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7/27/2019 APA Style & Quotations
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PLAGIARISMAPA Formatting & Quotation
Usage
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PLAGIARISMPlagiarism is the unacknowledged and inappropriate use of the
ideas or wording of another writer. Plagiarism undermines theintellectual collaborationthe exchange of ideasthat should
mark academic discourse because it permits the writer to avoid
any genuine involvement with the concepts or opinions of
others. Because the false discourse of plagiarism corruptsvalues to which the university community is fundamentally
committedthe pursuit of knowledge, intellectual honesty
plagiarism is considered a grave violation of academic integrity
and the sanctions against it are correspondingly severe.
(USC Student Affairs)
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PLAGIARISMSelf-plagiarism (yes, there is such a thing!) is the practice of
presenting ones own previously published work as though itwere new (APA, 2010, p. 170).
USC expects each paper that students submit to be original work,not an assignment previously submitted to another instructor,
or for another course.
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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing: Using your own language to discuss someone elses
ideas.
Advantages:
1. Paraphrasing forces writers to understand the topic about
which theyre writing.
2. Paraphrasing demonstrates true understanding of a concept or
theory to a reader (or instructor).
3. Paraphrasing is more aesthetically pleasing, since it avoids
filling a page with quotation marks.
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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASINGIts fine to use a quote, but be sure that your quote serves a PURPOSE
When considering whether to quote or paraphrase, consider the
following:
Do I need the exact language here (e.g. to apply a legal definition to
something), or could I paraphrase this information in my ownwords?
Is there something particularly eloquent about the language in the
quote that I would lose if I tried to paraphrase?
Is this quote from a famous person or well-known authority inhis/her field? If so, using an exact quote from him/her might lend
your paper credibility. If not, you might decide to paraphrase
instead.
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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASING
Note thatparaphrased material must still be cited!
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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASING
Original Text
During the 1980s, CLTbecame such a dominant
force that it guided the form
and function of almost all
conceivable components of
language pedagogy. A steady
stream of scholarly books
appeared with the labelcommunicative unfailingly
stamped on the cover.
(Kumaravadivelu, 2006, p. 61).
Correctly Cited and
Paraphrased Version
CLT played a critical role in
the entire field of language
teaching in the 1980s. So
great was its influence, in fact,that a steady stream of
scholarly books was
produced with the
imprimatur communicative
(Kumaravadivelu, 2006, p.
61).
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INTEGRATING
QUOTESAPA Formatting & Quotation
Usage
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INTEGRATING QUOTESAvoid floating quotations, those that are dropped into a paragraph
without introduction or explanation. Here is an example:
There is a genetic predisposition to language particular to the human
race. Language is no more a cultural invention than is upright
posture. It is not a manifestation of a general capacity to use
symbols: a three-year-old is a grammatical genius, but is quiteincompetent at the visual arts [and] religious iconography (Pinker,
2009, p.5). Language is a special intuitive ability.
Notice that the passage above does not introduce the author or provide
context for the statement, making it feel disconnected and abrupt.
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INTEGRATING QUOTESMake each quotation a part of your writing by incorporating it into your
own sentence. You might use a simple signal phrase like this:
Language expert and Harvard professor of psychology Steven Pinker
(2009) writes, Language is no more a cultural invention than is
upright posture. It is not a manifestation of a general capacity to use
symbols: a three-year-old is a grammatical genius, but is quiteincompetent at the visual arts [and] religious iconography (p. 5).
Or, you might provide more context and support by more fully
integrating it into your sentence:
Pinker (2009) explains that, contrary to conventional wisdom,
[l]anguage is no more a cultural invention than is upright posture
(p. 5).
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FORMATTING
QUOTES
APA Formatting & QuotationUsage
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FORMATTING QUOTES
If your quote is fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into your own
sentence.
Place double quotation marks around it.
Do not punctuate before the closed quotation mark (unless you
are quoting a question, and your material ends in a questionmark). Instead, punctuate AFTER your parenthetical citation:
Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative
care, whereby medical needs are met by those in the medicaldisciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the
team (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).
