucmln jt.
^ml poge nhls eht ijvl tml cmrhehohijcgo rlogtjhe
altwlle tml agrrhw gen tml hvgo njtcm. ^mjs
hvgo njt cm (7>.< ] > k) wgs jet lrp rltln ay
Iogsalrile gs 'tml ahuengry hf g prlmjsthrjc
grgaol fjlon hf tml "rjnil" typl'. '^ml fjlon kust
tmus mgvl alle ogtlr tmge tml phstcjrcol'. Tgrt
hf g slchen njtcm wgs fhuen elgray.
Sgejlrle0 He g cgkp jei irhuen elgr Shklrle,
shutmlgst hf Ljenmhvle (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget),
T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge kgnl g prcojklegrv lx
cgvgtjhe je 7:<3 (Khnnlrkge, 7:<3). Frhk
tml cletrl hf slvlrgo cjrcuogr njtcmls cgkl g
eukalr hf jees, ahtm wjtm skhhtm gen wjtm
nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcls. ^ml poge smhwshel rlc tge iuo gr njtcm, = x 1.< k. He jts ohei
gxjs elgr tml shutmlgstlre len, ge ure wjtm je
tletjhegooy rhuimleln surfgcl mgn alle aurjln2
elgr tml hpphsjtl len js g phstmhol.
Vgobleswggrn0 Ge urefjlon shutm hf Ljen mhvle,
gt Vgobleswggrn (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget) wgs lx
cgvgtln ay M. Aruestjei je 7:<> (puaojcgtjhe
je prlss). Cjrcuogr njtcmls ogy gigjest loheigtln
njtcm s_stlks. Je g 3> k ohei hvgo lecohsurl,
tml njtcmls wjnleln elgr hel hf tml lens alfhrl
turejei thwgrn lgcm htmlr, tml rlsuot aljei g
bjen hf loheigtln blymhol. Smlrns frhk tml fjoojei
hf tmjs kheuklet grl hf g MgA ngtl. ^mly rlprl
slet mgof hf g ahwo. ^wh htmlr ohei njtcm systlks
klgsurln 36 ] <.< gen 7= ] > k. ^mlrl grl
eh fjens ngtgaol th tmlk. Je tml ehrtmlre pgrt
hf tml lxcgvgtln grlg, frgiklets hf ohei njtcmls
wlrl njschvlrln. ^ml Vgobleswggrn urefjlon
cgkl jeth lxjstlecl nurjei MgA, gen chetjeuln
jeth MgC/N.
Oggispuo0 Shutm hf ^joa uri (Trhv. Ehhrn- Arg
aget) tml vjoogil hf Mjovgrleallb js sjtugtln.
^mjs kuejcjpgojty jecounls tml mgkolt Oggispuo,
wmlrl pgrt hf ge urefjlon wgs jevlstjigtln je
7:<9 ay T. @. Q. Khn nlr kge (Kh nnl rkg e,7:<9/<=). Hf ge loheigtln lecohsurl heoy g
pgrt wgs uelgrtmln. Gigjest tml ohei njtcm
cjrcuogr hels mgn alle ogjn hut. ^mljr fjoojeis
prhvjnln frgiklets hf phts, gkhei wmjcm wlrl
tmrll skgoo cups wjtm mgenol. Heoy g mgof hf
twh hf tmlsl cups wgs prlslet. ^ml smlrns hf g
sh-cgooln Ogpplescmgol (sll l.i. Blrs tle, 7:>=),
thiltmlr wjtm tml htmlr phttlry ngtln tmjs ure
fjlon th MgC/N, gcchrnjei th Khnnlrkge. ^mjs
ngtjei wgs tmle supphrtln ay g C 7 > klgsurlklet
hf cmgrchgo frhk tml fjoojei hf tml ohei njtcm,
ijvjei gt tmgt tjkl 6<4 · 64 A.C. Gs wgs lx
prlssln alfhrl (Vlrwlrs, 7:66a) g rlogtjhe kgy
al prlslet altwlle tml mgenoln cups gen tml
Ilrkge Mleblotgssl hf Mg A ngtl. ^m l sgkl
plrjhn js jenjcgtln ay tml ogtlst rlsuot hf tml
C , > ngtjei kletjheln gahvl0 :44 · <4 A.C.
