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APL2 Collection of Papers

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Sjnlsthel Trlss G elw ilelrgtjh e hf Tuaoj smjei

 Zhu grl rlgnjei g fuoo vlrsjhe hf tmjs ahhb, fhr frll!

^mjs ahhb js pgrt hf tml Sjnlsthel l-ojargry wmlrl khst hf hur

puaojcgtjhes grl fuooy gcclssjaol fhr frll. Fhr gcclss th khrl

frll ahhbs vjsjt0 www.sjnlsthel.chk/ojargry

Nhweohgn Fuoo TNF

Vjsjt tml Sjnlsthel l-ojargry th nhweohgn khst hf hur l-ahhbs fhr

heoy ₯ >,<4. Fhr tmjs kjejkgo fll yhu wjoo rlcljvl g fuooy fuectjhego

TNF gen ay nhjei sh, yhu mlop th bllp hur ojargry rueejei.

www.sjnlsthel.chk/ojargry

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G E G O L C ^ G T Q G L M J S ^ H Q J C G O L J N L E S J G

J J

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GEGO L C^ G TQGL MJS^ HQJCG

O L J N L E S J G

JJ

T\A OJC G^J HES HF ^M L JES^ J^\^ L FHQ TQ LM JS ^H QZ

HF ^M L \E JV LQ SJ ^Z HF OLJNL E

>\8K*•k

O L J N L E \ E J V L Q S J ^ Z T Q L S S

7:66

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C H E ^ L E ^ S

T.  @. Q.  KHNNLQKGE,  Ojejleagenblrgkjscml Agutle  gus  Mjle-

mljk, Onbr. Bcomcjk

I. @.  VLQYLQS, G ^ukuous gen  ge \refjlon  gt  Kllroh, Trhv. Ojk

auri

T. @ . Q.  KHNNLQKGE  gen O. T.  OH\YL BHHJ@KGES,  ^ml  Mljaohlk,

g Clkltlry frhk  tml Ogtl Arhezl Gil gen Lgroy Jrhe Gil altwlle

Vlonmhvle gen Stlceslo, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget

I.  @ .  VLQYLQS,  ^ukuoj  gt tml  Plvlealrile elgr  Hss, Ilk.

Alrimlk, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget

I.  @ .  VLQYLQS,  G  Ogtl Arhezl Gil/ Lgroy Jrhe Gil \refjlon  gt

Ihjroc, Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget

I.  ).  VLQYLQS,  Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets  je tml Shutmlre Nuocm

7'refjcons

7

6

:

19

33

>:

h  G `

Gkstlrngk   4?X ,  UU9 ( `

 /´Ogjnk-e   _ r"U

K" C U " „  c-*-/   J  JK J JK«5  7)

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O J E J L E A G E o ) B L Q G K J S C M L A G \ ^ L E G \ S M J L E M L J K ,

O N B Q . B L O M L J K

T. @ . Q . KH NN L QK GE

Jk Alrljcm nlr agunblj 'gjejscmce Buotur sjen,wjl albgeet, o5lj Gusirgaueile ge vlrscmjlnleleStloole Agutle flstilstloot whrnle. Njl Strluueinjlslr uetlrsucmtle Aguwlrbl nlcbt sjcm galree Je kjt nlr Vlrarlj tuei nlr Agenblrgkjb.Mjlr uen ng olitl kge lje/ljel Ilaîunliruen-rjssl frlj, irösslrl Bhkpolxl vhe vhoostîenjileMgusiruenrjssle sjen ajsmlr galr eur je Ayogey,Böoe-J genlet mgo uen ejlnlroîenjscm Ojkaurigusilirgale whrnle. Pu ljelr Iruppl kjttlo-

irhsslj Fuenhrtl kjt zlme hnlr klmr Agutleilmörle Khmloejcl, Pwlebgu, Iunlesalri,Kÿnnlrsmljk uen Qhskllr. Je zgmolekîssjilrJ  Ljesjcmt jst nlr Ylstle kjt ueilfîmr 19< Agutlewljtgus gk alstle vlrtrltle. Slmr wleji jst mjeilile gus nlr sÿnojcmle Mîoftl nls agenblrg-kjscmle Ilajltls albgeet. Vhe mjlr sjen Mgus-iruenrjssl eur gus Mlrbmljk. Onbr. Eörnojeileuen Kgkjswhrtm alj Yjle _ lj Öffletojcm! whrnle.

Ngs 7:61 ilirÿenltl Jestjtuut vhhr Trlmjsthrjl

nlr Qljcmsuejvlrsjtît zu Oljnle mgt sjcm u.g.njl Gufigal ilstloot, ljele Aljorgi /uk Scmojlsslenjlslr Fhrscmueisoÿcbl zu oljstle. Njl zustîenjile Almörnle jk ogenl Agylre wgrle lrfrluojcmlrwljsl scmeloo fÿr ueslrl Toîel ilwheele. Qlcmt ilrel ngebl jcm ge njlslr StloolNr. B. Scmwgrz, Ogenlsbheslrvgthr nls Agylrjscmle Ogenlsgktls fÿr Ahnlenlebkgopfolilfÿr njl irhsszÿijil Grt uen Yljsl, kjt nlr lrueslrlk \etlrelmkle je `lnlr Mjesjcmt letilile ilbhkkle jst.

Vhralrljtlen zljitl ues jk Slptlkalr 7:63Jei. JJ. Eluagulr ljel igezl Qljml vhe agen-blrgkjscmle Fuenstloole, whfÿr wjr jmk zu Ngebvlrpfojcmtlt sjen. Hm el sljel Mjofl wîrl ls uesejcmt köiojcm ilwlsle, je burzlr Pljt ljelirösslrl Pgmo agenblrgkjscmlr Yhmepoîtzl jk(.(Oujnl bleele zu olrele. Kjt Mjofl vhe Ahmrueile wjenle njl iÿestjistle iltlstlt, whaljls sjcm zljitl, ngs kgecmls Kgo ngs Iloîenlaltrîcmtojcm gailscmwlkkt wgr. Eur je wlejile

Fîoole jst njl Ahnlelrhsjhe sh ilrjei ilwlsle.ngs kjt nlr Lrmgotuei nlr Alfuenl je alfrjlnjilenlk Guskgssl zu rlcmele wgr. Slmr iÿestjiscmjle je njlslr Mjesjcmt lje ^lrrgje jk NhrflHtzjei, Onbr. Nliilenhrf, ÿal rn jls jst njl ogenscmgftojcml Ogil Htzjei's jekjttle nlr irhsslesÿnagylrjscmle Oössogenscmgft fÿr ljel agenblrgkjscml Gesjlnouei slje' iÿestji.

Ljel nrljwöcmjil Trhalirgauei jk Slptlkalr7:6> mgt ngee zwgr agenblrgkjscml Alaguueis

spurle lrargcmt, nhcm stlootle sjcm zuioljcmzgmorljcml Ahnlevlrîenlrueile jk Puil `ÿeilrlr Agukgssegmejle gk Togtzl lje. Njl Irualerljmtle sjcm njcmt geljegenlr uen ÿalrscmejttlesjcm. Tfhstleoöcmlr je Pusgkklemgei kjt agenblrgkjscmle Iruale Mlssle sjcm alj njlsle ueiÿestjile Vlrmîotejssle ejcmt lrbleele. Nurcmnjlsl ueiÿestjile Alnjeiueile scmjln Htzjeifÿr ueslrl Pwlcbl gus.

Fji. J.  Njl Ogil vhe Mjlemljk.

Lje elulr Vlrsucm wurnl lje @gmr spîtlrilkgcmt uen zwgr nhegugufwîrts je Mjlemljk.Onbr . Blom ljk (s. Fjt8. 7). Ls mgenlo t sjcm nhrtje ogenscmgftojcmlr Mjesjcmt uk lje rlogtjv' bolj-

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 Gegocctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

Fji. 3.  Vlrzjlr tl Blrgkjb gus ljelr nlr Irua le nls zwljtle Mgusls vhe Mjle mljk . Slm. 7 0 1.

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T.  @. Q. Khnnlrkge „  Ojejleagenblrgkjscou ojkjtrjj ges Mjlemljk

Fji. >.  Vlrzjlrtl Blrgkjb gus ljelr nlr Iruale nls zwljtle Mgujlg vhe Mjlemljk. Slm. 7 0 1.

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J  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

ecs Oössilajlt, ngs sÿnojcm vhe nlr Nhegualirlezt wjrn. Njl Fuenstlool ojlit uekjttloagrge ljelk Stljomgei zur mlutjile Nhegutlrrgssl.Gos Jei. Eluagu lr jk Frÿm `gm r 7:<6 njl rökj

scmle ^lkplofuengkletl gk Yljealri sÿnojcmnlr Nhegu alsucmtl, stlootl lr `lesljts nls Fousslsje nle Gcblre östojcm vhe Mjlemljk scmwgrzlVlrfîraueile flst. Scmhe aljk lrstle Alsucmnls Fuenpogtzls fgen lr Scmlrale uen Flulrstljegascmoîil, whkjt Mjlemljk je njl Qljmlnlr agenblrgkjscmle Sjlnoueile gufilehkklewlrnle bheetl.

Ngeb nlr \etlrstÿtzuei nurcm njl MlrrleOgenrgt @hslf Agulr, Halrrlijlrueisrgt K.Goalrt uen Aÿrilrkljstlr @. Ljcmjeilr uen kjtnlr frluenojcmle Ilelmkjiuei nls Iruenstÿcbsalsjtzlrs Mlrre K. Fhrstlr bheetle wjr gk 14.Slptlkalr 7:6< kjt ljelr Trhalirgauei jeMjlemljk gefgeile. Kjt Mjofl vhe gcmt Mjle-mljklr Aÿrilre wurnl nrlj Yhcmle ilirgale.Vhe ejlnlroîenjscmlr Sljtl wgrle nlr Guthr,Mlrr A. Nlbblr uen zwlj Stunletle nls OljnlelrJestjtuts gewlslen.

Scmhe egcm zwlj ^gile wurnle Tfhstleoöcmlrflstilstloot, wlocml je Pusgkklemgei kjt ljelr

J# -r

D*

Fji. 1.  Toge nls ljstle oÿÿleagenblrgkjscmle Mguslsges Mjlemljk.

Irual, njl gusscmojlssojcm agenblrgkjscml Scmlrale letmjlot, eur gos agenblrgkjscm ilnlutltwlrnle bheetle. Jk Ogufl nlr Irgauei sjenngee njl Ahnlevlrfîraueile ljels vhoostîenjile

Yhmemgusls frljilolit whrnle. Gusslrnlk bgkleehcm zwlj wljtltl Mgusiruenrjssl zutgil, nhcmwgr nlr lrstl .jk vhoostîenjistle.

Ngs lrstl Mjlemljklr agenblrgkjscml Mgus(s.  Fji. 1) jst kjt sljelr Oîeisgcmsl vhe EEYegcm SSH hrjletjlrt. Oîeil uen Arljtl sjenltwg 76 k uen 6 k. Nlr Agu iojlnlrt sjcm jezwlj ^ljol0 ljele Ehrnwlsttljo kjt Ygenirîacmle uen ljele Sÿnhsttljo, alj nlk njl Ygenpfhstle flmole. Pwlj irösslrl Iruale ge nleîusslrle Oîeissljtle nls Mgusls wljsle ngrgufmje, ngss nlr Sÿnhsttljo Folcmtwîenl mgttl.Shocml Iruale je ioljcmlr Ogil sjen jezwjscmlesh kgeejifgcm zu ^gil ilbhkkle, ngss bljelAlnleble klmr alstlmle, njl kljstle njlslrIruale gos aljk Agu nls Mgusls letstgenlelOlmkiruale zu lrboîrle. Njl Spurle nlr Ygenpfhstle ge nle sÿnöstojcmle Oîeissljtle nlsMgusls sjen oljnlr nurcm njl Gascmwlkkuei nlsIloîenls vlrohrle iligeile.

Alj nle aljnle genlrl e Mgusir uenr jsslemgenlot ls sjcm slmr wgmrscmljeojcm uk Agutleioljcmlr Irössl. Sjl sjen galr ejcmt sh vhoostîenji

wjl ngs lrstl Mgus uen shoole nlsmgoa je njlslkVhralrjcmt eur lrwîmet slje.

Ge Mgen nls gus nle Ejlnlrogenle vhrojlilenle Kgtlrjgos jst ls köiojcm, nle MjlemljklrMgusiruenrjss eîmlr zu nlutle. Ls oîsst sjcm ljeEhrnwlst tljo kjt Ygenirîacmle vhe ljelk Sÿnhsttljo uetlrscmljnle, wh eur Tfhstleiruale nleVlroguf nlr Yîenl geilale. Nlr Sÿnhsttljo jstgos Yhmerguk zu altrgcmtle. Nlr Toge stjkktshwljt kjt nle Alfuenle gus nlk wlstojcmleIlajlt nlr agenblrgkjscmle Buotur ÿalrlje,

ngss jk Jeelerguk vhe Ehrnwlstle mlr zueîcmst je cg. 7.14 k Gastgen vhk ßalrigeinlr aljnle Mgustljol ljel Wulrrljml vhe Tfhstleguftrjtt. Ls fhoit jk Mjlemljklr Fgool ngee ehcmlje 'Nrljlr-Tfhstle-Qjlilr, wîmrlen je ejlnlroîenjscm Ojkauri stgttnlssle letwlnlr ljel Z-Bhefjiurgtjhe hnlr zwlj Nrljlr-Tfhstle-Qjliloÿaojcm sjen. Yjl sjcm njlsl \etlrscmjlnl nlutleogssle, nÿrftl whmo lrbleeagr wlrnle, wlee ljelirösslrl Pgmo vhe Mgusiruenrjssle zur Vlr-

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J'. @. Q. Khnnlrkge „  Ojejleagenblrgkjscml Agutle gus Mjlemljk  <

fÿiuei stlmle wjrn. Ylee kge guf Iruen nlrTfhstlestloouei ngs Mjcemljklr Mgus je njlwlstojcml cmrhehohijscml ^yphohijl ljerljmleköcmtl, sh wÿrnl jcm njl ßalrigeispmgsl nlr

gotle zuk `ueile Ojejleagenblrgkjb vhrscmogile.

Gus nle Iruale aljk Mgus 7 je Mjl emlj ksjen oljnlr eur wlejil Fuenl zuk Vhrscmlje

ilbhkkle. Njl wlejile vlrzjlrtle Scmlralej kkle galr iut kjo nle Fuenle gus ljelr

nlr Iruale nls Mgusls 1 ÿalrlje. Njlsl Blrgkjbwjrn je Fji. 3 uen > gmilajonlt. LjeilrjtztlOjejle sjen hffleagr igez je nlr Khnl, zusgkkle kjt ljelj ljefgcmle Altheuei nls Ilfîss-rgenls nurcm ljel Qljml vhe Ljestjcmle hnlrnurcm ljel Ojejl. Gus rlje typhohijscmle Irÿenle köcmtl jcm njlsl Fueniruppl vhroîufji ljelrkjttolrle Tmgsl nlr Ojejleagenblrgkjb zuwljsle.Ejcmt igez stlmt ngkjt njl C 7>-Ngtjlruei geMgen vhe Mhozbhmol gus nlr ioljcmle Irual jeßalrljestjkkuei. Mlrr Nr. @. C. Vhilo vhk

Irhejeilr CU-Ogahr mgt ues kjtiltljot, ngsslr mlj nlr Gotlrsalstjkkuei guf   "5!' 74 n C,   r

@gmrl (IrE->=34) bhkkt, wgs ueilfîmr 3:64· <4 v. Cmr . Ila. mljssle kgi.

Alj nlr Irgauei sjen ejcmt eur ojejleagenblrgkjscml Spurle, shenlre gucm Iruale nlrStjcmagenblrgkjb uen lje Irgale ilfuenlewhrnle, wlocmlr wgmrscmljeo jcm `ueielhojtmjscmjst. _ucm fÿr njlsl stjcmagenblrgkjscmle Irualebgee ljel C[ R-Ngt jlruei ililale wlrnle0 Sjlogutlt <9=4 · C, ,- @g mr l (Ire-> =31), wgkjt nlk gotle Cmgrgbtlr njlslr Alfuenl uen kjtnle genlrle CU-Ngtjlrueile njlslr Buoturÿalrljestjkkt. Scmojlssojcm slj ehcm lrwîmet,ngss je nlr Gcblrfurcml Flulrstljekgtlrjgo ljelrkjttlopgoîhojtmjscmle Buotur ilsgkklot whrnle

jst.

Njl Qlsuotgtl nlr Trhalirgauei je nlr j2cjj-ojtmjscmle Sjlnouei vhe Mjlemljk sjen sh vjlovlrsprlcmlen, ngss njl Fhrtsltzuei nlr \etlrsucmuei slmr wÿescmleswlrt lrscmljet.

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G ^ \ K \ O \ S G E N G E \ Q E F J L O N G ^ K L L Q O H . T Q H V. O J K A \ Q I

I. @. VLQYLQ S

 ///   7:6> g tukuous, chetgjejei g Algblr hf   Vlouvjge typl tmgt  gcchkpgejln  gcrlkgtln jetlrklet wgs lxcgvgtln gt Kllroh. ^h tml shutm hf tmjs tukuous,

g cjrcol hf phstmhols wgs njschvlrln je 7:6<. Jt rlprlslets tml ogst rlojc

hf g olvlooln agrrhw. ^h tml ehrtm hf tml tukuous wjtm crlkgtjhe, pgrt hf

ge urefjlon wjtm jetlrruptln cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn alle chestructln. ^ml flw

ures kgy al ngtln th tml MgC`N  plrjhn. Je tml fojet kgtlrjgo, choolctln  je gen

alohw tml fjrst tukuous, lpj-Tgoglhojtmjc gen Klshojtmjc trgnjtjhes grl prlslet.

Gftlr chkpoltjhe hf tje' puaojcgtjhe hf ^ukuous

J gohei tje' Thstagge gt Kllroh t, skgoo jevlstjigtjhes wlrl cgrrjln hut ahtm th tml ehrtm gen

oH\tm Hf tml tu kuo us je 7:6<. Frhk tml jefhr

kgtjhe prhvjnln ay Kr. Blsslos hf Kllroh. tmgt

fhrklroy g ojttol mjoo wgs sjtugtln he mjs fjlon,

ge l_r.j_ gtjhe hf g skgoo grlg lgst hf tml Thstagge

w .js aliue (fji. J ) = . Nurjei tml prlvjhus je

vlstjigtjhes hf tmrll qugnrgets, ahtm je gen

alohw ^ukuous J. fojet kgtlrjgo wgs fhuen. Nul

th tml kltmhn hf lxcgvgtjhe, wmhsl prjkgry gjk

wgs g stuny hf tml agrrhw, jt wgs jkphssjaol th

ijvl tml choolctjei hf tml fojet kgtlrjgo tml

gttletjhe jt nlslrvln. ^mjs jkplrflctjhe pous tml

fgct tmgt tml thtgo choolctjhe chkprjsls 94< pjlcls,

7. Vlrwlrs, I. @. (7:6>)0 'G Vlouvjge Ahoo Algblrwjtm Qlkgjes hf g Crlkgtjhe je ,j ^ukuous elgrKllroh',  Gegm'ctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg,  J, pp. 79-1>.1.  ^ml lxcgvgtjhes hf 7:6< sthhn uenlr tml ngjoysuplrvjsjhe hf Kr. ('.. Mhhilenhhre gen Kr. ,). L. G.vgjo Qujtleallb, gssjstgets th tml Jestj tutl fhr Trlmjsthry.

Fji. 7.  Sjtugtjhe hf tml lxcgvgtln grlgs, gen poge ho^ukuous JJ gt Kllroh. Scgol  707444  gen  70144.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  ^ukuous gen \refjlon gt Kllroh

Fji.  1. Toge hf ^ukuous J gen tml \refjlon g t Kllroh. Scgol  70144.

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=  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

v_  .  7 7 -  •5

, `  X-  r'G

''   ' "*• "y

o0j"""'.'-'!"* ~U  m8

Fji. 3.  Thttlry frhk tml \refjcon .jt Kllroh . Scgol  7  0>.

hf wmjcm heoy 93 grc chkpoltln grtjfgcts, kgbls

nlfjejtl stgtlklets rgtmlr plrjohus. Khrlhvlr tmjs

skgoo eukalr hf grtjfgcts vlry prhagaoy aloheis

th njfflrlet plrjhns. Aljei gwgrl hf tmlsl fgcts,

Kr. |. T. Nhlts uenlrthhb tml stuny hf tml

kgtlrjgo  0j. Alsjnls colgroy Klshojtmjc fjens, ml

njstjeiujsmls ge lpj-Tgoglhojtmjc trgnjtjhe je g

euk alr hf ha`lcts. ^mjs ogst supphsjt jhe kjimt al

supphrt ln ay tml prlslecl hf chkp grg aol kgtl rjgo

je tml jkklnjgtl eljima hurmhhn .Gahut <4 kltlrs th tml shutmlgst hf ^uku

ous f, (ml rlkgjes hf g olvlooln tukuous, ^uku

ous JJ, wlrl jevlstjigtln gt g pogcl jenjcgtln ay

Kr. Blsslos. Je tml yloohw sgen alohw tml ngrb

thpshjo, g flw vgiul njschohurgtjhes wlrl je

tlrprltln gs phstmhols. ^le hf tmlk sthhn

je g rliuogr cjrcol wjtm g njgkltlr hf 9.< k.

^mly grl tml ogst lvjnlecl fhr tml lxjstlecl hf

tmjs agrrhw. Je tml shutmlre pgrt hf tml cjrcol,

twh phstmhols c`hsl th hel gehtmlr kjimt jenjcgtl

g cohsln letrgecl. Eh trgcl hf tml jetlrklet wgsolft.

Fjegooy, skgoo pohts th tml- ehrtm gen shutm hf

^ukuous J wlrl jevlstjigtln. ^rjgo trlecmls je

tml shutmlre grlg njn eht yjlon gey jefhrkgtjhe.

Ehrtm hf ^ukuous J. tml rlkgjes hf ge ure-

fjlon wjt m cjrcuogr njtcmls wlrl njschvlrln | fji.

3.  Yl tmgeb Kr. @. T. Nhlts gt tml Mgiul fhr mjscheslet th puaojsm g sukkgry hf mjs rlsuots.J. J'n[ nltl rkjeg tjhe J gk irgtlfuo th Nr. S. @. vgeHhstrhhk gen Kr. @. M. Blre, Stgtl Mlragrjuk gtOljnle.

