AP Us History Survival Guide

7/23/2019 AP Us History Survival Guide

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AP US History Survival& AP Exam Study

GuideYour Guide to Reading, Writing,

Multiple Choice Exams, FRQ’s, &

DQ’s!

Mr. TrostAP US History

Lynnwood High School



AP US History Exam Study Guide

Structure of the ExaminationPart One, 80 multiple-choice uestions. !ou h"#e $$ minutes. !ou "re not "%le to re&er to the multiple-choice uestions &or &"cts "nd ide"s to include in your ess"ys.

Part Two, e#ery student must "nswer the '(), which is uestion num%er *. !ou "re gi#en + to *documents to "n"lye in order to "nswer " uestion rel"ting to " p"rticul"r historic"l circumst"nce,e#ent, issue, or theme. or your second ess"y, you select either uestion or / to "nswer " uestionco#ering the period &rom coloni"tion to econstruction. or your third ess"y, you select &romuestions 1 "nd $ to "nswer " uestion co#ering the period &rom econstruction to the present. !ouh"#e " tot"l o& */0 minutes to write your three ess"ys. 2ncluded in this */0-minute period "re *$

minutes dedic"ted to the document-%"sed uestion3 to re"d the documents, "n"lye the documents, "ndoutline your '() ess"y. 2t is recommended th"t you use $ minutes to outline e"ch ess"y, le"#ing youwith 10 minutes to write the '() "nd /0 minutes to write your two ess"ys selected &rom e"ch p"ir.T"4es three hours "nd &i#e minutes3 the $$ minute multiple-choice section. The *$ minute re"dingperiod &or the document- %"sed uestion, "nd the **$- minute ess"y section.

Specications for the ExaminationThe speci&ic"tions &or the multiple-choice uestions "re "rr"nged %y topic "s &ollows. /$ percent "repolitic"l history "nd go#ernment uestions, /$ percent "re soci"l history, *$ percent "re diplom"tichistory, *0 percent "re economic history, $ percent "re intellectu"l "nd cultur"l history. Thechronologic"l speci&ic"tions "re "s &ollows3 *$ percent &rom *+05-*586 period, 1$ percent &rom the

*560-*6*+ period, /0 percent &rom the period o& *6*5 to the present, "nd *0 percent "re " mi7 o&uestions &rom "mong these time periods, 4nown "s cross points. ew topics %e&ore *+05 "ppe"r in themultiple-choice uestions.

The time period &rom which the '() will come will pu%lished "nnu"lly in the AP Course Description"or #istor$, popul"rly 4nown "mong AP te"chers "s the Acorn (oo4.9 This pu%lic"tion is sent e"chye"r to the AP coordin"tor &or your school.

Politic"l "nd go#ernment history: soci"l history: diplom"tic history: economic history: "nd intellectu"lor cultur"l history. emem%er th"t since politic"l history "nd soci"l history constitute 50 percent o& thespeci&ic"tions o& the multiple-choice uestions, more th"n one politic"l or soci"l history ess"y uestion

m"y "ppe"r.

The instructions might direct you to write on one twentieth-century president "nd one l"te-nineteenthcentury president. )uestions recently "ppe"red, howe#er, on the rise "nd decline o& the Purit"ns, on thech"r"cteristics o& religion in the coloni"l er", "nd on the election o& *6+8. !ou should %e "w"re th"t thecoloni"l er" is de&ined "s ending in *586.



Grading The ExaminationThe US History AP e7"min"tion is " tough, discrimin"ting e7"min"tion. 2t is designed to di&&erenti"te"mong the students who t"4e the e7"min"tion. The "#er"ge score &or the multiple choice section is $$to +0 percent correct. !ou must prep"re &or the psychologic"l shoc4 o& t"4ing " test "nd &eeling th"tyou pro%"%ly correctly "nswered only + out o& e#ery *0 uestions.

;"ch multiple-choice uestion is worth *.*$ points &or " tot"l o& 60 points &or the 80 uestions. Thedocument-%"sed ess"y "nd the second "nd third ess"ys "re e"ch gr"ded on " sc"le o& 0-6. The '()ess"y is 1$ percent o& the ess"y portion "nd the other two ess"ys "re e"ch 5.$ percent, or $$ percent o&the ess"y portion. The '() score "nd the two ess"y scores "re multiplied %y " weighted &"ctor to gi#e" point tot"l on " 60 point sc"le. the ess"y potenti"l score o& 0-60 "nd the 0-60 potenti"l score on themultiple choice section "dd up to 0-*80 sc"le.

