APEC e-Invoicing Guideline for Future Development

APEC e-Invoicing Guideline for Future

Development

APEC Electronic Commerce Steering Group Paperless Trading Subgroup

December 2008

2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to economies that completed the

questionnaire, without your input this report could

not have been written.

A special thanks to Mr. Sangwon Lim from KIEC

(Korean Institute of Electronic Commerce) and

SUNAT working group for your work and support

in preparing and producing this report.

Eduardo Ibarra

Project Overseer

ECSG 02/2008T

Prepared by

Peruvian Tax Collection and Customs Administration – SUNAT

www.sunat.gob.pe

For the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat

35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616, Tel +65-68919600,

Email: [email protected], Website: www.apec.org

© 2009 APEC Secretariat

APEC#209-CT-03.1

3

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 APEC overview 4

1.2 Background of this document 5

1.3 Purpose and scope of this document 5 CHAPTER 2 INVOICING IN TRADE 7 2.1 Invoicing overview 7

2.2 Invoicing processes and types of invoices 8

2.3 e-Invoicing 10 CHAPTER 3 CURRENT STATUS OF GLOBAL APPROACH ON E-INVOICING 12 3.1 Global Standardization 12

3.1.1 UN/CEFACT 12

3.1.2 OASIS 14

3.2 Regional Implementation 14

Chapter 4 e-Invoicing Implementation in APEC Economies 16

4.1 Use of Invoice in Trade 16

4.2 e-Invoicing implementation status 18

4.3 Issues in e-Invoicing implementation 19 CHAPTER 5 APEC E-INVOICING FRAMEWORK 21 5.1 Conceptual model 21

5.2 Functional units 22

5.2.1 Legal and Regulatory Environment 22

5.2.2 Standard 22

5.2.3 Security 23

5.2.4 Transmission 24

5.2.5 Storage 24 CHAPTER 6 ISSUES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CROSS-BORDER E-INVOICING 25 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 27 7.1 Conclusions 27

7.2 Recommendations 27 ANNEX 1 SUMMARY OF RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE 29 REFERENCES 83

4

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 APEC overview

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC, is an inter-governmental organization

for economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.

APEC, with its membership of 21 economies in Asia, America and Oceania, accounts

for approximately 41% of the world's population, approximately 55% of world GDP

and about 49% of world trade. Figure 1 shows the geographical location of APEC

member economies.

Figure 1. Geographical Location of APEC Member Economies

APEC aims to achieve its Bogor goal of “free and open trade and investment in the

Asia Pacific” by collectively working on trade and investment liberalization, business

facilitation and economic & technical cooperation through collective and individual

actions. Structurally, APEC has multi-layered congregations from leaders’ meeting

to working group meetings covering from policy-level to specific work program

level. In APEC, most of working level tasks were initiated by committees, sub-

committees, task groups and working groups. Figure 2 shows the structure of

APEC.

5

Figure 2. APEC Structure

1.2 Background of this document

In APEC, the Electronic Commerce Steering Group (ECSG) was established in 1999

to promote the development and use of electronic commerce by creating legal,

regulatory and policy environments in the APEC region that are predictable,

transparent and consistent in accordance with the 1998 APEC Blueprint for Action

on Electronic Commerce. The ECSG focuses on two work items, privacy and

paperless trading, by having two sub-groups.

Paperless trading is one of main agenda items to promote electronic commerce

among APEC member economies. ECSG has worked on several paperless trading

issues such as certificate of origin. In an effort to facilitate paperless trading

environment in APEC, Peru proposed a 2008 APEC project titled “APEC Seminar to

Advance & Promote APEC Work on e-Invoicing Framework” to handle the issue of

implementing e-Invoicing in APEC. As part of the project, a framework document

was to be developed on e-Invoicing to provide guidance to APEC member

economies in the future implementation of e-Invoicing.

1.3 Purpose and scope of this document

The purpose of this document is to provide a high-level framework that APEC

member economies can refer in implementing e-Invoicing in the future. Because

APEC is operating in the principle of non-binding commitment, this framework

purely plays the role of guidance. This framework was developed on the basis of

APEC members’ requirements collected from the survey as well as the seminar; its

primary application is intended to be for APEC members. However, by trying to

integrate international open standards and global approaches in its content as much

6

as possible, the framework intends to facilitate cross-border exchange of e-invoices

among APEC members as well as possible global application.

It should be noted that the framework itself is generic enough and does not provide

specific measures for implementation. Such a detailed guidance to meet specific

requirements is out of scope of this document and to be further developed.

7

Chapter 2 Invoicing in Trade

2.1 Invoicing overview

Invoicing plays an important role as one of major processes in domestic as well as

cross-border trade. As illustrated in Figure 3, the process of an international supply

chain can be mainly divided into three meta-processes: buy, ship and pay. Under

these three major processes, a variety of procedures fit into a complete model in

the areas of commercial, transport, regulatory and financial. The process of

invoicing overlaps on the processes of ship and pay.

Figure 3. International Supply Chain Reference Model of Buy-Ship-Pay

Invoicing is commercial process of issuing an invoice, usually by the supplier to the

customer, specifying the details on goods and services provided with inherent

indication of due payment; so, it is also called to be a part of billing process.

Therefore, an invoicing basically pertains to the end process of ship, but it also

bears its partial role in the process of initiating payment. Figure 4 shows a basic

illustration of invoicing process in trade. On the other hand, an invoice is an

accounting document with legal implications to transacting parties. In a global level

this is an important issue due to different legal position of invoice within each

economy. This is one of the factors that limit the implementation of electronic

invoice just for inter company accounting application.

Commercial

Procedures

• Establish Contract

• Order Goods

• Advise On Delivery

• Request Payment

• P ki

Transport

Procedures

• Establish

Transport Contract

• Collect, Transport

and Deliver Goods

Regulatory Procedures

• Obtain

Import/Export

Licences etc

• Provide Customs

Declarations

Financial Procedures

• Provide Credit

Rating

• Provide Insurance

• Provide Finance

• Execute Payment

Prepare

for Export Export Transport Import

SHIP PAY

Prepare

for Import

BUY

8

Supplier Customer Invoice

BUYBUY

SHIPSHIP

PAYPAY

Order

Delivery

Payment

Figure 4. Generic Invoicing Process

2.2 Invoicing processes and types of invoices

There are mainly two types of invoicing processes. One is the traditional invoicing,

an invoice being issued by a supplier to a customer. Another process is called self-

billing, an invoice being issued to oneself by a customer. Both processes are

illustrated in Figure 5. The most common process is the traditional invoicing, while

certain supply chains adopt self-billing as more preferred one. In this framework

document, the focus will be basically on traditional invoicing.

As illustrated in Figure 5, an invoice is a commercial document, issued usually by a

supplier to a customer, specifying the details on goods or services provided with the

implication of request for payment.

There exist various types of invoices that are commonly used. However, regardless

of their types, all the invoices share common contents and serve basically similar

purposes, while adding specific feature or functionality. A tax invoice is an invoice

document usually used in domestic trade, mainly to meet regulatory requirements

for tax declaration with necessary inclusion of tax information in addition to regular

invoice information. It should be noted that a tax invoice is a separate document

from an invoice even though a regular invoice can also serve the purpose of tax

invoice by having a field for tax information. A tax invoice is not used in every

economy. The relationship of an invoice to its variation is depicted in Figure 6.

9

Supplier Customer

Invoice

BUYBUY

SHIPSHIP

PAYPAYTraditional

Self-billing

Payment

Invoice

Customer Supplier Payment

Figure 5. Two Processes of Invoicing - Traditional and Self-billing

Invoice

TaxInvoice

CommercialInvoice

ConsularInvoice

Pro-formaInvoice

CreditNote

DebitNote

Context

TaxRequirement

CustomsRequirement

EnhancedAuthenticity

PreliminaryQuotation

Fixing errorsor differences

Figure 6. An Invoice and a Family of Its Variation

In international trade, a few forms of invoice are used to meet some requirements

in import and export. Commercial Invoice is an invoice document used for

commercial transaction as well as customs declaration in international trade to be

issued by exporter (seller) to an importer (Buyer). In some economies such as the

United States, customs authority may require customs invoice for the purpose of

customs declaration. Consular Invoice is an invoice document certified by the

consulate of an importing country stationed in an exporting country for the purpose

of enhancing invoice verification. Pro-forma Invoice is a type of invoice document

10

having the function of quotation for the goods to be traded before actual

transaction. An importer may need it from an exporter for import declaration.