1).  Hf tml irgvl kheuklets hf tmjs plrjhn, heoy

hel colgroy vjsjaol rjeinjtcm, jetlrruptln je tml

shutmlgst, rlkgjeln. Je tml cletrl, ge ure (fji. 1,

eh.  >=) mgn alle pogcln. Heoy pgrt hf g slchen,

jetlrruptln, njtcm rlkgjeln wmjol shkl nlojalr

gtloy rhuimleln smlrns (fji. 1, eh. :), thiltmlr

wjtm frgiklets hf crlkgtln ahel cgkl frhk tml

njsturaln cletlr. Frhk tml sgkl poht, pgrts hf

tmrll khrl ures wlrl choolctln, aut tmlsl wlrl

eht rlogtln th g kheu kl et (fji. 1, ehs. >, >1, >6) .

^mly cge al ngtl n th tml Mg C/N -pl rjh n.

Nurjei tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn

prlpgrln tml nrgwjeis je tml fjlon2 Kr. A. C.

Nlbblr nrguimtln tml jooustrgtjhes je tmjs puaoj

cgtjhe. ^ml sphetgelhus gen suastgetjgo supphrt

ay tml Kuejcjpgojty hf Kllroh gen jts 'Auril

kllstlr' Kr. K. @. G. Q. Njttrjcm js irgtlfuooygcbehwolniln.

^ml fjens frhk ahtm lxcgvgtjhes wjoo al blpt

je tml Egtjhego Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls gt Oljnle.

Fjens

Fojet0 Alcgusl hf tml ojkjtln sjzl hf tml lpj-Tgogl-hojtmjc/Klshojtmjc fojet-choolctjhe gen tml gaslecl hf grlgshegaol eukalr hf typjcgo grtjfgcts, eh nlscrjptjhewjoo al ijvle. Kletjhe js kgnl hf g aognl hf Yhje-ejlrshk-qugrtzjtl (73= x 3> x = kk ), njschvlrlnehrtm hf ^ukuous J.Thttlry0 ^ml phttlry hf ^ukuous J mgs prlvjhusoy allepuaojsmln. Ehrtm hf tmjs tukuous shkl ures cgkl th

ojimt2(fji. 3, eh. >) 2 mgenkgnl, cogy tlkplrln wjtm phttlry-kjo. skhhtm surfgcl, chohur rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjejeicrlkgtln ahels.(eh.  >1)2 mgenkgnl, phttlry-irjt, surfgcl rhuimleln,chohur rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjejei crlkgtln ahels.(eh.  >1 g) 0 jesjnl >1, mgenkgn l, skhhtm surfgcl,chohur rlnnjsm yloohw/irgyjsm arhwe.(eh.  > 6) 2 mgen kgnl, phttlry-irjt, surfgcl phojsmln.chohur ngrb arhwe, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe.(eh.  >= ) 2 mge nkgnl , ojttol phttlry-irjt, surfgcl vlr`wloo phojsmln, gen tmle chvlrln wjtm g sojp, chohuraogcb2 wmle pgrt hf tml surfgcl cgkl hff, ge lxtrlkloynjstjec tjvl prjet hf g flre-olgf wgs smhwe, wmjcm tur eln hut th alohei th  Ttlrjnjuk gqujojeuk (O) Bume

>.

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J M L M L J A O H L K , G C L K L ^ L Q Z F Q H K ^ M L O G ^ L A Q H E P L G I L

G E N L G Q O Z J Q H E G I L A L ^ Y L L E V L O N M H V L E G E N S ^ L L E S L O ,

T Q H V. E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^

T.  @, Q. K H N N L Q K G E GEN O. J'. OH \ YL B H H J @ K G E S

^mjs  clkltlry mgs nrgwe  tml gttletjhe hf  grcmglhohijsts sjecl 7=>>.  Lxclpt  fhr

hel Lgroy Arhezl Gil phstcjrcol goo trgcls cge al ngtln altwlle 7444 gen

gpprhxjkgtloy <44 A.C. Ohei, rlctgeiuogr, gen cjrcuogr njtcmls wlrl fhuen,

wmjcm thiltmlr wjtm tml phttlry prhvls tmgt tml clkltlry  wgs je chetjeugo usl

 fhr   slvlrgo cleturjls.

 Jetrhnuctjhe

Sjecl 7=>> grcmglhohijcgo fjens mgvl alle kgnl

CK  .je grlg sjtugtln th tml shutm-lgst hf tml kgje

rhgn frhk Vlonmhvle th Stlleslo he ahtm sjnls

hf tml ahrnlr altwlle tml kuejcjpgojtjls hf

Vlonmhvle gen Llrsl@ (fji. 7). ^m l kgtlrjgo

frhk tmjs fjlon smhws tml prlslecl hf ge lxtle

sjvl clkltlry hf tml Ogtl Arhezl Gil gen tml

alijeejei hf tml Jrhe Gil. ^ml sjtl js cgooln

tml Mljaohlk gftlr g arjcb fgcthry he tml hpph-

Fji. 7.  Ohcgtj he hf tml cle jlt ce tml Mljaohlk. Scgol

7 0 <4 444.

sjtl sjnl hf tml rhgn. ^ml Stllesloscml Mut, ge hon

fgrkmhusl je tml vjcjejty, gosh slrvln th jenjcgtl

tml ohcgtjhe hf tml sjtl (fji. 1).

^ml khst rlclet rlslgrcm wgs kgnl je 7:<9

ay tml fjrst gutmhr gs g klkalr hf tml stgff hf

tml Q.H.A. (Stgtl Slrvjcl fhr Grcmglhohijcgo

Jevlst jigtjhes je tml Eltml rogen s) je cohsl cho

ogahrgtjhe wjtm Kr. I. Allx, g klkalr hf tml

Grcmglhohijcgo Chkkjssjhe hf tml Trhvjecjgo

Shcjlty fhr Grt gen Scjlecls. Alfhrl puaojsmjei

tml rlsuots, jt sllkln whrtmwmjol th choolct honlrngtg. ^mjs tml slchen gutmhr uenlrthhb. ^mjs

puaojcgtjhe tmle kgbls gvgjogaol fhr tml stuny

hf prlmjsthry goo tml ngtg frhk tmjs clkltlry.

^ml ogenscgpl

Gt tml tjkl hf tml fjrst lxcgvgtjhes, ay T. E.

Tgeble je 7=>>, tml tlrrgje wgs kgjeoy uenlr

mlgtmlr gen wgs pgrt hf tml Mllrscml Mljnl

(Mllrs' Mlgtm). Tgeble, wmh wgs gorlgny gc

qugjetln wjtm grcmglhohiy je tml fjlon, chuonlgsjoy rlchiejzl g eukalr hf agrrhws je tmjs

hple ogenscgpl. Ml igvl ge lxgct nlscrjptjhe

hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes je mjs grtjcol (Tgebl e.

7=>>).

Sjecl khnlre tjkls, tml rlijhe mgs alle gokhst

chkpoltloy uenlr fhrlst. ^ml clkltlry js sjtu

gtl n he g cjrcg 7 bk wjnl rjnil chesjstjei

hf ohgky, fjel sgen nlphsjtln ay wjen. ^ml

rlojlf js sojimtoy uenuogtjei gs js typjcgo fhr tmlsl

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74  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

Fjt Sjtugtjhe hf agrrhws gen lxcgvgtjhes hf tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 <444.

sh-cgooln chvcj sgens. ^m l rjnil js hrjle tgtln

E.L.-S.ZV. altwlle tml rjvuolts Ilenlr gen Que

(fji. 7). ^ml clkltlry js fhuen he tml ehrtmlre

mgof hf tml sgenrjnil, wmjcm sohpls nhwe th tml

Ilenlr chkpgrgtjvloy stllpoy. ^h tml shutm tmlrlgrl kjehr nuels, wmjcm wlrl nlscrjaln ay T.E.

Tguble gs 'mjoos fhrkln ay egturl'.

 Jevlstjigtjhe* hf tml clkltlry

Yl grl gcqugjetln wjtm tml fhoohwjei gctjvjtjls

uenlrtgble je tml clkltlry. Gs je sh kgey hf

tmlsl cgsls tmlrl wjoo mgvl alle khrl gctjvjtjls

auo aljei hf g prjvgtl egturl, tmly mgvl alle ohst.

j =>->-0 T. E. Tge ble rlchiejzls tml agr rhws

gen jevlstjigtls qujtl g eukalr. Sll alohw.

7:4:0 @. M. Mhowlrng gen K. G. Lvlolje frhk

tml Qj`bskusluk vge Hu nml nle (Egtjhe go

Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls) gt Oljnle pgy g vjsjt

th tml clkltlry. ^mly nlcjnl eht th lxcgvgtlgs khst hf tml agrrhws mgvl alle irlgtm

ngkgiln.

Cjrcg 7:740 C. Qj`ble, mlg nkg stl r frhk

Vlonmhvle, rl-lxgkjels tml agrrhws gs wloo gs

tml 'pogtl gu' grl g th tml shutm. Fhr furtmlr

jefhrkgtjhe, sll alohw.

7:74-7:7 *0 Nur jei tml njii jei hf sgen, fjens

je kgnl wmjcm grl gpprhxjkgtl oy ohcgtln. Sll

alohw

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J'. @. B. Khnnlrkge gen O, T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „  ^ml Mljaohlk 77

Fji.  .')'. J'o.je uj  J ojt-  je J'K" rxj gvg tln pgjo hf tml llkl tle (ml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 <44.

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T.  @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „  ^ml Kljaohlk 73

7:49-7:730 ^ml Qj`bskusluk vge Hunmlnlegt Oljnle rlcljvls frhk C. Qj`ble gen @. E. G.Tgeble kgey ures, jecounjei shkl frhk Vlon

mhvle gen Stlleslo. Shkl hf tmlk grl frhk hur

clkltlry, auo wmjcm hels chuon eht al nltlctlnwjtm suffjcjlet clrtgjety fhr puaojcgtjhe.

7:>=0  Trhf.  Nr. G. L. vge Ijffle, Njrlcthr hf

tml Q.H.A., nlcjnls th kgbl g trjgo-lxcgvgtjhe

th rlscul tml clkltlry, (fjis. 1 gen 3) . ^mjs wjoo

al nlgot wjtm je khrl nltgjo.

7:<30  Kr. @. T. Vllr kge frhk Ljenmhv le

kgbls shkl fjens je g agrrhw, wmjcm ogtlr wgs

agptjsln tml Muenrlntm alcgusl jt js eukalr

744 je tml ojst hf lxcgvgtln agrrhws je tml

prhvjecl hf Ehhrn-Argaget.

7:<90  ^ml gahvl kletjheln lxcgvgtjhe ay

Kr. I. Allx gen tml fjrst gutmhr tgbls pogcl.

^wh agrrhws (ehs. 744 gen 747) grl jevlstjigtln

j fjis. 1. J gen <) .

Yl mgvl hkjttln njscussjei goo fjens gahut

wmjcm wl chuon eht hatgje suffjcjlet clrtg jety

gs th tmljr fjenspht2 sucm gs tml cup wjtm

Blrascmejtt   nlchrgtj he klet jheln ay I. Allx

(Argagets Mllk 76, 7:6>, p. ==), gen tml

gcqujsjtjhes th tml Oljnle Kusluk altwlle

7:49 gen 7:73.

^ml lxcgvgtjhes

Tgeble 7=>>0

Je 7=>> Kr. T. E. Tgeble, wgobjei frhk Stlle

slo th Vlonmhvle, wgs strucb ay g irhup hf vlry

rliuogr mjoohcbs g tmhusgen ehrkgo pgcls th tml

rjimt hf tml njbl (j.l. rhgn) gen < kjeutls

wlstlroy hf tml sh-cgooln Stllesloscml Mut (fji. 1).

Hel cge fjen tmjs mut he tml ^hphirgfjscml le

Kjojtgjrl Bggrt vge mlt Bhejeirj`b nlr Elnlr

ogenle,  70<4.444,  smllt <7 JJJ jssuln je 7=<3,

wmjcm kgbls tml ohcgtjhe prltty wloo clrtgje.Gcchrnjei th Tgeble (7=>>), tml irhup hf

agrrhws chesjstln hf 74 aji gen 3 skgoo hels

wjtmje g surfgcl grlg hf 7<4 ay 94 strjnls

rueejei lgst-wlst. Shkl hple spgcl js nlscrjaln

altwlle tml fhur khst lgstlroy agrrhws gen tml

lolvle (jt kust al ejel) wlstlroy agrrhws. Je

tmjs hple spht wgs g skgoo wgtlrwloo. ^h tml

ehrtm gen wlst khrl agrrhws chuon al njstje

iujsmln aut Tgeble njn eht jevlstjigtl tmlsl.

Tgeble ijvls nltgjoln ngtg gs th tml sjtugtjhe

hf tml agrrhws je rlogtjhe th lgcm htmlr gen

gahut tml mjoohcbs tmlkslovls. Gt tml prlslet tjkl

g eukalr hf agrrhws js stjoo je lxjstlecl. Gftlr

tmly mgn alle kgppln, wl wlrl gaol th chkpgrltmljr sjtugtjhe wjtm Tgeble's nlscrjptjhe. Go

tmhuim shkl hf tml klgsurlklets grl eht

lxgctoy tml sgkl, wl wlrl gaol th chrrlogtl

kgey hf Tgeble's eukalrs wjtm hur hwe. ^ml

wmhol njstrjautjhe pgttlre js sh sjkjogr tmgt gey

nhuat cge al lxcounln. He tml kgp (fji. 1)

tml agrrhws grl smhwe je tmljr rlclet sjtugtjhe.

Je hur hpjejhe tmlr l js eh nhua t wmgtshlvlr

tmg t Tgeble 's eh. : js hur eh . 747. ^m l agrrhws

th tml ehrtm, kletjheln ay Tgeble, grl cohsl th

tml fjlon lxcgvgtln je 7:>=. Je g wlstlroy nj

rlctjhe, Tgeble gbh sgw khrl agrrhws2 hel hfwmjcm kust al hur euka lr 744. Tgeble's ehs.

7,  1, 3 hr >, 77. 71 gen 73 gen tml wloo g rl ohst.

Gs th tml fjens frhk 7=>>, slvlrgo shurcls grl

gt hur njsphsgo. ^ml Trhvjecjgo Kusluk gt nle

Ahscm chetgjes g eukalr hf ures he wmjcm grl

tmrll ogalos goo hf tml sgkl typl, je tml sgkl

mgenwrjtjei gen wjtm tml sgkl njschohurgtjhe.

He l ijvls0 'Stlleslo 7=>> eh. '2 g slchen0

'TJ.  V (hr JV ) eh. ', rlflrs th tml puaojcgtjhe

ay Mlrkges (7=6<), wmh sukkgrjzls tml mjs

thry hf Tgeble's whrb he hur sjtl gen wmh ijvlsnrgwjeis hf khst hf tml ha`lcts. ^ml tmjrn ogalo

sgys0  ' 7=6< eh. ' wmjcm rlflrs th ge jevlethry

hf tmgt ylgr hr tmlrgahuts. Goo tmlsl ngtg lxcounl

gey nhuat gs th tml agrrhw wmlrl g clrtgje ure

wgs fhuen.

Je hur fjenojst, gnnln th tmjs puaojcgtjhe,

uenl r tml eukalrs 7 tmrhu im 74, tml ures ue

lgrtmln ay Tgeble grl nlscrjaln. Je mjs puaoj

cgtjhe ml kletjhes tmgt je tml agrrhws : (hur

eh.  747) gen 71 ehtmjei wgs fhuen, wmlrlgs tml

ure frhk agr rhw 74 wgs ohst wmle Mlr kges

igvl mjs sukkgry je 7=6<.

Qj`cble 7:740

Khst hf tml agrrhws lxcgvgtln ay Tgeble wlrl

rl-lxgkjeln ay C. Qj`ble je 7:74. Furtmlrkhrl

ml kgnl shkl fjens he 'g vgst lolvgtjhe hf tml

irhuen th tml shutm2 wmlrl ge hon trgcb

slpgrgt ls ahtm grlgs'. ^ml fjens frhk tmlsl

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77  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

• 

• 

-V

Fji, <.  Toge gen olc tjhej hf tml 747st agrrh w gt tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 144 gen 7 0 =4.

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J'. @, Q.  Khnnlrkge gen  O, T. Ohuwl  Bhhj`kgjjs  ^ml Mljaohlk 7<

'  r !  '

 Fji.  6.  Thj jcj _ frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.

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76  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

•v  _'   7

• 0 K

h-y _

 _ E5 • v

• _ ••• • /

 _ X

Fj`f.  9. Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.

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T.  @. Q.  Khnnlrkge  gen O. T.  Ohuwl Bhhj`kges  „  ^ml  Mljaohlk 79

jevlstjigtjhe!  grl fhr tml  khst pgrt  je tml

Trhvjecjgo Kusluk  gt nle  Ahscm.  Je tml  cgtgoh

iul  hf 7:79 ay @. M .  Mhowlrng  gen @. T. Y. G.

Skjt,  tml  fjen cjrcukstgecls  grl  ijvle  aut tml)

grl  eht  vlry lxgct,  gs je  smhwe  je hur  fjenojst.

^rgkwgy sgenpjt (:74-7:770^h  tml  shutm  hf tml  rhgn frhk Stlleslo  th

Vlonmhvle, sgen  wgs nui he ge  lolvgtln pgrclo

wjtm shkl  ohw  mjoohcbs  fhr tml  chestructjhe  hf

g trgkwgy  (fji. 1).  ^mrll fjens cgkl  th tml

Trhvjecjgo Kusluk  je nle  Ahscm (Mhowlrng,

7:79). Heoy  hel chuon  al  trgcln  ay us  j.l. eh. 19

je  tm l  fjenojst.  ^ml  fjenspht ojls wlst  hf   tukuous

eh.  744.

Lxcgvgtjhe  7:>=0

Je  7:>9 Trhf. Nr . G. L. vge  Ijffle, Nj rlct hr

hf   tm l  Q.H.A., nlcjnln  th  kgbl  g  cuoturgo njg

irgk  je tml  rlijhe  hf tml  Ljimt Algtjtunls,  S.Y.

hf Ljenmhvle.  Je 7:>9 g  stgrt  wgs  kgnl wjtm  tml

lxcgvgtjhe  hf tml  agrrhws altwlle ^htlrfhut  gen

Mgovl Kj`o.  Trhf. Nr. Y.  Iogsalrile  je  tmhsl

ngys gssjstget  th tml  Ajhohijcgo-Grcmglhohijcgo

Jestjtutl  hf   Irhejeile \ejvlrsjty  wgs  cmgriln

wjtm ngjoy kgegilklet. Nurjei tmjs jevlstj

igtjhe.  Trhf, vge  Ijffle  wgs  jefhrkln  ay Nr. @.Qlenlrs frhk Ljenmhvle tmgt  ge ure  wjtm

crlkgtln mhels  wgs   fhuen nurjei aujonjei  gc

tjvjtjls  he g  Mlon hpphsjtl  tml  mrjlb fgcthry  nl

Mljaohlk elgr Vlonmhvle, ^rjgo-trlecmls wlrl

nui  je  Kgrcm-Gprjo  7:>=, ge n je  Hcthalr-

Ehvlkalr  hf   tmgt ylgr  tml `ha wgs  fjejsmln

(fji.  1). Y.  Iogsalrile vjsjtln  tm l  lxcgvgtjhe

g  flw  tjkls.  M.  Trggkstrg  gen C. vge  Nuj`e

rlsplctjvjoy frhk  tm l  A.G.J,  gen tml  Q.H.A. igvl

tlcmejcgo gssjstgecl.  ^ml  rlsuot  hf tml nji wgs eht

gs getjcjpgtln  sh eh  furtmlr jevlstjigtjhes wlrl

kgnl.

^ml ngtg frhk tmjs lxcgvgtjhe wlrl pogcln

gt  hur  njsphsjtjhe  ay tml  bjenelss  hf Trhf. Nr.

M.  ^.  Ygtlrahob, Njrlcthr  hf tml  A.G.J,  gen

Trhf. Nr. Y.  Iogsalrile.

^ml fjlon-kgps smhw  g  eukalr  hf   loheigtln

gen cjrcuogr njtcmls wmjcm sllk  th  jetlrslct.

Je shkl jestgecls tmlsl slctjhes  grl  vlry nhuat-

fuoo alcgusl  g  rlogtjvloy  hon  njtcm  je hel  jestgecl

js cuttje i  g  rlogtjvloy rlclet  hel gt  gehtmlr phjet.

^mjs  js  qujtl wloo uenlrstgengaol  jf hel  behws

mhw njffjcuot  jt js th sll je  tmlsl sgeny shjos

jetlrslctjhes  hf   tmjs typl.  Yl  mgvl tmlrlfhrl

kgnl e h njstjectjhe altwlle  tml njfflrlet njtcmls.

\efhrtuegtloy  tml  fjens frhk tmjs lxcgvgtjhecgkl jeth njshrnlr, wmjcm  js tml  rlgshe  wmy

heoy mgof   hf   tmlk  cge al  ohcgtln lxgctoy  he tml

kgp. Mhwlvlr  goo grl  nlscrjaln  je hur  fjenojst

uenlr  ehs.  1=->>.

^ml poge  hf tml  lxcgvgtjhe  (fji. 3)  smhws  twh

typls  hf   prlmjsthrjc chefjiurgtjhes2 ahtm  grl

njtcmls.  Je hel  jestgecl,  tm l  njtcm cjrcukscrjals

ge haohei pjlcl  hf   irhuen.  ^ml  njtcmls vgry  je

wjntm frhk 1.9-6.4 k. ^ml oleitm  js behwe  je hel

cgsl  th al 3< k. G  skgoo  hel  kjimt  al  uenlr

34  k,  wmlrlgs  tml  oheilst  js  hvlr  3: k.  Fhurgrl  je  pgjrs wmlrlgs tmrll khrl  grl  sjeiol.  Je tml

ohei gxjs  hf   tmrll ohei njtcmls shkl crlkgtln

ahels wlrl fhuen. ^mlrl  js eh  prhhf tmgt tmly

wlrl jetletjhegooy aurjln  je tml  ohei lecohsurls.

