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What is APA style?• Standardized system for giving
credit to others for their contribution to your work
• Is parenthetical (cited in the text)• Guidelines for headings and a
reference list
Why Should I Use APA?• Shows honesty about borrowing
others’ intellectual property • Provides evidence of your research• Allows readers to locate your sources• Prevents plagiarism
In-text Citations: Direct Quote
• Example from article (Original Sentence)
• “This case study showed that the dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker.”
1. Authors’ names 2. Year of Publication 3. Page number
(2013)• Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim discovered“dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker” (p. 611).
• Inserted authors’ names, year, and page number at beginning and end
Citation at end of sentence “dominant upper
back pain decreased after the RSP decreased
through application of RST by using kinesiology
tape in a female sedentary worker”
Researchers discovered that
(Hwang-Bo,
Lee, & Kim, 2013, p. 611).
Subsequent References• 1-2 authors-----Always spell out all names
Smith (2001) said….
Smith and Jones (1980) examined…
Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith, 2001).
Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith and Jones, 1980).
*Note that these are paraphrases.
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
First Reference:
Wiley, Smith, & Jones (2015) stated most left-handers are artistic.
Most left-handers are artistic (Wiley, Smith, & Jones, 2015).
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
Subsequent Reference: Wiley et al. (2015) state scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers.
Scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers (Wiley et al., 2015).
6 or more Authors• Start with first author, then use “et al.”• Johnson et al. (2015) defend the claim
that…..
No Author Named• Use shortened title of work and year• Kinesiology tape helps with shoulder pain
(“Efficacy,” 2013).
In-text Citations: Paraphrase
• A paraphrase is the original ideas and thoughts from a source put into your own words.
• ALWAYS NEED A CITATION
• Only use quotes when the information bears repeating exactly as it was written.
Why so many different ways to cite?
• Using the same way to incorporate sources every time gets redundant and bores your reader
• Shows lack of versatility in writing skills• A writer may want to focus on something
particular when incorporating a source.
Here are three ways
Idea-focused• Place the author(s) and date(s) in
parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence
• Example
Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, Phillips, & Fischer, 2009; Siegler, 1976).
Researcher-focused• Place only the date in parentheses
• Example
Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p. 96).
Used when doing literature reviews, critiques, or focusing on method
Chronology-focused• Integrate both the author and date into
your sentence
• Example
In 2009 Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third- and fourth-grade students improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy
Used when doing literature reviews or when the time of the research is important
Secondary Source Citation
• Sometimes, you find a source that quotes another author, and you like what that author said.
• If possible, always find the original source where the quote originated from.
• The secondary and primary source will have to be cited in the reference list AND in text
Secondary Source CitationParaphrase
Thonus emphasizes that creating an ethical solution requires participation by all parties (as cited in Brufee, 2003).
Direct quotation
Thonus remarks, “writing center literature is filled with reference to our marginality and status as outsiders” (as cited in Brufee, 2003, p. 170).
• Title– Type the word "References" at the top of a
new page, centered. • Spacing
– All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment instructs you otherwise.
• Indentation– First line is flush left. Subsequent lines have
handing indent• Author names
– Last name, first initial: Smith, R.– Only use the author shortcut “et al.” if there
are 8 or more authors.
Capitalization Rule in APA• For article title, capitalize
– First word of title– First word of subtitle– Any proper nouns (the name of a person or
city, for example)
• From the sample– Computer-mediated communication effects on
disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a little bit at a time.
Citing a Book• Print
– Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and
less from each other. New York, NY: Basic Books.
• E-book– Last name, First initial. (date). Title. Retrieved
from www.webpage.com
Complete Citation
North, P. (1984). The idea of a writing center. In C. Murphy & S. Sherwood (Eds.), The St. Martin’s sourcebook for writing tutors (pp. 44-58). Boston, MA: Bedford.
Journal Article• What’s needed
– Author(s) name(s)– Year of publication– Article title (follows capitalization rule)– Title of Journal (italicized)– Volume and issue or number of journal – Pages numbers of article– DOI number or URL
Journal Article• Example
Hwang-Bo, G., Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2013). Efficacy of kinesiology taping for
recovery of dominant upper back pain in female sedentary worker having a rounded shoulder posture. Technology & Health Care, 21(6), 607-612. doi:10.3233/THC-130753
Government Report• Technical, research,
and government reports “can serve a valuable supplementary role” to your research.
• Come from government agencies, profit/non-profit research institutes, and educational institutions.
Government Report• Author, A.A. (Date). Title of work (Report
No. xxx). Location: Publisher.
• List all levels of the government agency.• GPO Reports have publisher location and
name as…• Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office
Government Report• U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved fromhttp://www/
nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf
Page from a Website
California State University, Bakersfield. (2015). Complaints and
grievances. Retrieved July, 7 2015, from http://www.csub.edu
/academicprograms/Complaints%20and%20Grievances/index.html