APA For Papers by Jennifer Sanders To progress through this slide show, click anywhere on the screens

APA For Papersby Jennifer Sanders

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American Psychological Association (APA) For PapersLearning ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson participants will be able to:• Describe the origin of APA• Appropriately place elements on a title page using APA

guidelines• Identify APA rules regarding numbers, hyphenation,

abbreviation, indentation, italics, citation, quotation marks, comma usage, headers, and footnotes

Prerequisite KnowledgeParticipants are expected to have had the following:• Exposure to traditional classroom instruction• Basic knowledge of grammar and writing• Familiarity with online activities• Knowledge of basic computer skills

Estimated time to complete:60 minutes

Introduction to APA• American

Psychological Association (APA) format has its origin in a meeting held in 1928 by a group of editors and managers of anthropological journals. The purpose of the meeting was to develop a set of universal guidelines to be used for journal manuscripts.

Introduction to APA (continued)

The instructions derived during this meeting were published in 1928 as a seven page article in the February issue of the Psychological Bulletin, a journal of the American Psychological Association.


In the years that followed, these instructions were changed and expanded to the three hundred sixty-eight page handbook that we use today. It is expected that these instructions will continue to change and expand as publishing and technology continue to change. To keep us abreast of the constantly changing APA guidelines the APA Publication Manual website serves as an up-to-date source of information about such changes.


APA is the single most popular format used by institutionsof higher education. Thus, the need to be familiar withthis format is key. This lesson will provide explanationsof basic APA guidelines for writing papers.

Specifically, this lesson will familiarize you with thefollowing as they apply to APA formatting:

title pages italics numbershyphenation abbreviations indentationcitation quotation marks comma usage headers footnotes.

Then, the activities will promote your ability to putthese guidelines into practice.

Topic 1: APA Guidelines for Title Pages

Following are the four main parts of an APA formatted title page:

Page Headers Running Head Title Byline and Affiliation

Page Headers The page header

contains a 1 to 3 word abbreviation of the long title, followed by a page number. This header is located in

the upper, right, corner of the title

page.

Page Header (Example)Leadership 1

Running head: RESURRECTING SUCCESS

Resurrecting Success in a Declining Organization

Jennifer SandersUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Running HeadThe running head for publication is: Composed of an abbreviated title

Typed flush left at the top of the title page below the page header

Composed of all uppercase letters

Composed of fifty characters or less

Running Head (Example)Leadership 1


Resurrecting Success in a Declining OrganizationJennifer Sanders

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Title

The title is:Composed of upper and

lower case letters, unlike the running head

Centered between the left and right margin

Positioned in the upper half of the page

Double spaced if it exceeds one line.

Title (Example)

Leadership 1




Byline Affiliation

The byline and institutional affiliation is simply the name of the authors and the institutions for which they are writing.

Byline Affiliation (continued)

The names of the authors appears on the first line in the order of contribution, while the affiliated organizations appear on the lines that follow.

The byline and institutional affiliation are typed in both upper and lower case characters and centered approximately 10 spaces below the running head.

Byline Affiliation (Example)Leadership 1




Title Page Practice Activity

Create a new Microsoft Word file and type the following elements of a title page on the correct space of the page.

Leading (page header) Running head: Leading

Organizations to Success Leading Organizations to Success in

a Diverse Society (title) Jennifer Sanders, Brian Kusch, and

Susan Alfino (authors) University of Florida (affiliation)

APA Within PapersClick on each of the bubbles below to view information about its corresponding topic.

Abbreviations

CommaUsage

Footnotes

QuotationMarks

Citation

Italics

Numbers

Headers

Indentation

Hyphenation

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to:• Introduce a word or phrase used as

an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression

Example: Mary considers it “normal” to yell when talking.

• Set off the title of an book or articleExample: Triandis’ (1994) article, “A

Theoretical Framework for the Study of Diversity” supports diversity.

• Reproduce a word, phrase, or sentence from another source.

Example: According to Triandis (1994), “the future workplace, worldwide, will become increasingly diverse” (p. 11).

Now that you have viewed all the APA guidelines within papers you are ready for the quiz.Click the blue arrow to get to the quiz.

Indentation

Indent:• The first line of every paragraph• The first line of every footnote• Quotations consisting of forty words or

more

For quotations that must be indenteddo not include quotation marks. For consistency use the tab key to indent Click here to return to APA Within Papers slide

HeadersPages areOccasionallyseparated duringthe gradingprocess, so

identifyeach page with a short title andpage number inthe upper righthand of the page. These short titlesare calledheaders.

Example: Diversity 3

Click here to return to APA Within Papers slide

Numbers • Numbers that represent statistical or

mathematical data are represented by actual numbers if they are below 10.

Examples:In 5 years4 weeks agoBudget of $5 million

• Numbers below ten that do not represent precise

measurements should be typed out.

Examples:The only one who….Five trialsThree-dimensional

• Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading

should be typed out.Example: Ten participantscompleted the study.


Italics

Use italics for:

• Titles of books and periodicalsExample: Diversity in

organizations

• Introduction of a new,technical, or key term or labelExample: the term glass ceiling

• Periodical volume numbers inreference list Example: 10, 14-18

Click here to view more about italics

Italics Use italics for:

• Titles of books and periodicalsExample: Diversity in organizations

• Introduction of a new,technical, or key term or labelExample: the term glass ceiling

• Periodical volume numbers inreference list Example: 10, 14-18


Citation

You must credit sources when you quote or paraphrase from them.

