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AP World History
Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World
Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World
Costly wars created need for new sources of income.
The Enlightenment created need to question & protest.
Prelude to Revolution
Intellectuals used tools of scientific inquiry.
Some systematized & organized knowledge as reference works. Others applied to society.
Prelude to Revolution
Thomas HobbesPeople are greedy and selfish. Only a powerful government can create a peaceful, orderly society.
Prelude to Revolution
John Locke – gov’t. is created to protect the people.
Duty to rebel. Individual rights.
Prelude to Revolution
Rousseau – People should make and obey the laws.
What is good for all is more important than the good of one.
Prelude to Revolution
Baron de Montesquieu Gov’t. powers should be separated into 3 branches. Each branch monitors the other branches.
Prelude to Revolution
Adam Smith: Government should let business run itself (laissez faire)
A free market works through supply and demand.
Prelude to Revolution
Some monarchs adopted Enlightenment ideas but suppressed those that attacked religion or the monarchies.
Prelude to Revolution
Women spread ideas in their salons
Ideas appealed to new middle classes.
Franklin genius without privilege.
Prelude to Revolution
Protests made against some changes. Popular uprisings became revolutions only when they coincided with elitist conflicts.
American Revolution
New taxes & prevention of further settlement provoked protests.
Proclamation of 1763: limits on western settlement.
American Revolution
Response to Stamp Act: boycotts, staged protests, & attacks.
Boston Massacre British closed Boston’s port after the Tea Party.
American Revolution
Deposed British governors & established Continental Congress.
British won most of battles but couldn’t control countryside.
American Revolution
Amerindians served as allies to both sides.
France allied with U.S. Defeat of Cornwallis @ Yorktown
Treaty of Paris (1783)
American Revolution
Articles of Confederation served as a constitution during & after the war.
May 1787 Constitutional Convention convened to write new constitution.
French Revolution
French society divided into 3 groups:•1st Estate (clergy)•2nd Estate (nobles)•3rd Estate (everyone else)
French Revolution
French kings tried to introduce new taxes & reforms to generate income.
Estates General called to get approval.
French Revolution
Expanded 3rd estate declared itself a National Assembly.
Tennis Court Oath
French Revolution
King amasses troops to arrest National Assembly and Parisians attacked the Bastille in response.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
French Revolution
Parisian market women National Assembly passed new constitution limiting king’s power, & restructured society & politics.
French Revolution
King is caught trying to escape & is executed.
National Convention is formed & dominated by the Jacobins and Robespierre.
French Revolution
Jacobins spilt between moderate Girondists and radicals known as the Mountain.
Executive power given to Committee of Public Safety.
French Revolution
Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
July 1794, Robespierre is arrested and executed.
French Revolution
The Convention worked to undo radical reforms, ratified a more conservative constitution, and created the Directory.
French Revolution
Napoleon’s popular authoritarianism
Concordat of 1801 recognized right to practice faith & gov’t. authority
Napoleon
Civil Code of 1804 – Names himself as emperor. Also states equality in law and protection of property.
Napoleon
Stability depended upon the success of the military & French diplomacy. Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia & England defeated Napoleon in 1814.
Revolutions Spread
Slave rebellion led by Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture 1794.
The colony became Haiti in 1804
Revolutions Spread
Congress of Vienna: attempts to preserve peace & a conservative order in Europe.
Re-establishes French monarchy, redrew borders, & established Holy Alliance.
Revolutions Spread
Popular support for democratic reform grew throughout Europe.
Democratic reform movements emerged both in Britain & in the U.S.
Revolutions Spread
(Europe) desire for national self-determination & democratic reform led to series of revolutions in 1848. Most failed.
Conclusion
Revolutions: result of costly wars which drove rulers to increase taxes. At the same time, others were seeking reforms that would make the government represent the will of the people.
Conclusion
Revolutions outside of America were more violent because they faced greater opposition and social inequalities.
Conclusion
Conservative forces after Napoleon were successful However, in the long run, they couldn’t control Enlightenment ideas of rational inquiry, political participation & secular intellectual culture.