AP Course Survival Skills

Getting The Facts!ou need tools &or studying "nd writing history3 &"cts "nd concepts. <o shortcuts e7ists &or "cuiring "%ody o& &"ctu"l in&orm"tion. !ou must wor4 "t it= !ou need &"cts "%out indi#idu"ls, ide"s,rel"tionships, groups, conditions, "nd m">or societ"l &orces to support the "rguments you present.(ec"use history su&&ers &rom too m"ny &"cts, you "s " student must select only the "ppropri"te "ndsigni&ic"nt ones to support your concepts.

Alw"ys cluster your &"cts "round " concept. A concept is "n ide", scheme, or design used to groups&"cts. (e "%le to el"%or"te upon e"ch concept with "t le"st three to &i#e &"ctu"l supports. 'on?t >usttouch upon " concept or compile " list o& &"cts.

Use concepts to org"nie your thoughts tow"rd "chie#ing high-le#el thin4ing s4ills o& "n"lysis,synthesis, e#"lu"tion, "nd interpret"tion. Most ess"y uestions in#ite or &orce you to "nswer within theconcepts r"ised in the uestion, ”The Populist Party foolishly sought political solutions to economic problems. Assess the validity of this statement.” @h"t were those economic pro%lems, wh"t were thepolitic"l solutions proposed, "nd how does the element o& &oolishness &it in

Bne "ppro"ch to "nswering the uestion is the &ollowing outline, which &irst descri%es the politic"lsolutions %e&ore "ddressing the economic pro%lems. The uestion di#ides into two m">or conceptu"l"re"s3 politic"l "nd economic. The wording o& the uestion "s4s you to comment on the &oolishness o&the politic"l solutions "nd why these politic"l solutions did not sol#e the &"rmers? economic pro%lems.

;7"mple2. Politic"l Solutions

A. Sought politic"l re&orms designed to m"4e go#ernment more responsi#e to the people. *. direct election o& the sen"tors . re&erendum



/. 2niti"ti#eCoolishness3 they "ssumed th"t their dem"nds would le"d to " more symp"thetic he"ring&or their pro%lems, yet &"rmers were %ecoming " sm"ller percent"ge o& the popul"tion."rming w"s ch"nging &rom " w"y o& li&e to " %usiness.D

(. Sought politic"l re&orms to %re"4 the close "lli"nce %etween the go#ernment "nd the %ig%usiness "nd the &"#oritism shown %y the go#ernment &or the rich "nd power&ul.

*. Eo#ernment"l ownership o& r"ilro"ds, telephones, "nd telegr"phs.. Municip"l ownership o& pu%lic utilities./. Long h"ul, short h"ul discrimin"tion.1. Morg"n rescue o& the U.S. Tre"sury.$. 2ncome t"7 "mendment

F. Politic"l re&orms to e"se the &"rmers? economic plight.*. educe mortg"ge r"tes. ;"sement &or de%t/. &ree sil#er.1. stop &"#oritism o& high t"ri&&

C Ple"se remem%er th"t this is only " conceptu"l outline. All or most o& the &ollowing &"cts&it under the concept o& &ree sil#er3 Fi#il @"r in&l"tion, green%"c4s, Er"nger Mo#ement,Ereen%"c4 P"rty, %imet"llism, demoneti"tion o& sil#er, Frime o& ?5/, Eresh"m?s l"w,(l"nd-Allison Act, che"p money, *+-*, cross o& gold speech, (ry"n #s. McGinleyD

22. ;conomic Pro%lemsA. ;7p"nsion o& "griculture

*. Acre"ge culti#"ted dou%led. 2ncre"sed num%er o& &"rms/. Ere"t incre"ses in production1. 2ncre"sed num%er o& ten"nt &"rmers

C!et p"r"do7ic"lly the percent"ge o& &"rmers rel"ti#e to the rest o& the popul"tion declined.There were too m"n m"rgin"l &"rmers, "nd their politic"l, soci"l, "nd economic st"tusdeclinedD

(. Applic"tion o& m"chinery to &"rming*. <ew sources o& m"chines "nd power. costs too high &or m"rgin"l &"rmers

F. Applic"tion o& science to &"rming*. <ew methods o& &ertiliing. Prior tr"dition o& go#ernment "id &or &"rmers3 Morrill Act, H"tch Act.