(IrE-796>). ^ml Ogpplescmgol nhls eht chetr g
njct tmjs, fhr gotmhuim clrtgjeoy usln nurjei
MgC/N, jt phssjaoy cgkl jeth lxjstlecl alfhrl.
Vlonmhvle0 ^m l poge hf tml sh-cgooln '744tm
Agrrhw' elgr Vlonmhvle, shutmwlst hf Ljenmhvle(Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget), rlvlgos twh rlctgeiuogr
njtcmls, tmgt kust mgvl alle nui prjhr th tml
chestructjhe hf tmjs agrr hw ( Khn nlr kg e, 7:66).
^ml lecohsurls ojl gigjest lgcm htmlr, tml klgs
urlk lets grl :.< ] < k fhr hel hf tmlk, tml
htmlr aljei thh frgikletgry th al nlojejgtln. ^ml
fhrklr mgn g pjt wjtm crlkgtln ahel je jts
cletrl.
Aleelbhk0 Gotmhuim eht sjtugt ln je tml shutm lre
Eltmlrogens, wl kletjhe tml irhup hf fhur
pgrgoolo loheigtln lecohsurls gt Aleelbhk (Trhv .
Ilonlrogen). ^mly wlrl njschvlrln nurjei tml
lxcgvgtjhe hf ge urefjlon wjtm cjrcuogr njtcmls
(Auecm, 7:33). ^mljr oleitm gen wjntm wlrl
13 gen 1-3 k, rlsplctjvjoy. Jt js jetlrlstjei tmgt
tmljr oleitm wgs nltlrkjeln ay tml prlslecl hf
pgtcmls wjtm irgvlo gt ahtm lens hf tml le
cohsurls. ^ml njtcmls grl eht ngtln. Auecm
gssjieln th tmlsl 'ohei alns' g rhoo je tml cuot hf
tml nlgn.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 62/68
<> Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
Acrimlk0 Lgst hf 's-Mlr thileahscm (Trhv. Ehhrn-
Argaget) je tml mgkolt 'Plvlealrile' elgr Alr-
imlk, g skgoo tukuous wgs lxcgvgtln (Vlrwlrs,
7:66g). Alohw tml cjrcuogr tukuous ge hvgo
njtcm wjtm pgrgoolo rhws hf phstmhols wgs rlvlgoln, klgsurjei gahut 1< ] 6 k. He jts ohei gxjs
frgiklets hf ahel gen hf smlrns wjtm jecjsln
nlchrgtjhe wlrl njschvlrln. Ymltmlr tmjs fjen
wgs stjoo je jts hrjijego phsjtjhe wgs ueclrtgje.
Gs eljtmlr tml tukuous ehr tml hvgo kheuklet
hfflrln gey furtmlr fjens, ngtjei wgs jkphssjaol.
(Trlojkjegry C [ > ngt jei0 <=4 · < 4 ) .
Cogssjfjcgtjhe gen ngtjei
^m l 7< lxcgvg tjhes klet jheln gahvl prhvjnln
hvlr 34 sjeiol hr kuotjpol systlks hf ehe-cjrcuogrnjtcmls. Olgvjei gsjnl tml blymhol smgpln kheu
klet gt Vgobleswggrn, tml njtcmls goo mgn ge
hvgo smgpl, wmjcm vgrjln je oleitm gen wjntm.
He tml gvlrgil, tml smhrt kheuklets mgvl g
irlgtlr wjntm tmge tml ohei hels. ^mjs tlenlecy
js gosh jenjcgtln ay tml jenlx hf olei tm 0 wjn tm.
Jenjcls altwlle 1 gen >, (lolvle lxgkpols
lxtget) goo alohei th njtcmls smhrtlr tmge 13 k.
