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Christian Europe Emerges
300 – 1200 C.E.
Byzantine Empire
300 – 1200 C.E.
Map of Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire Video
Church and State
• Roman rule and traditions remained in the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople.
• The Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople and intervened in church matters.
• Religious differences and doctrinal disputes abounded, but polytheism was eliminated.
Constantinople
Church of Hagia Sophia
External Threats
• Byzantine Empire did not break up because of unity of political and religious power.
• Foreign threats included:– Goths and Huns in North– Sasanids in East
• Attacked for over 300 years
Losing Power
• Muslim Arabs took wealthy provinces of Syria, Tunisia, and Egypt from Byzantines.
• Permanently reduced power of Empire.
• Empire also experienced declining relations with the popes and princes of Western Europe.
• Formal break between Latin and Orthodox Churches in 1054.
Society and Decline of Urbanism
• Byzantine Empire experienced a decline of urbanism similar to Rome.
• Middle class people moved out of cities and into rural areas.
• Byzantine society was then characterized by a HUGE gap between wealth of aristocrats and poverty of peasants.
Family Life
• Family very rigid• Women confined to
homes and wore veils if they went out.
• Byzantine women ruled alongside husbands between 1028 and 1056.
• Women did not take refuge in nunneries.
Economic Intervention
• At this time, emperors would:– Set prices– Controlled provision of grain to capital– Monopolized trade on certain goods
• Results:– Constantinople was well supplied.– Cities and rural areas lagged behind in wealth
and technology.
Views of Byzantine Empire
• Western Europeans began to view the Byzantine Empire as a crumbling power.
• Byzantines thought that westerners were uncouth barbarians.
Cultural Achievements
• Put together collection of Roman laws and edicts under the title Body of Civil Law.– Became basis of Western European civil law.
• Developed technique of making domed buildings.– Italian renaissance architects adopted dome
in 15th and 16th centuries.
Early Medieval Europe
300 – 1000 C.E.
From the Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms…
Fifth Century C.E.
• Roman Empire breaks down
• Europe is politically fragmented
• Germanic kings ruling a number of different kingdoms
• Western Europe continues to suffer invasions as Muslim Arabs and Berbers took Iberian Peninsula and go into France.
Charlemagne & the Carolingians
• The Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire.
• Under Charlemagne, this empire includes Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy.
• Empire was subdivided by Charlemagne’s grandsons and never united again.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Empire
Charlemagne’s Church
Vikings
• Attacked England, France, and Spain in the late eighth and ninth centuries.
• Settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.
A Self-Sufficient Economy
• Fall of Roman Empire brings about:– De-Urbanization– Decline in Trade
• Without domination of Rome’s “Great Tradition,” regional elites become self-sufficient and local “small traditions” flourished.
Vassals
• Vassals held most of a king’s realm
• Most vassals granted substantial parts of land to their vassals.
• Kings were weak because they depended on vassals.
Fief
• Kings and nobles granted land (fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service.
• By 10th century, fiefs became hereditary.
Administration
• Kings and nobles had limited ability to administer and tax their realms.
• Power was further limited by their inability to tax the vast landholdings of the Church.
• Most medieval people saw the lord’s manor as government.
Manors
• Self-Sufficient farming estates
• Primary centers of agricultural production
• Manors grew from need for self-sufficiency and self-defense.
Typical Manor Layout
Medieval DietNorthern Diet• Beer• Lard or Butter• Bread
Southern Diet• Wheat• Wine• Olive Oil
Lord of the Manor
• Had almost unlimited power over his agricultural workers.– Agricultural Workers = Serfs
• Conditions of agricultural workers varied
• Tradition of a free peasantry survived in some areas
Early Medieval Society in West
• Class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted knights.
• Landholding and military service became inseparable.
• Military service to a lord = feudalism
Military Security
• Need for security leads to the development of new technology:– Stirrup– Bigger Horses– Armor and Weapons of the knight
• Equipment was expensive, so knights needed land to support themselves.
Knight’s Equipment
Horse Bit
Spur
Women
• Noble women were pawns in marriage politics.
• Women could own land.
• Non-noble women worked alongside the men.
The Western Church
The Structure of Christian Faith
• Christian faith and Catholic church, headed by the Pope, were sources of unity and order in the fragmented world of medieval Europe.
• Church hierarchy tried to deal with challenges to unity by calling councils of bishops to discuss and settle questions of doctrine.
Politics and the Church
• Popes sought to combine their religious power with political power by forging alliances with kings.
• Finally did so by choosing a German king to be “Holy Roman Emperor” in 962.– In reality, the Holy Roman Empire was not
more than a loose coalition of German princes.