C"rming ch"nged &rom " w"y o& li&e to " %usiness. The &"rmers were #ictims o& their ownsuccess. They grew too much, o#erproducing &or the new e7p"nded world m"r4et inwhich they now sold their goods.D

222. Fonclusion.Society w"s ch"nging, the "gricultur"lly %"sed society "nd isol"ted isl"nd communities were

dis"ppe"ring, &"rmers %ecoming seen "s h"yseeds, e&&erson?s no%le yeom"n gone. eder"lgo#ernment h"d pl"yed " role in the e7p"nsion o& "griculture, "nd there&ore the &"rmers dem"nd &orgo#ernment"l "id did not suggest " new dep"rture. The new im"ge Cnot re"lityD o& l"isse-&"irehowe#er, wor4ed "g"inst the &"rmers? hopes &or politic"l solutions.

2n "ddition, %y the *860?s the &"rmers pro%lems were unsol#ed %y politic"l propos"ls. The *860?sw"s " period o& p"rty re"lignment th"t ended the third p"rty system emerging.

!ou m"y loo4 "t the concepts roughed out in this outline, "nd thin4 th"t you could ne#er duplic"teit. !ou c"n with pr"ctice, pr"ctice, pr"ctice= Study to m"ster %oth &"cts "nd concepts. A&ter re"ding



"s "ssignment, thin4 "%out the concepts in#ol#ed. The 4ey to "nswering "ny ess"y uestion is toorg"nie it conceptu"lly. The w"y to %e prep"red to org"nie "n ess"y is to h"#e "lre"dy thought interms o& the concepts surrounding the topic. The &irst step in "nswering "n ess"y uestion is todecide wh"t concepts "pply "nd how you "re going to org"nie "nswer. Butline your "nswerconceptu"lly "nd &ill in the &"cts to support your concepts. P"rt o& the >udgment o& your ess"y is theu"lity "nd u"ntity o& &"ctu"l support. <ote th"t u"lity o& &"cts is listed &irst %ec"use "ppropri"te

"nd signi&ic"nt &"cts count more th"t rel"ted &"cts.A histori"n doing rese"rch %uilds &rom the empiric"l to the conceptu"l to the gener"l. He Cor sheD"ssem%les " collection o& &"cts %"sed upon detecti#e wor4. Then he %r"instorms through them"teri"l, conceptu"liing it &irst one w"y, then "nother, "d selects the method th"t presents the story%est. A&ter su&&iciently digesting "nd "n"lying the &"cts "nd concepts, he recounts the history in hisown words.

A student must "nswer "n ess"y uestion in the opposite w"y th"t " histori"n rese"rches history.2denti&y the concepts "nd gener"li"tion the uestion, then "ssem%le the "ppropri"te &"cts. Unli4ethe histori"n doing rese"rch, you select the &"cts "nd concepts. The essence o& "nswering "n ess"y isto pro#ide " &irm conceptu"l &r"mewor4 with "deu"te &"ctu"l support.

@hen you encounter "n ess"y uestion, decide wh"t concepts "re "ppropri"te. the <orth didn?twin the Fi#il @"r, the South lost it. ;7pl"in.9 How m"ny w"ys c"n " n"tion lose " w"r The Southcould h"#e lost &or politic"l, economic, diplom"tic, or milit"ry re"sons. Politic"lly the southsu&&ered " l"c4 o& cohesion, " %"d go#ernment"l structure &or w"ging w"r, poor le"dership, di#isiono& go"ls "nd me"ns, "nd the %urden o& simult"neously cre"ting " new go#ernment. ;conomic"llythe south su&&ered &rom " l"c4 o& resources, the o#erwhelming might o& the north, too &ew %"n4s,mism"n"gement o& resources, too little industry, "nd structur"l de&ects such "s " poor r"ilro"dsystem. 'iplom"tic"lly the south pro#ed un"%le to g"in "llies, to &ind "n outlet &or its cotton, or torecei#e, recognition "s " n"tion. Milit"rily the south m"y h"#e pursued outd"ted milit"ry str"tegy"nd t"ctics, l"c4ed " uni&ied comm"nd structure, "nd %een h"mpered %y to little "ttention toorg"ni"tion "nd discipline. !ou ide"lly should select "t le"st three or &i#e m">or concepts &or"nswering the uestion with three to &i#e &"cts supporting e"ch concept. @hich concepts you selectis determined %y which concepts you underst"nd well enough to write "%out "nd which conceptsyou &eel you h"#e su&&icient &"cts to support. A conceptu"lly we"4 es"y with e7cellent &"cts is "lsoin"deu"te. Alw"ys "s4 yoursel&3 @h"t "re m conceptu"l "rguments "nd "re they &"ctu"llysupported