Another variation of an invoice is the documents called credit note and debit note.

These variation documents are used to fix the errors and/or differences found in the

already processed invoice.

2.3 e-Invoicing

e-Invoicing is the activity of processing and handling paper-based invoicing process

using electronic means such ICT as Internet, XML, EDI, etc. Figure 7 shows how e-

Invoices are exchanged among trading partners.

ASP

InternetInternet

Value Added Network

Supplier A Customer A

InternetInternete-Invoice:XML

e-Invoice:XML

e-Invoice:EDI

Supplier XIn-houseSolution

Customer YIn-houseSolution

Figure 7. e-Invoice Transaction

Because invoicing is one of critical processes in trade, processing it electronically

can greatly improve domestic and international supply chain, leading to transaction

efficiency and transparency. Some of the benefits that can be brought to by

implementing e-Invoicing are listed in Table 1.

11

Table 1. Benefits of e-Invoicing

Benefits - Reduction of processing related cost - Reduction of processing time - Improvement of transparency in processing - Increased security in delivery - Improved data (information) accuracy - Reduction of storage cost through e-archiving - Creation of additional market through value-added service - Better maintenance of invoice data - Helping the environment

12

Chapter 3 Current Status of Global Approach on e-Invoicing

In recognition of the potential benefits of e-Invoicing in domestic and global supply

chain, an effort to implement e-Invoicing has been actively made at national,

regional and global level by multiple entities. For the purpose of this document,

individual e-Invoicing implementation approach at economy level will not be

covered. Rather, focus will be on regional and global level. The approach at the

global level centers more on standardization, while regional approach encompasses

need for actual business implementation.

3.1 Global Standardization

3.1.1 UN/CEFACT

UN/CEFACT (United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business) is

the United Nations body to standardize e-Business and facilitate international trade.

UN/CEFACT supports activities dedicated to improving the ability of business, trade

and administrative organizations, from developed, developing and transitional

economies, to exchange products and relevant services effectively. By focusing on

the activities of the simplification and harmonization of processes, procedures and

information flows, UN/CEFACT intends to facilitate national and international

transactions and contribute to the growth of global commerce. In UN/CEFACT,

standardization work is conducted by the Forum, which is the congregation of five

independent groups. The work is conducted through bi-annual Forum meetings,

individual group meeting and online meetings such as tele-conference. More than

300 experts and stakeholders of eBusiness and trade facilitation in the world

contribute to the development of global standards in UN/CEFACT.

UN/CEFACT produces its standards using a series of coherent methodologies to

ensure reusability and interoperability of business knowledge derived in the process

of standardization. To model business process and related information, UN/CEFACT

uses the UN/CEFACT Modeling Methodology (UMM), which is based on the Unified

Modeling Language (UML). To derive reusable and interoperable business data

element, called Core Component, UN/CEFACT has developed the Core Component

Technical Specification (CCTS). Based on the CCTS, UN/CEFACT is building the

Core Component Library (CCL) to be globally used by entities in the world in

producing interoperable business solutions.

13

UN/CEFACT also introduces the development of the Business Requirements

Specification (BRS) to define business requirements of specific business domain or

area based on the UMM. Once the BRS is defined, the Requirements Specification

Mapping (RSM) is developed to apply syntax specific methods in producing final

solutions. Once the BRS and RSM are completed, such syntax-specific solutions as

XML Schemas or EDIFACT messages are produced using syntax-specific

methodologies like EDIFACT MIG or XML Naming & Design Rules (NDR). This

process is illustrated in Figure 8.

CoreComponent

Library

EDIFACT Messages

XMLSchemas

BRS RSM

UMM CCTS

UN XML NDR

UN EDIF

ACT

MIG

Based on

Derived from

Based on

Utilizes

Harm

onizat

ion

Based

on

Syntax-SpecificMethodologies

Figure 8. Production of Standard Solution in UN/CEFACT

Based on the above mentioned standard process, UN/CEFACT has already

developed the Business Requirements Specification (BRS) for Cross Industry

Invoice (CII). The BRS for CII, developed with the participation and contribution

from EUROFER, GS1, CIDX, EDIFICE, AIAG, ODETTE, JAMA, GHX, UK Government

and EDS, defines business process and requirements in exchanging invoices

between different industries in detail. However, the RSM and XML Schema for CII

is not yet produced due to further need for harmonization. At the same time, the

CII BRS is now going through revision for the enhancement of its features.

Another effort within UN/CEFACT to is the development of UNeDocs or the United

Nations electronic Documents. UNeDocs defines data models for the documents

used in international trade on the basis of the Core Component Technical

Specification. The data models in the UNeDocs are called the Business Information

master (BIM), which is basically a directory of core components having the context

14

of international trade. Using the harmonized data models in the BIM, any

stakeholder of international trade can derive interoperable invoices by applying

syntax-specific methods. UNeDocs is getting into its maturity for implementation in

cross-border trade.

3.1.2 OASIS

The OASIS stands for Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information

Standard. OASIS is a non-profit consortium to develop open standards to be used

in eBusiness as well as other domains. OASIS has jointly developed ebXML

standards with UN/CEFACT and works on such web-based standards as Web

Services and Service Oriented Architecture-related specifications. In OASIS, the

UBL Technical Committee has developed UBL (Universal Business Language), which

is standard XML-based electronic business document, based on the UN/CEFACT

Core Component Technical Specification. The UBL TC developed UBL 1.0 in 2004

and UBL 2.0 in 2006 respectively.

UBL 2.0 is composed of XML schemas for 31 business documents (including

invoice), CC-based XML data library, UML-base data models, UBL naming and

design rules and separate code list values in XML specification. Currently, UBL

invoice has been implemented in multiple economies in Northern Europe such as

Denmark, Sweden and Finland. There has been also collective effort by five

economies (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, UK and Iceland) in Northern

Europe to develop a customized version of UBL 2.0 called the Northern European

Subset (NES) profile. Further information on the NES is available at

http://www.nesubl.eu/2.349a0e10b3c2567f280001987.html

3.2 Regional Implementation

Regional implementation is led by Europe. Because the European Union (EU) has

the authority to enforce regional level regulation to its members, the effort on e-

Invoicing has gained enough momentum for wider implementation. Currently,

there are multiple economies in Europe that already implemented e-invoicing such

as Finland and Denmark. However, Pan-EU level implementation of e-Invoicing is

still underway after EU published the VAT Directive 2001 (or Directive

2001/115/EC) to provide legal foundation for implementing e-Invoicing. In 2007,

the European Commission Informal Task Force on e-Invoicing published its report

on the findings of the three major barriers – legal environment, operational

constraint and standardization - in e-Invoicing implementation in EU. The EEI

expert group is set up and working on the development of the European Electronic

15

Invoicing (EEI) Framework by the end of 2009, which is planned to be used in the

wider implementation of e-Invoicing in Europe.

In Europe, there is a regional standard body called the European Committee for

Standardization (CEN). In CEN, ICT issues are handled by the CEN/ISSS

(Information Society Standardization System). The CEN/ISSS has multiple work

platforms such as focus groups, workshops and technical committees to produce

European-level ICT standards. E-Invoicing has been an important issue since early

2000 in the CEN/ISSS. From 2002 to 2003, a focus group worked on e-Invoicing

and produced a comprehensive report. Consequent formation of e-Invoicing

workshop produced multiple reports called CEN Workshop Agreement (CWA) with

the completion of phase 1 in 2006. With the initiation of phase 2, the e-Invoicing

workshop is now trying to further standardize e-Invoices in Europe.

16

Chapter 4 e-Invoicing Implementation in APEC Economies

Some economies of APEC has already implemented e-Invoicing at domestic level.

This framework document will not elaborate on the implementation approach of

individual economy. Rather, collective overview of APEC members’ implementation

status will be provided since the framework is intended to be used commonly

among the APEC members. This chapter provides summary of implementation

status of APEC members based on the result of the survey conducted as part of the

project. Out of total 21 APEC member economies, 10 economies participated in the

survey. For the details of the survey result, please see the “APEC E-Invoicing

Development Report.”

4.1 Use of Invoice in Trade

This section provides the status of invoice usage in APEC economies. Basically, the

process, type and data element usage is consistent whether an invoicing is

conducted electronically or offline.

