APA Style: The Basics A UNA University Writing Center Citation and Documentation Presentation Dr. Robert T. Koch Jr., Ms. Katie Sanders, Mr. Ash Taylor

APA Style: The BasicsAPA Style: The Basics

A UNA University Writing CenterA UNA University Writing Center

Citation and Documentation PresentationCitation and Documentation Presentation

Dr. Robert T. Koch Jr., Ms. Katie Sanders, Mr. Ash TaylorUniversity Writing Center

University of North AlabamaOctober 5, 2007

Today’s GoalsToday’s Goals

► Learn what APA style is and why it is importantLearn what APA style is and why it is important► Learn about the standard APA title page formatLearn about the standard APA title page format► Learn basic documentation for books, journals, Learn basic documentation for books, journals,

and websitesand websites► Learn the differences between methods of source Learn the differences between methods of source

integration: summarizing, paraphrasing, and integration: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quotingquoting

► Learn how to use signal phrases and in-text Learn how to use signal phrases and in-text citation to avoid plagiarismcitation to avoid plagiarism

What is APA Style, and Why Use It?What is APA Style, and Why Use It?

► American Psychological AssociationAmerican Psychological Association► Style established in 1928 by Social Science Style established in 1928 by Social Science

professionalsprofessionals► Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Style provides guidelines for publication in Social

Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Nursing)Education, and Nursing)

► Style lends consistency and makes texts more Style lends consistency and makes texts more readable by those who assess or publish themreadable by those who assess or publish them

American Psychological Association. (2001). American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5(5thth ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.

An APA Title PageAn APA Title Page► Header (Upper Right Corner)Header (Upper Right Corner)

Brief TitleBrief Title Five SpacesFive Spaces Page Number (Title Page is Page 1)Page Number (Title Page is Page 1)

► Running Head (Upper Left of Page)Running Head (Upper Left of Page) Running head: BRIEF TITLE IN CAPITALSRunning head: BRIEF TITLE IN CAPITALS

► Title and Identification (Center of Page, Double Spaced)Title and Identification (Center of Page, Double Spaced) Full Title (Balance title over 2 lines rather than go to the far edges)Full Title (Balance title over 2 lines rather than go to the far edges) Author(s) Name(s)Author(s) Name(s) School (ex. University of North Alabama) or Course Number and School (ex. University of North Alabama) or Course Number and

Title (ex. EN 099: Basic Writing) – ASK YOUR PROFESSORTitle (ex. EN 099: Basic Writing) – ASK YOUR PROFESSOR Date (Month date, year format) – ASK YOUR PROFESSORDate (Month date, year format) – ASK YOUR PROFESSOR

Perrin, R. (2007). Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA stylePocket guide to APA style (2 (2ndnd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

An APA Title PageAn APA Title Page

DocumentationDocumentation

►Refers to the References list at the end of Refers to the References list at the end of the paperthe paper

►The ListThe List is labeled References (centered, no font changes)is labeled References (centered, no font changes) starts at the top of a new pagestarts at the top of a new page continues page numbering from the last page of textcontinues page numbering from the last page of text is alphabeticalis alphabetical is double spacedis double spaced Uses a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from the Uses a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from the

Paragraph dialog box in MS Word)Paragraph dialog box in MS Word)Perrin, R. (2007). Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA stylePocket guide to APA style (2 (2ndnd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Documenting AuthorsDocumenting Authors

► One Author: One Author: Koch Jr., R. T. (2004). Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).

► Two Authors:Two Authors:Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999). Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).

► Three to Six AuthorsThree to Six AuthorsWells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T. Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T.

(2005). (2005).

► More than Six AuthorsMore than Six AuthorsSmith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S., Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S.,

et al. (2002). et al. (2002).

► Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by Same author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source title and add a letter to the year (1984a).source title and add a letter to the year (1984a).

Documenting BooksDocumenting Books

Model:Model:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of Title of

bookbook. City: Publisher.. City: Publisher.

Sample:Sample:Perrin, R. (2007). Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA stylePocket guide to APA style (2 (2ndnd ed.). ed.).

Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Internationally recognized cities do not need two Internationally recognized cities do not need two letter state abbreviations. Publishers do not need letter state abbreviations. Publishers do not need Co. Ltd., etc.Co. Ltd., etc.

Documenting Edited CollectionsDocumenting Edited Collections

Model:Model:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (Date of publication). Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (Date of publication). Title of bookTitle of book. .

City: Publisher.City: Publisher.

Model for an essay in an edited collection:Model for an essay in an edited collection:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In A.A. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In A.A.

Author (Ed.), Author (Ed.), Title of book Title of book (pp. ##-##). City: Publisher.(pp. ##-##). City: Publisher.

Sample:Sample:McCabe, S. (2005). Psychopharmacology and other biologic treatments. In M. A. McCabe, S. (2005). Psychopharmacology and other biologic treatments. In M. A.

Boyd (Ed.), Boyd (Ed.), Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practicePsychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice (pp.124-138). (pp.124-138). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins.Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins.