!ou might consider some o& the &ollowing economic concepts &or "n ess"y uestion de"ling witheconomics3 competition, sc"rcity, supply "nd dem"nd, resource "lloc"tion, opportunity cost,technology, in#ention, industri"li"tion, interdependence, conser#"tion, "nd l"nd use p"tterns. Auestion concerning "n incre"sing or decre"sing economic role &or the &eder"l go#ernment shouldinclude " consider"tion o& the simple uestion o& who g"ined "nd who lost &rom the shi&t in policy.@hich indi#idu"ls, cl"sses, sections, regions, le"ders, p"rties, ide"s, or &orces won The decision tocre"te the 2nterst"te Fommerce Fommission in *885 w"s " #ictory &or something o#er somethinge#en i& it w"s " hollow #ictory. Thin4 "nd "n"lye %e&ore you write. !ou otherwise run the ris4 o&writing the &ollowing3 And so, to sol#e some 4ind o& pro%lem they cre"ted the 2FF, "nd li#edh"ppily e#er "&ter.9 @h"t pro%lem @ho is they Li#ed h"ppily e#er "&ter Such writing is so e"syto gr"de.

!ou might include some o& the &ollowing concepts &or " uestion concerning %elie&s "nd ide"s3#"lues, so#ereignty, eu"lity, li%erty, n"tur"l rights, "ttitudes, ideology, cultur"l con&lict, li%erty#ersus order, religion, myth, indi#idu"lism, "nd mor"l %elie&s.

'ecide wh"t politic"l concepts "pply to " politic"l uestion. Three gre"t ide"s-li%erty, eu"lity,"nd &r"ternity-domin"ted %oth the rench re#olution "nd its su%seuent historiogr"phy. Bne c"nnotwrite "nything on the rench re#olution th"t ignores these ide"s.



2& " uestion "s4s &or the c"uses o& something, %e "w"re o& the di#erse e7pl"n"tory concepts th"tsurround the gener"l concept o& c"us"tion. 'i&&erenti"te %etween long- "nd short-run c"uses.emem%er th"t most e#ents h"#e multiple c"uses, "nd "ssign rel"ti#e weight or signi&ic"nce to "&ew. Th"t is, identi&y one "s the m">or c"use, " second "s the most import"nt, "nd lump the resttogether "s contri%uting c"uses. 'on?t &orget &"ilure "s " c"use, since the new in history o&ten

springs &rom the de&ects o& the old. Fert"inly one o& the c"uses o& the "doption o& the Fonstitutionw"s the &"ilure o& the Articles o& Fon&eder"tion.

Reading A Textbook

e"d your te7t%oo4 "ssignments "s soon "s they "re "ssigned. M"ny students m"4e the mist"4eo& thin4ing th"t since only re"ding is in#ol#ed they c"n re"d two or three ch"pters "t once. e"ding" ch"pter is not the s"me "s studying " ch"pter, "nd not the s"me "s underst"nding " ch"pter. Loo4&or gener"li"tions, e7pl"n"tions, "nd interpret"tions "s you re"d. Te7t%oo4 "uthors do not hidetheir topic sentences: they "re usu"lly the &irst sentence in e"ch p"r"gr"ph.

<e#er simply %egin re"ding " te7t%oo4. irst loo4 through the entire "ssignmentInotice thech"pter title, the su%he"dings, "nd "ll the picture c"ption, c"rtoons, gr"phs, "nd so &orth. (ecome&"mili"r with the topic %e&ore you re"d. Second, s4im the "ssignment. !ou might e#en re"d onesu%section "t " time. <e7t, s4im it "g"in. This "ppro"ch is pre&er"%le to re"ding the entire"ssignment twice. Foncentr"te when you re"d. e"ding only words is " w"ste o& time. 2& someone"s4s you wh"t you h"#e re"d when you &inish you should %e "%le to s"y more th"n simply &i&teenp"ges.9 !ou might "s well h"#e re"d it %"c4w"rd=

ecent rese"rch on re"ding comprehension indic"tes th"t those who le"rn m"teri"l 4eep goingo#er "nd o#er it until they underst"nd. 'on?t get discour"ged. Fomprehension r"tes di&&er &rom

student to student. Another techniue is to re"d the &irst "nd l"st p"r"gr"phs o& the "ssignment.Still "nother is re"ding the &irst sentence o& e"ch p"r"gr"ph %e&ore or "&ter re"ding the "ssignment.Te"chers do students " disser#ice %y c"lling it " re"ding "ssignment.9 or the student it is "

“study and mastery assignment.”