Table 2. Invoicing process and invoice types used

Category Status

Invoicing process

APEC economies use both traditional and self-billing process, while the dominant process was traditional one. • Both Traditional and self-billing: 5 economies • Traditional only: 5 economies

Type of invoices used

APEC economies vary in the use of different invoice types. While every responding economy used regular invoice, other invoices are used selectively by the economies. • Invoice: 10 economies • Tax invoice: 8 economies • Commercial invoice: 8 economies • Pro-forma invoice: 6 economies • Consular: 2 economies

Invoice data - See the Table 3 on next page

17

Table 3. Data Element Used in e-

Invoices

Ec

on

om

y

Da

ta E

lem

en

t N

am

e

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Invo

ice

Num

ber

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Invo

ice

Dat

eY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Invo

ice

type

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nam

e of

Sup

plie

rY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Add

ress

of

Sup

plie

rY

esY

esY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Nam

e of

Cus

tom

erY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Add

ress

of

Cus

tom

erY

esY

esY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Nam

e of

Tax

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Add

ress

of

Tax

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Sup

plie

r Id

entif

ier

(VA

T r

egis

trat

ion

num

ber,

etc

.)Y

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Cus

tom

er Id

entif

ier

(VA

T r

egis

trat

ion

num

ber,

etc

.)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cur

renc

yY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Tot

al In

voic

e A

mou

ntY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Am

ount

of

Cha

rges

& A

llow

ance

sY

esN

oY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Pay

men

t Inf

orm

atio

n &

Ter

ms

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Del

iver

y P

erio

d Y

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oN

oN

o

Del

iver

y T

erm

sY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

es

Invo

ice

Line

Num

ber

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dat

es f

or g

oods

/ser

vice

s so

ld/r

ende

red

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Des

crip

tion

of G

oods

or

Ser

vice

sY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Uni

t of

Mea

sure

men

tY

esN

oY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Uni

t Sol

d (Q

uant

ity)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Line

Item

Uni

t Pric

eY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Tot

al L

ine

Am

ount

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tax

Info

rmat

ion

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Shi

ppin

g M

arks

& N

umbe

rsY

esN

oN

oY

es/N

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oN

oY

esN

oY

esY

es

Cou

ntry

of

Orig

inY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oN

oN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esY

es

Ref

eren

ce to

Oth

er D

ocum

ents

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

(P

O)

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Russia

Ta

ble

3.1

: In

form

ati

on

inc

lud

ed

in in

voic

es

use

d in

ea

ch

ec

on

om

y.

Peru

Philipines

Thailand

USA

ChineseTaipei

Korea

Malaysia

México

Chile

4.2 e-Invoicing implementation status

Many of APEC economies (8 out of 10 responding economies) already implemented

e-Invoicing in different degree. All APEC economies who have not implemented e-

Invoicing yet plan to implement it in the future. While Peru plans to implement it

in 2008, others plan to implement it in the year 2011 or later.

e-Invoicing is implemented in both public and private sectors in 4 APEC economies.

2 economies implemented e-Invoicing only in the private sector, while one

economy implemented it only in the public sector. 5 APEC economies implemented

e-Invoicing in B2B and 4 economies implemented in B2C, while 4 economies

implemented e-Invoicing in both B2B and B2C. In the case of legal or regulatory

basis to implement e-Invoicing, 8 economies have the basis in the form of law or

regulation.

Law and regulation on e-Invoicing usually prescribe certain requirements for the

implementation of e-Invoicing such as security mechanism, mandatory data and

storage. Out of the five responding economies, all the five economies prescribe

requirements on the use of electronic signature as a security measure, use of

mandatory data and storage condition. 4 economies specifies the period of

storage. For the exchange format, transmission mechanism and security

mechanism, Table 4 shows the current practices of APEC economies.

Table 4. Practices of APEC Economies in e-Invoicing Mechanism

Category Practices Exchange format The most commonly used exchange format is a proprietary

XML format (6 economies), which clearly shows the current lack of common standard. Other used formats include EDI, ebXML and proprietary non-XML format.

Transmission Mechanism

The way to make a transmission allows variety in APEC economies to meet domestic market requirement. The most popular ones are intermediaries in the form of VAN and ASP as well as in-house total solution. Other options include off-the-shelf software and e-Marketplace.

Security Mechanism The most common security mechanism is the use of digital signature (7 economies), which is consistent with global trend. However, some APEC economies used also weaker form of security measures such as electronic signature and ID/PWD log-in.

Most APEC economies share similar implementation obstacles such as insufficient

legal & regulatory environment, technological availability such as common

ECSG – Seminar to Advance & Promote APEC work on e-Invoicing Framework 19

standard and business practices. The issue of SME was also commonly shared

among APEC economies in the proper implementation and use of e-Invoicing.

The implementation experiences reveal multiple success factors in the

development of e-Invoicing as follows;

• Public-private partnership,

• Strong commitment from the management in both government authority and

private sector,

• Use of standard to increase reusability and interoperability,

• Integration of e-Invoicing with other processes in a supply chain

• Importance of going through pilot implementation,

• Awareness program on the value and benefit of e-Invoicing for companies, and

• Step by step implementation allowing phased development

4.3 Issues in e-Invoicing implementation

Implementing e-Invoicing requires implementers to take specific approach and

make some technology choices. Table 5 shows the approaches of APEC economies

in some implementation issues.

Table 5. Issues in e-Invoicing and APEC Economies’ approach

Category Status EDI Format Many of APEC economies do not use EDI format at all

because they directly introduced e-Invoicing after XML becomes popular choice. Two economies use UNEDIFACT while only one economy uses ANSI X12.

XML Format In the case of XML format, the most preferred one is a self-defined format because there is no commonly available standard. In the case of OASIS UBL, one economy aleady implemented it and another one plans to implement it.

Standard Consideration

The consideration basically centers on data fomat and certificate for interoperability.

Another important issue in the context of APEC is cross-border e-Invoicing since

APEC is the congregation of 21 economies in the region. The issues identified in

the implementation of cross-border e-Invoicing are as follows;

Common identification system for Invoice itself (number)

Common standard for e-Invoice data element

Common identification system for trading partners


Common Identification scheme for cross reference of the related documents

such as UCR (Unique Consignment Reference)

Mutual recognition of Tax regimes among the APEC member economies

For the storage of e-Invoice, common storage period spans from 5 years to 7

years. Storage format is required in some economies, but does show consistency

in approaches. In the case of storage medium, most economies do not prescribe

the medium for content integrity, also lacking consistency in approaches.

Due to low responses, it is not possible to draw consistency in the tax regime

requirements for e-Invoicing implementation, though a few economies specify it.

In the case of e-Invoice recognition and acceptance by customs authority, five

economies responded with positive answers, which can be a facilitating factor in

implementing cross-border e-Invoicing.


Chapter 5 APEC e-Invoicing Framework

This document proposes a framework to be referred in implementing e-Invoicing at

conceptual level. The framework is called the APEC e-Invoicing Framework or

AeIF. What it means by conceptual level is that it provides an outline for

desirable approach and reasonable course of action in implementing e-Invoicing.

As specified in the scope of this document, this document does not provide

detailed implementation specificities. Consequently, complying with the AeIF itself

does not guarantee the interoperability among AeIF-compliant e-Invoicing

implementations. However, because the AeIF integrates international open

standards and global approach as much as possible, it can facilitate interoperability

among individual e-Invoicing implementations.

The conceptual AeIF is composed of two parts - conceptual model and functional

units. The conceptual model shows overall structure of AeIF to provide basic

understanding of the framework. The functional units are necessary minimum

components that should be taken into consideration in implementing AeIF.

5.1 Conceptual model

The conceptual model illustrates how an organization can implement e-Invoicing in

a simplified way by combining all the necessary basic components. The conceptual

model is shown in Figure 9. There are five basic components to be taken into

consideration in implementing e-Invoicing whether it is implemented by a trading

partner or a third-party service provider.

The first component is the legal and regulatory environment that accommodates e-

Invoicing. The second component is the standard for exchanging e-Invoice

message bilaterally or multilaterally. The third one is the security measure for

ensuring data integrity and authenticity. The fourth one is the transmission

mechanism over the network for message transfer. The last one is the storage

mechanism to meet necessary requirements from government authorities. These

five components will be elaborated in details in the next part of functional units.