• To quote a source without placing the author inthe sentence, put quotation marks at the beginning andend of the quote. Then, put the author name, year, andpage number in parenthesis after the quote. Type a periodafter the information in parenthesis.Example: “Subjective cultural distance can be measuredby studying attitudes” (Chemers, Oskamp, & Costanzo,1995, p. 19).

• To quote a source with the author in the sentence, putquotation marks at the beginning and end of the quote.Then, put the page number in the parenthesis after thequote. Finally, type the period after the page number.Example: According to Chemers, Oskamp, and Costanzo(1995), “Subjective cultural distance can be measured bystudying attitudes” (p. 19).

For a more comprehensive list of citation guidelines visit www.apa.com

Click here to return to APA Within Papers Slide

HyphenationUse a hyphen for the following situations:

1. A compound with a participle when it precedes the term it modifies Example: role-play techniques

2. A phrase used as an adjective when it precedes the term it modifies Example: to-be-recalled items

3. An adjective and non-compound when it precedes the term it modifies Example: high-anxiety group

4. A compound with a number as the first element when the compound precedes the term it modifies Example: 12th-

grade students

A hyphen is represented by typing 2 dashes


FootnotesFootnotes are notes ofexplanation and arebottom of the page onwhich they are

referenced.

Guidelines for footnotes:• Number content

consecutively throughout the paper with superscript Arabic numbers• At the bottom of the

page type Footnotes in both

upper and lowercase letters• Beneath the

Footnotes heading type the

Arabic number with the content of the

Footnote

The scope of diversity¹ efforts must be inclusive toward all groups.

Footnotes¹instances of difference or variety


AbbreviationsTerms to be abbreviated must, onfirst appearance, be typed outcompletely and followed by itsabbreviation. After this initialexplanation the abbreviation itmay be used in text without theexplanation.

Example: Research has beenconducted to examine the effectof ace and gender on ScholasticAptitude Test (SAT) scores.

Click here to view more about abbreviations

Abbreviations (continued)The following table lists come of the commonly used APA Abbreviations.

Abbreviation Explanation

cf. compare

e.g., For example

, etc. , and so forth

i.e., that is

vs. versus or against


Comma Usage Use a comma:

Between elements in a series of three or more items

Example: race, ethnicity, and gender

To separate two independent clauses joined by a comparison

Example: Organizations have realized the importance of diversity, and such organizations have profited from larger pools of talent.

To set off the year in exact dates Example: July 18, 2005

To set off the year in parenthetical reference citations

Example: (Chemers, 1995)

To separate groups of three digits in most numbers of 1, 000 or more

Example: 3, 098, 098

Click here to return to the APA Within Papers slide

Quiz Using APA Within Papers

Click the picture below to view the quiz for this learning object.

Using APA Within Papers Quiz

1. What does APA stands for ? Click on the correct answer.a. Amiable Paper Associationb. American Psychological Associationc. American Paper Associationd. American Print Association

2. One should indent in all of the followingsituations, except_______________________. a. the first line of every paragraphb. the first line of every footnotec. quotations consisting of 40 or more wordsd. the last sentence of a paragraph

Press enter to proceed to the last question of this quiz.

Using APA Within Papers Quiz(continued)

3. Identify APA errors in the following sentences. Once you have identified the corrections for

these sentences click here to check your

answers.

a. Race ethnicity and gender are all elements of diversity.

b. According to Chemers (1995) organizations are becoming more diverse.

c. Substantial evidence points out that demographic cues trigger status assignments quickly and that unfair status assignments prove difficult to reverse (Ridgeway 1995).

IncorrectGood guess, but this is not the correct

answer.

Please try again.

Click here to return to the question

Correct

You are absolutely right.

Click here to return to the quiz.

Correct

Now you’ve got the hangof things.

Click here to return to the quiz.

IncorrectGood guess, but this is not the correct answer.

Please try again.

Click here to return to the question

Following are the changes you should have made.

a. Race, ethnicity, and gender are all elements of diversity.

b. According to Chemers (1995), organizations are becoming more diverse.

c. Substantial evidence points out that demographic cues trigger status assignments quickly, and that unfair status assignments prove difficult to reverse (Ridgeway,1995).

Conclusion/ SummaryFollowing are the topics this learning object has

covered:• History of APA• APA guidelines for title pages:

– Page headers– Running heads– Titles– Byline and affiliation

• APA guidelines within papers:– Abbreviations– Citation– Comma usage– Footers– Headers– Hyphenation– Indentation– Italics– Numbers– Quotation marks

Credits• Chemers, M., Oskamp, S., & Costanzo, M.A.

(1995). Diversity in organizations: New perspectives for a changing workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). (2001). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

• James Brown, B.S.

• Author: Jennifer Sanders, B.S.

This learning object was created for course ADLDSP 767 Program Planning & Implementation.

University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeInstructor: Simone Conceicao

Copyright © 2005

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APA For Papers by Jennifer Sanders To progress through this slide show, click anywhere on the screens