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FORMATTING QUOTES
If your quotation is 40 words or longer, use block
format to set it apart from the paragraph so thatyour reader can clearly see where the quotationbegins and ends.
Begin the quotation on a new line.
Indent the entire quotation half an inch (the sameindent as a new paragraph) from the left margin.
Keep the block quote double-spaced.
Do NOT use quotation marks around the blockquote.
Cite the source, year, and pg # in parentheses at
the end of the quotation.
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FORMATTING QUOTES
Example:
World renowned language expert and Harvard professor Steven
Pinker (2009) turns our intuitive understanding of language on its
head with his assertion that language is programmed into our DNA,
just as much as is breathing or sleeping:
Once you begin to look at language not as the ineffable essenceof human uniqueness but as a biological adaptation to
communicate information, it is no longer as tempting to see
language as an insidious shaper of thought, and, we shall see, it
is not. Moreover, seeing language as one of naturesengineering marvels [] gives us new respect for your ordinary
Joe and the much-maligned English language. (pp. 5-6)
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FORMATTING QUOTES
Use single quotation marks to indicate a quote within your
quoted material.
E.g. Language expert and Harvard professor of psychology
Steven Pinker (2009) writes, Language is not, as Chomsky
claims, a mere cultural invention. It is not amanifestation of a general capacity to use symbols (p. 5).
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FORMATTING QUOTES
Use sic(italicized and bracketed) immediately after an error
in quoted material. This signals to your reader that youhave copied an error that was originally in the textnot that
you have made a mistake or typo yourself.
(Its also a way to show youre smart because (a) you caughtthe error and identified it with sic, and (b) you know how
to use certain Latin terms.)
E.g. Hessing(2010) notes that many of the participants were
unable to complete there [sic] surveys (p. 316).
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CITATIONSAPA Formatting & Quotation
Usage
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CITATIONS
The sources of all information and ideas that are not your
own must be cited.
All citations must include the author or organizations
name, and the year of publication.
If the date is unknown or unavailable, use n.d.
This information can be given as part of your own
sentence. Whatever information is not part of your own
writing must be given parenthetically at the end of thesentence.
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CITATIONS
In 2003, Kesslers study of epidemiological samples
showed that
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course
(Kessler, 2003).
Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiologicalsamples
These examples are all from the APAPublication Manual, 6th Ed. .
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CITATIONS
When using a direct quotation, you must provide the page
number of published material.
For online sources (or when a page number is not
available), give a paragraph number:
In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) foundthat the level of perceived disability in patients with
fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health
condition and less by their physical condition (para. 4).
C O S
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CITATIONS
If page numbers and paragraph numbers are not visible,
cite the heading and paragraph number so that a readercan find the quote:
In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found
that the level of perceived disability in patients withfibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health
condition and less by their physical condition (Discussion
section, para. 1).
Example from the APAPublication Manual, 6th Ed. .
CITATIONS
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CITATIONS
For information that is not a direct quote, a page or
paragraph number is optional. (However, providing thisinformation makes it easier for a reader to check your
reference if (s)he chooses.)
The order of parenthetical information is author, year,page number.
E.g. (Golan, Kucher, & Krissof, 2007, pp. 319-320)
Note thatcommas, not periods, separate the three pieces
of information.
CITATIONS
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CITATIONS
Note that the author or organization should be cited, not
the name of a particular website or study.
Right: (UNICEF, 2011)
Wrong: (http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-
field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.html, 2011)
Wrong: (In South Africa, a neonatal care initiative builds
health and saves lives, 2011)
CITATIONS
http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.html7/27/2019 APA Style & Quotations
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CITATIONSSecondary Sources
Use secondary sources when the original source is notaccessible, out of print, or unavailable in English.
In your reference list, give the secondary source (that is,
the work you actually read).
In your paper, name the original work and cite the
secondary source.
CITATIONS
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CITATIONSSecondary Sources
For example, if you read Jacoby & Meyers 2003 article,and their work cited Flauberts journal, you would write
something like this:
According to Flaubert (as cited in Jacoby & Meyers,
2003), the sand of Egypt looks so white that one would
swear its snow.