Organization

AeIF-compliantImplementation

Refer to

Implement

APEC e-Invoicing Framework (AeIF)

e-Invoice

Legal & RegulatoryEnvironment

Storage

Transmission

Security

Standard

Figure 9. Conceptual Model of AeIF 5.2 Functional units

5.2.1 Legal and Regulatory Environment

Because invoice is an important business document, every economy imposes

certain legal and regulatory requirements. In the case of e-Invoice, further

requirement can be imposed to ensure its validity. More than anything else, there

should be a basis to provide legal force to electronic document (e-Invoice) just like

paper invoice document. This point is important in that trading partners will only

use e-Invoice if it can be used as an evidence when there occurs a dispute

between trading partners. If that is not the case, trading partners will stick to use

paper invoices. In addition, the legal basis should clearly prescribe any regulatory

requirements that an e-Invoice should meet to serve its purpose. This kind of

regulatory requirements can include certain level of security measure, proper

transmission method, appropriate storage mechanism and inclusion of specific data

such as tax information.

5.2.2 Standard

When we say about standard, it can be also applied to other components such as

security, transmission and storage. However, in the context of this framework,

standard means a standard for message. It is especially important to have a

standard message format for e-Invoicing implementations to interoperate and

interchange e-Invoice message one another. When there is no standard message

format and multiple message formats are used, the need for mapping among the


various formats increases exponentially. The mapping approach can be only a

temporary solution and will create a severe problem of economic disadvantage.

This problem can affect SMEs more with heavy burden since they are in a position

to meet the demand of multiple large customers to conduct business. The problem

of having multiple message formats instead of a common standard is illustrated in

Figure 10.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Standard

No Common Standard Common Standard

# of Companies

Conversion cost

# of Companies

Figure 10. Economic Impact of Lacking Standard The most desirable situation is that there exists one dominant open standard

available for e-Invoice message. However, at this point of time, such a standard

dos not exist. A cohesive alternative solution can be using UBL since it is already

available for implementation; however, caution should be given that UBL is not yet

harmonized with the global data library called the Core Component Library of

UN/CEFACT. Therefore, in implementing the UBL, future transition path should be

taken into account.

It is expected that UN/CEFACT will deliver globally common cross industry invoice

that multiple industries can share among one another. However, because

UN/CEFACT has not produced a consistent e-Invoice solution for immediate use

yet, a generic approach should be taken in using UN/CEFACT standard to produce

a self-generated solution.

5.2.3 Security

Security is the freedom from danger the information exchanged over a network.

PKI and digital certificates enables users of a basically unsecured public network to

securely and privately exchange data through the use of a public and a private

cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority.

APEC through APEC Telecommunications and information working group defined a


set of guidelines to issue certificates capable of being used in cross jurisdiction e-

commerce. Therefore, APEC economies are advised to follow the “APEC Public Key

Infrastructure Guidelines: Guidelines for Schemes to Issue Certificates capable of

Being Used in Cross-Jurisdiction eCommerce” in order to harmonize and facilitate

interoperability.

5.2.4 Transmission

Transmission is defined as a communication language in which two systems will

get connected. Considering the fact that transmission is essential for

interconnection, transmission protocol and relevant technology should be based on

open standards. As there is a common agreement that XML is the standard format

for exchange over the Internet, the transmission protocol should be one that

supports that format.

According to W3C, data can be transmitted through HTTP, SMTP and other

protocols over the Internet. The Framework recommends HTTP as the primary

transfer protocol, while leaving a room for the use of SMTP as an alternative to

accommodate certain cases where circumstances favour SMTP. In addition, SOAP

is the general method to send XML data around. Therefore, SOAP is the preferred

protocol, but other Web Services protocols such as ebXML Messaging Service can

be used if reliable messaging is a prerequisite.

5.2.5 Storage

Storage is the mechanism to keep the exchanged e-Invoice messages according to

certain requirements. The requirements include storage period, format and

medium. For the period, the Research shows that the time of storage varies from

5 to 7 years for most APEC member economies. However, depending on specific

legislation this time can be extended and some APEC economies need to make

transactions with non-APEC member economies having longer storage period

requirement. Therefore, considering the fact that storage cost is fast reduced over

the years, APEC economies are recommend to set the electronic storage time up to

10 years.

Regarding the storage format and medium, no specific measure is recommended

at this point of time. However, it is advised that the storage format is preferably in

the format that the message is being exchanged. The preferred storage medium is

database, while allowing other medium such as CD, magnetic tape, etc.


Chapter 6 Issues for the Development of Cross-Border e-Invoicing

Cross-border e-Invocing, which occurs across different jurisdictional domains,

requires additional issues to take care of in addition to the issues pertinent to the

domestic e-Invoicing. Just like domestic e-invoicing, cross-border e-Invoicing

needs the functional units defined in this Framework – legal & regulatory

environment, standard, security, transmission and storage. However, cross-border

e-Invoicing asks for more enhanced efforts on these five functional units and

impose additional tasks. More than anything else, cross-border e-Invoicing needs

alliance of different legal and regulatory requirement since it is most likely that

different jurisdictions have different legal and regulatory framework.

In such regional bodies as EU and ASEAN, economic integration can be imposed in

the form of directive or agreement among the members. However, APEC is

voluntary alliance of the members and such a compulsory measure cannot be

imposed. Therefore, in the current APEC environment, the most feasible way of

implementing e-Invoicing in legal and regulatory aspects may be the creation of

FTA at the bilateral level or RTA at the multi-lateral level. There should be further

work on identifying practical ways to realize such paperless trading measure as e-

Invoicing, e-certificate under APEC environment.

Having common identification scheme is another important issue in cross-border e-

Invoicing. e-Invoice should have unique identifier for the identification of

document itself (invoice number) as well as identifiers for unique identification of

trading partners. Unless trading partners of e-Invoicing have common

identification scheme for invoice number and trading partners, the e-Invoicing

solutions cannot interoperate one another when information is exchanged.

There is no globally or regionally agreed available identification scheme for invoice

number and trading partners. In the case of invoice number, the scheme is mostly

at national level. In the case of trading partners, DUNS number can be an option,

but surely it is also limited to serve the purpose at the global level. APEC should

conduct further study on finding global identification scheme that APEC members

can commonly use one another by seeking cooperative work with relevant

international bodies such as ISO, UN, etc. In the meantime, the role of mapping

among the different identification scheme can be conducted by e-Invoicing service

providers.


The issue of mutual recognition among tax regimes of different jurisdictions is also

important point. Because an invoice plays the role of financial document, national

tax regime can be directly involved in the process. When a tax regime does not

recognize the e-Invoicing scheme of another regime, a cross-border e-Invoicing

transaction cannot be made. The practical way to resolve this issue is having

mutual recognition among tax regimes, such as customs, at the bilateral or

multilateral level. Unless mutual recognition is reached, trading partners need to

use the mapping or translation services provided by relevant service providers.

Standard can also be an important issue in cross-border e-Invoicing. However,

because standard still matters also in the case of domestic e-Invoicing, it is not an

inherent cross-border issue. The best way is to develop national e-Invoicing in

accordance to the open global standard so that it can be easily interconnected

each other. Other option will be using standard conversion services provided by

service providers.


Chapter 7 Conclusion

The result of survey and seminar discussion confirm that e-Invoicing is a valuable

paperless trading instrument that adds values, improves work efficiency and

reduces business cost. The result of survey and seminar discussion also reveals

that APEC member economies are at different e-Invoicing implementation level

and take different approaches one another. Consequently, APEC needs to further

embark on collective e-Invoicing action by initiating more tasks. Based on the

survey result and seminar discussion, the project may draw the following

conclusions and recommendations.

7.1 Conclusions

• The review of main commercial processes is crucial in introducing e-invoice.

• In the successful implementation of e-Invoicing, whether domestic or cross-

border, public private partnership is important and government commitment as

well as support is crucial.

• The exportation invoice is the importation bill of the country of Goods

destination; therefore the information contained in the bill should be necessary for

the purposes of release of goods in customs in order to facilitate foreign trade.

• Experiences illustrate the necessity of taking practical approach in e-Invoicing

implementation by taking into account stakeholder requirements. For example,

getting rid of paper process completely from the very initial implementation may

not be feasible approach for some economies. Therefore, it may be necessary to

provide necessary regulation to allow e-invoice and paper invoice coexist.

Especially, e-inclusion should be fully taken into consideration and some measure

to facilitate SME access to the e-Invoicing implementation should be exercised.

• Though standard is a critical factor in implementing e-Invoicing, certain level of

flexibility is required in selecting the proper standard on an as-is basis. Also,

future transition path for standard should be considered.

7.2 Recommendations

• APEC ECSG and other relevant fora should take further collective measure to

advance e-Invoicing in APEC.