Documenting JournalsDocumenting Journals

Model:Model:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).

Title of article. Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume Title of Periodical, volume numbernumber(issue number if available), page numbers. (issue number if available), page numbers.

Sample:Sample:Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections through

reflective writing. reflective writing. Academic Exchange Quarterly, Academic Exchange Quarterly, 1010(3), 208-213.(3), 208-213.

APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Documenting Online JournalsDocumenting Online Journals

Model:Model:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Title of

Journal, volume numberJournal, volume number. Retrieved month date, year, from . Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Sample:Sample:Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights.

Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001, from . Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.htmlhttp://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

Print and Online:Print and Online:Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version].

Social Science Research, 29Social Science Research, 29, 535-555., 535-555.


Documenting WebsitesDocumenting Websites

Model for an authored document that is a whole site:Model for an authored document that is a whole site:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document.

Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address Retrieved month date, year, from http://Web address

Model for an authored page/article from a site:Model for an authored page/article from a site:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title

of Site. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/of Site. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Sample (no author, article found on resource website):Sample (no author, article found on resource website):Nebraska school nurse honored during 100Nebraska school nurse honored during 100thth Anniversary Celebration. (2007). Anniversary Celebration. (2007).

Answers4Families. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://nncf.unl.edu/ Answers4Families. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://nncf.unl.edu/ nurses/info/anniversary.htmlnurses/info/anniversary.html

No Author? List page title or article title first. No page title? List site title.No Author? List page title or article title first. No page title? List site title.


Why Source Integration?Why Source Integration?

► Quotations, paraphrases, and summariesQuotations, paraphrases, and summaries provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing give examples of several points of view on a subject give examples of several points of view on a subject call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by

quoting the original quoting the original distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue

readers that the words are not your own readers that the words are not your own expand the breadth or depth of your writing expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html

Choosing Text to IntegrateChoosing Text to Integrate

1.1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. main ideas.

2.2. Summarize in your own words what the single Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. main idea of the essay is.

3.3. Paraphrase important supporting points that Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. come up in the essay.

4.4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly. that you believe should be quoted directly.


SummarizingSummarizing

►When youWhen you summarize, summarize, you put the main you put the main idea(s) into your own words, including only idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). the main point(s). Summarized ideas must be attributed to the Summarized ideas must be attributed to the

original source. original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the Summaries are significantly shorter than the

original.original. Summaries take a broad overview of source Summaries take a broad overview of source

material.material.Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.htmlQuoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

►ParaphrasingParaphrasing involves putting a passage involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. from source material into your own words. Attribute paraphrases to their original sources.Attribute paraphrases to their original sources. Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may

be the same length as the original passage. be the same length as the original passage. Paraphrases take a more focused segment of Paraphrases take a more focused segment of

the source and condense it slightly. the source and condense it slightly.


QuotingQuoting

►QuotationsQuotations must be identical to the original. must be identical to the original. Quotations use a narrow segment of the source. Quotations use a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word They must match the source document word for word

and must be attributed to the original author. and must be attributed to the original author. Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the Use quotes when the actual words are so integral to the

discussion that they cannot be replaced.discussion that they cannot be replaced. Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely Use quotes when the author’s words are so precisely

and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.and accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.


Signal Phrases and In-Text Signal Phrases and In-Text CitationCitation

► Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.belong to someone other than the author of the paper.

► In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces of information that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or that appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though they sometimes appear before).summary (though they sometimes appear before).

► A simple rule: A simple rule:

AuthorAuthor or or TitleTitle, , Year,Year, and and PagePage: what isn’t : what isn’t signaledsignaled up front must be up front must be citedcited at the end. at the end.

Signal Phrases and In-Text Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)Citation (continued)

► Limited signal, everything in citationLimited signal, everything in citation. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the . . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the

author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).author's ideas in your own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103)." . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103)." . . . end of quoted sentence" (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).

► Author and year in signal, page in citationAuthor and year in signal, page in citationIn 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).In 1985, Krepp reported that . . . (p. 103).Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).Krepp (1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103). According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).

Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrasehttp://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase

Signal Phrases and In-Text Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)Citation (continued)

►Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith, 1973) have

shown that . . .shown that . . .

►No AuthorNo Author("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991) According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again” (1991)

… end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).… end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).

►No Page NumberNo Page NumberProvide other information in signal phraseProvide other information in signal phrase

Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrasehttp://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase

ReferencesReferences

American Psychological Association. (2001). American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Publication manual of the American Psychological Association Association (5(5thth ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.

APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. APA formatting and style guide – The OWL at Purdue. (2007). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/Retrieved October 01, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (n.d.). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20aSeptember 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphrase

Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from Homepage: APA style. (2007). American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://apastyle.apa.org http://apastyle.apa.org


Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing. (2004). Purdue University Online Writing Lab. Retrieved September 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.htmlSeptember 28, 2007, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html

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APA Style: The Basics A UNA University Writing Center Citation and Documentation Presentation Dr. Robert T. Koch Jr., Ms. Katie Sanders, Mr. Ash Taylor