Reading a Secondary Source

!ou will occ"sion"lly encounter " second"ry source3 " >ourn"l "rticle, " monogr"ph, or "ninterpret"tion. The "uthor usu"lly hits you %etween the eyes with his thesis3 this "uthor %elie#esth"t...992n this "rticle 2 will pro#e th"t...99Bne c"nnot esc"pe the conclusion th"t sl"#ery w"s "nunpro&it"%le economic %urden on the South.9

As4 yoursel&3 wh"t is the "uthor trying to pro#e Most second"ry source "rguments "re soemph"tic"lly st"ted th"t they "re o#erst"ted. @h"t "re the "uthor?s "ssumptions @h"t is his pointo& #iew How does this source comp"re to other sources you h"#e re"d Te"chers "ssignsecond"ry sources to illustr"te " point o& #iew on " disputed concept. As4 yoursel& wh"t theconcept is "nd wh"t point o& #iew is represented. This is the stu&& &rom which ess"y uestions

spring. Be critical as you read; be an active participant in the study of



history.

How to Write an EssayThe Essay As An !!ortunity

An ess"y gi#es you the &reedom to m"4e " st"tement in " uniue w"y, %ut &irst you must h"#e "n"rgument worth writing "nd re"ding. A#oid the tempt"tion to write e#erything you 4now or to tell "ple"s"nt story.

An ess"y "llows you to demonstr"te your "%ility to org"nie m"teri"l. ;#eryd"y con#ers"tion isdisorderly: writing should not %e. Thin4 through "nd org"nie your "nswers to pr"ctice ess"yuestions. T"4e " second loo4 "t your cre"tion the ne7t d"y. @hile wor4ing on " pro>ect we&reuently &eel pro&ound, %ut Mond"y?s m"sterpiece is o&ten @ednesd"y?s dri#el. 2& possi%le, gi#eyoursel& time to rel&ect on your written wor4.

The words used in "n ess"y must do more th"n >ust communic"te. 'on?t write "%out " su%>ect:write to persu"de. (e c"re&ul o& "%str"ct words such "s democr"cy, progress, success, "ndindi#idu"lism. Fert"in "%str"ct words c"rry " wide r"nge o& de&initions "nd connot"tions. T"4e thetime to de&ine "n "%str"ct word to yoursel& e#en i& you do not incorpor"te the de&inition into youress"y. 2t helps you &ocus on th"t "spect o& the word the ess"y uestion intends.

Use "d>ecti#es to con#ey the "mount o& gener"lity or speci&icity needed &or " p"rticul"r sentence.Merch"nts led the re#olt "g"inst Ere"t (rit"in.9 Ur%"n merch"nts e7tensi#ely eng"ged inimperi"l tr"de led the re#olt "g"inst the newly en&orced (ritish n"#ig"tion "cts.9 The &irst o& thesetwo sentences is #"gue, the second speci&ic. <ow loo4 "t "nother sentence. The U.S. h"s "

democr"tic go#ernment.9 !ou could h"#e written th"t sentence in &ourth gr"de= 2s it "p"rli"ment"ry democr"cy, represent"ti#e democr"cy, direct democr"cy or imper&ect democr"cy'o you me"n politic"l, economic, soci"l, or religious democr"cy 'o you me"n democr"tic inresults or in opportunity B&ten " single "d>ecti#e su&&iciently descri%es " noun: &or e7"mple,&"scist le"ders,9 or m"rgin"l &"rmers.9

The third opportunity o&&ered %y ess"y tests is the opportunity to write. @"tch the "dults in yourli&e. A m">or di&&erence %etween those who "re success&ul "nd those who "re not is their "%ility toe7press themsel#es %y written me"ns. Le"rning how to write concisely gi#es you "n "d#"nt"ge,"nd the only method o& le"rning how to writ is to write. M"stering writing is h"rd wor4, "nd must%e redone e"ch gener"tion. ;#en the children o& Ph.'s must le"rn punctu"tion "nd #oc"%ul"ry

us"ge. Foncentr"te on m"stering the %"sics. <othing you e#er le"rn m"tches the supreme sense o&sel&-con&idence you &eel 4nowing th"t you 4now how to write. Gnowledge is power: m"stering thecommunic"tion o& 4nowledge is e7hil"r"ting power.