• APEC economies are encouraged to establish national e-Invoice forum to support

the adoption of electronic invoicing.

• APEC economies and fora should actively use pathfinder approach in

implementing e-Invoicing at individual or collective level.


• International bodies working on e-Invoicing standard such as UN/CEFACT,

OASIS, WCO and others should make more coordinated effort in the development

of standard for the benefits of stakeholders.


Annex 1 Summary of Responses to the Questionnaire

Background Invoice is an important trade document in international trade as well as in domestic trade. It is primarily exchanged between trading partners (suppliers and customers), also having implications for other stakeholders such as tax administration, and customs administration in the case of international trade. In full recognition of value for applying ICT to trade procedures, there is an increasing trend of adopting e-Invoicing, exchanging an invoice using electronic means for trade efficiency and transparency, in many economies. In APEC, paperless trading is one of main agenda items to promote electronic commerce among its member economies. In an effort to facilitate paperless trading environment in APEC, Peru proposed a 2008 APEC project titled “APEC Seminar to Advance & Promote APEC Work on e-Invoicing Framework.” As part of the project, this survey was designed to assess current status of and collect e-Invoicing requirements of the APEC member economies. The survey result will be used to develop an e-Invoicing framework to be shared by the APEC member economies for regional and global interoperability.

Following it is the summary of questionnaire responses provided by the following member economies:

Chile Philippines

Chinese Taipei Peru

Korea Russia

Malaysia Thailand

Mexico USA

The format of this draft document provides the question posed in the E-Invoicing questionnaire, followed by the economies’ answers, which are repeated in their entirety except for minor editorial amendments necessary for compliance with APEC publication guidelines as outlined in the APEC Publication Guidelines (APEC Secretariat, April 2007).

In some cases statistics and diagrams have been provided in order to show graphically the responses to the question. For a correct comprehension of these diagrams and statistics we must say that they include the Peru’s responses which are based on its project to implement the e-Invoicing in the near future.


PART A: USE OF INVOICE ON TRADE

QUESTION 1

What type of invoicing process is used in your economy?

Types of invoicing used in economies

Ch

ile Both, traditional invoice (supplier initiated) and self-billing (customer

initiated)

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Traditional invoice (Supplier initiated)

Ko

rea Both, traditional invoice (supplier initiated) and self-billing (customer

initiated)

Mala

ysi

a Both, traditional invoice (supplier initiated) and self-billing (customer

initiated)

Mexic

o Both, traditional invoice (supplier initiated) 98% and self-billing

(customer initiated) 2%


Peru

Both, traditional invoice (supplier initiated) and self-billing (customer initiated)

Ph

ilip

pin

es Traditional invoice (supplier initiated)

Ru

ssia

Traditional invoice (supplier initiated)

Th

ail

an

d Traditional invoice (supplier initiated)

US

A

Traditional invoice (supplier initiated)


QUESTION 2

What types of invoices are used in your economy in domestic and international trade?

Ch

ile

Invoice Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Invoice Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice Pro-forma Invoice

Ko

rea Invoice

Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice Pro-forma Invoice

Mala

ysi

a Invoice

Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice Consular Invoice Pro-forma Invoice

Mexic

o Invoice

Tax Invoice

Peru

Invoice Tax Invoice

Ph

ilip

pin

es Invoice

Commercial Invoice Consular Invoice Pro-forma Invoice

Ru

ssia

Invoice Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice Pro-forma Invoice


Th

ail

an

d Invoice

Tax Invoice Commercial Invoice

US

A

Commercial Invoice Pro-forma Invoice


QUESTION 3

Which information is included in invoices used in your economy? What type of invoicing process is used in your economy?

Ec

on

om

y

Da

ta E

lem

en

t N

am

e

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Included

Mandatory

Invo

ice

Num

ber

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Invo

ice

Dat

eY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Invo

ice

type

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nam

e of

Sup

plie

rY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Add

ress

of

Sup

plie

rY

esY

esY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Nam

e of

Cus

tom

erY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Add

ress

of

Cus

tom

erY

esY

esY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Nam

e of

Tax

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Add

ress

of

Tax

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Sup

plie

r Id

entif

ier

(VA

T r

egis

trat

ion

num

ber,

etc

.)Y

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Cus

tom

er Id

entif

ier

(VA

T r

egis

trat

ion

num

ber,

etc

.)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cur

renc

yY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Tot

al In

voic

e A

mou

ntY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Am

ount

of

Cha

rges

& A

llow

ance

sY

esN

oY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Pay

men

t Inf

orm

atio

n &

Ter

ms

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Del

iver

y P

erio

d Y

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oN

oN

o

Del

iver

y T

erm

sY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

es

Invo

ice

Line

Num

ber

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Dat

es f

or g

oods

/ser

vice

s so

ld/r

ende

red

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Des

crip

tion

of G

oods

or

Ser

vice

sY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Uni

t of

Mea

sure

men

tY

esN

oY

esY

es/N

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Uni

t Sol

d (Q

uant

ity)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Line

Item

Uni

t Pric

eY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

esY

es

Tot

al L

ine

Am

ount

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tax

Info

rmat

ion

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Shi

ppin

g M

arks

& N

umbe

rsY

esN

oN

oY

es/N

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oY

esN

oN

oY

esN

oY

esY

es

Cou

ntry

of

Orig

inY

esN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esN

oY

esN

oN

oN

oN

oY

esY

esY

esY

es

Ref

eren

ce to

Oth

er D

ocum

ents

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

(P

O)

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Russia

Ta

ble

3.1

: In

form

ati

on

inc

lud

ed

in in

voic

es

use

d in

ea

ch

ec

on

om

y.

Peru

Philipines

Thailand

USA

ChineseTaipei

Korea

Malaysia

México

Chile


PART B: e-INVOICING IMPLEMENTATION

QUESTION 4

Is e-Invoicing implemented in your economy? (Please specify the year when it was implemented)

Economies that use e-Invoicing

Yes80%

No20%

Yes

No

Ch

ile Yes (2003)

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Yes

Ko

rea Yes. (2001)

Mala

ysi

a

Yes (more than 10 years)


Mexic

o Yes (since 2005)

Peru

No.

Ph

ilip

pin

es Yes (some from private sector; under e Commerce Law)

Ru

ssia

Yes (2006)

Th

ail

an

d No.

US

A

No. (The U.S. has it, but no one uses it yet).


QUESTION 5

Does your economy plan to implement e-Invoicing in the future?

(Applicable only if your answer for the question 4 is No)

Ch

ile

No response provided.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei


Ko

rea No response provided.

Mala

ysi

a No response provided.

Mexic

o No response provided.

Peru

Yes. Peru is in the implementation process the questionnaire responses are based on the project to be implemented.

Ph

ilip

pin

es Yes

Ru

ssia



Th

ail

an

d Yes

US

A

Yes


QUESTION 6

When do you plan to implement it?

(Applicable only if your answer for the question 4 is No)

Ch

ile


Ch

inese

Taip

ei


Ko

rea No response provided.

Mala

ysi


Mexic

o No response provided.

Peru

2008

Ph

ilip

pin

es 2011 or later

Ru

ssia



Th

ail

an

d 2011 or later

US

A

2011 or later


From this part, the questions are applicable only for those who answered Yes for the question 4.

QUESTION 7

If e-Invoicing is implemented, which sector is using it?

Sectors that use e-Invoicing

Public13%

Private25%Both

62%

Public

Private

Both

Ch

ile Both, Public and Private sector

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Private sector but authorized by the government

Ko

rea Both, Public and Private sector

Mala

ysi

a Both, Public and Private sector


Mexic

o Both, Public and Private sector

Peru

E-Invoicing is not implemented yet.

Ph

ilip

pin

es Private sector

Ru

ssia

Public Sector

Th

ail

an

d No response provided.

US

A



QUESTION 8

Currently, how many taxpayers are participating in e-invoicing?

Ch

ile

For B2B implementations: Number of Taxpayers: 8.854 Number or e-invoices: 9.000.000 monthly For B2C implementations: Number of Taxpayers: 55 Number or e-invoices:

Ch

inese

Taip

ei For B2B implementations:

Number of Taxpayers: 3,000 Number or e-invoices: 2.5M/annual For B2C implementations: Number of Taxpayers: 3,000 Number or e-invoices: 17M/annual

Ko

rea For B2B implementations:

Number of Taxpayers: about 4 million Number or e-invoices: about 25 million/year

Mala

ysi


Mexic

o For B2B and B2C implementations:

Number of Taxpayers: 11,926 Number or e-invoices: 25,565,305 (At March 31st.)