Fhr furtmlr nltgjos gahut tmjs typl hf  njtcm wl wjsm

th rlflr  th g puaojcgtjhe ay I. @. Vlrwlrs  (7:66 J.

wmh prhphsls  tml  egkl  hf   'Ohei Njtcmls  hf tml

Ihjrol typl'  fhr  tmlsl pmlehkleg.

^ml slchen typl  hf   njtcm  js tml  wloo behwe

cjrcuogr  hel. G  eukalr  hf   tmlk  gr l  ogtlr tmge

tml ohei njtcmls,  gs  pgrt  hf tml  khrl  hr  olsscjrcuogr njtcm  js  fhrkln  ay g  ojelgr njtcm  hf g

ohei njtcm.  Jt js  qujtl rlkgrb gaol tm gt  je  heoy

hel jestgecl  tm l  cletrl  hf g  cjrcuogr njtcm

chetgjeln trgcls  hf g  crlkgtjhe.  Je  fjvl htmlr

jestgecls, trgcls  hf   cmgrchgo  hr  shkl phtsmlrns

wlrl fhuen wmjol  he l  cletrl  wgs  rlcletoy njs

turaln, wmjcm kjimt phjet  th  shkl shrt  hf   aurjgo.

^wh shjo sgkpols wlrl tgble  ay M. ^.  Ygtlr-

ahob,  wmh  puaojsmln  tm l  rlsuot  hf mjs  phoole-

gegoysjs  je mjs  tmlsjs,  7:<>, pp.  74:-774.  Hel

sgkpol  js frhk  tml hon surfgcl  je tml cletrl hf hel

hf   tm l  sh-cgooln 'ohei alns',  tm l  htmlr  js  frhk  g

njtcm  hf g  'ohei  aln'.  Qlogtjvloy  ohw  gkhuets

fhr  Cgooueg  ih  wjtm mjim gkhuets  fhr  Irgkjelgl,

 Quklx  ge n  Ttlrjnjuk.  Je tml  njtcm  ge lx

clptjhegooy irlgt eukalr  hf   Tgpjojhegclgl  wlrl

fhuen.  ^ml  rgtmlr mjim plrcletgil  fhr  Fgius

(3.6%  je tml hon  surfgcl)  gen tml ohw  gkhuet

fhr  Chryous  smhw tmgt  je  chkpgrjshe wjtm  tml

elgr-ay irhup  hf   tukuoj  hf   Mgovl Kj`o,  g  ngtjei

ogtlr tmge  tml  Kjnnol Arhezl  Gil js  prltty wloo

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J«  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

Fji. =.  Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.

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14  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

3= /./

2 X /33

3>

J1=

Fji. 74.  Thttlry frhk tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. 3<0 scgol 7 0 1.

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T.  @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „  ^ml Mljaohlk 17

clr tgje . He toj?' htmlr mgen, g ngt jei lgrojlr t mge

tml alijeejei hf tml fhrkgtjhe hf tml yhuei

khss-plgo je tml Tllo js khst ojbloy.

Lxcgvgtjhe 7:<90 tml 744tm agrrhw 0^ml mgrrhw mgn alle agnoy ngkgiln ay gejkgo

gen mukge gctjvjtjls0 tml wlstlre mgof gpplgrln

th al fuoo hj pgssgils nue Je rgaajts hr agnilrs2

goo trgct's hf prlmjsthrjc hccupgtjhe mgn chk

poltloy vgejsmln, th njl ehrtm gen ehrtmlgst g

sgenpjt mgn gttgcbln tml agrrhw (fji. >). Nurjei

tmjs whrb twh ures gen hel crlkgtjhe wlrl

fhuen. Nrs. @. T. Vll rkge frhk Ljenmhvle

rlphrtln je 7:<3 tmgt shkl cmjonrle mgn ue

lgrtmln ge ure.  Trhf.  Nr. Y. Iogsalrile wmh

sj e tmjs splcjkle igvl g nlscrjptjhe hf tml ehw

ohsj phj gs aljei hf tml nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln

typl ilelrgooy behwe gs Mgrpstlntlr wgrl. ^ml

slchen ure js stjoo hweln ay Nrs. Vllrkge gen

js nlscrjaln je hur fjenojst (fji. 74. eh. >< j.

^ml fjrst aurjgo he tml sjtl hf tml 744tm

agrrhw sllks th al g crlkgtjhe (fji. >, eh. <6)

surrhuenln ay g khrl hr olss rlctgeiuogr njtcm

Oleitm gen wjntm grl rlsplctjvloy :.9< gen

<.64 k. Je crhss slctjhe tml njtcm mgs g fogt

ah tthk2 tml wjntm vgrjls frhk JN-tjo) ck gen tml

nlptms gvlrgils <4 ck.

G slchen rlctgeiuogr njtcm wgs kgnl wmle

tml fjrst wgs fhr tml khst pgrt sjotln up. gotmhuim

jt kust stjoo mgvl alle vjsjaol, gs tml slchen

njtcm js sjtugtln gen hrjletgt ln gcchrnjei th

tml fjrst hel. \efhrtuegtloy eh trgcl hf g

crlkgtjhe hr geytmjei losl wgs fhuen aut tml

grlg wmlrl jt kjimt al lxplctln wgs tmhrhuimoy

njsturaln. Yjtm tml shjo frhk tml njtcmls g vlry

ohw agrrhw wjoo mgvl alle chestructln. Shkl

tjkl logpsln alfhrl tml elxt gctjvjtjls hccurrln.

^mlrl wgs suffjcjlet tjkl fhr tml vliltg tjhe je

tml fjoojei hf tml njtcm th fhrk ge haslrvgaolphn/ho.

^h tml elxt nlvlohpklet wl gssjie pgtcmls

hf cmgrchgo je tml cletrl hf tml agrrhw `ust

hvlr tml phjet wmlrl ahtm njtcmls jetlrslct.

G crlkgt jhe (fji. 7. eh. <<) je tml Y-C aguob

js je goo prhagajojty tml cletrgo aurjgo hf g aji

agrrhw, aujot up hf wloo njsclregaol shns gen

surrhuenln ay g cjrcol hf cohsloy slt skgoo phsts.

^ml njgkltlr hf tml whhn chestructjhe js 7< k.

Je tml S.Y. qugnrget, he tml lnil hf gen

oust hutsjnl hf tml phst-cjrcol, fjvl crlkgtjhes

wlrl fhuen (fji. >. ehs. >:, <7. <1, <3 gen <=).

^h ngtl tmlk rlog tjvl th tml agrrhw js jkphssjaol.

Frhk tml fjoojei hf shkl bjen hf elgray cjrcuogrnjt cm cgkl g olw smlrns (fjis. > gen 74, eh. <9 j.

^ml fjen cjrcukstgecls hf eh. <7 smhuon al

splcjgooy kletjheln. ^ml cgocjeln ahels fhrkln

g chkpgct kgss, wjtm tml arhezl pje (fji. 71)

he thp hf tmlk. ^ml nrjebjei cup (fji. 74, eh.

<7) wgs gosh je chetgct wjtm tml crlkgtjhe. Jt js

mjimoy prhagaol tmgt tml cgocjeln ahels wlrl

choolctln je g cohtm, wmjcm wgs fgstleln wjtm

tml arhezl pje. Gftlr tmjs mgn alle ogjn nhwe

je g skgoo pjt. tml cup wgs pogcln tmlrl gs wloo

Lxcgvg tjhe 7:<90 tml 747st agr rhw0

Y j  mgvl gorlgny stgtln tmgt tmjs agrrhw kust

al Tgeble's eh. :. Ml wrjtls tmgt tml agrrhw

wgs aujot hf kjxln lgrtm aut gs g ruol yloohw.

Eh phttlry, ahels hr cmgrchgo wgs fhuen.

Gt hur lxcgvgtjhe tml cletrl gpplgrln th

al chkpoltloy njsturaln, wmlrlgs tml wmhol agr

rhw mgn alle nlstrhyln (fhr gffhrlstgt jhe) ay

pohuimjei nhwe th 34 ck (fji. <).

Gt hel tjkl tml agrrhw wgs surrhuenln ay

g cjrcol hf twlovl phsts wmhsl njgkltlr wgs 74 je.

Eht g sjeiol trgcl hf gey aurjgo wgs fhuen.

Gt tml phjet hf jetlrslctjhe hf tml ojels nrgwe

altwlle hpphsjtl phsts, tml agrrhw wgs nlcpB

nlstrhyln.

Shklwmgt lccletrjcgooy, je tml S.L. hf tml

phst-cjrcol, ge ure wgs fhuen (fji. 77, eh. >=) .

^mjs pht mgn alle pogcln je g skgoo mhol wmhsl

aht thk wgs 7 k alohw tml prlslet surfgcl hj

tml agrrhw. Mhwlvlr hel whuon lxplct tmjs mhol

th mgvl alle nui frhk g olvlo ohwlr tmge tml

thp hf tml agrrhw. Gt <4 ck alohw tmjs surfgcl.

gehtmlr surfgcl wgs coglroy njstjeiujsmgaol Jeg tmje ogylr hf cmgrchgo. ^ml mhol fhr tml ure

alcgkl vjsjaol alohw tml cmgrchgo. Cgocjeln

ahels wlrl tmrhwe jeth tml ure wmle jt mgn

gorlgny alle sueb jeth tml mhol, wmjcm js prhvle

ay tml pgr tjcols hf ahel gen ge jrhe pje (fji. 71  J

fhuen hutsjnl tml ure je tml mhol. Khtlhvlj

ahels wlrl spjooln hutsjnl tml mhol gs shkl

pjlcls wlrl fhuen 3< ck th tml lgst hf tml ure

je tml ogylr hf cmgrchgo. Gt tml sgkl spht g

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11  Gegolctg  Trglmjsthrjcg  Oljnlesjg JJ

61

 Fji. JJ.  Thttlry  frhk  tml clkltlry tml Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 >.

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T.  @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhr`kges  ^ml Mljaohlk 13

Fji. 71,  Arhegl j5je (eh. <7) gen jrhe phjet (eh. >=)frhk njl clkltle njl Mljaohlk. Scgol 7 0 1.

phst mhol wgs trgcln wmjcm wgs gosh chvlrln wjtm

cmgrchgo. ^ml agrrhw wgj tmlrlfhrl tmrhwe up

h_ lr tml cmgrchgo.

^ml grcmglhohijcgo lvjnlecl nlrjvln frhk tml

lxcgvgtjhe js tmgt tml ure gen tml agrrhw wjtm

jts phstcjrcol fhrk hel letjty. Je gashoutl njsg

irllklet wjtm tmjs js tml rlsuot hf twh rgnjh-cgt o5he klgsurlklet s (@. C. Vhilo gen M. ^.

Ygtlrahob, 7:63, p. 7:4)0 IrE-7<31, frhk g -

cmgrrln phso huo hf tml phst-cjrcol, ijvls 3>>4

· <4 hr 7>:4 · <4 A.C. wmjcm js heoy sojimtoy &

lgrojlr tmge tml ngtjei hf tmjs typl hf phstcjrcol @

je ilelrgo. Cmgrchgo choolctln grhuen tml ure f

ijvls 1<7< · <4 rgnjhcgrahe ylgrs ( Ir E- oS So ), 7 !

wmjcm kjimt al trgesflrrln jeth <6<  ·  <4 A.C., "

wmjcm kl.jes g JogC-7) ngtjei. ^mjs  J  ogrpstlnt .

ure nhls eht chetrgnjct tml rlsuot. ^h arjei tml

grcmglhohijcgo lvjnlecl je girllklet wjtm tml «

rgnjhcgrahe ng tjei whuon klge th gcclpt tmgt J

tml ure wgs aurj ln gen tml agrhw wgs aujot up `

ejel cleturjls gftlr tml lrlctjhe hf tml phstcjrcol.

Checousjhes

^je choolctln ngtg gahut tml clkltlry tml

Mljaohlk ijvl rjsl th shkl ilelrgo rlkgrbs

jecounjei tml ngtjei hf tml pmlehkleg.

^ml honlst trgcl hf g clkltlry js g phstcjrcol

hf Iogsalrile typl 3, ngt ln ay rgnjhcgrahe

IrE-7<31 0 7>:4 · <4 A.C. wmjcm klges ge

Lgroy Arhezl Gil ngtl (fji. <). ^mjs js sojimtoy

lgrojlr tmge tml mjtmlrth gcclptln ngtl fhr tmjs

typl hf aurjgo lecohsurl (M. ^. Ygtlrahob, 7:6>,

p.  77>). Mhwlvlr kletjhe kust al kgnl hf tml

fgct tmgt tml agrhw wjtm g njrlctoy chkpgrgaol

phst-cjrcol, tukuous 3 hf tml Mgovl Kj̀ o (Y.

Iogsalrile, 7:<> 7. p. >1 j  mgs hel C , , ngtjei

wmjcm js sojimtoy og tlr0 IrE-7434 0 7><4 · <4

A.C. (Mo. nl Vrjls gen I. Y. Agrlensle, 7:<=,

j

p.  7<<>). Gehtmlr rgnjh-cgrahe ngtjei fhr tml

sgkl cmgrchgo igvl 733<  ·  <4 A.C. Jt gosh kgy

eht al lxcounln tmgt tml wjnloy spgcln phst-

cjrcols wlrl gorlgny je usl je tml ogst pgrt hf tml

Lgroy Arhezl Gil.Frhk tml  7  Rljaohlk eh trgcls hf Kjnnol Arhezl

Gil jetlrklets grl behwe th tml wrjtlrs. ^h tml

Ogtl Arhezl Gil slvlrgo fjens cge al ngtln.

^ml je 7:>= lxcgvgtln chkpolx ho ohei njtcmls

aloheis th tmjs plrjhn. ^ypjcgo fhr tmjs pgrt ho

tml clkltlry grl tml  Blrascmejtt   nlchrgtln

smlrn (fji. 74, eh. 3<), tml rjksmlrn wjtm slkj

cjrcu ogr nlchrgt jhe (fji. 74. eh. 1:). tml hel-

mgenoln ahwo (fji. 74. eh. >>) gen tml fgct

tmg t eh nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln wgrl wgs fhuen.

^mlsl pmlehkleg cge al ngtln th MgA. Fhr

khrl nltgjoln njscussjhe gahut tml ohei njtcmls

gen tmljr ngtjei wl rlflr th tml splcjgo stuny

kgnl ay I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66).

Hf Ogtl Arhezl Gil ngtl grl shkl ngtg

frhk tml 744tm agrrhw. ^ml ure  (  fji. 74, eh. ><),

tml nrjebjei cup (fji. 74, eh. <7) wjtm tml

arhezl pje (fji. 71) gen ahtm tml smlrns (fji.

74,  eh. <9) cge al ngtln th MgA. Jt js eht colgr

wmltmlr tmlsl fjens mgvl gey cheelctjhe wjtm

tml agrrhw  jtslof.  ^mjs js hf jkphrtgecl je tml

njscussjhe hf tml ngt jei hf tml jetlrklet s frhk

tml agrrhw.

^ml rlctgeiuogr njtcmls frhk tml 744tm agrrhw

cge al pogcln je g slrjls hf chkpgrgaol kheu

klets. I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66) nlscrjals tml ehe-

cjrcuogr njtcmls frhk wmjcm wl olgre tmgt g

prlcjsl ngtjei fhr hur njtcmls js mgrnoy phssjaol.

^mly kgy al ogtl MgA, MgC, hr lvle MgN.

Shkl hf tml fjens he tml sjtl hf tml 744tm

agrrhw grl th al ngtln je MgC hr plrmgps lvle

ogtlr. \re eh. >: (fji. 77) rlkjens us vlry kucm

hf tml Oguflonlr wgrl.

Khst hf tml ures fhuen ay T. E. Tgeble

(ehs.  7-74) gen C. Qj`ble (ehs. 77-16) grl hf

tml nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln Mgrpstlnt typl, wmjcm

phjets th g ngtjei je MgC-N hr lvle ogtlr.

^ml aj-chejcgo pht (hr 'Scmrîirgen \rel') wjtm

g colgroy nlfjeln rjk (fji. 6, eh. 7) js supphsln

th al chetlkphrgry wjtm tml gnvlet hf tml

Mgrpstlnt ures. j.l. MgC.

^m l sprlgn hf tml fjens frhk Tgeble, Qj`ble

gen tml 747st agrrhw chkpgrln th tml ohei

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1>  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg  JJ

njtcmls lxcgvgtln je 7:>= phjets th g mhrjzhetgo

Strgtjirgpmy. \efhrtuegtloy tml 744tm agrrhw

nhls eht fjt jeth tmjs systlk.

Ygtlrahob (7:<>, p. 74:-774) njscussls tml

rlsuots hf mjs phoole gegoysjs hf tml ohei njtcm

hf Ihjrol typl. Gotm hui m jt js njffjcuot th ha tgje

lxgct ngtjeis fhr tmlk, ml tmjebs jt ueojbloy

tmgt tmly grl honlr tmge g flw cleturjls A.C.

Nr. Y. vge Pljst frhk tml Ajhohijcgo-Grcmgl

hohijcgo Jestjtutl hf Irhejeile \ejvlrsjty

bjenoy rlchesjnlrln tmlsl rlsuots. Ml gosh je

vlstjigtln tmrll sgkpols frhk tml 744tm agrrhw.

Gcchrnjei th khnlre stgengrns, g ngtjei altwlle

7444 gen <44 A.C. kgy al gcclptln fhr ahtm

kheuklets. ^mly nh eht njfflr vlry kucm je

gil,  tmgt js th sgy ay eht khrl tmge twh cleturjls.

Gcbehwolnilklets grl th al kgnl th tmhsl

wmh wlrl hf mlop th us je choolctjei tml ngtg

gahut tml Mljaohlk clkltlry. Yl wget th

lxprlss hur irgtjtunl th goo hf tmlk gen th tml

jestjtutjhes tmly rlprlslet. Lsplcjgooy kletjheln

smhuon al I. Allx, C. vge Nuj`e,  Trhf.  Nr. Y.

Iogsalrile , M. Trgg kstr g, Nrs. @. T. Vllr kg e

gen ^m. vge nl Vle. Nrguimtskle je tml fjlon

wlrl M. Trggk strg g en C. vge Nuj`e. ^ml ogttlr

prlpgrln fji. > gen < fhr tmjs puaojcgtjhe, wmlrl

gs tml htmlr nrgwjeis grl ay A. C. Nlbblr. Ylgrl jenlatln th Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo fhr chrrlctjei

tml Leiojsm tlxt.

^m l fjens frhk tml 7:>= ge n 7:<9 lxcgv gtjhe s

grl ehw je tml Clet rggo Ehh rn- Arga get' s

Kusluk gt Nle Ahscm.

 J'uj n'ojst

Heoy tml fjens stjoo gvgjogaol th tml gutmhrs grl

jechrphrgtln je tmjs ojst wmjol honlr fjens mgvl

alle ohst.

^ml smgpls hf tml phts gen smlrns grl ehtnlscrjaln gs goo grl smhwe je tml jooustrgtjhes.

Goo tml phttlry js mgen -kh nlol n. Chohu rnlscrjp -

tjhes grl kgnl wjtm tml mlop hf Kuesloo's Chohr

Cmgrt.

Fjens frhk T. E. Tgeble 7=>>0

7. CEK7  99. Hon kgrbs0 Stlleslo 7=>> eh. 72 TJ. V

eh.  732 7=6<-79. Fhuen je cletrl hf agrrhw 7 che-

7. CEK ; Cletrggo Ehhrnargagets Kusluk gt's-Mlrthileahscm.

tgjejei crlkgtjhe.  Fji. 6, eh. 7. Thttlr y irjt, phojsmln,pgtcmls  hf   ngrb irgy  th  yloohwjsm  rln.1.  CE K 9=. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. :0 TJ. VJeh.  32 -76. Fhuen  je  agrrhw  = th tml  wlst, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe  gen ge  jrhe  pje (ehw  ohst).  (O. 6ck).  Fji. 6, eh. 1.  Thojsmln, ngr b irgy wjtm pgolarhwe stgjes.

3.  CE K 9:. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. >2 TJ. VJeh.  72  7=6<-:<  ( 8 ) .  Fhuen  je  agrrhw  > th tml  wlst,chetgjejei crlkgtjhe.  Fji. 6, eh. 3.  Thttlry-irjt,  rjkgen smhuonlr phojsmln, ahny tmjeoy nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe  ge n  pgol arhwe.

>.  CE K =4. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. 90  7=6<-=4(hr  =6 ) .  Fhuen0 nllp nhwe  je  agrrhw  9,  chetgjejeicrlkgtjhe.  Fji. 6, eh. >. Eht  tlkplrln, chjoln, phojsmln,vlry ngrb arhwe wjtm yloohwjsm arhwe pgtcmls.<.  CE K =7. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. 742 TJ. VJeh.  <2  7=6<-34. Fhuen  je  agrrhw  77  wjtm cmgrchgo  genaogcbjsm lgrtm.  Fji. 6, eh. <. Chgrsl phttlry- irjt, fjeilrjkprjets  he  skhhtm  rjk,  ahny tmjcboy nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, ojimt arhwejsm irgy.

6.  CE K =1. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  eh. 30 TJ. V eh. 7107=6<-3>. Fhuen  je  cletrl  hf   agrrhw  3  wjtm shklcmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe.  Fji. 9, eh. 6.  Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets  he   skhhtm  rjk,  ahny tmjeoynlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.9.  CE K =3. Hon  kgrbs0 uerlgngaol0  TJ. V eh. 7>27=6<-3<(  8 ) . Fhuen  je  agrrhw  1 th tml wlst wjtm kucmcmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe.  Fji. 9, eh. 9.  Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets  he  skhhtm  rjk,  ahny tmjcboy  nl ojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.

=.  CE K =>. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. 77 2 TJ. VJeh.  >0  7=6<-9<. Fhuen  je  agrrhw  73,  chetgjejeicrlkgtjhe.  Fji. 6, eh. =.  Thttlr y-irjt, fjeilr jkprjetshe skhhtm  rjk gen   smhuonlr, ahny nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, rlnnjsm irgy  th  rlnnjsm arhwe.:.

  CE K =<. Fhuen

  je agrrhw

  =, Fji. 9, eh. :.  Thttlry-

irjt, nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe.74.  CE K =6. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. 7 <2 TJ. VJeh.  62   7=6<-99. Fhuen  je  agrrhw  <  `ust alohw  tml thpwjtm cmgrchgo, chetgjejei crlkgtjhe  gen cup (sllalohw).  Fji. 9, eh. 74.  Thttlry- irjt, fjeilr jkprjetshe skhhtm  rjk,  ahny nlojalrgtloy r huimlel n, rlnnjsmarhwe.74g.  CEK =9. Hon  kgrbs0 Stlleslo  7=>> eh. 62 TJ.VJ  eh. 12  7=6<-6<. Fhuen  je ure eh. 74. Fji . 9, eh.74g.  Eh t  tlkplrln, rgtmlr skhhtm,  hon surfgcl kjssjei.

