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APA Style - Basics
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 1
APA Style
"APA Style was developed by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific
writing.“ (Basics of APA StyleTutorial)
What is APAStyle?
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of theAmerican
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:Author.
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APA Style
Online Tutorial
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 3
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
APA Style
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 4
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-apa-style.aspx
What is APAStyle
APA Style consists of rules or guidelines to ensure clear and consistent presentation of
written material.
It concerns uniform use of such elements as
• selection of headings, tone, and length,
• punctuation and abbreviations,
• presentation of numbers and statistics,
• construction of tables and figures,
• citation of references, and
• many other elements that are a part of a manuscript.
APA Style
Also refer to the
‚Guidelines for scientific
writing‘ for formatting
instructions!
Manuscript Parts
Page 1: Title Page
Page 2:Abstract/Zusammenfassung
Page 3: Main Body
References: Begin on new page after last page of text.
Appendix (if necessary)
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APA Style
http://www.worthpublishers.com/Catalog/uploadedFiles/Content/Worth/Custom_Solutions/Psychology_ForeWords/Marek_Ch04_APAstyle_Color.pdf
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Formatting
APA Style
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Formatting
• Set uniform margins of at least 1 inch (2.54 cm) on the top, bottom, left, and right of every
page (follow ‚Guidelines for scientific writing‘: 4 cm on the left).
• Set the font size of the document to 12-pt. font.
• Set the font type of the document to Times New Roman.
• Double-space the entire manuscript, including the title page, abstract, body of the document,
references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figures (follow ‚Guidelines for scientific
writing‘: 1.5-space).
• All the paragraphs in the document should be left aligned and have a first line indent set to
.5 inches on the ruler.
• Include page numbers on every page (excl. Title Page and Appendix)
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
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Headings
Follow ‚Guidelines for scientific writing‘: Include numbered headings.
APA Style
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
Tables
• All tables should be numbered (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, Table 3).
• Each table should have an individual title, italicized and presented with each word
capitalized (except and, in, of, with, etc.).
• Do not use vertical lines.
• A table can be either single-spaced or double-spaced.
• All tables should be referenced in the text of the paper.
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 9
APA Style
Footnotes
To offer further information on a topic that is not directly related to the text. As content
footnotes should be concise, avoid writing lengthy paragraphs!
Please note: Footnotes are not used to include references!
• Insert a number formatted in superscript.
• Assemble footnotes altogether on a page following the References.
• The title “Footnotes” should be centered at the top of the page.
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APA Style
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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/1/
Supporting Claims with Sources...
Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes.
You might use them to:
• Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
• Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
• Give examples of several points of view on a subject
• Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
APA Style
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http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/01/writing-in-text-citations-in-apa-style.html
In-Text Citations
Author–date system: In-text citations include the author and date, either both inside
parentheses or with the author names in running text and the date in parentheses. When
using a direct quotation, include the page number.
After the intervention, children increased in the number of books read per week (Smith &
Wexwood, 2010).
Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the intervention, children increased in the
number of books read per week.
It was found that after the intervention, children „read even more books than
before“ (Smith & Wexwood, 2010, p. 237)
APA Style
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http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/01/writing-in-text-citations-in-apa-style.html
Citations
Within parentheses, alphabetize the references and separate them by semicolons:
Studies of reading in childhood have produced mixed results (Albright, Wayne, &
Fortinbras, 2004; Gibson, 2011; Smith & Wexwood, 2010).
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
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Citations
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Citations
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‚and‘......is ‚&‘ in
parentheses
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Citations
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all authors...
use ‚et al.‘ in
subsequent citations
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Citations
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more than six authors...
...always use‚et al.‘
APA Style
• Your references should begin on a new page.
• Title the new page "References" and center the title text at the top of the page.
• All entries should be in alphabetical order.
• The first line of a reference should be flush with the left margin. Each additional
line should be indented.
• All sources cited should appear both in-text and on the reference page.
http://www.apastyle.org/
Reference List
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APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Reference List - Basics
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APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Reference List - Basics
Author-Date-Sytem
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APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 21
Reference List
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APA Style
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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/560/
Reference List – Print Sources
JournalArticle
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume number(issue number), xxx-yyy. doi:http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Book
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location:
Publisher.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-yyy). Location: Publisher.
APA Style
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Teaching Materials
Usually, teaching material is unpublished or informally published material (see APAStyle,
7.05)
Unpublished manuscript with a university cited:
Author, A. A. (2013). Title of work. Unpublished manuscript, Wirtschafts- und
Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.
APA Style
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Reference List – Electronic Sources
Online Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger
document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/
EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism
Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved fromhttp://Web
address
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/owlprint/560/
APA Style
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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
Electronic Sources
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your
signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the
abbreviation "n.d.“ for "no date“:
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded
with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA“, n.d.).
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that
will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has
numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number:
According to Smith (1997), ... („Mind over Matter“ section, para. 6).
APA Style
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Further Ressources
• Official Site: http://www.apastyle.org
• Free Tutorials: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx - Online tutorials for
beginners and those that just want to see what changed in Sixth Edition. This page
also links to specific APA topics for easyaccess
• APA Blog (for very specific questions and latest news): http://blog.apastyle.org/
apastyle/
15.09.2017 APA Style Basics 28
http://www.keepcalmandposters.com/poster/1072479_keep_calm_and_format