Peru


Ph

ilip

pin

es No response provided.

Ru

ssia

For B2B implementations: Number of Taxpayers: about 10 000 taxpayer Number or e-invoices: about 700 000 invoices per year For B2C implementations: Number of Taxpayers: practically NO Number or e-invoices: practically NO

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 9

What is the legal basis for enabling the implementation of e-Invoice?

Ch

ile Internal Revenue Service (SII) Resolution (SII) N° 45, 2003.

Specifies the taxpayer regulation upon authorization by the taxpayer, the authorization of the validation of numbered documents from the SII Website, the issue process of the document and the exchange between stakeholders and stakeholders and the SII.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Special administrative law under Ministry of Finance

Ko

rea National Tax Service Notice 2001-4

It is a notice from the government on how to issue and store tax invoice or invoice electronically.

Mala

ysi

a Communications and Multimedia Act 1998

Digital Signature Act 1997 and Regulations 1998 Evidence Act E-Commerce Act 2006 E-Government Activities Act 2007

Mexic

o

Fiscal Law Fiscal Operation Rules Technical Standards Rules

Mexican fiscal regulations establish the proper use of e-Invoices, filing and supporting standards. Such regulations recognize both self-generated invoices and those issued through Tax Authority authorized service providers.


Peru

Have not yet been issued specific rules, however there is a regulatory framework that will facilitate: Law and regulation of digital certificates and signatures Law framework of Invoice Tax Code

Ph

ilip

pin

es e-Invoicing is being allowed. However, there is no existing sufficient legal

basis for implementation for tax purposes. Currently, efforts are being undertaken to provide policies and regulations to strengthen the e-Commerce law.

Ru

ssia

Federal law dated 10.01.2002 N 1-FZ "Law on electronic digital signature”

Order of Federal tax agency of RF dated 06.02.2008 N ММ-3-6/50

"Temporary regulations for electronic documents exchange …..» Order of Federal financial markets agency dated 10.11.2004 N 04-

910/pz "Digital signature certification centers"

Federal law dated 27.07.2006 N 149-FZ "Law on information, information technologies and information protection”

Federal law dated 27.07.2006 N 152-FZ "Law on private data” Order of Federal tax agency of RF dated 13.06.2006 N SAE-3-27/346

"Organization of network of digital signature certification centers”

Th

ailan

d No response provided

US

A No response provided


QUESTION 10

What are the requirements prescribed in the law or regulation for e- Invoicing? Requirements prescribed in the law or regulation for e-Invoicing

0

1

2

3

4

5

(a) Use of electronicsignature to ensureauthenticity of origin

and data integrity

(b) Specif ic mandatoryInformation to be

included

(c) Storage of Invoicein certain conditions

(d) Storage of Invoicefor a certain period of

time

(e) Others (Specify:

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile

Be authorized to participate of the system Obtain the validation of numbered documents from the SII website Emit the documents in the SII authorized XML format Send B2B electronic invoices to the Tax Administration Send B2B electronic invoices to stakeholders that participate of the

system Print electronic invoice representation in the format specified by the

SII Send printed representation on the e-invoice to the stakeholders that

don’t participate of the system or if it is used to accompany goods Send monthly sales and purchase summaries to the Tax Administration Print the e-invoice (if needed) with and electronic stamp" in PDF417

format

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Use of electronic signature to ensure authenticity of origin and data integrity

Specific mandatory Information to be included Storage of Invoice in certain conditions Storage of Invoice for a certain period of time

Ko

rea Use of electronic signature to ensure authenticity of origin and data

integrity Specific mandatory Information to be included Storage of Invoice in certain conditions


Mala

ysi

a Not specific but may be required under contract

Mexic

o

Use of electronic signature to ensure authenticity of origin and data integrity

Specific mandatory Information to be included Storage of Invoice in certain conditions Storage of Invoice for a certain period of time Others (Specify: Schema in XML)

Peru

The project envisages: Use of electronic signature to ensure authenticity of origin and data

integrity Specific mandatory Information to be included Storage of Invoice in certain conditions Storage of Invoice for a certain period of time

Ph

ilip

pin

es None yet

Ru

ssia

No response provided

Th

ailan

d No response provided

US

A

No response provided


QUESTION 11

What is the content of an e-Invoice?

Usually, the content of electronic invoice is identical to the content of paper invoice. Therefore, please exclude the data elements covered in Question 3 and specify only additional data elements added to meet regulatory or technological requirement of e-Invoicing.

Ch

ile

Further voluntary information above covered in Question 3: o Information on transportation o Information of possible discounts or surcharges o Reference Area (link to previous documents such as purchase

orders, other invoices, dispatch guides, etc.) o Customs information (for export e-invoice)

It’s mandatory to include in the XML file: o The electronic digital signature (XMLDSIGN) o The electronic invoice stamp (printed in pdf417)

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Purchase Order Number Information for technical communication

Ko

rea Identical to the data elements covered in question 3

Mala

ysi

a Digital signature,

IP/routing addresses, Electronic User ID, Product codes, Forwarding Agent information

Mexic

o

Data Element Name Included Mandatory

Invoice Number Yes Yes Invoice Serial Letter Yes No Approbation Number Yes Yes Approbation Year Yes Yes Addenda (Free Data Element) Yes No Original Chain Yes No Seal in Base 64 Yes Yes Digital Certificate Seal in Base 64 (Public Key x509v3)

Yes No

Certificate Serial Number Yes Yes e-Invoice Standard Version Yes Yes Discount Amount Yes No Discount Description Yes No *Complements Yes No


Peru

Response no provided

Ph

ilip

pin

es Response no provided

Ru

ssia

Identical to the data elements covered in question 3

Th

ail

an

d Response no provided

US

A



QUESTION 12

What exchange format is used for e-Invoicing?

Economies’ exchange format used for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Proprietary XMLformat

EDI (EDIFACT, ANSIX12, etc)

ebXML based format. Other proprietaryformat such as flat

file

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile

Proprietary XML format

Ch

inese

Taip

ei


Ko

rea Proprietary XML format

EDI (EDIFACT, ANSI X12, etc) Other proprietary format such as flat file

Mala

ysi

a Proprietary XML format

EDI (EDIFACT, ANSI X12, etc) Other proprietary format such as flat file

Mexic

o Proprietary XML format


Peru

The project envisages: EbXML standard for data transmission to SUNAT

Ph

ilip

pin

es EbXML based format using Core Component and United Nations Naming &

Design Rules (such as UN/CEFACT CII, UNeDocs, OASIS UBL, etc.). (PDF format – downloadable)

Ru

ssia


Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 13

What is the transmission mechanism used for e-Invoicing?

Economies’ transmission mechanism used for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

Intermediary -VAN for EDI

message

Intermediary -ASP

In-House totalsolution

Off-the-shelfe-InvoicingPackage

e-Marketplaces

Others

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile

Internet Upload to the Tax Administration Electronic mail (minimum) or other between suppliers and clients by

common agreement

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Intermediary - VAN (Value Added Network) for EDI message. (for hub) Intermediary - ASP (Application Service Provider). (for suppliers)

Kore

a Intermediary - VAN (Value Added Network) for EDI message

Intermediary - ASP (Application Service Provider) In-House total solution

Mala

ysi

a Intermediary - VAN (Value Added Network) for EDI message

Intermediary - ASP (Application Service Provider) In-House total solution Off-the-shelf e-Invoicing Package e-Marketplaces


Mexic

o Others (Specify: Not regulated)

Peru

The project envisages: Intermediary - ASP (Application Service Provider) In the case of small

businesses SUNAT act as ASP and in the case of large companies would be services provided by third part.

Ph

ilip

pin

es Intermediary - ASP (Application Service Provider)

In-House total solution

Ru

ssia

Off-the-shelf e-Invoicing Package e-Marketplaces

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 14

What is the security mechanisms used for e-Invoicing?

Economies’ security mechanisms used for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Digital signature Electronic signature Login Id & passwords

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)

Ko

rea Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)

Mala

ysi

a

Electronic signature Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)

Login ID and passwords

Mexic

o Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)


Peru

The project envisages: Digital signature in the case of large companies Electronic signature in case of small businesses

Ph

ilip

pin

es None. All users are pre-enrolled and required to log-in with a password

Ru

ssia

Digital signature (based on X.509v3 certificate)

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 15

What were the major obstacles you faced in implementing e-Invoicing?