Fjens frhk  H  Qj`ble0

77 .  CE K 673. Fhuen  je  altwlle  tw h agrrhws.  Fji. :,eh.  77  (rlches tructln frhk Cgtgohiul 7:792  ehw  ohst).Thojsmln.

71.  CEK 67>. Fhuen  gt  fhht  hf  agrrhw.  Fji. :, eh. 71.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, aogcb wjtm rlnnjsm yloohw stgjes.73.  CEK 67<. Fhuen  gt  cletrl  hf   agrrhw.  Fji. 9, eh.73.  Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, ojimt hojvl arhwe.7>.  CEK 679. Fhuen  gt  fhht  hf   agrrhw wjtm cmgrchgo.Fji.  =, eh. 7>. Thttlr y-irjt , fjeilr jkprjets  he  skhhtm-rjk, ahny nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, ojimt yloohwjsmarhwe.7<.  CE K 67=. Fhuen  gt  fhht  hf   skgoo agrrhw.  Fji. 9,eh.  7<.  Thttlry-irjt,  rjk  wjtm fjeilr jkprjets, ahnymlgvjoy nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, njrty pgol arhwe.76.  CE K 616. Eh  fjen cjr cukstgecls. Y jtm tmrllfrgiklets  hf   jrhe ha`lct(s).  Fji. =, eh. 76.  Thttlry-irjt, nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, irgyjsm arhwe.

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T. @. Q. Khnnlrkge gen O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges „   ^ml Mljaohlk 1<

79.  CEK 613. Fhuen je agrr hw. Ehw ohst. Gcch rnjeith Cgtg ohiul 7:79. je smgpl chkpg rgaol th CE K 673(hur fji. :. eh. 77) aut wjtm gt olgst hel oui, nlchrgtln. he tml smhuonlr wjtm twh agens hf mhrjzhetgoirhhvls, wmjcm grl cheelctln ay vlrtjcgo irhhvlsalohw jo²' ouit.

7=.  CE K 67:. Fhuen gt 'pog tlgu ' grlg, fji. =, eh. 7=.Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, phojsmln, ngrb irgywjtm yloohwjsm rln pgtcmls.7:.  CEK 614. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. 9, eh. 7:.Thttlry-irjt, chgrsl sgen gen shkl hrigejc kgtlrjgo.phojomln,  ojo.ub   th ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe wjtm rlnnjsmyloohw stgjes.

14.  CEK 617. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 14.Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, fjeilr jkprjets herjk, ahny nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, arhwe th rlnnjsmyloohw.17 .  CEK 611. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 17.Thttlr) irjt, skhhtm,  irgyjjm-aogcb.11 .  CEK 61>. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 11.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm rjk gen nlojalrgtloy rhuimlelnahny, ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.

13.  CEK 619. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji =, eh. 13.J'httlrv-irjt gen hrigejc kgtlrjgo, skhhtm, pgol arhwe.1>.  CEK 61=. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. =, eh. 1>.Chgrsl qugrtz-irjt, phojsmln, ngrb irgy.1<.  CEK 69<. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu'. Fji. 9, eh. 1<.Chgrsl sgen, skhhtm wjtm jecjsln ojels, yloohwjsm rlngen irgy2 trgesfhrkln ay slchengry fjrjei.16.  CEK 6==. Fhuen gt 'pogtlgu' elgr CEK 67:(hur fji. =, eh. 7=). Fji. :, eh. 16. Thttlry -irj t genhri,kjl kgtlrjgo, phojsmln, rlnnjsm arhwe.

Fjen frhk sgen-pjt0

19.  CE K 671. Fhuen gt cletr l hf skgoo agrrh w wjtmshkl 'gsmls'. Fji. :, eh. 19. Thttlry-irjt gen hrigejckgtlrjgo, skhhtm, ojimt rlnnjsm arhwe.

Tjeng frhk lxcgvgtjhe 7:>=0

\efhrtuegtloy eht lvlry fjen frhk tml 7:>= lxcgvgtjhestjoo mgn jts fjen eukalr. Jt mgs alle jkphssjaol thrlchestruct tml eukalrjei wjtm tml mlop hf tml smhrtnlscrjptjhe kgnl gt tml lxcgvgtjhe. Sh wl wjoo ijvltmjs nlscrjptjhe gen gosh gt tml len, ijvl g nlscrjptjhehf tml fjens wjtmhut eukalr.

Fjen eukalrs 7. 1, gen 3 wlrl fhuen n urj ei sgennjiijei alfhrl tml lxcgvgtjhe. ^mly grl rlsplctjvloy,j phtsmlrn , g aji ure , gen g skgoo pht ( fhuen wjtmtml ure8),1=.  Fjeneh. >. Fji. 74, eh. 1=. Qjksmlrn ge n ah tthk-smlrn, phttlry-irjt, eht vlry skhhtm, rlnnjsm arhwe.1:.  Fjen eh. <. Fji. 74, eh. 1:. Qjks mlrn , prhagaoyeht tlkplrln, phojsmln wjtm irhhvln nlchrgtjhe, ngrbrlnnjsm arhwe.Fjeneh. 6. Aji pgrt ure.34.  Fj eneh. 9. Vlry skgoo rjksmlrn, eht tlkplr ln,rgtmlr  jkhhtm,  rlnnjsm  arhwe.3 7 .  Fjeneh. =. Fji. :, eh. 37. Qjksmlr n, phttlry-ir jt,phojsmln, aogcb wjtm ojimt arhwe pgtcmls.J jtuoehs. : gen 74. Thtsmlrns .Fjenehs. 77 gen 71. Crlkgtjhe.Fjeneh, 73. Tgrt hf ure.Fjeneh. 7>. ^wh phtsmlrns.31.  Fjeneh. 7<. Fji. 74, eh. 31. Smlr n, phttl ry-i rjt,phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy th ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe.

33.  Fjeneh. 76. Fji. :, eh. 33. Smlrns hf pht, pht tlry -irjt, shkl qugrtz irjt, phojsmln stgjeln aogcb th rlnnjsmarhwe. Qjksmlrn, phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, ojimt arhwe.3>.  Fjeneh. 79. Fji. 74, eh. 3>. Smlrns hf pht,phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, aogcb.3<.  Fjeneh. 7=. Fji. : gen 74, eh. 3<. Smlrns hf

tmrll phts0  g) Smlrn  wjtm trul  Blrascmejtt,  chgrslsgen, phojsmln, aogcb, a) Smlrn wjtm irhhvln ojels,chgrsl sgen, phojsmln, ngrb irgy, c) Cup wjtm hkpmgohsagsl, chgrsl sgen, skhhtm, arhwe.

36.  Fjeneh. 7:. Fji. :, eh. 36. Smlrn, qugrt z irjt, rjkphojsmln, ahny rgtmlr rhuim, arhwe.39.  Fji. 74, eh. 39. Smlrns hf pht, qug rtz irj t, skhhtm ,rlnnjsm arhwe th arhwe.3=.-  Fji. 74, eh. 3=. Smlrns hf pht, fjel qugrtz irjt,skhhtm, rlnnjsm arhwe.3:.'-  Thojsmln smlrn, sgen, ngrb irg y.>4.-  Qgtmlr rhuim smlrn, sgen, rlnnjsm arhwe.>7 .  Fji. :, eh. >7. Ahtthk, phttlry-i rjt gen sgen,chjoln, rgtmlr skhhtm, rlnnjsm irgy th rlnnjsm arhwe.>1.  Fji. :, eh. >1. Mgof hf pht, sgen, phojsmln, kgjeoyngrb irgy, aut stgjeln th yloohwjsm rln.>3. '  Fji. :, eh. >3. Jechkpoltl ahwo, ph ttlry-irj t,phojsmln, stgjeln ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe gen rlnnjsmarhwe.>>.0j pji p3) e h  >> Jechkpol tl pht, phttlry -irjt,skhhtmln, stgjeln, rlnnjsm arhwe th rlnnjsm yloohw.

Fjen frhk 7:<30

>< .  Fhue n je ehr tml re pgrt hf 744tm agrr hw. Fji. 74,eh.  ><. Thttlry-irjt, phojsmln, irhhvln nlchrgtjhe,stgjeln.

Fjens frhk lxcgvgtjhe 7:<90

>6.  Fjeneh. 7. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw je njsturalnshjo. Fojet aognl (O. 6.= ck).

>9 .  Fje neh . 1. Fhuen je S.Y. qu gnrg et hf 744tmagrrhw `ust jesjnl phstcjrcol. Ahtthksmlrn, phttlry-irjt,skhhtm, ngrb arhwe.>=.  Fjeneh. 3. Fhuen je 747st agrrhw chetgjejeiCrlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. >=. Thttlr y-i rjt gen qugrtz irjt,fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk gen smhuonlr, ahnynlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm yloohw. ^hiltmlr wjtmge jrhe pje0 fji. 71.>: .  Fjeneh . >. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw th tml wlstchetgj ejei crlkgtjhe . Fji. 77, eh. >:. Thttlry-ir jt.phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy wjtm yloohwjsm arhwe pgtcmls.<4.  Fjen eh. <. Fhuen je 747st agrr hw. Cmgr chgo Frhkphst je E.Y. qugnrget.<7 .  Fjen eh. 6. Fhuen je 744tm agrr hw je S.Y. qugn rget wjtm arhezl pje (fji. 71) gen wjtm crlkgtjhe.Fji. 74, eh. <7. ^lkplrjei uenltlrkjeln, phojsmln,pgtcmls hf arhwe.<1.  Fjen eh. 9.. Fhue n je 744tm agrr hw je S.Y. qug nrge t wjtm crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. <1. Smlrns hf pht,chgrsl phttlry-irjt, skhhtm, ojimt arhwe.<3.  Fjeneh. =. Fhuen je 744tm agrrhw je S.Y.qug nrg et chetgjej ei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77 , eh. <3.Thttlry-irjt, skhhtm, pgjrln fjeilr jkprlssjhes, ojimtyloohwjsm arhwe.

1.  Ehs. 39->4 wlrl thil tml r je hel fjen-agi.3.  Shkl smlrns hf ehs. >3 gen >> mgvl tm l eh. 7

htmlrs mgvl tml eh. 7,3 gen gigje htmlrs mgvl eheukalr.

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16  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

<>.  Fjeneh. :. Fhuen je oH\tm agrr hw je S.L. chrelrhf E.Y. qugnrget. Cmgrchgo.<<.  Fjene h. 74. Fhuen je 744tm agrrhw. Cr lkgtjhe .<6.  Fjeneh. 77. Fhuen je C-L aguob hf 744tm agrrhw.Crlkgtjhe.<9.  Fjeneh. 71. Fhuen je rjei njtcm shutm hf 744tm

agrrhw. Fji. 74, eh. <9. ^wh rjksmlrns0 g) wjtm oui,phttlry-irjt, rgtmlr skhhtm, jkprjets gen fjeilr jk-

Allx, I. (7:<9), ^wll irgfmluvlos,  Argagets MllkVJJJ, p.  94-97.

Allx, Ir. (7:6>), Vhenstklonjeile,  Argagets Mllk]VJ, p. ==-:4.

Iogsalrile. VV. ( 7:7:). Hpirgv jeile je Ehhr n-Ar gaget(Gopmle, ^htlrfhut, Mgovl Kj`o, Vlonmhvle),  Argagets Mllk  J, p. <<-61.

Iogsalrile, VV. (7:<>). Agrrhw Lxcgvgtjhes je tml

Ljimt Algtjtunls. ^ml Arhezl Gil Clkltlry altwlleJ hjrj fhut gen Mgovl Kj`o, Ehrtm Argaget , J , JJ ,

Tgogchmjsthrjg  1, p.  7-73>2 Tgoglhmjsthrjg  3, p.  7-14>.Mlrkge«, C. Q. (7=6<),  Ehhrnargagets Hunmlnle,

p.  =1-=< (Stl les lo) 2 TJ. V, 71-7> le TJ. VJ , 7-6.Mhowlrng, @. M., le K. G. Lvlolje (7:74), Hpirg

vjeile tl Vlonmhvle (E.Ar.),  Hunmljnb.  Klnln. M.K.v.H.,  H.Q. JV, p. >3->=.

Mhowlrng, . [. M., le @. T. VV. G. Skjt (7 :7 9) ,  Cgtgohius nlr grcmlhohijscml vlrzgklojei vge mlt Trhvje-cjggo Ilehhtscmgp vhhr Buestle le Yltlescmgppleje Ehhrn-Argaget.

prjets he rjk, oui gen smhuonlr, arhwe gen ojimtarhwe, a) phttlry-irjt, phojsmln, jkprjets fhr nlchrgtjhe, aogcb gen arhwe.<=.  Fjene h. 73. Fhue n je 744tm agrrhw je S.Y.qugn rget chetgjejei crlkgtjhe. Fji. 77, eh. <=.Thttlry-irjt, fjeilr jkprjets he skhhtm rjk, ahny

nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln, rlnnjsm arhwe.

Tgeble, T. E. (7= >>) , Vhhrcmrjstloj`bl alirggfpoggtsle je nl mljnle tl Alriljb, Qjltmhvle, Vlonmhvle.Stlleslo, Belislo, Hlrol, Yjetlorl, Llrslo, Mgplrtle Oujbs-Ilstlo, pp. <<6-<6<0 Alrjit wliles llevhhrcmrjstloj`b blrbmhf je nl mljnl tusscmre Vlonmhvle le Stlleslo. Je0 C. Q. Mlrkges  Aj`nrgile ohonl Ilscmjlnlejs, Hunmlnle, Olttlrle, Stgtjstjlb le

 Allonlenl Buestle nlr Trhvjecjl Ehhrn-Argagen,

no. 7.Vlrwlrs, I. @. (7:66), Ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets je

tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons,  Gego. Trglm.  Oljn.,JJ ,  p. >:.

Vhilo, @. C , gen M. ^. Ygtlrahob ( 7:6 3), Irhe jeileQgnjhcgrahe Ngtls JV,  Qgnjhcgrahe  <, p. 763-141.

Vrjls,  Mo. nl, gen IY . Agrlensle (7: <=) , IrhejeileQgnjhcgrahe Ngtls JJJ,  Scjlecl  716, p. 7<<4-7<<6.

Ygtlrahob, M. ^. (7:<>),  Nl prglmjsthrjscml kles le zj`e kjojlu,  Gssle.

Ygtlrahob, M. ^. (7:6>), ^ml Arhezl Gil olttolkleohf Lop,  Mlojejuk  JV, p.  :9-737.

O J ^ L Q G ^ \ Q L

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^ \ K \ O J G ^ ^ M L P L V L E A L Q I L E E L G Q H S S I L K. A L Q I M L K

T Q H V . E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^

I.@ .VLQYLQS

 Je tml mgkolt hf "Plvlealrile" RSlvle Mjoos) twh hut hf tml slvle tukuoj

wlrl jevlstjigtln. ^ml fjrst hel wgs aujot hvlr ge lxtlenln jemukgtjhe wjtm

hut irgvl ihhns. Ogtlr ge ure hf tml Mjovlrsuk`'Nrgblestlje irhup gen g

nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln  ure wlrl aurjln je tmjs kheuklet. ^ml  slchen   tukuous

ogy he thp hf ge hvgo lecohusurl,  ahrnlrln  ay g njtcm gen rhws hf phstmhols.

ohei tjkl, aut wgs elvlr geswlrln. ^ml prhphsgos

fhr leogrijei tml rhgn gt tml lxplesl hf tmjs fhrlst

kgnl lxcgvgtjhe elclssgry. ^mlrlfhrl twh hf tml

slvle mjoos wlrl jevlstjigtln. Ay tml fgct tmgt jt

wjoo o)c rlchkklenln th pogcl tml 'Plvle Alrile'

he tml rlijstlr hf gecjlet kheuklets, hel kgy

iulss tml rlsuot hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes.

^ukuous J

^ml pmlehkleg smhwe ay slctjhes gen poges je

tmrll qugnrgets hf tmjs tukuous (tml EY.

qugnrget wgs olft uethucmln) jenjcgtl tmgt jt

wgs aujot hf shns (fji. 1). ^ml mljimt gen nj

gk lt lr grl 64 ck gen gahut 71 k rlsplctjvloy.

^ml tukuous chvlrs g rlctgeiuogr irgvl wmjcm

wgs nui tmrhuim tml phnzhojsln sua-shjo jeth

yloohw sgen. Tgrt hf tml tmrhwe-hut sgen mgs

alle prlslrvln gs g tmje ogylr he tml hon surfgcl,

vjsjaol je tml C-Y. slctjhe. He tml ahtthk hf

tml >4 ck nllp irgvl, g ahny mgn alle aurjln.

^ml heojel smhwln tml fhoohwjei nltgjos0 tml

ahny wgs pogcln lxtlenln he tml agcb, mlgn

hrjletln LEL., tml grks alsjnl tml ahny, gen

tml mgens prhagaoy he tml plovjs (fji. 1).

Cgocuogtjhes hf tml thtgo mljimt he tml agsjs hf

tml oleitms hf flkur gen tjajg rlsuotln je ge

gvlrgil hf 7=< ck wmjol tmhsl agsln he muklrus

gen uoeg/rgnjus igvl 7=6 ck. ^ml oleitm hf

^ml 'Kggsbget' behws oue_ th mhehur jts getj

qujtjls0 gohei Tggoirgvleogge gen Blotlewli

hel rlgcmls Aurscm's tukuoj, wmjost tml Vhrstle-

irgfogge wjoo arjei yhu th tml 'algutjfuoo agrrhw

hf Hss'. Hel js tlkpln th pogcl tml egkl Plvle-

alrile gos., je tmjs slrjls. Je tml mgkolt hj

Plvlealrile, he tml ahuengrjls altwlle tml

kuejcjpgojtjls hf Alrimlk, Hss, Scmgyb, gen

Ejstlorhnl, he g skgoo poht hf fhrlst ehrtm hf tmlrhgn frhk 's-Mlrthileahscm th Ej`klile, g

irhup hf slvle ojttol mjoos js sjtugtln. Nrjf tsgen

hr tukuous8, wgs g qulstjhe wmjcm sthhn fhr g

Fji. / . Ilhirgpmjc ohcgtjhe hf tml ^ukuoj gt tmlPlvlealrile.

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1=  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg 77

j X . .  .„ . „ ' " '  j *. " " ' ' . «² -

tml chkpoltl hutojel wgs 7==-7:4 ck. Fhr tmjs

rlgshe 7=9 · 1 ck kjimt al ches jnlrln gs tJe

khst prhagaol mljimt hf tml nlclgsln  7

.^ml irgvl wgs fjooln wjtm shns. ^ml custhk

hf auryjei tml nlgn je g rlctgeiuogr irgvl,

supjel, je ge lxtlenln phsjtjhe, suiilsts g ngtjei

je tml Lgroy hr Kjnnol Arhezl Gil.

Ge  getl qulk  ngt l wgs prhv jnln ay ge ur e.

(fjis.  3 gen >, eh. 3), wmjcm wgs fhuen je tml

agrrhw gahvl tml irgvl. Slvlrgo khol-trgcbs

7.  Yl grl jenlatln th Kr. L. Phengi fhr mjs cgocu-ogojhes gen mjs cheslet th puaojsm tml rlsuots.

Fji. 1.  Toge gen slctjhes hf ^ukuous J gt Plvleacrile. Scgol 7 0 744 gen 7 0 144.

grhuen tml ure cgusln slvlrl ngkgil. ^ml ure

js mgenkgnl hf cogy tlkplrln wjtm qugrtz irjt.

Gs eh sgen wgs usln, fjrjei arhuimt gahut ojttol

crgcbs colgroy vjsjaol gt tml surfgcl. ^ml wgoo

wgs aujot hf fjvl chjos wmjol tml hutsjnl mgn alle

nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln wjtm khjst cogy. ^mjs

chvlr mgs je pogcls alle skhhtmln wjtm tml

fjeilrs je g vlrtjcgo njrlctjhe gen tml chohur js

rlnnjsm yloohw.

^ml ure chetgjeln g ogril qugetjty hf crl

kgtln ahels. Gkhei tmlk wlrl pjlcls wjtm

jecjsln nlchrgtjhes2 tml cjrcol gen phjet khtjf

hccurrln g flw tjkls (fji. <). ^mjs khtjf mgs

alle usln je kgey rlijhes fhr kgey cleturjls,tmlrlfhrl jt nhls eht hfflr gey ngtl.

^ml smgpl gen kgtlrjgo hf tml ure phjet

thwgrn tml Mjovlrsuk/Nrgblestlje-clrgkjcs aut

gtypjcgo th tmg t irhu p js tml rhuimleln surfgcl

ht tml Alrimlrg pht. ^mjs mhwlvlr cgeeht plr

sugnl us th nlpgrt frhk tml currlet ngtjei je

tml Kjnnol hr Ogtl Arhezl Gil.

Colgroy vjsjaol je goo slctjhes js g cjrcuogr njtcm,

nui eht jeth tml fhht aut jeth tml sjnls hf tml

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  ^u

oÿi. JJ.  J je je). 3 fhuen je ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile. Scgol 7 0 >.

Fji. J.  \re eh. 3 fhuen je ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile.

uoj gt tml Plvlealrile  1:

tukuous (sll l.i. E-C.slctjhe). ^ml poges (fji.

1) hf tml tmrll qugnrgets gosh smhwln tmjs njtcm.

Jt kjimt al jetlrruptln je tml shutmlgst. Aljei

slchengry, rlogtjvl th tml agrrhw, jts rlogtjhe

wjtm tml ure nlscrjaln gahvl sllks phssjaol.

Frhk tml fjoo hf g rlclet njsturagecl je tml

cletrl hf tml tukuous cgkl shkl frgiklets hf

crlkgtln ahel gen twh smlrns hf tmjcb phttlry

wjtm g nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcl (ueojbl

ure 3, fji. 3). ^mly plrmgps jenjcgtl g tmjrn

jetlrklet wmjcm hfflrs gehtmlr phssjaol ngtjei

fhr tml cjrcuogr njtcm.