Holy Roman Empire Map
Power Struggle
• Secular rulers in the Holy Roman Empire argued that they should be able to appoint bishops who held land in fief.
• Popes disagreed
• Concordat of Worms .– a compromise in 1122– Popes could appoint bishops– Kings could assign where they worked
Origins of Monasticism
• Developed in Egypt in the 4th century on the basis of previous religious practices such as:– Celibacy– Devotion to Prayer– Isolation from Society
Benedict of Nursia
• Lived from 480 – 547 C.E.
• Organized monasteries and supplied them with a set of written rules which governed all aspects of ritual and daily life.
Functions of Monasteries
• Centers of literacy and learning.
• Refugees for widows and other vulnerable women.
• Inns and orphanages.
• Managed their own estates of agricultural land.
Monasteries
Control
• Difficult for Catholic church to exercise oversight over monasteries.
• Reform development started by monastic establishment in 11th century.– Abbey of Cluny sought to improve the
administration and discipline of monasteries.
Three Legal Traditions
• Western Europe developed:– Germanic feudal law– Canon (church law)– Roman law
• Presence of conflicting legal theories and legal jurisdictions was a significant characteristic of Western Europe.
Kievan Russia
900 – 1200
Geography
• Includes territory from the Black and Caspian Seas in the south to the Baltic and White Seas in the north.
• Territory includes series of ecological zones running from east to west.
• Several navigable rivers.
Kievan Russia
Map
Agriculture
• Poor agricultural land
• Short growing season
• Primitive farming technology
• Food production was low and trade was necessary to feed the people
Early History
• Inhabited by a number of peoples of different language and ethnic groups whose territory shifted from century to century.
• Emerged to a pattern of:– Slavs in the east– Finns in the north– Turkic tribes in the south
Trade
• Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and farmers traded with each other.
• Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia to the Silk Road.
• Varangians were active traders on the rivers.
• Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga River.
Rus
• Societies of western Slav farmers ruled by Varangian nobles.
• Most important cities = Kiev and Novogorod– Both cities were centers of trade
Kiev and Novogorod
• Had populations of 30,000 to 50,000– Much smaller than Constantinople or large
Muslim cities
• Kiev, Novogorod, and other urban areas were centers for craftsmen and artists.– Their social status was higher than peasants.
Vladimir I
• In 980, he became Grand Prince of Kiev.
• Chose Orthodox Christianity as the religion of his state.
• Imitated the culture of the Byzantine Empire:– Built churches– Adopted the Cyrillic alphabet– Oriented his trade toward the Byzantines.
Spread of Christianity
• Spread very slowly in Kievan Russia.
• Pagan customs and polygamy persisted until the 12th century.
• Christianity eventually took over and became very powerful in the 12th century.– Clergy even functioned as tax collectors for
the state.
Decline
• Caused by:– Internal political struggles– Conflict with external foes
• Decline happened after 1100.
Western Europe Revives
1000 – 1200
Reviving Western Europe
• Population and agricultural production increased in the period from 1000-1200.– Caused resurgence of trade– Enabled kings to strengthen control
• Revival because of– New technologies– Appearance of self-governing cities
New Technology
• Heavy moldboard plow
• Horse collar
• Breast-strap harness
Italy and Flanders
• These two cities were the beginning of the emergence of independent, self-governing cities.– Relied on manufacturing and trade for income– Had legal independence so laws could favor
manufacturing and trade
More cities emerge…
• Venice became a dominant sea power– Traded in Muslim ports for spices and other
goods
• Ghent imported wool from England and wove it into cloth for export
With trade came…
• Increase in use of high-value gold and silver coins– Rarely been used in early medieval Europe
• During the mid-twelfth century Europeans began minting silver and gold coins.
The Crusades
1095-1204
Roots of the Crusades
• Series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims in eastern Mediterranean from 1100 to 1200.
Reasons for Crusades
• Religious zeal
• Knights’ willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare
• Desire for land on part of younger sons of European nobility
• Interest in trade
The Holy Land
• Holy Land made focus of Crusades because of:– Tradition of pilgrimages,– Muslim control of Christian religious sites– Byzantine Empire requests for help against
Muslims
The First Crusade
• 1095 – Pope Urban II initiated First Crusade by telling Europeans to stop fighting each other and fight the Muslims instead.
Impact of Crusades
• Limited impact on Muslim world.
• Crusaders ended Europe’s intellectual isolation when Arabic and Greek manuscripts gave Europeans access to work of ancient Greek philosophers.
• Crusades had significant impact on lifestyle of European elites.