Rules To "ollo# $n %riting Essays

A&ter you h"#e decided wh"t you w"nt to write, the writing o& "n ess"y is " r"ce "mong the



"mount o& p"per you h"#e, the cloc4 on the w"ll, the in4 in your pen, "nd the muscles in your h"nd.irst, 4now your history: second, org"nie your thoughts: third present your "rguments: "nd &ourth,support them.

T"4ing " test is sc"ry. All"y those &e"rs %y "deu"te study. 2& you h"#e studied, you 4now moreth"n you thin4, "nd your initi"l sense o& p"nic is un>usti&ied. (udget your time, &or you h"#e plenty.

'el"y writing your ess"y &or "ppro7im"tely one-&i&th to one-&ourth o& the "llotted time. Cor " /$minute test do not write "t le"st *0 minutes.D 2& you h"#e more th"n one ess"y, outline "ll your"nswers %e&ore you write " single ess"y. 2& you "re gi#en " choice, choose your uestions c"re&ully"&ter re"ding the directions "nd the wording o& e"ch uestion. Thin4 "%out the uestion. 'o youunderst"nd it @"tch &or "%solute words-ne#er "ll , only, e#ery, "nd so &orth. )uic4ly %egin to >otdown ide"s "nd &"cts "%out "ll the uestions you "re "nswering. 'on?t &orget to num%er your"nswers correctly.

M"4e " conceptu"l "rguments in your ess"y "nd chec4 &or gr"mm"tic"l errors "nd misspellings.Some students pound " single point, %elie#ing th"t const"nt rest"ting "dds to "n ess"y. A#oidlengthy discussion o& minor or peripher"l m"teri"l.

@hen you "re &inished, %rie&ly re"d your ess"y "nd chec4 &or gr"mm"tic"l errors "ndmisspellings. The omission o& " single word m"y ch"nge the me"ning o& your ess"y. A studentocc"sion"lly %egins "n ess"y with one "rgument, re"lies, he h"s %etter support &or the opposite#iewpoint, "nd ch"nges the rem"inder o& the ess"y without ch"nging the introduction. or e7"mple,he "nswers "n ess"y on sl"#ery "s the sole c"use o& the ci#il w"r %y "greeing with the st"tement inthe introduction "nd pro#ing th"t there were multiple c"uses in the %ody o& his ess"y.

rganiing 'our Essay

The &irst rule o& org"niing "n ess"y is underst"nding th"t there "re no st"nd"rd p"tterns o&

org"ni"tion to &ollow in coo4%oo4 &"shion. The n"ture o& the m"teri"l, the purpose o& the ess"y,"nd the potenti"l gr"der determine the p"ttern o& org"ni"tion. M"ny te"chers insist upon " &i#ep"r"gr"ph &orm"t-introduction, three well de#eloped p"r"gr"phs, "nd " conclusion. The wording o&some uestions, howe#er, does not &it the &i#e p"r"gr"ph p"ttern. 2n the *560?s, the in&"nt UnitedSt"tes w"s con&ronted y the hostile policies o& the two ;urope"n superpowers. Assess the #"lidity o&this st"tement.9 !ou might org"nie your "nswer "round "t le"st three %ro"d conceptu"l points,%eing c"re&ul to include %oth Ere"t (rit"in "nd r"nce. Br you could use " &our p"r"gr"ph &orm"t,one &or e"ch n"tion in the %ody o& your ess"y, "nd incorpor"te some concepts within theintroduction "nd the conclusion.

Brg"nie your "nswer "ccording to the 4ey words in the uestion-list, comp"re, contr"st, de&ine,discuss, illustr"te, e7pl"in, de&end, di&&erenti"te, outline, summ"rie, "nd "sses. An ess"y is written

in the &orm o& " thesis or "rgument de&ending " position or point o& #iew. Su%st"nti"te concept withspeci&ic &"cts. Foncrete det"ils should &it in with one "nother "nd with the "ppropri"te concepts.St"lin died M"rch $, *6$/. (ro4e your tr"in o& thought. 'idn?t it An "ppropri"te &"ct thrown into"n ess"y in order to impress " gr"der with your depth 4nowledge usu"lly h"s " opposite e&&ect.