^ml gvlrgil oleitm je tmjs irhup js 7<.6 k, tml
gvlrgil wjntm <.< k. Yjtm hel lxclptjhe tml
rlkgjejei ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls (ljimt lxgkpols)mgvl jenjcls hf = gen up. ^mljr oleitm js hvlr
34 k wjtm ge gvlrgil hf >1 k. ^ml gvlrgil
wjntm je tmjs irhup js 3.= k.3 Lxclpt fhr hel gt
Vlonmhvle (jenlx 6), tmlrl grl eh kheuklets
behwe th us wjtm jenjcls altwlle > gen =. He
khrpmhohijcgo irhuens wl cge tmus njstjeiujsm
twh irhups0 ohei gen egrrhw njtcmls gen smhrt
gen wjnl njtcmls. ^ml fjrst irhup jecounls
slvlrgo lxgkpols wjtm kuotjpol systlks. Gotmhuim
jts thtgo oleitm js uebehwe, tml kuo tjpol njtcm
systlk gt Vohnrhp kgy al jecounln je tmjs irhup
alcgusl hf jts sjkjogrjty wjtm tml ohei njtcmls
gt Ihjrol. Sjeiol kheuklets grl tml ruol je
tml slchen irhup (wjtm tml lxclptjhe hf tml
twh skgoo rlctgeiuogr njtcmls alohw tml '744tm
Agrrhw' gt Vlonmhvle gen g flw hvgo njtcmls gt
Belislo).
Ngtln ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets grl vlry flw
je eukalr, Je tml 'ohei gen egrrhw' irhup tml
3. ^m l oleitm hf tml njtcmls gt Aleelbhk (13 k)sllkln th al nltlrkjeln ay shjo chenjtjhes.
njtcmls gt Ihjrol rlcljvln C 7 > ngtls hf =94 ·
<4 gen =34 · <4. ^mls l fgcts gen tm l grcm glh
ohijcgo lvjnlecl jenjcgtl tmlsl njtcmls th al
hf MgA ngtl. Sh grl tml njtcmls gt Vohnrhp
gen tml blymhol smgpln njtcm gt Vgobleswggrn.^ml Oggispuo njtcm frgiklet wgs C`> ngtln
th :44 · 64 A.C., pogcjei jt gosh je Mg A.
Gt Alst tml njtcmls aloheijei th tml ohei
irhup wlrl surrhuenln ay tml MgA pgrt hf tml
urefjlon. Gt Nl Mgklrt twh sjeiol njtcmls hf tml
ohei typl grl uengtln aut wlrl njschvlrln je g
MgC/N urefjlon. ^ml njtcmls gt Vlonmhvle gen
Aleelbhk grl uengtln. Frhk tmjs lvjnlecl jt
kgy al checounln tmgt tml 'ohei gen egrrhw'
irhup hf njtcmls kgjeoy aloheis th MgA aut
kjimt jecounl MgC/N lxgkpols. Yjtm tml lx
clptjhe hf tml blymhol smgpln njtcm gt Vgobles
wggrn, goo njtcmls je tmjs irhup kgy al nlscrjaln
gs Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl (Vlrwlrs, 7:66a).
^ml 'smhrt gen wjnl' irhup eukalrs tmrll
ngtln kheuklets. ^mhsl gt Qjltmhvle gen
Ihjrol wlrl chestructln je MgA. ^ml skgoo
rlctgeiol gt Shklrle aloheis th MgC/N. Gt
Alst hel hf tml njtcmls aloheijei th tmjs irhup
wgs surrhuenln ay cjrcuogr njtcmls hf M g C / N
ngtl. ^ml rlkgjejei lxgkpols hf tmjs irhup0
Belislo, Sjttgrn, ^htlrfhut, Vlonmhvle gen Acr
imlk grl uengtln. ^mlsl scgety fgcts sllk thjenjcgtl tmgt njtcmls hf tml 'smhrt gen wjnl' irhup
wlrl usln nurjei ahtm MgA gen MgC/N ngtl.
Fhr tmjs typl hf ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls, tml egkl
'Ohei Njtcmls hf Qjltmhvle typl' js suiilstln.
(Ogeil irlpplos vge mlt typl Qjltmhvle2 Ogei
irîale ^ypus Qjltmhvle).