Ay wgy hf sukkgry, jt kgy al stgtln tmgj

^ukuous J wgs chestructln je tml Lgroy hr

Kjnnol Arhezl Gil hvlr ge lxtlenln aurjgo.

Jt wgs rlusln je tml Kjnnol hr Ogtl Arhezl Gil,

gcchrnjei th tml nlphsjtjhe hf ge ure hf tml

Mjovlrsuk/Nrgblestlje irhup. G fjego jetlrklet

wgs gcchkpgejln ay g vlsslo hf tmjcb phttlry

wjtm nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcl, prhagaoy

aloheijei th tml MgC/N plrjhn.

^ukuous JJ

7 mjrjei tml jevlstjigtjhes hf tmjs gsykkltrjcgo

tukuous jt wgs lsplcjgooy tml poge tmgt hfflrln

jetlrlstjei jefhrkgtjhe (fji. 6) . Alohw tml agr

rhw, wmjcm wgs aujot frhk shns he g phnzhojslnsua-shjo, ge hvgo arhwe njtcm wgs hutojeln

gigjest tml yloohw sgen. ^ml C-S. slctjhe smhws

tmjs njtcm th al honlr tmge tml tukuous, tmjs fgct

aljei supphrtln ay tml njfflrlecl je smgpl hf

tukuous gen njtcm.

Je tml EY. gen SY. qugnrgets, twh rhws hf

phst-mhols rge pgrgoolo th tml hvgo njtcm (fji. 9) .

Loslwmlrl heoy hel rhw js vjsjaol gen tml phsts

mgvl alle spgcln khrl cohsloy. ^ml cmrhehohij-

) X  _  ,'JM'07.  \j

Fji. <.  Frgiklets hf nlchrgtln ahel frhk tml chetletshf ure eh. 3. ^ukuous J gt tml Plvlealrile. Scgol 707.

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34  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Ocjnlesjg JJ

Fji. 6.  Toge gen slctjhes hf ^ukuous JJ gt tml Plvlealrile . Scgol 7 0 744 gen 7 0 144.

cgo rlogtjhe altwlle njtcm gen phsts js uebehwe.

Cohsl th tml SY. aguob je tml SY. qugnrget

shkl smlrns gen crlkgtln ahels wlrl fhuen

altwlle trll rhhts. ^m l smlrns wlrl kgn l frhk

cogy tlkplrln wjtm phttlry-irjt. ^mly mgn alle

phojsmln he tml hutsjnl gen wlrl wloo-fjrln.

^mrll frgiklets smhw g nlchrgtjhe hf jecjsln

trjgeiols aut tmjs khtjf hfflrs eh lxgct ngtjei

lvjnlecl (fji. =) . ^mlr l js eh jefhrkgtjhe gs th

tml smgpl hf tmjs phttlry. ^ml fjenspht js lccletrjc

je rlsplct th tml tukuous gs jt js sjtugtln he

tml ohei gxjs hf tml hvgo khe ukl et. \ef hrt ueg

tloy tml trll rhhts eligtl tml phssjajojty hf

clrtgjety gs th wmltmlr tml smlrns gen crlkgtjhe

wlrl stjoo je tmljr hrjijego phsjtjhes2 tmus wl grl

olft je nhuat gs th tmljr rlogtjhe th hel hf tml

kheuklets nlscrjaln.

Htmlr fjens grl ogcbjei2 ehr wlrl gnnjtjhego

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  ^ukuoj gt tml Plvlealrile 37

jetlrklets hr g irgvlpjt haslrvln. ^mlrlfhrl g

ngtjei hf tml tukuous gen tml hvgo chestructjhe

js njffjcuot.-

Ge lxgctoy chkpgrgaol chkajegtjhe hf g rhuen

gen ge hvgo kheuklet js uebehwe th us. Njstgetrlslkaogecls grl prlslet gt tml urefjlon gt Beli-

slo.  Je slvlrgo urefjlons hvgo kheuklets hf sj

kjogr smgpl mgvl alle rlchrnln, surrhuenln

cjtmlr ay phsts hr ay g njtcm. ^mly wlrl che

structln nurjei tml wmhol hf tml shutmlre Nutcm

*uklevlonle' plrjhn, j.l. MgA th MgC/N. ^mjs

irhup js nlscrjaln je hel hf tml fhoohwjei grtjcols.

Gt tml fhht hf ahtm tukuoj, sua-rlclet njs

turagecls je egrrhw pgrgoolo smjps  wle-  ehtjcln.

^mly mgvl alle jetlrprltln gs cgrt trgcbs. G

1.  Nr. @. C. Vhilo gt Irhejeile jefhrkln us tmgt gcmgrchgo sgkpol frhk tml fjoo hf tml hvgo njtcm mgnmlle gegoysln. Gs g prlojkjegry ngtjei wl grlgoohwln th puaojsm <=4 · <4 A.C. ^mjs ngtl girllsvlry wloo  wjtm tmgt hf tml uepuaojsmln hvgo kheuklet hf Mgps, wmjcm he grcmglhohijcgo irhuensaloheis th tml MgC/N plrjhn (sll p. <<).

Fji. =.  Nlchrgtln smlrns (eh. 1) frhk ^ukuous JJ gttml Plvlealrile. Scgol 7 0 1.

chje fhuen gt tml ahtthk hf hel hf tmlsl trgcbs

ahtl tml ylgr 7=19. ^ml trgcbs grl pgrgoolo th

tml Plvlealrislwli gen phssjaoy fhrk g fhrl

rueelr hf tml khnlre gspmgot rhgn.

^ml jevlstjigtjhes prhvln, tmgt gt olgst twh hf

tml slvle mjoos wlrl tukuoj. Jt tmlrlfhrl sllks

gcclptgaol th rligrn tmjs grlg gs g Arhezl

Gil/Jrhe Gil clkltlry. Ymltmlr gey rlogtjhes

th tml elgray Mg C 'Vhrstleirgf' grl prlslet,kjimt al jenjcg tln ay furtmlr jevlstjigtjhes.

^mlsl mgvl alle scmlnuoln fhr tml elgr futurl.

^ml lxcgvgtjhes gt tml Plvlealrile thhb pogcl

je twh plrjhns0 je Hcthalr hf 7:6>, tml SY.

qugnrgets hf ahtm tukuoj wlrl jevlstjigtln.

Fji.  9. Tgrt hf tml hvgo njtcm gen tml twh rhws hf phstmhols alohw ^ukuous JJ gt tml Plvlealrile, vjlwjei wlst.

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31  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

Kjss A. Sjrg gen Kr. O. T. Ohuwl Bhhj`kges.

stunlets hf tml Jestjtutl fhr Trlmjsthry mgn tml

ngjoy suplrvjsjhe. Trhflsshr Khnnlrkge njrlctln

g trgjejei-chursl fhr stunlets je Gprjo 7:6<.

J mjrjei t mgt plrjhn, tml rlkgjejei qugnr gets(lxclpt tml EY. hel je ^ukuous J) wlrl lxcg

vgtln. Je tml fjlon tml nrgwjeis wlrl kgnl ay-

Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn gen Kr. A. C. Nlbblr kgnl

tmlk rlgny fhr puaojcgtjhe. Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo

bjenoy chrrlctln tml Leiojsm kgeuscrjpt. Yl grl

irlgtoy jenlatln th tml kuejcjpgo gutmhrjtjls hf

Alrimlk gen th Kr. M. ^luejssle, klnjcgonhcthr gt Alrimlk, fhr tml jenjsplesgaol mlop

hfflrln th us.

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G O G J L A Q H E P L G I L / L G Q O Z J Q H E G I L \ Q E F J L O N G ^

(2 () J Q O L, T Q H V. E H H Q N - A Q G A G E ^

I. @. V L Q Y L Q S

 Je gnnjtjhe th tml jevlstjigtjhes hf 7:1>` 7:1< ay G.L. Qlkhucbgkps, pgrt hf

kj urefjlon gt Ihjrol wgs lxcgvgtln. ̂ ml shjokgrbs aloheiln th twh typls hf

kheuklets. Cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn   hecl  surrhuenln ohw tukuoj, wmjcm  chvlrln

ures hf MgA gen MgC`N ngtl. Ohei pgrgoolo njtcmls ahrnlrln loheigtln

lecohsurls, klgsurjei 64  ]  3.< k he tml gvlrgil. ̂ mly wlrl rlogtln th shkl

hf   tml cjrcuogr njtcmls. Smlrns gen  cmgrchgo,  choolctln frhk tmljr fjoojeis, ngtl

tmlsl kheuklets th MgA. ^mly grl jetlrprltln gs girjcuoturgo fjlons, tmgt

slrvln shkl purphsls cheelctln  wjtm tml fuelrgo rjtl. Yl prhphsl fhr tmlk tml

egkl "Ohei Njtcmls hf   Ihjrol  typl".

 Jetrhnuctjhe

'Jkprlssjvl' js wmgt hel kjimt cgoo tml eukalr

hf ures nlrjvjei frhk tml 'urelevlonle'  o  je tml

shutmlre pgrt hf tml Eltmlrogens. ^ml kusluks

hf Oljnle, 's-Mlrthileahscm gen Kggstrjcmt,thiltmlr wjtm slvlrgo ohcgo kusluks gen prjvgtl

choolctjhes, mhon muenrlns hf phts, wmjcm alcgusl

hf tmljr rlputln uejfhrkjty grl g nrlgnln sua`lct

je prlmjsthry slkjegrs. Kgey hf tml ures lscgpln

geejmjogtjhe alcgusl hf tml gctjvjtjls hf choolcthrs

muetjei fhr getjqujtjls he tml khhrogens uenlr

rlcogkgtjhe gt tml ture hf tml cletury. ^mljr

jetlrlsts wlrl usugooy rlstrjctln th chkpoltl

pjlcls, smlrns wlrl jevgrjgaoy tmrhwe gsjnl, gen

je kgey cgsls tml lxgct hrjije hf tmljr trlgsurls

js uebehwe.

77 js uef hrt ueg tl tmgt tml skgoolst pgr t hf hu r

'urelevlonle'-jemcrjtgecl chkls frhk scjletjfjc

jevlstjigtjhes, hrjijegtln je 7:4: gt Qjltmhvle

ay Kr. K. G. Lvlolje frhk tml  Qj`bskusluk

vge Hun ojlnle  (Egtjheg o Kuslu k hf Getjquj

tjls) gt Oljnle gen sjecl cgrrjln he ay slvlrgo

htmlr grcmglhohijsts (Lvlolje, 7:74). G alttlr

gpprlcjgtjhe hf tml Nutcm prlmjsthry hf tml ogst

J. Fht tml rlogtjhe altwlle tml Nutc m '\ rel evlo nle 'gejo tml Ilrkge '\releflonlr', sll p. >:.

kjoolejuk A.C. kjimt al furtmlrln ay jecrlgsjei

tml eukalr hf fuooy nhcukletln fjens. Yl wlrl

tmlrlfhrl polgsln ay tml ehtjfjcgtjhe frhk Kr.

I Allx hf Ljenmhvle tmgt tml sjtl hf tml pgrtjgooyjevlstjigtln urefjlon elgr Ihjrol wgs hple th

lxcgvgtjhes alcgusl fhrtmchkjei chestructjhe.

Yl grl jenlatln th tml kuejcjpgo gutmhrjtjls hf

Ihjrol fhr tmljr cheslet, th tml getjqugrjge

shcjlty 'Nl Vylr Mllrtigeimle' fhr tmljr ch

hplrgtjhe gen tmljr mhspjtgojty hfflrln th hur

stunlets, th Kr. M. vge Tuylearhlb wmh bjenoy

smhwln us mjs choolctjhe, gen th goo htmlrs wmh

chetrjautln th tml succlss hf tmlsl jevlstjigtjhes.

Sjtugtjhe

Je tml chvlrsgen grlg elgr tml Aloijge frhetjlr,

shkl 9 bjohkltlrs shutm hf ^joauri, tml vjoogil

hf Ihjrol js sjtugtln. ^hngy jts honlst pgrt ojls

je tml vgooly hf tml Thpploscml gen Qhvlrtscml

Olj. Kr. G. Mhhilenhhre, Slcrltgry th tml

shcjlty 'Nl Vylr Mllrtigeimle', wmh njn kucm

whrb he tml lgrojlst mjsthry hf Ihjrol, jefhrkln

us tmgt tml fjrst slttolklet hf Ihjrol kust mgvl

alle khrl wlstlroy, he tml mjimlr sgenrjnil,

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3>  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

wmjcm he jts wlstlre sjnl ahrnlrs tml skgoo vgooly

hf tml Hunl Olj.

^mjs rjnil, stjoo pgrtoy chvlrln wjtm mlgtm,

cgrrjls slvlrgo trgcls hf prlmjsthrjc hccupgtjhe

gkhei wmjcm tml Arhezl Gil tukuoj he tml'Qlcmtl Mljnl', lxcgvgtln ay Trhflsshr G. L.

vge Ijffle, alohei th tmhsl alst behw e (vge

Ijffle, 7:39).

Lgst hf Ihjrol, tml sgenrjnil mgs tml egkl hf

'Mhhiljen' (mhhi ; mjim). ^mlrl, gohei tml

Qjlosl Nj`b, tml urefjlon js sjtugtln  1. ^ml shjo

chesjsts hf vlry ohgky fjel sgen hf vlry phhr

qugojty, wmjcm mgs alle phnzhojsln. Jt nhls eht

chetgje gey irgvlo. G flw muenrln kltlrs th tml

ehrtm, tml ngrb chohur hf tml thpshjo jenjcgtls tml

prlslecl hf hon grgaol ogen he gokhst tml sgkltypl hf shjo.

1.  Nutcm thphirgpmjc kgp.737.></3:1.64.

7 0 <4.444. <4 Hhst.

Trlvjhus lxcgvgtjhes

Gftlr tml ehtjcl ay Kr. L. @. vge Tuylearhlb hf

Ihjrol, tmgt ay sgen-njiijei he tml Mhhiljen

phts mgn chkl th ojimt, tml Curgthr hf tml

Egtjhego Kusluk hf Getjqujtjls, Kr. G. L.Qlkhucmgkps, vjsjtln tml pogcl je Kgy 7:1>.

Jt wgs nlcjnln th stgrt g scjletjfjc lxpohrgtjhe,

fhr gotmhuim pgrt hf tml grlg mgn alle rlkhvln,

je tml rlkgjejei phrtjhe slvlrgo skgoo agrrhws

wlrl vjsjaol. Gosh g flw muenrln kltlrs th tml

shutm, ures mgn alle njschvlrln nurjei fhrlst

pogetjei je 7:79. ^mjs jefhrkgtjhe wgs prhvjnln

ay Kr. vge Tuylearhlb, je wmhsl phsslssjhe

wlrl gahut g nhzle hf tml ures.

Je tml sukklr hf 7:1> Qlkhucmgkps lxcg

vgtln slvlrgo tukuoj fhr twh wllbs2 je 7:1< helwllb wgs nlvhtln th tml jevlstjigtjhe hf tmljr

surrhuenjeis ay hel kltlr wjnl trlecmls (fji. 7).

^ml rlsuots hf tmlsl lxcgvgtjhes wlrl puaojsmln

je 7:16 (Qlkhucmgkps, 7:16).

Fji. 7.  Ilhirgpmjc ohcgtjhe hf tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol. Scgol 7 0 1<.444 gen 7 0 744.444.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  \refjlon gt Ihjrol 3<

h 74

Fji. 1.  Toge  hf   tml  Lxcgvgtjhes gt tml \re fjlon gt Ihj rol. Scgol 7 0 :44.

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36  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

Fjt Ojhei Njtcmls hf tml O^kfjlon g7 Ihjrj?

Qlkhucmgkps' kgp (fji. 1) smhws hvlr 34

frgiklets hf cjrcuogr njschohurgtjhes, wmjcm grl

tojc rlkegets hf rjeinjtcmls tmgt usugooy lecohsln

tml skgoo urefjlon tukuoj. Je tml cletrls hf

slvlrgo hf tmlsl, ures wjtm crlkgtln ahels mgn

alle aurjln. Gt olgst sjx cjrcols wlrl jetlrruptln

je tml shutmlgst mut tml kltmhn hf lxcgvgtjhe

gppojln nhls eht legaol us th sll wmltmlr tmlrl

wlrl khrl cjrcols hf tmjs typl.

Alsjnls tml ohei njtcmls th al nlscrjaln alohw,

je tml wlstlre pgrt hf tml lxcgvgtjhe g tukuous.

elgroy hel kltlr mjim, wgs jevlstjigtln. Jt wgs

surrhuenln ay g sjeiol, wjnloy spgcln phst-cjrcol

wjtm gehtmlr cjrcol hf cohsl-slt stgbls, hutsjnl hf

wmjcm twh rjeinjtcmls mgn alle nui. Je tml

cletrl tmlrl mgn alle g rlctgeiuogr irgvlpjt

chetgjejei crlkgtln ahels. ^mlsl flgturls goo

aloheiln th hel plrjhn, gcchrnjei th Qlkhu

cmgkps, gen chuon al ngtln je tml Ogtl Elh

ojtmjc plrjhn hr sojimtoy ogtlr. Y. Iogsalrile

chrrlctoy njstjeiujsmln tmrll plrjhns2 tml fjrst

plrjhn, wjtm phst gen stgbl cjrcols gen tml

crlkgtjhe irgvl js ngtln th tml Lgroy hr Kjnnol

Arhezl Gil (Iogsalrile, 7:<>). Jt rlkgjes

ueclrtgje wmltmlr twh hf tml ohei njtcmls rue

ejei thwgrns tmjs agrrhw gctugooy fhrkln ge

'gooll' th jt. gs Qlkhucmgkps suiilstln.

Fjegooy ge gokhst rlctgeiuogr njtcm gahut

14 k je oleitm wgs njschvlrln. Jt chetgjeln ge

ure wjtm crlkgtln ahels je tml cletrl (fji. <,

eh.  39). Jt wgs ogtlr chvlrln ay g tukuous wjtm

g cjrcuogr njtcm, th wmjcm aloheis ure eh. 36

(fji. 6).

^ml fjens hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe grl nlscrjaln

alohw thiltmlr wjtm tmhsl frhk tml 7:6< lx

cgvgtjhe. Khst hf tmlk chkl frhk tml cletrls

hf tml cjrcuogr njtcmls. Jt js th al rlirlttln tmgt

eht khrl gttletjhe wgs pgjn th tml ohei njtcmls,

gs tmly chuon mgvl suppojln kucm checousjvl

jefhrkgtjhe.

He tml poht jevlstjigtln ay Qlkhucmgkps,

fjrs wlrl pogetln je Ehvlkalr gen Nlclkalr

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I.  @. Vlrwljs „  \re`jlon gt Ihjrol 39

7:3 J. 7 mjrjei tmjs whrb, slvlrgo uj gs gigje turelnup.  He tml suiilstjhe hf Nr. F. C. Aurscm hf tmlEgtjhego Kusluk, tml ogahurlrs gccurgtloy

kgppln tmljr fjens. \efhrtuegtloy tml eukalrs

he tml kgp wlrl eht ehtln he tml ures. ^mlnlscrjptjhes je tml fjenahhb, ojbl 'aogcb, je smlrns'.

'ngrb, chkpoltl', hr 'nlchrgtln, trgkpoln nhwe'

ltc ,  prhvln th al jesuffjcjlet fhr lxgct nltl r

kjegtjhe. Heoy hel pht chuon al ohcgtln0 tmjs hel

mgvjei g mgenol, g fgct tmgt gosh strucb tml

scrjal hf 7:3>.

 Lxcgvgtjhe 7:6<

Gssjstln ay tml  'Bhejeboj`bl Stncrogenscml Mlj-

jot ogggt.u mgppj`'   frhk 16 Gprjo tjoo < @u el 7:6<,grcmglhohijcgo jevlstjigtjhes wlrl cgrrjln hut he

pgrt hf tml futurl aueigohw lstgtl (fji. 7).

Tgrgoolo th tml Ahnlpgn, g strjp 34 ] =4 kltlrs

wgs lxcgvgtln. Cheelctln wjtm tmjs strjp twh

trlecmls wlrl hpleln je tml njrlctjhe hf tml

Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhes, legaojei us th chk

ajel tml poges hf 7:1< gen 7:6<. Fjegooy, gohei

tml \relevlonstrggt g skgoo tlstpjt njn eht hfflr

gey jefhrkgtjhe, gs tml shjo mgn alle whrbln th

g irlgt nlptm. Qlcletoy tml grlg wlst (7 tmlAhnlpgn wgs chvlrln wjtm mlgtm gen shkl  ! kgoo

fjrs.  Gotmhuim arhble up lgrojlr, tmjs wgs nhel

sh suplrfjcjgoy tmgt tml hon kjcrh-rlojlf hf skgoo

rjnils rueejei gahut ehrtm-shutm wgs olft jetgct.

^ml njsturagecl hf tml thpshjo rlgcmln fhr shkl

14 ck je nlptm gt tml thp hf tml rjnils, olgvjei

pgrt hf tml A-ogylr hf tml phnzhojsln prhfjol je

pogcl. Je tml nlprlssjhes altwlle tml rjnils, tml

shjo mgn alle arhble up th g irlgtlr nlptm. Mlrl

tml phnzho prhfjol mgn vgejsmln chkpoltloy.

^mlsl nlprlssjhes grl vjsjaol he tml kgp gs strjps

wjtmhut shjokgrbs.

Ay tgbjei gwgy tml njsturaln thpshjo. lsplcjgooy

je tml mjimlr pgrts, pgrgoolo ojels hf ngrb arhwe

chohur alcgkl vjsjaol je tml arhwejsm yloohw

sgen. ^mly kgy al jetlrprltln gs tml rlkegets

Fji, >.  ^ml ehrtmwlstlre cuns hf tml Ohei Njtcmls je tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol, vjlwjei lgst.

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3=  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

0, j Jt M

\ o t f " '

Fji. <.  Thttlry frhk tml \refjlon gt Ihjrol, Scgol 7 0 >. >.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  \re`jlon gt Ihjrol 3:

/

• '

!

g

o>=

$LNXU@ 3:

Fji. 6.  Tht tlry frhk tml \refjlon gt Ihjr ol. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. 36a 0 jrhe, scgol 7 0 1.