A uestion o&ten permits choice in org"ni"tion. 2n the *560s, Ere"t (rit"in "nd r"nceinter&ered with our domestic politics, #iol"ted our neutr"l rights, "nd pre#ented us &rom "chie#ingour &oreign policy go"ls. Assess the #"lidity o& this gener"li"tion.9 Bne "ppro"ch is to write threep"r"gr"phs in the %ody o& your ess"y, one &or e"ch conceptu"l gener"li"tion concerning domestic



politics, neutr"l rights, "nd &oreign policy go"ls. Suppose you &eel we"4 in one "re", though, such is" #iol"tion o& our neutr"l rights. 'o you w"nt " s4impy, two sentence p"r"gr"ph s"ndwiched%etween two he"lthy p"r"gr"phs An "ltern"ti#e is to org"nie the "nswer "round the two countriesr"ther th"n the three concepts.

2n the &irst "ppro"ch you discuss the concept itsel&, "nd tr"ce it through (ritish "nd rench

policies. Along the w"y you should introduce distinction %etween these n"tions "nd e7pl"in shi&ts inpolicy. This org"ni"tion is "n e&&ecti#e method to emph"sie di&&erences %etween something th"tiniti"lly seemed simil"r. or e7"mple, the degree o& rench inter&erence in our domestic "&&"irs &"re7ceeded Ere"t (rit"in?s. (e c"re&ul to remem%er to &ocus const"ntly on the concept.

2n the second "ppro"ch the &ocus is on the rench r"ther then on rench #iol"tions o& our neutr"lrights or on rench inter&erence with our domestic politics. !ou should tre"t the three concepts inthe s"me order within %oth your rench "nd (ritish p"r"gr"phs. 2& you %egin the rench p"r"gr"phwith the #iol"tion o& our neutr"l rights, %egin the (ritish p"r"gr"phs the s"me w"y. A dis"d#"nt"geo& this org"ni"tion is th"t it m"y le"#e the gr"der wondering i& you "nswered the uestion.

Answering "n ess"y uestion reuires " pl"n. 2n order to "nswer "n ess"y you must &irstunderst"nd wh"t is %eing "s4ed. The &irst &i#e to do in "nswering "n ess"y "re to re"d the uestion,re"d the uestion, re"d the uestion, re"d the uestion, re"d the uestion. Li4e re"ding pro%lems inm"them"tics, the phr"sing is th"t gi#es students trou%le. Underline the 4ey words or phr"ses in theuestion.

Butline "n "nswer %e&ore writing. Use " topic, phr"se, or sentence outline, whiche#er you pre&er,%ut w"tch the time. 2& you "re unorg"nied, >ot down on scr"p p"per "ll the concepts "nd &"ctspert"ining to the "nswer, "nd then org"nie the ess"y. The &in"l picture doesn?t emerge %y itsel&:you must outline %ec"use otherwise your ess"y will resem%le the tr"nscript o& " monologue. 2ncon#ers"tion you 4eep t"l4ing until the listener gets your point, %ut in writing you don?t h"#e the"d#"nt"ge o& w"tching &"ci"l e7pressions to determine i& the re"der underst"nds.

The seuence o& conceptu"l points should %e c"re&ully pl"nned. Put conceptu"l "ssertions in their"ppro7im"te order o& di&&iculty, with the most comple7 or interesting either "t the end, to &inishyour ess"y on " high note, or "t the %eginning, to get the gr"der?s "ttention.

;"ch one o& your conceptu"l points should re#e"l something "%out the centr"l topic. !our %"sic"ssumptions must %e "s e7plicit "s possi%le. (e sure not to contr"dict "ssumptions.

Test gener"li"tions %y thin4ing o& e7ceptions "nd counter"rguments. The ess"y gr"der 4nowsthe counter"rguments: there&ore, you must "ddress them. ;ither e7pl"in the counter"rguments &ullyor put them in " su%ordin"te cl"use. The "rgument th"t sl"#ery would h"#e died n"tur"lly west &the *00th meridi"n is " hypothesis th"t "ssumes sl"#ery w"s prim"rily tied to cotton culture. 2t w"sinste"d " r"ci"l institution...9 This pro#es you understood, considered, "nd dismissed th"t "rgument%ec"use you h"d " %etter e7pl"n"tion.