Jetlrprltgtjhe
^ml njvjsjhe ijvle gahvl js agsln he purloy
khrpmhohijcgo ngtg. Yl ehw wget th chesjnlr
tml phssjajojty tmgt jt mgs khrl tmge g klrl
nlscrjptjvl sjiejfjcgecl. He khst poges hf ure-
fjlons, jt js colgr tmgt tml kheuklets hf ahtm
irhups wlrl chestructln je cohsl rlogtjhe th tml
urefjlon tukuoj wjtm cjrcuogr njtcmls. ^ml fgct
tmgt tml ohei gen tml cjrcuogr njtcmls frlquletoy
thucm hel gehtmlr, aut elvlr jetlrslct, jenjcgtls
g chetlkphrgeljty altwlle ahtm njtcmls. ^ml
rlogtjhe altwlle cjrcuogr njtcmls gen ure aurjgos
js lvjnlet.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 63/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 64/68
<6 Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ
(IrE-3<>1). Hon grgaol shjo jenjcgtln tmjs ageb
th al g prlmjsthrjc fjlon.
Elgr Ljele (Br. Vlcmtg, Honleauri), fjvl
loheigtln agebs wlrl sjtugtln je tml kjnnol hf g
clkltlry wjtm <= tukuoj (Tîtzhon, 7:64). ^mrllagebs ogy gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr, twh ogy
sjeioloy. Ahtm sjeiol agebs sllkln gt hel len th
al cheelctln wjtm g tukuous. ^mjs cheelctjhe
wgs gt hel pogcl jevlstjigtln. ^ml slctjhe
smhwln tml tukuous th mgvl alle chestructln
je twh stgils. ^ml fjrst tukuous chvlrln g fuelrgo
pyrl gen wgs ngtln th tml 6tm cletury A.C.
^ml wlstlre len hf tml loheigtln ageb ogy he
thp hf tml sjnl hf tml tukuous, tmus aljei yhueilr
tmge tmjs kheuklet. ^ml honlst tukuous gen
pgrt hf tml ageb wlrl tmle chvlrln ay gehtmlr
tukuous, wmjcm jtslof chuon eht al ngtln. Gtlrkjeus getl qulre fhr tmjs slchen tukuous js
prhvjnln ay tmrll ures tmgt wlrl fjegooy aurjln
je jts sjnls. ^ml honlst pht aloheiln th tml
@gsthrf-a plrjhn, tmgt chvlrs tml <tm cletury
A.C. Frhk tmjs jt fhoohws tmgt tml ageb wgs
chestructln altwlle 644 gen >44 A.C. ^mjs ngtl
js supphrtln ay g C 7 > klgsurlklet hf cmgrchgo
frhk alohw tml honlst tukuous, ijvjei 1664 ·
64, j.l. 974 · 64 A.C. (IrE->469). Lxcgv gtjh e
hf pgrt hf tml ageb smhwln jt th chesjst hf gecjlet
grgaol shjo. ^ml surrhuenjei tukuoj cge gosh alngtln th tml Lgroy Jrhe Gil. Jkphrtget js tml
prlslecl hf g ogril irhup hf loheigtln agebs,
cohsl th hel gehtmlr gen jkklnjgtloy shutm hf
tml clkltlry. Mlrl gigje wl chkl uphe tml
plcuojgr chkajegtjhe hf ge lxtlesjvl girjcuoturgo
grlg hutsjnl gen g flw fjlons jesjnl tml clkltlry.
Tîtzhon prhplroy chesjnlrln tml cuotjvgtjhe hf
fjlons fhr lchehkjc purphsls je tml kjnnol hf
tmjs sgcrln grlg th al jechecljvgaol. ^gbjei jeth
gcchuet tml chetlkphrgeljty hf tukuoj gen
fjlons, ml whenlrln wmltmlr tml cuotjvgtjhe
chuon mgvl alle cgrrjln hut je rlogtjhe wjtm tmlaurjgo rjtugo.
^ml lvjnlecl ijvle gahvl cge al sukkgrjzln
ay stgtjei tmgt girjcuoturgo fjlons wlrl cuotjvgtln
je tml kjnnol hf clkltlrjls je tml Ogtl Arhezl
gen Lgroy Jrhe Gil. Fhr shkl fjlons tmljr che
tlkphrgeljty wjtm tukuoj wgs prhvln.