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JJ)  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

hf phn/hojscn prhfjols hrjijegtjei alohw gen al

sjnl tml njtcmls. Slvle th ejel hf tmlsl njtcmls

rue pgrgoolo th lgcm htmlr gt njstgecls hf gahut

3.< kltlrs je g ehrtmwlstlroy th shutmlgstlroy

njrlctjhe hvlr (SH th 94 kltlrs , tmr huim tml lx

cgvgtln grlg. Gt ahtm lens tmly ture thwgrns

lgcm htmlr, gen fhrk ohei, egrrhw lecohsurls.

Gosh th tml ehrtm hf tmjs irhup hf njtcmls, je

tml egrrhw trlecmls, pgrts hf htmlr njtcmls

smhwln up wmjcm clrtgjeoy lecohsl sjkjogr spgcls.

Fjegooy, Qlkhuc mgk ps gosh kgp pln frgiklets

hf tmlsl ohei njtcmls je tml shutmwlstlre chrelr

hf mjs lxcgvgtjhe.

^mgt tmlsl njtcmls fhrklroy lecohsln ohei

grtjfjcjgo agebs js kgnl pogusjaol ay tml fho

ohwjei haslrvgtjhe. Je poge, tml chohur hf tml

shjo hutsjnl tml ohei lecohsurls wgs khrl arhwe,jesjnl khrl yloohw. ^mjs kgy fjen ge lxpogegtjhe

je gssukjei tmgt tml hon surfgcl hutsjnl tml ohei

njtcmls wgs ohwlr tmge jesjnl0 cheslquletoy

phnzhojsgtjhe fhrkln g shjo-prhfjol wjtm tml sgkl

njfflrlecls je mljimt. Gftlr wjen gen rgje mgn

olvlooln njl tlrrgje, tml phnzho prhfjol he tml

fhrklr mgebs vgejsmln. Alsjnl tmlsl agebs jt wgs

prlslrvln. G slchen griuklet kgy al slle je

tml sjkjogrjty hf tml Ihjrol typl ohei njtcmls

wjtm stjoo lxjstjei grtjfjcjgo agebs je tml kjnnol hf

urefjlons, l.i. he tml Ehhrnsl Vlon elgr Plyle(prhv. Nrletl) gen gt Tlstrup (Ilrkgey)3 .

^ml poge hf tml Ihjrol urefjlon smhws twh

irhups hf kuotjpol systlks hf ohei njtcmls0 tml

hel je tml ehrtmlgst wgs lxcgvgtln ay Qlkhu

cmgkps. wmlrlgt tml shutmwlstlre irhup wgs

lxphsln je 7:6<.

Je altwlle tmlrl grl sjeiol gen nhuaol sys

tlks.  Frhk tml smgpl hf tml njtcmls gt ahtm lens

hf tml shutmwlstlre irhup jt cge al nlnucln

tmgt tmlrl js hel cletrgo , shklwmgt wjnlr, syk

kltrjcgo lecohsurl2 gigjest jt tml htmlr lecohsurls

wlrl gftlrwgrns chestructln. Gt twh tjkls

smhrtlr njtcmls wlrl nui.

^ml shutmlgstlre lens hf tml 7:6< irhup hf

njtcmls ojl he hel hf tml skgoo egturgo rjnils

kletjheln gahvl. Mlrl tml ohwlst pgrt hf tml

hon fjoojei hf tml njtcmls wgs stjoo prlslet. Kgjeoy

mlrl,  cmgrchgo wgs fhuen je tml fjoojei. Gt slvlrgo

3.  Fhr furtmlr jefhrkgtjhe he grtjfjcjgo agebs, sllC. @. Vlrwljs. 7:66.

pogcls phttlry smlrns tureln up gs wloo. Jt sllks

havjhus tmgt tml phttlry gen cmgrchgo iht jeth

tml njtcmls alfhrl tmly wlrl chkpoltloy fjooln je.

^mlsl fjens tmlrlfhrl prlslet jkphrtget ngtjei

lvjnlecl. C U klgsurlkle ts he sgkpol Ihjrol

3 wlrl ngtln th =94 · <4 A.C. (Ir E-> :7: )* .

Je shkl cgsls, smlrns chuon al chkajeln th

fhrk mgovls hf phttlry vlsslos. Sjkjogr fjens

cgkl frhk cjrcuogr njtcmls gigjest tml ohei

hels.  Ehel hf tml njtcmls chetgjeln gey crlkgtln

ahel.

Frhk tml lecohsurls jesjnl tml ohei njtcmls,

heoy g flw fjens wlrl ohcgtln0 shkl skgoo pjts

wjtm crlkgtln ahel, gen je hel pogcl ahel

thiltmlr wjtm tmrll skgoo smlrns hf rhuim phttlry.

Ge lxclptjhe js ge ure (fji. <, eh. 9g ), wmjcm

wgs fhuen oyjei gigjest hel hf tml ohei njtcmls.Jt chetgjeln g crlkgtjhe he thp hf wmjcm g skgoo

algblr mgn alle pogcln. Crlkgtln ahel gosh

hccurrln je tml aogcb shjo grhuen tml ure.

Gotmhuim eh clrtgjety chuon al hatgjeln, wl

alojlvl tml ure th mgvl alle aurjln gftlr tml

ohei njtcm wgs chestructln. Jt js rlkgrbgaol tmgt

ge gokhst jnletjcgo ure (eh. 9<, fji. 74) wgs

njschvlrln je g sjkjogr phsjtjhe.

Elgr tml jesjnl len hf g eukalr hf tml ohei

lecohsurls, g ngrb spht wgs ehtjcln. ^mlsl sphts

kjimt al jetlrprltln gs phstmhols. Je hel hf tmllecohsurls, tml pogcl hf tml phstmhol mgn alle

tgble ay g rlctgeiuogr pjt. chetgjejei kucm

cmgrchgo, stjoo pgrtoy rlchiejzgaol gs cmgrrln

algks. Gt tml ahtthk hf tmjs pjt twh phstmhols

alcgkl vjsjaol. ^ml C7> sgkpol Ihjrol = frhk

tmjs pjt wgs ngtln th =34 · <4 A.C. (IrE-

>:14).

Je gnnjtjhe th tml nlscrjaln ohei njtcmls, je

ahtm lxcgvgtjhes cjrcuogr njtcmls mgvl alle

kgppln. ^mly hccur hvlr tml wmhol surfgcl hf

tml lxcgvgtln grlg. Gs th tmljr rlogtjhe th tml

ohei njtcmls jt js th al ehtjcln tmgt tml cjrcols

gen ohei njtcmls elvlr jetlrslct. Shkl cjrcols

thucm tml hutlrkhst ohei njtcmls je tml ehrtm-

lgstmlre gen shutmwlstl re irhup . Jt js colgr tmgt

gt olgst g eukalr hf cjrcols grl chetlkphrgelhus

wjtm g eukalr hf ohei njtcmls0 wmjol njiijei tml

>.  Yl grl jenlatln th Nr. @. C. Vhilo gt Irhe jeileohr mjs prhkpt jefhrkgtjhe gahut tml rlsuots hf mjsklgsurlklets.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  \refjlon gt Ihjroc 77

Fji. 9.  Töttlr` frhk tml \refjlon go Hhjrol. Scgol 7 0 >. Eh. << 0 arhezl , scgol 7 0 1.

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JO'  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

hel, tml htmlr wgs tgble jeth gcchuet, shkltjkls

lvle usln.

^ml fjens

Frhk tml fjoojeis hf tmlsl cjrcuogr njtcmls goshcmgrchgo gen g flw phttlry smlrns wlrl choolctln.

Sgkpol Ihjrol 3: frhk hel hf tmlsl njtcmls wgs

C 7 >  ng tln th :14 · <4 A.C. (IrE ->: 17) , tmus

prhvjnjei gehtmlr griuklet fhr tml chetlkph

rgeljty hf ahtm typls hf njtcmls.

G vlry cmgrgctlrjstjc ure hf ohw aj-chejcgo

smgpl wjtm cyojenrjcgo elcb aloheis th tml honlst

pmgsl hf tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons. Jt js rl

ogtln th tml  Pyojenlrmgosurel  frhk shutmlre

Ilrkgey gen Swjtzlrogen. Khst hf tml ures hf

77 ojs Ohwlr Qmj el i rh up g rl nlchrgtln je  Blra-scmejtt   tlcmej qul, aut gosh htmlr nlchrgtjhes

hccur (Nlsjttlrl. 7:6>). ^mlrl grl gosh uenl

rrgtln splcjkles.

Je tml Ihjrol urefjlon eh. 6/77 (fji. <)

rlprlslets tmjs lgroy typl hf ure. Mlrl jt js

nlchrgtln wjtm jecjsln ojels gen trjgeiols, g

chkajegtjhe wloo behwe frhk Swjss MgA phttlry

(Vhit, 7:34). ^ml smlrns frhk wmjcm 6/77 wgs

rlchestructln cgkl frhk tml fjoo hf hel hf tml

ohei njtcmls. ^mlsl chestructjhes tmlrlfhrl cge

al ngtln th tml MgA plrjhn. Qlogtln je smgpl jseh.  6= (fji. =), wjtm g nlchrgtjhe typjcgo fhr

MgA phttlry je tml \pplr-Qmjel rlijhe. Je tml

nlchrgtjhe he eh. 93 (fji. :) tml mgof hf cjrcols

chuon al nlrjvln frhk tml Ilrkge  Mgoaaucblo

alohei jei th Mg G. Je tml smg pl, g rlogtjhe th tml

cyojenlr-elcbln ure js prlslet. Furtmlr gwgy

frhk tmjs irhup stgens eh. =3g (fji. :) wmhsl

nlchrgtjhes wjtm trjgeiols hccurs frlquletoy je

MgA.  Tlrmgps eh. 34 (fji. <) frhk tml fjoo hf g

ohei njtcm kjimt gosh al ngtln je tmjs plrjhn.

^ml ure eh. >>g (fji. 6) js nlchrgtln wjtm ojels

gen phjets, tml ogttl r usln frlquletoy thiltml rwjtm  Blrascmejtt   khtjvls. ^mjs ure, fhuen elgr

ay hel hf Qlkhucmgkps' ohei njtcmls, tmlrlfhrl

gosh aloheis th tml honlst phttlry hf tmjs urefjlon.

Je eh. 6< (fji. =) rlslkaogecls wjtm  Blrascmejtt

nlchrgtjhe sllk prlslet.

Mgenoln cups hccur je kgey pogcls. ^ml

shutmlre Ilrkge  Mleblotgssle  ngt l frhk Mg G

gen A gen je A tmly grl hftle nlchrgtln. Alttlr

pgrgoolos chkl frhk Ylstpmgojg, wmlrl je Qgn-

alri tmly wlrl nlphsjtln je tml fjoo hf blymhol-

smgpln njtcmls gen tmlrlfhrl alohei th MgA

(Brhoo, 7:3=). Je Mhoogen, ahtm ehrtmlre gen

shutmlre urefjlons hfflr furtmlr lxgkpols. Ge

uenlchrgtln cup frhk Mhosohht (Trhv. Nrletl)wgs fhuen je tml njtcm hf g  ogei aln   hf Igs

tlrle typl. ^mjs kheuklet mgs g C 7 >  ngtl hf

:34 · 94 A.C., wmj cm js vlry wloo ch kpg rga ol

wjtm tml C 7 >  ngtls frhk Ihjrol (IrE-7<672

Cogshe, 7:<:). Gt Ihjrol, ehs. 73g gen 33g

(fji. <), ahtm hut hf ohei njtcmls, rlprlslet tmjs

irhup.

Gosh hf MgA ngtl js tml aj-chejcgo ure eh. 39

(fji. <) wjtm twh vlrtjcgo mgenols. Aj-chejcgo

phts hf tmjs smgpl grl chkpgrgaol wjtm splcjkles

th tml ehrtm gen lgst hf tml Ohwlr Qmjel2 tmlygrl ueojbl tml scgrcl lxgkpols hf   Nhpplobheus

clrgkjcs je shutmlre Ilrkgey.

Ehr hf shutmlre hrjije js tml jetlrlstjei irhup

hf mgenoln ures eh. 9g (fji. <), eh. <9 (fji. 9)

gen eh. 9< (fji. :). Fhr tmlsl ures, pgrgoolo grl

prlslet je Ylstpmgojg gen tml ehrtmlre Eltmlr

ogens, wmlrl tmly alohei th MgA. Elgray ge

lxgkpol chkls frhk tml MgA pgrt hf tml

urefjlon gt Alst (Trhv. E.-Arga get) (Yjoolks.

7:3<). Ehs. 9g gen 9< grl gcchkpgejln ay skgoo

algblrs tmgt kjimt mgvl shkl rlogtjhe wjtm tml

MgA  Spjtzalcmlr.  Ahtm ures wlrl fhuen elgr

ohei njtcmls.

Ehs. 36g gen >7 (fji. 6) grl ihhn rl

prlsletgtjvls hf g ogril irhup hf ures tmgt mgvl

g ohw spogyln elcb gen g rgtmlr rhuenln prhfjol.

Je Ilrkgey tmly grl shkltjkls cgooln  Scmrîi-

rgenurel  gen grl typjcgo fhr tml ogtl r pmgsl hf

tm l  Ejlnlrrmljejscml Irgamÿilobuotur.  ^ml y grl

tmlrlfhrl ngtln th MgC (gen N8). Ahtm lxgkpols

frhk Ihjrol alohei th crlkgtjhe aurjgos je tml

cletrl hf cjrcuogr njtcmls.

Je tml MgC hr N plrjhn tml ures hf Mgrpstlnt

typl gpplgr je tml Ohwlr Qmjel. ^mljr smgpl

khrl hr olss rlslkaols g aucblt, tml ohwlr pgrt hf

tml ahny js rustjcgtln, gen tml rjk hftle smhws

skgoo jkprlssjhes hf fjeilrtjps hr g spgtuog.

Ehs. ><g, >9 (fji. 9), eh. <4 (fji. 6), eh. 66

(fji. =), eh. 9: (fji. :) alohei th tmjs typl.

^mrll hf tmlk wlrl choolctln gt tml cletrl hf tml

cjrcuogr njtcmls.

G MgC ngtl cge al gssjieln th eh. >4 (fji. <),

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  \refjlon gt Ihjrol ><

eh.  >1 (fji. 6) gen eh. =1 (fji. :). ^mlsl ures

cge al chkpgrln wjtm phts frhk Ilrkge

clkltlrjls ojbl Agsslemljk gen Oguflon. Hf

sjkjogr ngtl hr shklwmgt honlr kjimt al eh. <3

(fji,  9). ^mjs ure chetgjeln tml arhezl rgzhr(8)

(fji. 9, eh. <<) fhr wmjcm eh chkpgrjshes chuon

al fhuen.

^ml frgiklets hf g sh-cgooln  Ogpplescmgol

grl njffjcuot th ngtl (fji. 74, eh. 9=). ^mly grl

behwe frhk tml MgN  Muesrÿcb-Ljflo  cuoturl

aut wlrl clrtgjeoy je usl gorlgny je MgC, jf eht

je A. ^ml arhezl pje eh. 61 (fji. =) wjtm tml

skgoo aj-chejcgo mlgn js g wjnlsprlgn typl, tmgt

je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens js behwe fhr jestgecl

frhk tml, pgrtjgooy  MgA,  urefjlon gt Qjltmhvle

(Mhowlrng, 7:73). Gt Alst, Y. @. G. Yjoolks

(7:3<) twjcl fhuen g pje hf tmjs typl thiltmlr

wjtm  Blrascmejtt   phttlry, tmus ngt jei tml pje th

MgA.

Fjego chesjnlrgtjhes

G eukalr hf fjens frhk Ihjrol rlkgje uenjs

cussln. ^mly grl ljtmlr thh frgikletgry hr tmljr

smgpl js eht typjcgo lehuim th kletjhe ngtls.

^ml jenjcgtjhes gahvl ijvl shkl jefhrkgtjhe

gs th tml plrjhn nu rjei wmjcm tml urefjlon gt

Ihjrol wgs usln.

^h MgA alohei0 ehs. 6/77, 9g, 73g, 34, 33g,

39,  >>g, <9, 61, 6=, 93, 9< gen =3g. Hf tmjs

irhup 6/77, 73g gen 34 chkl frhk tml fjoojei hf

ohei njtcmls, wmjcm grl tmlrlay ngtln. Cohsl th

tml ohei njtcmls, ehs. 9g, >>g gen 9< mgn alle

nlphsjtln. Eh. 33g prhvls tml cjrcuogr njtcm th

al he grcmglhohijcgo irhuens rhuimoy chetlkph

rgry wjtm tml ohei njtcm gigjest jt. Eh. 39 ngtls

tml rlctgeiuogr njtcm hf Qlkhucmgkps' lx

cgvgtjhe. Fhr furtmlr njscussjhe he tmjs typl

hf kheuklet sll I. @. Vlrwlrs (7:66). Fjegooy

eh.  61 jenjcgtls tmgt gosh je tml pgrt hf tml

urefjlon nlstrhyln je 7:1>, MgA fjens wlrl

kgnl.

MgC ngtls cge al gssjieln th ehs. >4, >1, <3

gen =1. ^ml fjrst twh ures chkl frhk tml cletrls

hf cjrcuogr njtcmls.

Yjtmhut ijvjei nul gttletjhe th tml poge

hf tmjs urefjlon, hel whuon al tlkptln th che

counl tmgt gppgrletoy tml twh kgje typls hf

kheuklets, tml ohei gen tml cjrcuogr njtcmls, rl

prlslet twh suaslqulet plrjhns2 tml fjrst al

oheijei th MgA. wmjol tml slchen js cheelctln

wjtm MgC/7) phttlry. Chesjnlrjei tml poge

"X /  =?

Z202. - 59ha

9

96

Fji. 74.  Thttlry frhk tml  7'jeojloco  gt Ihjrol. Scgol 7 0 >.

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Jf.  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

mhwlvlr, twh ha`lctjhes kust al kgnl. Fjrstoy,

gt slvlrgo pogcls kheuklets hf ahtm typls mgvl

alle chestructln gigjest lgcm htmlr, usjei lgcm

htmlrs njtcmls, gen elvlr jetlrslctjei. Slchenoy,

goo cjrcuogr njtcmls ngtln th MgC/N ojl gt shkl

njstgecl frhk tml ohei njtcmls. Yjtm tml lxclp

tjhe hf eh. 33g (fji. <) (M gA!) ehel hf tml

cjrcols gigjest ohei njtcmls hfflrln gey ngtjei.

Chetlkphrgeljty js gosh suiilstln ay tml strjbjei

sjkjogrjty altwlle tml smlrns ehs. 1<a-c gen

33a (fji. <), nlrjvjei rlsplctjvjoy frhk tml fjoojeis

hf g ohei gen hf g cjrcuogr njtcm. Ahtm smlrns

chuon lvle alohei th tml sgkl vlsslo.

Fjegooy tmlrl grl tml C 7 >  klgsurlklets. Eht

heoy nh tmly jenjcgtl g MgA ngtl, aut tmly

khrlhvlr prhvjnl g strhei griuklet je fgvhur

hf tml sjkuotgelhuselss hf tml ohei gen tml

cjrcuogr njtcmls.

^mlsl fgcts gen chesjnlrgtjhes olgn us th tml

checousjhe tmgt nurjei tml MgA plrjhn gt slvlrgo

pogcls je tml urefjlon gt Ihjrol, ures chetgjejei

crlkgtln mukge ahels wlrl aurjln uenlr skgoo

agrrhws, wmjcm wlrl surrhuenln ay g cjrcuogr

njtcm. Je cheelctjhe wjtm tmlsl agrrhws, ohei

njtcmls wlrl chestructln grhuen loheigtln grtj

fjcjgo agebs. Je tml fhoohwjei MgC/N plrjhn,

heoy skgoo agrrhws wlrl lrlctln hvlr ures. ^ml

chetlkphrgeljty hf tml grtjfjcjgo agebs genslvlrgo hf tml agrrhws sllk th jenjcgtl tmgt tml

agebs mgn g fuectjhe cheelctln wjtm tml aurjgo

rjtl. ^mgt tmly tmlkslovls wlrl irgvl-kheu

klets js chet rgn jctl n ay tml gokhst chkpoltl

gaslecl hf jetlrklets. Heoy tmrll ures wjtm

crlkgtjhes ehs. 9g, >>g gen 9< chkl frhk elgray

ohei njtcmls, wmjol hf tmjs irhup heoy eh. >>g

mgn g cletrgo phsjtjhe je tml kjnnol hf tml ageb.

^hiltmlr wjtm tml scgttlrln mlgps hf crlkgtln

ahels, tmlsl ures kgy al slchengry th tml ohei

agebs gs wl gctugooy sllkln th ehtjcl nurjei tml

lxcgvgtjhe hf eh. 9g.

Yl prhphsl th cgoo tmlsl ohei gen egrrhw

lecohsurls0 Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl (N ut cm 0

 Ogeil irlpplos vge mlt typl Ihjrol2  Ilrkge0

 Ogeiirîale, ^ypus Ihjrol)<.  Gs jt js lxpogjeln

<.  Nlojalrgtloy tml whrn 'Ohei Aln' (Ogeil alnnle,Ogeialttle) mgs alle gvhjnln, gs tmjs tlrk js thhkucm cheelctln wjtm irgvlkheuklets hf Igstlrletypl (Ygtlrahob, 7:61).

je tml fhoohwjei grtjcol (Vlrwlrs, 7:66), wl

chesjnlr tml Ihjrol irhup hf grtjfjcjgo agebs th

al gecjlet fjlons hf tml  Mhcmîcblr   typl. Furtm lr

khrl wl fhoohw @. Tîtzhons' myphtmlsjs wmjcm

stgtls tmgt tml girjcuoturgo gctjvjtjls cgrrjln hut

je tmlsl fjlons je tml kjnnol hf clkltlrjls slrvln

rjtugo purphsls (Tîtzhon, J:64) 6 . ^ml crhp

prhnucln mlrl kgy mgvl alle usln nurjei

fuelrgo klgos gen kgy gosh mgvl slrvln gs ge

hfflrjei th tml nlgn. ^ml phttlry choolctln frhk

tml njtcmls js gosh th al rligrnln gs rlogtln th

tmlsl hfflrjeis. ^mgt nurjei hel hr khrl gcts je

tml fuelrgo rjtl fjrl pogyln g rhoo, js jenjcgtln ay

tml prlslecl hf cmgrchgo checletrgtjhes je tml

njtcmls ahtm grhuen tml  Mhcmîcblr   gen tml

agrrhws. Frhk tml gaslecl hf rlkgjes je tml ohei

njtcmls tmgt cge al ngtln th ogtlr plrjhns, jt kgyal checounln tmgt gt olgst gt Ihjrol tml  Mhcm

îcblr   wlrl eh oheilr je usl nurjei MgC/N,

ueolss tml fjlons frhk tmgt plrjhn mgvl eht ylt

alle njschvlrln.9

Thstscrjpt

\efhrtuegtloy tml rlsuots hf tml phoole gegoysjs

hf shjo sgkpols frhk tml ohei njtcmls, grl eht ylt

gvgjogaol fhr puaojcgtjhe.