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COMMON
ERRORSAPA Formatting & Quotation
Usage
PLEASE DONT
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PLEASE DONT
Dont use large chunks of quotations (especially block
quotations) just to fill space.
(No one in graduate school is fooled by this trick.
We have seen it before, and find it neither clever nor
amusing.)
PLEASE DONT
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PLEASE DONT
Dont cite after every sentence in a paragraph if all the citations are from
the same source.Teachers interact by taking classes into the community or bringing in stakeholders
who represent civic, career, adult processes and procedures, leading to a better
understanding for students of the community and careers (Darmody, personal
communication, April 3, 2011). The school functions as part of the larger
community. For instance, students artwork is regularly displayed at a localartisans gallery on a regular basis (Darmody, personal communication, April 3,
2011). In addition, the school theatre group picks cast members from the general
population and provides full performances and teasers inside and outside the high
school (Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011). Some teachers and
administrators are members of local community groups and staff members areencouraged to participate in community activities (Darmody, personal
communication, April 3, 2011). The chief administrator (referring to himself, the
principal) lives in town, serves on two community boards, and represents the high
school at community events (Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011).
PLEASE DONT
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PLEASE DONT
Instead, write the paragraph in such a way that the reader can
tell that youve used the same source. (Certainly cite the firstinstance of a source. Its also a good idea to cite at the end of aparagraph to signal that the whole paragraph came from onesource.)
Principal Darmody maintained that teachers interact by takingclasses into the community or bringing in stakeholders whorepresent civic, career, adult processes and procedures, leading to abetter understanding for students of the community and careers(personal communication, April 3, 2011). The school, he
continued, functions as part of the larger community. For instance,students artwork is regularly displayed at a local artisans gallery on aregular basis. In addition, his school theatre group picks castmembers from the general population and provides fullperformances and teasers inside and outside the high school
(Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011).
PLEASE DONT
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PLEASE DONT
Dont avoid to punctuate a quote because your interviewee
did not pause.
She continued, The reason that many of our staff feel
overwhelmed is that they are under enormous pressure to
help as many patients as possible at the same time theresources that they receive from administration are
severely limited and this combination of a high workload
and limited support from administration has created a
high-stress work environment which only serves toexacerbate an already difficult situation I hope that in the
future we can resolve these issues.
PLEASE DONT
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PLEASE DONT
Dont include every um and uh in a transcription of an
interview or session with a client.
She went on to explain the situation at her school site, So
then the principal ummm, he was likeuhhhhh, ummmm,he was like against the ideas we had proposed, but uhhhh,
I dont know whyuhhhh, why he would have shot them
down so quicklyespecially because ummmm our ideas
seemed really ummmmreally well conceived and
organized.
COLONS
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COLONS
Acomplete sentence must precede a colon used to
introduce a list.
Right: There are several uses for the colon: to introduce a list,
to show a ratio, and to separate the hour from the minuteswhen noting a time (e.g. 8:30).
Wrong: The uses for the colon are: to introduce a list, to
show a ratio, and to separate the hour from the minuteswhen noting a time (e.g. 8:30).
COLONS
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COLONS
Acomplete sentence must precede a colon used to
introduce a list.
Right: Types of mens shoes include the following: oxfords,
loafers, driving moccasins, and tuxedo slippers.
Wrong: Types of mens shoes include: oxfords, loafers,
driving moccasins, and tuxedo slippers.
NUMBERS
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NUMBERS
Use numerals to express
Numbers 10+
Numbers immediately before a unit of measurement:
13 cm; 7.5 years
Percentages, ratios, and percentiles:
less than 7%; the 99th percentile
Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, and scores:
1 hr 38 min; at 4:15 p.m.; 5-year-olds
NUMBERS
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NUMBERS
Use numbers typed out as words to express
Any number that begins a sentence, title, or heading
Forty-eight percent of the sample showed an increase; 2%
showed no change.
Twenty-three students improved, and 15 students did not
improve.
Common fractions
two-thirds majority; one fifth of the class
Numbers zero to nine.