Qlturejei th tml Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl
je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens, wl grl gigje strucb
ay tml sjkjogrjty je smgpl hf tmlsl njtcm systlks
gen tml Mhcmîcblr-_jbl fjlons `ust nlscrjaln.
Gosh tml Ihjrol typl njtcmls grl supphsln th
mgvl surrhuenln grtjfjcjgo agebs. Jt wlrl eh
aurjgo kheuklets. Gt Aleelbhk tmljr oleitm
sllkln th al rlogtln th tml shjo chenjtjhes.
Thoole gegoysjs suiilstln ge girjcuoturgo usl fhr
tml lecohsurls gt Vlonmhvle. Je slvlrgo cgsls, ojbl
Ihjrol, Vlonmhvle gen Oggispuo tml ohei njtcmls
wlrl prhvln th al chetlkphrgelhus wjtm gen
rlogtln th tml cjrcuogr aurjgo kheuklets.
Yl tmlrlfhrl suiilst tmgt tml Ohei Njtcmls
hf Ihjrol typl lecohsln grgaol fjlons hf Mhcm
îcblr typl. ^mljr cuotjvgtjhe mgn g rjtugo pur
phsl gen wgs cheelctln wjtm tml cuot hf tml
nlgn. Lxgct nltlrkjegtjhe hf tmjs cuot js jk
phssjaol aut tml lxjstlecl hf tml custhk hf rjtugo
pohuimjei gen shwjei smhuon al rlklkalrln.<
^ml crhp irhwe he tmlsl fjlons kgy mgvl suppoj
ln tml fhhn fhr fuelrgo klgos gen kgy gosh mgvl
alle usln gs hfflrjeis. Frhk tml ngtjeis gvgjogaol
jt fhoohws tmgt tml MgA plrjhn kgjeoy sgw tml
prgctjcl hf tml custhk hf cuotjvgtjei fjlons fhr
sgcrln purphsls.
Mgvjei njvjnln tml ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets
je tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons, tml phssjajojty
hf g rlogtjhe altwlle tml twh irhups smhuon al
chesjnlrln. ^mjs rlogtjhe chuon al agsln hetmljr chrrlsphenjei ehe-cjrcuogr smgpl, wmjcm
colgroy kgrbs tmlk gs lxclptjhes th tml cjrcuogr
njtcmls. Hpphsjtl tmjs rlogtjhe je smgpl mhwlvlr,
stgens tml njfflrlecl je fuectjhe altwlle tml
twh irhups . ^h us tmjs njfflrlecl js fgr khrl
fuengkletgo tmge tml rlslkaogecl je smgpl,
wmjcm khrlhvlr js heoy g njstget rlslkaogecl.
^mlrlfhrl jt sllks jkphssjaol th nlrjvl hel irhup
frhk tml htmlr. Ge griuklet gigjest tmjs nlrj
vgtjhe gosh js tmljr chetlkphrgeljty. Ahtm tml
Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol gen hf Qjltmhvle typl
wlrl usln je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens nurjei
tml MgA plrjhn.6
<. Yml tml r tml prlslecl hf pohuimkg rbs alohw tukuojsmhuon al jetlrprltln gs jenjcgtjhes hf rjtugopohuimjei, sllks qulstjhegaol. \sjei tmlsl kgrbsgs supphrt fhr tml myphtmlsjs hf rjtugo cuotjvgtjhehf Mhcmîcblr-___gl agebs je clkltlrjls , js tmlrlfhr lnlagtgaol. Mhwlvlr tmlrl js htmlr lvjnlecl fhr tmllxjstlecl hf rjtugo pohuimjei (Tîtzhon, 7:642 vgenlr Thlo, 7:67).
6. Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo bjenoy chrrlctln tml Leiojsmkgeusc rjp t, fhr wmjcm wl grl vlry ir gtlfuoo.
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 65/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 66/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 67/68
7/22/2019 APL2 Collection of Papers
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apl2-collection-of-papers 68/68