Fjenojst 7:6<

1.  crlkgtln ahels, cmgrchgo, je skgoo pjt.3.  cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm.<.  crlkgtln ahels je skgoo pjt.6/77.  (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, surfgclphojsmln, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, ngrb arhwe.=

9. (fji. <) ure, skgoo algblr, crlkgtln ahels, cmgrchgo,je skgoo pjt gigjest ohei njtcm. 9g0 surfgcl phojsmln,ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe, chetgjes crlkgtln ahels. 9a0surfgcl phojsmln, vlry ngrb irgy/ngrb rlnnjsm arhwe,jesjnl 9g.=. cmgrchgo je nllp pjt.

6. ^ml sgkl suiilstjhe wgs kgnl ay Trhflsshr vgeIjffle nurjei g rlclet njscussjhe gt Gklrsfhhrt hetml rlsuots hf tml Ihjrol lxcgvgtjhes.

9. Nurjei tml lxcgvgtjhe tml gutmhr wgs gssjstln aytml nrguimtskge Kr. @. T. Ahhilrn. ^ml nrgwjeisfhr tml puaojcgtjhe wlrl prlpgrln ay Kr. A. C.Nlbblr. Kjss Kjlbl M. Mjool kgnl tml gutmhrspmhthirgpms rlgny fhr puaojcgtjhe. Yl grl lsplcjgooy jenlatln th Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo fhr mjschrrlctjhe hf tml Leiojsm kgeuscrjpt.

=. Nlscrjptjhes hf chohurs gcchrnjei th Kuesloo ChohrCmgrt.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  \refjlon gt Ihjroc 79

:. cmgrchgo je skgoo pjt.74.  (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, surfgclphojsmln, rlnnjsm arhwe/strhei arhwe.71.  cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm .73.  (fji .<) phtt lry smlrns je ohei njtcm. 73g0 skhhtmsurfgcl, rlnnjsm yloohw. 73a0 rhuim surfgcl, yloohwjsmarhwe.7<.  phtt lry smlrns je ohei njtcm, skgoo phojsmln wgoo-smlrn.76.  cmgrchgo je ohei njtcm.79.  (fji. <) phttlry smlrns, crlkgtln ahels, je oheinjtcm, phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.7=.  crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.7:.  cmgrc hgo je skgoo pjt.14.  crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.11.  crlkgtln ahels je skgoo pjt.13 .  crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.1>.  cmgrchgo, je pjt81<.  (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm . 1<g0 phojsmlnsurfgcl, ngrb arhwe. 1<a0 rhuim surfgcl, jecjslnnlchrgtjhe, arhwe. 1<c0 sgkl typl hf phttlry, gokhstclrtgjeoy aloheijei th 1<a.19.  cmgrc hgo je ohei njtcm.1=.  cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njt cm.1:.  cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njt cm.34.  (fji. <) phttlry smlrns je ohei njtcm, phojsmlnsurfgcl, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, yloohwjsm rln/ngrb arhwe.37 .  crlkg tln ahels je skgoo pjt.31.  cmgrchgo , je cjrc uogr 8 njtcm.33.  phttlry smlrns je cjrcuogr njtcm. 33g0 phojsmlnsurfgcl, arhwe/ngrb arhwe, gokhst chkpoltl. 33a0surfgcl rhuim, jecjsln nlchrgtjhe, arhwe, vlry kucmojbl 1<a, c.3>.  cmgrchgo je cjrcuogr njtcm.

Fjens frhk tml lxcgvgtjhe 7:1>/7:1<0

Hf tml eukalrs altwlle pgrletmlsjsls, tml fjrst rlflrsth Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhe eukalr, tml slchen thtml cgtgohiul eukalr je tml Egtjhego Kusluk hfGetjqujtjls gt Oljnle, wmlrl goo fjens grl sthrln.36g. (7- M:1 </< .<2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, irgyjsmarhwe/ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.36a.  (o -b o: 1</ <. <2 fji. 6) jrhe pje he rjei, fhuenjesjnl 36g.39.  (o g-b o:1 </< .62 fji. <) phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrbirgy.3=.  (3- bo: 1</ <.92 fji. <) phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrbarhwe.3:.  (>-bo:1</<.=2 fji. 6) lxgct ohcgtjhe uebehwe,rhuim surfgcl, arhwe.>4.  (:- bo: 1</ <.: 2 fji. <) skhhtm uelvle surfgcl wjtmscrgtcmls, pjebjsm irgy.>7 .  (7>- bo:1 </<. 732 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy/ojimt yloohwjsm arhwe.>1.  (7<-bo:1</<.7>2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>3.  (76-bo:1</<.7<2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>>g. (7= -M: 1</ <.7 92 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, jecjslnojel nlchrgtjhe wjtm jkprlssln phjets, rlnnjsm arhwe.>>a.  (7= -bo :1< /<. 792 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, rlnnjsmyloohw.><g. (7:- bo:1</ <.7=2 fji. 9) surfgcl nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, upplr pgrt skhhtm, ojimt arhwe.

><a.  (7:-b o:1</ <.7=2 fji. 9) fhuen thiltmlr wjtm ><g,skhhtm surfgcl, ojimt rlnnjsm arhwe.>6.  (14-K:1</<.7:2 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, vlryngrb irgy.>9.  (17-bo:1</<.142 fji. 9) heoy chpy prlslet jechoolctjhe hf Kr. vge Tuylearhlb, hrjijego ohst, rhuimsurfgcl, skhhtmln wjtm tml fjeilrtjps je pogcls.>=.  (11- 7:1< /<.172 fji. 6) uelvle skhhtm surfgcl,fhrklroy g mhrjzhetgo agen kust mgvl alle gppojlnth tml hutlr surfgcl, hel cletjkltlr alohw tml rjk,ojimt arhwe.>:.  (1> -M: 1</ <.1 32 fji. 6) phojsmln surfgcl, rlnnjsmarhwe.<4.  (1<- M:1< /<. 1>2 fji. 6) surfgcl nlojalrgtloyrhuimleln, upplr pgrt skhhtmln, irgyjsm arhwe.<7.  (16- bo:1< /<.1 <2 fji. 6) skhhtm surfgcl, rlnnjsmarhwe.<1.  (bo :1< /< .192 fji. =) eht ohcgtln fjen, g0 rhuimsurfgcl, vlry pgol arhwe, a0 rlnnjsm yloohw, c0 rhuimsurfgcl, arhwe.

Fjens frhk tml grlg shutm hf Qlkhucmgkps' lxcgvgtjhe0

Eukalrs <3, <> gen << wlrl njschvlrln ay Kr.Alcblrs gt Ihjrol, gen nlscrjaln ay Qlkhucmgkpswmh jenjcgtln tmgt tmly wlrl fhuen thiltmlr, je tmlgrlg njrlctoy ahrnlrjei he mjs lxcgvgtln poht. Ohcgtjhehf tml htmlr fjens wgs phssjaol ay klges hf ge honpmhthirgpm, prhagaoy tgble ay Qlkhucmgkps je tmligrnle hf Kr. vge Tuylearhlb. He tml pmhthirgpmgoo phts hf tmjs irhup grl vjsjaol thiltmlr wjtm tmljefhrkgtjhe tmgt tmly wlrl choolctln je tml grlg shutmhf tml 'urelevlon'. Jt sllks prhagaol tmgt gt olgst pgrthf tmjs irhup chkls frhk tml poht lxcgvgtln je 7:6<.

<3.  (bo :1</ <.1 =2 fji. 9) thiltmlr wjtm <> gen <<,phojsmln surfgcl, vlry ngrb irgy.

<>.  (bo :1> /74 .7 2 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, irgy.<<.  (bo :1>/ 74. 12 fji. 9) arhezl.<6.  (bo:3 >/< .32 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, (ng rb)rlnnjsm arhwe.<9.  (b o:3>/ <.>2 fji. 9) phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.<=.  (eh. >2 fji. 9) choolctjhe hf Kr . vge Tuylearhl b,phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe.<:.  (eh. 7>2 fji. 9) choolctjhe hf Kr . vge Tuylearhl b,phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe/pgol arhwe.

Fjens frhk tml grlg th tml ehrtmlgst hf Qlkhucmgkps'lxcgvgtjhe0

^mjs irhup, njschvlrln je 7:1>, wgs tml njrlct cguslhf tml jevlstjigtjhes hf 7:1>/7:1<.64.  (b o:1 </<.1 :2 fji. =) hrjijego je choolctjhe hf Kr.vge Tuylearhlb, chpy gt Oljnle, surfgcl phojsmln,yloohwjsm arhwe.67 .  (bo :1< /< .34 2 fji. 9) fhuen jesjnl 64, hrjijeg o ohst,chpy gt Oljnle, skhhtm surfgcl.61.  (bo :1< /< .37 2 fji. =) arhezl.63.  (bo:1</<.332 fji. =) phojsmln surfgcl, irgyjsmarhwe.6>.  (K:1</<.3>2 fji. =) phojsmln surfgcl, arhwe/rlnnjsm yloohw.6<.  (bo: 1</<. 362 fji. =) skhhtm surfgcl, nlchrgtjhegppojln wjtm spgtuog, ojimt arhwe.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „ Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets <7

thwgrn lgcm htmlr, tmus fhrkjei ge hvgo rgtmlr

tmge g 'qugnrgeiuogr' lecohsurl. ^mljr oleitm

wgs 34 gen 39 k rlspcctjvjoy. ^ml wlstlre

'ogy-hut' chetgjeln smlrns wjtm 'jecjsln che

cletrjc mgof cjrcols'. Je tml slchen 'ogy-hut' tmlohwlr pgrt hf g skhhtm ure, chetgjejei crlkgtln

ahel, wgs njschvlrln. ^ml lxgct ohcgtjhe hf ahtm

fjens js uebehwe. Mhowlrng alojlvln ahtm ehe-

cjrcuogr kheuklets th al chetlkphrgry wjtm tml

honlst tukuoj gt Nl Mgklrt. Ml nhls eht lxpogje

tmljr klgejei,

Ihjrol0  Je 7:1>/1< G. L. Qlk hucm gkps njs

chvlrln slvlrgo ohei njtcmls je tml kjnnol hf ge

urefjlon gt Ihjrol. shutm hf ^jo aur i (Trhv .

Ehhrn-Argaget). Frhk mjs poge, tml prlsleclhf 3-< ohei hvgo lecohsurls kgy al nlnucln

(Qlkhucmgkps, 7:16). ^mly mgvl alle che

structln gigjest lgcm htmlr. ^mljr oleitm js

lstjkgtln gt gahut >4 k gen tmljr wjntm js 3-<

k. Eh cletrgo jetlrklet wgs fhuen. Cohsl th tml

njtcmls twh ures hf MgA ngtl mgn alle pogcln.

Gigjest tml ohei njtcmls, cjrcuogr hels wlrl

vjsjaol. Qlkhucmgkps nlscrjals tml ohei njtcmls

gs  'ogeiwlrpjil cuotusrujktle'   (loheigtln cuot

lecohsurls), gen rlflrs th tml puaojcgtjhe hf tml

clkltlry gt Qj`ssle (Mhowlrng, 7:1<). Ml al

ojlvls tml njtcmls th mgvl mlon g whhnle pgojsgnl.

G slchen typl hf ehe-cjrcuogr njtcm chetgjeln

g MgA aj-chejcgo ure gs tml cletrgo jetlrklet.

Jt wgs ogtlr chvlrln ay g agrrhw wjtm g cjrcuogr

njtcm, aujot hvlr g MgC/N ure. Klgsurlklets hf

tml hvgo njtcm wlrl 14 ] 6 k. Gosh, tmjs njtcm

hecl wgs tml fhuengtjhe trlecm fhr g whhnle

pgojsgnl, gcchrnjei th Qlkhucmgkps.

^h tml shutm hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe ge gnnjtjhego

jevlstjigtjhe wgs cgrrjln hut je 7:6< (Vlrwlrs,

7:66a). Gigje g irhup hf <-9 ohei lecohsurls

wjtm gvlrgil klgsurlklets hf 64 ] 3.< k wgsue-lgrtmln. ^mly wlrl chetlkphrgelhus wjtm

tml cjrcuogr njtcmls tmgt wlrl chestructln gigjest

tmlk. Eh cletrgo jetlrklets jesjnl tmlsl le

cohsurls mgvl alle rlchrnln. Frhk tml fjoojei

hf tml njtcmls cgkl cmgrchgo gen smlrns. ^ml

ogttlr ngtln tmlsl kheuklets th tml MgA plrjhn.

C | | klgsur lklet s hf tml cmgrchgo igvl tml

fhoohwjei ngtls0 Ihjrol 3 frhk tml fjoojei hf g

ohei njt cm0 =94 · <4 A.C. (Ir E-> :7: ). Ihjrol

= frhk g phstmhol elgr g ohei nj tcm0 =34 · <4

A.C. (IrE->:14). Ihjrol 1: frhk tml fjoojei hf

g cjrcuogr njtcm gn`gclet th tml ohei njtcmls0

:14 · <4 A.C. (I rE- >:1 7).

Vohnrhp0  Shutmlgst hf Qhl rkh en, tml vjoogil hf

Vohnrhp (Trhv. Ojkau ri) js sjtugtln. ^ml rl F.C.

Aurscm nui ge urefjlon je 7:37 (Aurscm, 7:36).

^h tml lgst hf tml kgje checletrgtjhe hf cjr

cuogr njtcmls, g irhup hf 'ohei alns' wgs njs

chvlrln. Gt tml tjkl hf tml lxcgvgtjhe tmly wlrl

vjsjaol gs 'loojptjcgo lolvgtjhes'. Fhur pgrgoolo

lecohsurls, oyjei gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr gen

ahrnlrln ay njtcmls smhwln up gftlr tml thpshjo

mgn alle rlkhvln. Aurscm nlscrjaln tmljr

klgsurlklets gs gahut 3> ] = k. ^ml ue

puaojsmln poge hf tmjs lxcgvgtjhe, wmjcm js blpt

gt tml Egtjhego Kusluk gt Oljnle, jefhrks us

tmgt tml wjntm hf tml lecohsurls vgrjls altwlle

< gen 9 k. Khrlhvlr heoy tml ehrtmwlst lre

lens mgvl alle fhuen. Je tml hpphsjtl njrlctjhe

tml ohei pgrgoolo njtcmls grl cut ay g rhgn. ^mjs

klges tmgt tml gctugo oleitm hf tmlsl kheuklets

wgs gt olgst 3> k gen prhagaoy oheilr. Aurscm

haslrvln tmgt je tml kjnnol hf tml ohei le

cohsurls tml shjo mgn g irgy chohur, 'gs jf jt mgn

alle frlquletoy wgobln hvlr'.

He tml fhur ohei gxls ures mgn alle nl

phsjtln. ^mrll ures alohei th tml typl wjtm

aj-chejcgo smgpl gen cyojenrjcgo elcb gen wlrl

gosh nlchrgtln je  Blrascmejtt   tlcmejqul. ^m l

fhurtm ure js rlogtln th tml Ilrkge  Mleblotgssl

gen mgs tml jecjsln zjizgi nlchrg tjhe hftle

fhuen he tmlsl cups. Gs  Blrascmejtt   ures wlrl

gosh njschvlrln je tml htmlr pgrt hf tmjs urefjlon,

Aurscm checounln tmgt gppgrletoy tml 'ohei alns'

aloheiln th tml urefjlon. Ml nhls eht ijvl ge

lxpogegtjhe fhr tmlsl 'alns' aut ngtls tmlk th tml

lgrojlst pmgsl hf tml Nutcm urefjlons. ^mjs girllswjtm tml ngtjei fhr tml  Blrascmejtt   ures, wmjcm

cge al gssjieln th MgA.

 Alst0  Nurjei mjs lxcgvgtjhe je 7:33/3> hf tml

urefjlon gt Alst, ehrtmwlst hf Ljenmhvle (Trhv.

Ehhrn-Argaget), Y. G. Yjoolks njschvlrln

slvlrgo hvgo njtcmls, sjtugtln altwlle cjrcuogr

hels (Yjoolks, 7:3<). Gt hel pogcl twh lohe

igtln hvgo lecohsurls, >: ] >-< k, wlrl che-

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<1  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

structln gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr. Hel hf tmlk mgn

g skgoo pjt wjtm crlkgtln ahel elgr tml ohei

gxjs. Gigjest tmjs pgjr hf njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls

wlrl sjtugtln. Je g slchen ohei kheuklet,

3> ] > k, g ahwo hf skhhtm phttlry wjtm crlkgtln ahel mgn alle pogcln gokhst he tml ohei

gxjs. Ge jechkpoltl (lkpty8) pht wjtm g nlch

rgtjhe rlogtln th tml  Blrascmejtt   tlcmejqul,

sthhn gokhst gn`gclet th tml hutlr sjnl hf hel

hf tmlsl ohei njtcmls. Yjoolks jenjcgtls tmlsl

ohei egrrhw njtcmls th al 'hvgo loheigtln njtcmls',

wmjcm ml ngtls alfhrl tml surrhuenjei cjrcuogr

njtcmls. Ml nhls eht chesjnlr tmlk th mgvl

alle chestructln th lecohsl jetlrklets.

^mrll htmlr ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls klgsurln

7: ] 6.<, 748 ] < ge n 77 ] 6 k rlsplctjvjoy.^ml fjrst hel thucmln tml cjrcuogr njtcmls gt

twh pogcls. Jt wgs sjtugtln je tml wlstlre pgrt

hf tml urefjlon, wmlrl tml heoy nlojalrgtloy

rhuimleln ures je tmjs clkltlry mgn alle aurjln,

tmus ngtjei tmjs pgrt th MgC/N. Lccletrjc th tml

slchen kheuklet, g skgoo pht wjtm twh mgenols

wgs fhuen. ^mjs ohei njtcm jetlrslctln wjtm g

cjrcuogr hel wjtmhut g cletrgo jetlrklet.

Belislo0  ^m l urefjlon gt Belislo, wlst hf Ljen

mhvle (Trhv. Ehhr n-Ar gage t) wgs jevlstjigtln

je 7:3> ay Y. C. Arggt (Arggt, 7:36). Je gn

njtjhe th g irlgt eukalr hf cjrcuogr njtcmls,

gahut 73 hvgo njtcmls wlrl arh uim t th ojimt.

^mljr oleitm vgrjls altwlle 7< gen 11 k gen

tmljr wjntm altwlle > gen 6 k. Je tml ehrtmwlst

pgrt hf tml urefjlon tmly grl irhupln thiltmlr,

loslwmlrl tmly ojl slpgrgtloy. Gn`gclet th tml

hvgo njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls mgvl alle che

structln, wmjcm sllk th jetlrslct tml fhrklr gt

g flw pogcls. Qlke gets hf twh (tmr ll8 ) sjeiol

hr kuotjpol phstcjrcols rlprlslet tml honlst kheu

klets je tmjs clkltlry. ^mly uenlrojl tml urefjlon njtcmls. Gt hel pogcl, hel hf tml cletrls

hf ge hvgo njtcm chjecjnls wjtm tml cletrls hf g

phstcjrcol gen g cjrcuogr njtcm. ^ml cmrhehohijcgo

slqulecl hf tmlsl tmrll kheuklets cgeeht al

rlchestructln wjtm clrtgjety. Je gehtmlr hvgo

njtcm, ge ure wgs njschvlrln he tml ohei gxjs.

Ge jetlrl stjei kheuklet js g. tmjr n hvgo n jtcm.

Tgrgoolo th tml jesjnl hf tmjs njtcm, wmjcm

klgsurls 7: ] < je, phsts mgvl alle pogcln.

Arggt rlchestructln tmjs ogy-hut gs g 'mut', wjtm

tml rhhf rlstjei he tml phsts, wmjol tml njtcm

chuon mgvl slrvln gs fhuengtjhe trlecm fhr g

pgojsgnl. Gs th tml klgejei hf tmjs gen tml

htmlr 'ohei, hvgo alns' Arggt nhls eht ijvl gejenjcgtjhe. ^ml kg`hrjty hf tml ures lxcgvgtln

je tmjs urefjlon aloheis th tml MgA plrjhn.

Vlonmhvle0  Je 7:>= lxcgvgtjhes uechvlrln pg rt

hf ge urefjlon elgr Vlonmhvle, shutmwlst hf

Ljenmhvle (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget). Mlrl gosh

slvlrgo loheigtln njtcmls wlrl kgp pln (Kh nnl r

kge, 7:66). ^wh sjeiol lecohsurls klgsurln

(168) x 3 k gen 36 ] 6 k, rlsplctjvloy. Je

twh pogcls, rlkhvln frhk tml gxjs, tml fjrst

lecohsurl mgn shkl smlrns gen tml frgikletshf g skgoo pht. Je tml slchen lecohsurl twh skgoo

pjts wjtm crlkgtln ahel wlrl njschvlrln he tml

gxjs. Fhur hr fjvl lecohsurls wlrl irhupln

gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr. ^mly rlslkaol vlry kucm

tml Ihjrol typl hf ohei njtcmls. Gs tml rhuenln

lens hf tml njtcmls wlrl fhuen heoy je tml

ehrtmlgst, tmljr oleitm kust mgvl alle hvlr

3= k. ^ml gvlrgil wjntm wgs >-< k. Crlkgtln

ahel ogy jesjnl tml lecohsurls heoy je hel spht.