Major obstacles faced by economies in implementing e-Invoicing

32%

23%27%

18% Legal and regulatoryobstacles

Technological obstacles

Obstacles arising frombusiness practices

Others

Ch

ile

Legal and regulatory obstacles As there was no law about digital signature when the project started, the tax administration issued a resolution that allows digital signatures using electronic certificates (X509 v3) that are supplied by an issuer authorized by the Tax Administration, for tributary proceedings like identifying on the Tax Administration website, or to digitally sign invoices. Technological obstacles In 2001 and 2002, when the project started in Chile, XML schemas and digital signatures were quite unknown. Information suppliers had to adopt these new technologies. Obstacles arising from business practices. There where some small taxpayers that where not willing to spend money on a software or an adviser to implement the electronic invoice software, so the Tax Administration implemented a free application service provider where they can emit their invoices directly to the Tax Administration. Others Some taxpayers are reticent about making all their accounting available to the Tax Administration.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Obstacles arising from business practices E-invoice system will only bring value to the business if it’s integrated tightly with the enterprises’ supply chain or order management system. While the system differs from business to business, the effort of customization may be huge.


Ko

rea

Legal and regulatory obstacles no specification on the storage period for e-invoice no specification on file format for exchange and storage no specification on single certification system Technological obstacles no common standard (for cross-border exchange) no certificate that can ensure the storage of e-invoice in a long-term

Mala

ysi

a

Legal and regulatory obstacles Business entity is not aware/unsure about the legal/regulatory

requirement for the electronic document. As such, they chose to stick with paper document.

Technological obstacles Many small companies don’t have sufficient infrastructure and skilled

personnel in e-Invoice implementation Interfaces to other e-Invoice systems is complex and difficult. Often encounter systems incompatibility issues due to different ICT

standards used in various e-Invoice systems Obstacles arising from business practices Most companies still want the paper invoice to be produced and

delivered. This results in double work Due to many small companies still using manual invoice, therefore the

manual process still required even though they already have a comprehensive e-Invoice system.

Others Lack of awareness to the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) about

the benefits of e-Invoice implementation. E-Invoice implementation mostly driven by Multi-National Corporations (MNC) or large corporations.

Mexic

o

Legal and regulatory obstacles Storage specifications for trade recognition. Technological obstacles To establish a single standard (XML). Obstacles arising from business practices Use EDIFACT and ANSI X.12 standards in some segments of

taxpayers. Paper culture. Accounting Registration. Others Low technological penetration in small sized enterprises.


Peru

Legal and regulatory obstacles The implementation of the infrastructure for digital certificates. Obstacles arising from business practices Culture Paper Difficulties in the courts for accept the e-Invoicing as evidence, due to

ignorance of technology Others Digital Divide

Ph

ilip

pin

es Legal and regulatory obstacles

There are existing rules and regulations defined by the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

Ru

ssia

Legal and regulatory obstacles Too long period for adoption of Federal laws on electronic documents

exchange and digital signature Absence of agreements of Russia with other countries on mutual

electronic/digital certification. This is important in international trade Language barriers. This is important in international trade Difference in goods classification. This is important in international

trade Technological obstacles Lack of electronic/digital signature certification centers in Russian Federation Obstacles arising from business practices Lack of trust to electronic form of documents Difficulties in tax declaration required by regulatory 3. Business culture issues

Th

ailan


US

A



PART C: EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNED

QUESTION 16

Please state the lessons learnt in domestic implementation of e-Invoicing, considering advantages and benefits.

Ch

ile

Design the system and the e-invoice format with some companies involved in the project.

High commitment of the direction of the Tax Administration. Also implement a pilot project amongst different companies that where

interested. Involve the senior managers of the companies that participate in the

design and the pilot project. Take advantage of the pilot project to fit some details in models and

formats.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Integration with order management system

Integration with RMA process Integration with payment reconciliation process

Ko

rea Use common standards

Provide a mechanism for long-term storage of the e-invoices Ensure certificate consistency Support for the businesses in adopting e-invoices

Mala

ysi

a

e-Invoice implementation will gain popularity if the data exchanged can be reused for other processes such as population of data into Customs Declaration and Import/export Permits

Awareness program is crucial to educate companies (particularly SMEs) on the following:

a. Benefits of e-Invoice b. How to maximize data reusability c. How to save cost and gain business opportunity d. Legal and regulatory requirement for such implementation

Regulatory bodies to look into accepting e-Invoice and elimination of

paper invoice for cargo clearance process

Mexic

o

All Governmental initiatives require partnerships with private enterprises. We established partnerships, invite them to participate in the supply chain management for related processes and exchange ideas about regulations and definitions. This strategy helps to promote and persuade taxpayers to take this option.

Implementation must be gradually, step by step, measure results of all

processes and redesign if it is necessary.


Peru

For taxpayers: o Issuing, distribution and storage costs reduced o Integration with ERP and others o Efficient and fast process

For the Tax Administration:

o Tax control improved o Audit costs reduced o It enables a picture of simplification in procedures and hence a

better perception of services. o Contributes to the implementation of the e-government in Peru.

Ph

ilip

pin

es No implementation effort undertaken yet

Ru

ssia

Availability of carefully designed and agreed documentary scheme. Development of new regulations and changing existing ones.

Availability of standard templates of electronic documents. The use of "transition" period, when deploying an electronic document

management system (EDMS). In this period the use of EDMS is already possible, but still is not compulsory. It is important that by the time of the mandatory use of EDMS, critical mass of its users was formed.

Th

ailan


US

A



PART D: IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES FOR FURTHER

DEVELOPMENT

STANDARD

QUESTION 17

In the case of EDI message format, there exist multiple international and national standards. If you implemented e-Invoicing message format using standard EDI format, which one did you use?

Economies’ EDI message format implemented for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

UN/EDIFACT ANSI X12 Other National format We do not use EDImessage format.

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile

We do not use EDI message format.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei ANSI X12

Kore

a UN/EDIFACT


Mala

ysi

a

UN/EDIFACT

Mexic

o We do not use EDI message format.

Peru


Ph

ilip

pin


Ru

ssia

We do not use EDI message format.

Th

ailan


US

A



QUESTION 18

In the case of using XML as a message format, there is no globally agreed available standard format. If you implemented e-Invoicing using XML, which one did you use?

Economies’ XML message format implemented for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

UN/CEFACTUNeDocs or Cross

Industry Invoice

OASIS UBL (ebXML) Other You defined yourself.

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile You defined yourself.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei You defined yourself.

Kore

a You defined yourself

Mala

ysi

a OASIS UBL (ebXML)

Other (Please specify: RosettaNet PIPs) You defined yourself. Proprietary


Mexic

o You defined yourself (We define a XML format based in W3C standard)

Peru

The project envisages : OASIS UBL (ebXML)

Ph

ilip

pin


Ru

ssia

You defined yourself.

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 19

Please describe standard issues that have to be addressed for the wider adoption of e-Invoicing in APEC based on your implementation experience.

Ch

ile XML Schema

Digital Signature, based on X.509v3 certificate; (XMLDSIG) PDF417 in printed e-invoices

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

No issue

Ko

rea

In the case of Korea, e-invoice is implemented in tax invoice. Because there is no requirement on e-invoice standard, multiple formats are used and cause more costs and non-interoperability among the various services/systems. For the cross-border implementation of e-invoicing among APEC members, a standard format will be more important than domestic implementation to ensure interoperability.

Mala

ysi

a

Standardization of ICT standards for data exchange Driving force Government bodies would help in expediting the

implementation Linkage of e-Invoice implementation with other TF processes Create of successful pathfinder projects to attract participation from

other members

Mexic

o

Each country has its own initiatives, laws and e-invoicing rules which make difficult to standardize some elements or requirements of the process. May be considered: XML Open Standard recognition. PKI certificates recognition. Do not regulate e-invoice communications standards. Offer low cost services for SME’s trough Service Providers.


Peru


Ph

ilip

pin


Ru

ssia

Legislation on electronic documents and digital signatures is different in different APEC economies. So, contracts must have paragraph specifying the territory and jurisdiction of the economy to resolve disputes.

For the transborder trade there may be following approaches: • Indoor, where all trade participants are working according to the laws of one agreed economy (say, Russian Federation), receive certificates and keys from Russian certifying centers, use software, adopted in Russia, and within the laws of this country are solving all controversial issues; • Open, when the united certification system is build, in which certificates issued in different economies can be used and these certificates meet the agreed requirements. "Standard" embedded software can be used. In this case, additional work may be required in certifying centers of various economies on cross-certification and acceptation of certificates issued by foreign certifying centers.