Ahtm gigjest tml sjeiol gen tml kuotjpol systlks

hf ohei njtcmls, cjrcuogr njtcmls mgn alle che

structln. Skgoo njsturagecls je tml cletrls hf

tmlsl cjrcols jenjcgtln, tmgt tml jetlrklets mgn

alle choolctln prlvjhus th tml lxcgvgtjhe. Smlrns

wjtm  Blrascmejtt   nlchrg tjhe ngt l gt olgst pgrt

hf tmjs urefjlon je tml MgA plrjhn. ^ml phoole-

chetlet hf tml ohei njtcmls jenjcgtln ge girj

cuoturgo usl fhr tml lecohsurls. M. ^. Ygtlrahob

ngtln tmlk th tml Jrhe Gil. Ml tmhuimt jt

ueojbloy, tmgt tmly wlrl honlr tmge g flw cle

turjls A.C. (Ygtlrahob, 7:<>).1

Sjttgrn0  Nur jei tml lxcgvgtjhes hf tml Agen-clrgkjc slttolklet gt Sjttgrn (Trhv. Ojkauri)

je 7:<3/<>, T. @. Q. Kh nn lr kg e njschvlrln ge

'loheigtln hvgo njt cm' hf 6 ] 73 k. Je jts ohei

gxjs tmlrl wgs ge ure wjtm crlkgtln ahels gen

g skgoo pjt wjtm crlkgt ln ahels (K hnn lr kg e,

1.  Nr. Y. vge Pljst gt Irhejeile rlcletoy jefhrklnus tmg t ml ehw prlflrs g ngt jei altwlle 7444 gen<44 A.C. fhr tml Vlonmhvle njtcmls. ^mjs ngtlpogcls tml njtcmls ahtm gt Vlonmhvle gen gt Ihjrolje tml sgkl plrjhn.

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I. @. Vlrwlrs „  Ehe-cjrcuogr Kheuklets <3

7:<=/<:). ^mjs kheuklet wgs nlscrjaln uenlr

tml mlgnjei 'Ehe-agenclrgkjc getjqujtjls'.

^htlrfhuo  J  Mgovl Kj`o0  Je mjs stuny he tml ag r

rhws je tml 'Ljimt Algtjtunls', shutm hf Lj enmhvle, Y. Iogsalrile nlscrjals ge hvgo kheu

klet je cheelctjhe wjtm agrrhw 11G (Iogsalr

ile, 7:<>). ^mjs agrrhw mgn alle surrhuenln

ay g nhuaol phstcjrcol, wmjcm Iogsalrile ngtls

th Lgroy hr Kjnnol Arhezl Gil, gen clrtgjeoy

alfhrl tml Jrhe Gil. ^ml ehrtmlre ohei njtcm

hf tml lgst/wlst hrjletgtln hvgo, cut tmrhuim tml

phstcjrcol gen tml shutmlre njtcm thucmln jt.

^ml poge nhls eht ijvl tml cmrhehohijcgo rlogtjhe

altwlle tml agrrhw gen tml hvgo njtcm. ^mjs

hvgo njt cm (7>.< ] > k) wgs jet lrp rltln ay

Iogsalrile gs 'tml ahuengry hf g prlmjsthrjc

grgaol fjlon hf tml "rjnil" typl'. '^ml fjlon kust

tmus mgvl alle ogtlr tmge tml phstcjrcol'. Tgrt

hf g slchen njtcm wgs fhuen elgray.

Sgejlrle0  He g cgkp jei irhuen elgr Shklrle,

shutmlgst hf Ljenmhvle (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget),

T.  @. Q. Khnnlrkge kgnl g prcojklegrv lx

cgvgtjhe je 7:<3 (Khnnlrkge, 7:<3). Frhk

tml cletrl hf slvlrgo cjrcuogr njtcmls cgkl g

eukalr hf jees, ahtm wjtm skhhtm gen wjtm

nlojalrgtloy rhuimleln surfgcls. ^ml poge smhwshel rlc tge iuo gr njtcm, = x 1.< k. He jts ohei

gxjs elgr tml shutmlgstlre len, ge ure wjtm je

tletjhegooy rhuimleln surfgcl mgn alle aurjln2

elgr tml hpphsjtl len js g phstmhol.

Vgobleswggrn0  Ge urefjlon shutm hf Ljen mhvle,

gt Vgobleswggrn (Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget) wgs lx

cgvgtln ay M. Aruestjei je 7:<> (puaojcgtjhe

je prlss). Cjrcuogr njtcmls ogy gigjest loheigtln

njtcm s_stlks. Je g 3> k ohei hvgo lecohsurl,

tml njtcmls wjnleln elgr hel hf tml lens alfhrl

turejei thwgrn lgcm htmlr, tml rlsuot aljei g

bjen hf loheigtln blymhol. Smlrns frhk tml fjoojei

hf tmjs kheuklet grl hf g MgA ngtl. ^mly rlprl

slet mgof hf g ahwo. ^wh htmlr ohei njtcm systlks

klgsurln 36 ] <.< gen 7= ] > k. ^mlrl grl

eh fjens ngtgaol th tmlk. Je tml ehrtmlre pgrt

hf tml lxcgvgtln grlg, frgiklets hf ohei njtcmls

wlrl njschvlrln. ^ml Vgobleswggrn urefjlon

cgkl jeth lxjstlecl nurjei MgA, gen chetjeuln

jeth MgC/N.

 Oggispuo0  Shutm hf ^joa uri (Trhv. Ehhrn- Arg

aget) tml vjoogil hf Mjovgrleallb js sjtugtln.

^mjs kuejcjpgojty jecounls tml mgkolt Oggispuo,

wmlrl pgrt hf ge urefjlon wgs jevlstjigtln je

7:<9 ay T. @. Q. Khn nlr kge (Kh nnl rkg e,7:<9/<=). Hf ge loheigtln lecohsurl heoy g

pgrt wgs uelgrtmln. Gigjest tml ohei njtcm

cjrcuogr hels mgn alle ogjn hut. ^mljr fjoojeis

prhvjnln frgiklets hf phts, gkhei wmjcm wlrl

tmrll skgoo cups wjtm mgenol. Heoy g mgof hf

twh hf tmlsl cups wgs prlslet. ^ml smlrns hf g

sh-cgooln  Ogpplescmgol  (sll l.i. Blrs tle, 7:>=),

thiltmlr wjtm tml htmlr phttlry ngtln tmjs ure

fjlon th MgC/N, gcchrnjei th Khnnlrkge. ^mjs

ngtjei wgs tmle supphrtln ay g C 7 >  klgsurlklet

hf cmgrchgo frhk tml fjoojei hf tml ohei njtcm,

ijvjei gt tmgt tjkl 6<4  ·  64 A.C. Gs wgs lx

prlssln alfhrl (Vlrwlrs, 7:66a) g rlogtjhe kgy

al prlslet altwlle tml mgenoln cups gen tml

Ilrkge  Mleblotgssl  hf Mg A ngtl. ^m l sgkl

plrjhn js jenjcgtln ay tml ogtlst rlsuot hf tml

C , >  ngtjei kletjheln gahvl0 :44  ·  <4 A.C.

(IrE-796>). ^ml  Ogpplescmgol  nhls eht chetr g

njct tmjs, fhr gotmhuim clrtgjeoy usln nurjei

MgC/N, jt phssjaoy cgkl jeth lxjstlecl alfhrl.

Vlonmhvle0  ^m l poge hf tml sh-cgooln '744tm

Agrrhw' elgr Vlonmhvle, shutmwlst hf Ljenmhvle(Trhv. Ehhrn-Argaget), rlvlgos twh rlctgeiuogr

njtcmls, tmgt kust mgvl alle nui prjhr th tml

chestructjhe hf tmjs agrr hw ( Khn nlr kg e, 7:66).

^ml lecohsurls ojl gigjest lgcm htmlr, tml klgs

urlk lets grl :.< ] < k fhr hel hf tmlk, tml

htmlr aljei thh frgikletgry th al nlojejgtln. ^ml

fhrklr mgn g pjt wjtm crlkgtln ahel je jts

cletrl.

 Aleelbhk0  Gotmhuim eht sjtugt ln je tml shutm lre

Eltmlrogens, wl kletjhe tml irhup hf fhur

pgrgoolo loheigtln lecohsurls gt Aleelbhk (Trhv .

Ilonlrogen). ^mly wlrl njschvlrln nurjei tml

lxcgvgtjhe hf ge urefjlon wjtm cjrcuogr njtcmls

(Auecm, 7:33). ^mljr oleitm gen wjntm wlrl

13 gen 1-3 k, rlsplctjvjoy. Jt js jetlrlstjei tmgt

tmljr oleitm wgs nltlrkjeln ay tml prlslecl hf

pgtcmls wjtm irgvlo gt ahtm lens hf tml le

cohsurls. ^ml njtcmls grl eht ngtln. Auecm

gssjieln th tmlsl 'ohei alns' g rhoo je tml cuot hf

tml nlgn.

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<>  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

 Acrimlk0  Lgst hf 's-Mlr thileahscm (Trhv. Ehhrn-

Argaget) je tml mgkolt 'Plvlealrile' elgr Alr-

imlk, g skgoo tukuous wgs lxcgvgtln (Vlrwlrs,

7:66g). Alohw tml cjrcuogr tukuous ge hvgo

njtcm wjtm pgrgoolo rhws hf phstmhols wgs rlvlgoln, klgsurjei gahut 1< ] 6 k. He jts ohei gxjs

frgiklets hf ahel gen hf smlrns wjtm jecjsln

nlchrgtjhe wlrl njschvlrln. Ymltmlr tmjs fjen

wgs stjoo je jts hrjijego phsjtjhe wgs ueclrtgje.

Gs eljtmlr tml tukuous ehr tml hvgo kheuklet

hfflrln gey furtmlr fjens, ngtjei wgs jkphssjaol.

(Trlojkjegry C [ >  ngt jei0 <=4 · < 4 ) .

Cogssjfjcgtjhe gen ngtjei

^m l 7< lxcgvg tjhes klet jheln gahvl prhvjnln

hvlr 34 sjeiol hr kuotjpol systlks hf ehe-cjrcuogrnjtcmls. Olgvjei gsjnl tml blymhol smgpln kheu

klet gt Vgobleswggrn, tml njtcmls goo mgn ge

hvgo smgpl, wmjcm vgrjln je oleitm gen wjntm.

He tml gvlrgil, tml smhrt kheuklets mgvl g

irlgtlr wjntm tmge tml ohei hels. ^mjs tlenlecy

js gosh jenjcgtln ay tml jenlx hf olei tm 0 wjn tm.

Jenjcls altwlle 1 gen >, (lolvle lxgkpols

lxtget) goo alohei th njtcmls smhrtlr tmge 13 k.

^ml gvlrgil oleitm je tmjs irhup js 7<.6 k, tml

gvlrgil wjntm <.< k. Yjtm hel lxclptjhe tml

rlkgjejei ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls (ljimt lxgkpols)mgvl jenjcls hf = gen up. ^mljr oleitm js hvlr

34 k wjtm ge gvlrgil hf >1 k. ^ml gvlrgil

wjntm je tmjs irhup js 3.= k.3  Lxclpt fhr hel gt

Vlonmhvle (jenlx 6), tmlrl grl eh kheuklets

behwe th us wjtm jenjcls altwlle > gen =. He

khrpmhohijcgo irhuens wl cge tmus njstjeiujsm

twh irhups0 ohei gen egrrhw njtcmls gen smhrt

gen wjnl njtcmls. ^ml fjrst irhup jecounls

slvlrgo lxgkpols wjtm kuotjpol systlks. Gotmhuim

jts thtgo oleitm js uebehwe, tml kuo tjpol njtcm

systlk gt Vohnrhp kgy al jecounln je tmjs irhup

alcgusl hf jts sjkjogrjty wjtm tml ohei njtcmls

gt Ihjrol. Sjeiol kheuklets grl tml ruol je

tml slchen irhup (wjtm tml lxclptjhe hf tml

twh skgoo rlctgeiuogr njtcmls alohw tml '744tm

Agrrhw' gt Vlonmhvle gen g flw hvgo njtcmls gt

Belislo).

Ngtln ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets grl vlry flw

je eukalr, Je tml 'ohei gen egrrhw' irhup tml

3.  ^m l oleitm hf tml njtcmls gt Aleelbhk (13 k)sllkln th al nltlrkjeln ay shjo chenjtjhes.

njtcmls gt Ihjrol rlcljvln C 7 >  ngtls hf =94 ·

<4 gen =34 · <4. ^mls l fgcts gen tm l grcm glh

ohijcgo lvjnlecl jenjcgtl tmlsl njtcmls th al

hf MgA ngtl. Sh grl tml njtcmls gt Vohnrhp

gen tml blymhol smgpln njtcm gt Vgobleswggrn.^ml Oggispuo njtcm frgiklet wgs C`> ngtln

th :44  ·  64 A.C., pogcjei jt gosh je Mg A.

Gt Alst tml njtcmls aloheijei th tml ohei

irhup wlrl surrhuenln ay tml MgA pgrt hf tml

urefjlon. Gt Nl Mgklrt twh sjeiol njtcmls hf tml

ohei typl grl uengtln aut wlrl njschvlrln je g

MgC/N urefjlon. ^ml njtcmls gt Vlonmhvle gen

Aleelbhk grl uengtln. Frhk tmjs lvjnlecl jt

kgy al checounln tmgt tml 'ohei gen egrrhw'

irhup hf njtcmls kgjeoy aloheis th MgA aut

kjimt jecounl MgC/N lxgkpols. Yjtm tml lx

clptjhe hf tml blymhol smgpln njtcm gt Vgobles

wggrn, goo njtcmls je tmjs irhup kgy al nlscrjaln

gs Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl (Vlrwlrs, 7:66a).

^ml 'smhrt gen wjnl' irhup eukalrs tmrll

ngtln kheuklets. ^mhsl gt Qjltmhvle gen

Ihjrol wlrl chestructln je MgA. ^ml skgoo

rlctgeiol gt Shklrle aloheis th MgC/N. Gt

Alst hel hf tml njtcmls aloheijei th tmjs irhup

wgs surrhuenln ay cjrcuogr njtcmls hf M g C / N

ngtl.  ^ml rlkgjejei lxgkpols hf tmjs irhup0

Belislo, Sjttgrn, ^htlrfhut, Vlonmhvle gen Acr

imlk grl uengtln. ^mlsl scgety fgcts sllk thjenjcgtl tmgt njtcmls hf tml 'smhrt gen wjnl' irhup

wlrl usln nurjei ahtm MgA gen MgC/N ngtl.

Fhr tmjs typl hf ehe-cjrcuogr njtcmls, tml egkl

'Ohei Njtcmls hf Qjltmhvle typl' js suiilstln.

(Ogeil irlpplos vge mlt typl Qjltmhvle2 Ogei

irîale ^ypus Qjltmhvle).

 Jetlrprltgtjhe

^ml njvjsjhe ijvle gahvl js agsln he purloy

khrpmhohijcgo ngtg. Yl ehw wget th chesjnlr

tml phssjajojty tmgt jt mgs khrl tmge g klrl

nlscrjptjvl sjiejfjcgecl. He khst poges hf ure-

fjlons,  jt js colgr tmgt tml kheuklets hf ahtm

irhups wlrl chestructln je cohsl rlogtjhe th tml

urefjlon tukuoj wjtm cjrcuogr njtcmls. ^ml fgct

tmgt tml ohei gen tml cjrcuogr njtcmls frlquletoy

thucm hel gehtmlr, aut elvlr jetlrslct, jenjcgtls

g chetlkphrgeljty altwlle ahtm njtcmls. ^ml

rlogtjhe altwlle cjrcuogr njtcmls gen ure aurjgos

js lvjnlet.

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<6  Gegolctg Trglmjsthrjcg Oljnlesjg JJ

(IrE-3<>1). Hon grgaol shjo jenjcgtln tmjs ageb

th al g prlmjsthrjc fjlon.

Elgr Ljele (Br. Vlcmtg, Honleauri), fjvl

loheigtln agebs wlrl sjtugtln je tml kjnnol hf g

clkltlry wjtm <= tukuoj (Tîtzhon, 7:64). ^mrllagebs ogy gn`gclet th lgcm htmlr, twh ogy

sjeioloy. Ahtm sjeiol agebs sllkln gt hel len th

al cheelctln wjtm g tukuous. ^mjs cheelctjhe

wgs gt hel pogcl jevlstjigtln. ^ml slctjhe

smhwln tml tukuous th mgvl alle chestructln

je twh stgils. ^ml fjrst tukuous chvlrln g fuelrgo

pyrl gen wgs ngtln th tml 6tm cletury A.C.

^ml wlstlre len hf tml loheigtln ageb ogy he

thp hf tml sjnl hf tml tukuous, tmus aljei yhueilr

tmge tmjs kheuklet. ^ml honlst tukuous gen

pgrt hf tml ageb wlrl tmle chvlrln ay gehtmlr

tukuous, wmjcm jtslof chuon eht al ngtln. Gtlrkjeus getl qulre  fhr tmjs slchen tukuous js

prhvjnln ay tmrll ures tmgt wlrl fjegooy aurjln

je jts sjnls. ^ml honlst pht aloheiln th tml

@gsthrf-a plrjhn, tmgt chvlrs tml <tm cletury

A.C. Frhk tmjs jt fhoohws tmgt tml ageb wgs

chestructln altwlle 644 gen >44 A.C. ^mjs ngtl

js supphrtln ay g C 7 >  klgsurlklet hf cmgrchgo

frhk alohw tml honlst tukuous, ijvjei 1664 ·

64,  j.l. 974 · 64 A.C. (IrE->469). Lxcgv gtjh e

hf pgrt hf tml ageb smhwln jt th chesjst hf gecjlet

grgaol shjo. ^ml surrhuenjei tukuoj cge gosh alngtln th tml Lgroy Jrhe Gil. Jkphrtget js tml

prlslecl hf g ogril irhup hf loheigtln agebs,

cohsl th hel gehtmlr gen jkklnjgtloy shutm hf

tml clkltlry. Mlrl gigje wl chkl uphe tml

plcuojgr chkajegtjhe hf ge lxtlesjvl girjcuoturgo

grlg hutsjnl gen g flw fjlons jesjnl tml clkltlry.

Tîtzhon prhplroy chesjnlrln tml cuotjvgtjhe hf

fjlons fhr lchehkjc purphsls je tml kjnnol hf

tmjs sgcrln grlg th al jechecljvgaol. ^gbjei jeth

gcchuet tml chetlkphrgeljty hf tukuoj gen

fjlons,  ml whenlrln wmltmlr tml cuotjvgtjhe

chuon mgvl alle cgrrjln hut je rlogtjhe wjtm tmlaurjgo rjtugo.

^ml lvjnlecl ijvle gahvl cge al sukkgrjzln

ay stgtjei tmgt girjcuoturgo fjlons wlrl cuotjvgtln

je tml kjnnol hf clkltlrjls je tml Ogtl Arhezl

gen Lgroy Jrhe Gil. Fhr shkl fjlons tmljr che

tlkphrgeljty wjtm tukuoj wgs prhvln.

Qlturejei th tml Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol typl

je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens, wl grl gigje strucb

ay tml sjkjogrjty je smgpl hf tmlsl njtcm systlks

gen tml  Mhcmîcblr-_jbl  fjlons `ust nlscrjaln.

Gosh tml Ihjrol typl njtcmls grl supphsln th

mgvl surrhuenln grtjfjcjgo agebs. Jt wlrl eh

aurjgo kheuklets. Gt Aleelbhk tmljr oleitm

sllkln th al rlogtln th tml shjo chenjtjhes.

Thoole gegoysjs suiilstln ge girjcuoturgo usl fhr

tml lecohsurls gt Vlonmhvle. Je slvlrgo cgsls, ojbl

Ihjrol, Vlonmhvle gen Oggispuo tml ohei njtcmls

wlrl prhvln th al chetlkphrgelhus wjtm gen

rlogtln th tml cjrcuogr aurjgo kheuklets.

Yl tmlrlfhrl suiilst tmgt tml Ohei Njtcmls

hf Ihjrol typl lecohsln grgaol fjlons hf   Mhcm

îcblr   typl. ^mljr cuotjvgtjhe mgn g rjtugo pur

phsl gen wgs cheelctln wjtm tml cuot hf tml

nlgn. Lxgct nltlrkjegtjhe hf tmjs cuot js jk

phssjaol aut tml lxjstlecl hf tml custhk hf rjtugo

pohuimjei gen shwjei smhuon al rlklkalrln.<

^ml crhp irhwe he tmlsl fjlons kgy mgvl suppoj

ln tml fhhn fhr fuelrgo klgos gen kgy gosh mgvl

alle usln gs hfflrjeis. Frhk tml ngtjeis gvgjogaol

jt fhoohws tmgt tml MgA plrjhn kgjeoy sgw tml

prgctjcl hf tml custhk hf cuotjvgtjei fjlons fhr

sgcrln purphsls.

Mgvjei njvjnln tml ehe-cjrcuogr kheuklets

je tml shutmlre Nutcm urefjlons, tml phssjajojty

hf g rlogtjhe altwlle tml twh irhups smhuon al

chesjnlrln. ^mjs rlogtjhe chuon al agsln hetmljr chrrlsphenjei ehe-cjrcuogr smgpl, wmjcm

colgroy kgrbs tmlk gs lxclptjhes th tml cjrcuogr

njtcmls. Hpphsjtl tmjs rlogtjhe je smgpl mhwlvlr,

stgens tml njfflrlecl je fuectjhe altwlle tml

twh irhups . ^h us tmjs njfflrlecl js fgr khrl

fuengkletgo tmge tml rlslkaogecl je smgpl,

wmjcm khrlhvlr js heoy g njstget rlslkaogecl.

^mlrlfhrl jt sllks jkphssjaol th nlrjvl hel irhup

frhk tml htmlr. Ge griuklet gigjest tmjs nlrj

vgtjhe gosh js tmljr chetlkphrgeljty. Ahtm tml

Ohei Njtcmls hf Ihjrol gen hf Qjltmhvle typl

wlrl usln je tml shutmlre Eltmlrogens nurjei

tml MgA plrjhn.6

<.  Yml tml r tml prlslecl hf pohuimkg rbs alohw tukuojsmhuon al jetlrprltln gs jenjcgtjhes hf rjtugopohuimjei, sllks qulstjhegaol. \sjei tmlsl kgrbsgs supphrt fhr tml myphtmlsjs hf rjtugo cuotjvgtjhehf   Mhcmîcblr-___gl  agebs je clkltlrjls , js tmlrlfhr lnlagtgaol. Mhwlvlr tmlrl js htmlr lvjnlecl fhr tmllxjstlecl hf rjtugo pohuimjei (Tîtzhon, 7:642 vgenlr Thlo, 7:67).

6. Kr. Q. Q. Elwloo bjenoy chrrlctln tml Leiojsmkgeusc rjp t, fhr wmjcm wl grl vlry ir gtlfuoo.

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