Th

ail

an


US

A



CROSS BORDER TRADE

QUESTION 20

The trade among APEC member economies as well as global trade is expanding with the increasing FTA s and RTAs. Though e-Invoicing is primarily implemented for domestic trade at the current stage, future development has to address the issues for cross border trade. What are the issues to be tackled to realize the implementation of cross border e-Invoicing among APEC member economies?

Ch

inese

Taip

ei

Common identification system for trading partners Common standard for e-Invoice data element Common Identification scheme for cross reference among the related documents such as UCR (Unique Consignment Reference)

Ko

rea

Common identification system for Invoice number Common identification system for trading partners Common standard for e-Invoice data element Common Identification scheme for cross reference among the related

documents such as UCR (Unique Consignment Reference) Mutual recognition of Tax regimes among the APEC member economies

Mala

ysi

a Common identification system for trading partners

Common standard for e-Invoice data element Other (Certification Authority Mutual Recognition and user mutual

recognition)

Mexic

o Mutual recognition of Tax regimes among the APEC member economies

Ch

ile Common identification system for Invoice number

Common identification system for trading partners Common Identification scheme for cross reference among the related

documents such as UCR (Unique Consignment Reference) Mutual recognition of Tax regimes among the APEC member economies


Peru

Common identification system for Invoice number Common identification system for trading partners Mutual recognition of Tax regimes among the APEC member economies

Ph

ilip

pin

es Common standard for e-Invoice data element

Common Identification scheme for cross reference among the related documents such as UCR (Unique Consignment Reference)

Ru

ssia

Common identification system for trading partners Common standard for e-Invoice data element

Th

ail

an


US

A



STORAGE OF E-INVOICING

QUESTION 21

What is the mandatory duration of storage for e-Invoice in your jurisdiction?

Economies’ mandatory duration of storage for e-Invoice

0

1

2

3

4

5

4 years minimum 5 years minimum 6 years minimum 7 years minimum

Nu

mb

er o

f ec

on

om

ies

Ch

ile 6 years

Ch

inese

Taip

ei 5 years

Ko

rea Not specified, but usual business document is 5 years

Mala

ysi

a

7 years – as prescribed in Evidence Act


Mexic

o 5 years

Peru

The project envisages: 4 years

Ph

ilip

pin

es There is no specific duration of storage/safe keeping.

Ru

ssia

5 years

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 22

Is there any specific requirement for storage format of e-Invoice data?

Percent of economies that have requirements for storage format of e-Invoice

Yes50%

No50%

Ch

ile No

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Yes, XML Format

Ko

rea No


Mala

ysi

a

No

Mexic

o

Yes, Storage in updated electronic media Keep e-invoice accessibility for the authority minimum five years Maintain original XML format Taxpayer may opt to use storage standards issued by Ministry of

Economy (Secretaría de Economía) which include time stamping and a Trust third party authority entity.

Peru

The project envisages: The e-Invoicing must be stored with their corresponding electronic signature

Ph

ilip

pin

es Yes, Database – convertible to pdf or excel

Ru

ssia

No

Th

ail

an


US

A



QUESTION 23

Is there a requirement for storage medium of e-Invoice to guarantee authenticity, integrity and readability of the content?

Percent of economies that have requirements for storage medium of e-Invoice to guarantee authenticity, integrity and readability of the content

No71%

Yes29%

Ch

ile No

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Yes, Database

Ko

rea Yes

Mala

ysi

a

No


Mexic

o No

Peru


Ph

ilip

pin

es No

Ru

ssia

No

Th

ail

an


US

A



TAXATION

QUESTION 24

Is there any requirement imposed for the validity of e-Invoice by tax administration for taxation purposes in your jurisdiction?

Percent of economies that have requirements imposed for the validity of e-Invoicing of tax administration.

Yes67%

No33%

Ch

ile

The e-invoice is only valid and has the same legal status as a traditional one (in paper) if it is generated by an Tax Administration’s (SII) authorized user in an electronic process, in the format specified by the SII, and digitally signed. The printed issuing of documents must also have an "electronic stamp" in PDF417 format to verify its validity. This electronic stamp allows tax compliance inspectors to verify the validity of the printed documents that accompany goods off line.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei Response no provided

Ko

rea Yes (unspecified)


Mala

ysi

a Yes (For auditing purposes)

Mexic

o No (There is an optional electronic service for taxpayers)

Peru


Ph

ilip

pin

es No

Ru

ssia

Proper form of invoice.

Th

ailan


US

A



QUESTION 25

Is e-Invoice recognized and accepted by your Customs administration?

Ch

ile Yes

Ch

inese

Taip

ei No

Ko

rea Yes

Mala

ysi

a No

Mexic

o Yes

Peru

Yes

Ph

ilip

pin


Ru

ssia

Yes


Th

ail

an


US

A



OTHER ISSUES AND COMMENTS

Ch

ile

The advantage of defining a standard format, defined by the SII, is that stakeholders have a common and standard language for commercial trade. In this way, they can process electronic invoices automatically with all the advantages this represents. This fosters the development of electronic trade, strongly lowers invoicing costs for taxpayers, and allows great improvements in the operations and services offered to their clients, while at the same time simplifying tax compliance. Receiving the documents at the SII allows to better control credits and debits, improve control on the transfer of goods with documents valid for tax compliance and to grant taxpayers better services, with information of better quality.

Ch

inese

Taip

ei


Ko

rea Response no provided

Mala

ysi

a Response no provided


Mexic

o

The Mexican e-Invoice fiscal regulations include generation digital messages used for: o Standard invoicing (proof of purchase) o Credit and debit notes o Fiscal bills of lading

Though this regulations and supporting standards, Tax Authority aimed to allow a 100% digital cycle of generation, transmission and storage of invoices. o Design Guidelines o Ease of automation o Structured o Secure o Open standard o Should be equally accessible to large and small taxpayers o Should be technologically neutral

Characteristics o Integrity: The information contained within the e-Invoice is

protected and can't be manipulated or modified without its detection.

o Authenticity: The identity of the issuer can be verified and tracked. o Non repudiation: By law, any person or entity that generates a valid

e-Invoice will not be able to deny its generation.

Peru


Ph

ilip

pin

es The Bureau of Internal Revenue has no specific regulations with regard to

e-invoicing, but has made initial effort on this matter through Revenue Memorandum Order No. 29-2002 – Revised Procedures in the Processing and Approval of Applications for Permit to Adopt Computerized Accounting System (CAS) of Components Thereof Amending RMO 21-2000 (copy attached, including its annexes).

Ru

ssia


Th

ailan



US

A



References

The following list of documents, publications and web resources were referenced in the development of this framework document. Documents and Publications 1. APEC, “APEC at a Glance,” 2008. 2. APEC, “APEC E-Invoicing Development Report,” 2008. 3. APEC, “APEC Public Key Infrastructure Guidelines: Guidelines for Schemes to Issue Certificates capable of Being Used in Cross-Jurisdiction eCommerce,” May 2005. 4. CEN/ISSS, “Report and Recommendations of CEN/ISSS e-Invoicing Focus Group on Standards and Developments on electronic invoicing relating to VAT Directive 2001/115/EC,” CEN, September 2003. 5. European Commission Informal Task Force on e-Invoicing, “European Electronic Invoicing (EEI) Final Report,” Version 3.2 Final, July 2007. 6. OASIS, “Universal Business Language v2.0,” December 2006. 7. UN/CEFACT TBG15, “Annex to Recommendation 6 (to accommodate e-Invoicing),” UN/CEFACT, Mexico Version, May 21 2008. 8. UN/CEFACT TBG1, “Business Requirements Specification: Cross Industry Invoicing Process,” UN/CEFACT, Version 1.1, February 2006. Web Resources 1. APEC, www.apec.org 2. APEC Seminar to Advance and Promote APEC Work on e-Invoicing Framework, http://e-invoicingseminar.comunidades-peru.org/ 3. CEN/ISSS, http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/sectors/sectors/isss/index.asp 4. EU, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/ict/policy/einvoicing/einvoicing_en.htm 5. OASIS, www.oasis-open,org 6. UBL Northern European Subset(NES), http://www.nesubl.eu/ 7. UN/CEFACT, www.unece.org/cefact 8. Wikipedia, www.wikipedia.org