The (eginning Paragra!h

2ntroductory p"r"gr"phs "re di&&icult to write. A good %eginning p"r"gr"ph h"s " cle"r, precisethesis th"t uneui#oc"lly st"tes your m"in ide" "nd wh"t you "re pro#ing. 2t t"4es "



positionJ"ttitude. 2n other words, it t"4es " st"nd "nd lets the re"der 4now e7"ctly where you st"nd.Precision is cruci"l in the %eginning p"r"gr"ph. 'on?t %e too %ro"d, including ide"s th"t the ess"ywill not "ddress, or too n"rrow, omitting ide"s or limiting your e#entu"l scope. Let yourintroduction le"d into the %ody o& your ess"y. !ou m"y st"te your thesis %y rewording the uestionin the &orm o& "n "rgument"ti#e st"tement, %ut you run the ris4 o& simply rest"ting the prompt. Thisis " ris4y m"neu#er "nd one you should "#oid unless out o& ide"s.

History students &reuently lin4 their ess"y to in"ppropri"te, i& "uthorit"ti#e, historiogr"phy. 2&the uestion "s4s wh"t c"used the Fi#il @"r, do not %uild your ess"y "round the rem"r4 th"t theFi#il @"r %eg"n with the initi"l "rri#"l o& %l"c4s in *+*6 %ec"use you h"#e "ssumed theresponsi%ility &or &illing in the ye"rs %etween *+*6 "nd *8+*. Argue inste"d th"t the institution o&sl"#ery cre"ted politic"l "nd economic di&&erences too pro&ound &or compromise, or th"t thee7istence o& %l"c4s, emph"siing sl"#ery "s " r"ci"l system r"ther th"n " system o& l"%or, w"s theroot c"use o& the w"r. ;ither st"tement is more precise th"n the mere "rri#"l o& %l"c4s. Histori"nswho %egin with the "rgument continue to de#elop it: students usu"lly h"#e di&&iculty &illing in the

inter#ening ye"rs. )onstantly ask yoursel*+ #hat does the ,uestion ask- #hat is mythesis- is my thesis manageable.

The )oncluding Paragra!h

The concluding p"r"gr"ph is your l"st impression on the gr"der. A conclusion should strengthenyour ess"y, not undermine it. 'on?t h"stily throw " conclusion together. Thin4 "%out wh"t youh"#e written. 2& the ess"y is long, write " %rie& summ"ry o& your m"in points. A#oid " mererec"pitul"tion o& your ess"y, %ut don?t introduce new ide"s. Another possi%le ending is to %rie&lyel"%or"te on your thesis &rom your introduction.

!ou m"y introduce new m"teri"l in " conclusion i& you "re not m"4ing " new conceptu"l point.A&ter c"re&ully descri%ing speci&ic c"uses o& the Fi#il @"r, you might m"4e some short commentson the c"uses o& w"r in gener"l. Mo#e &rom the speci&ic to the gener"l. The Fi#il @"r, li4e "llw"rs, illustr"tes m"n? in"%ility to compromise. ;motion renders compromise either impossi%le to"chie#e or impossi%le to sust"in. Mor"l righteousness "nd pr"ctic"l politics c"nnot coe7ist.9

Another e7ception to the rule "g"inst introducing new m"teri"l is the ess"y th"t descri%es the"&term"th or result o& something. An ess"y descri%ing the "chie#ements o& %l"c4s duringeconstruction might end on " neg"ti#e or positi#e note. or inst"nce, r"ci"l eu"lity w"s writteninto the Fonstitution %ut l"ter ignored. The ci#il rights l"ws represented " de&erred promise o&eu"l rights. The South slum%ered until in>ustices "w"4ened the <orth to e&&ecti#e inter#ention togi#e %l"c4s minimum leg"l eu"lity. @h"t might h"#e %een in the *8+0s w"s "chie#ed %y the %itterstruggles o& the *6+0s. The second econstruction completed the promise o& the &irst.9

;nd "n ess"y strongly. 'on?t con&ess th"t your ess"y pro%"%ly is not worth re"ding. A conclusionis not the pl"ce &or "pologies &or in"deu"te prep"r"tion, "c4nowledgement o& e7ceptions to yourthesis, or concession to opposing ide"s. 'e"l with possi%le contr"dictions to your thesis in the %odyo& the ess"y. Le"#ing o%>ections out until the end suggests th"t you >ust thought o& the points "ndthrew them in, li4e " coo4 throwing " missing ingredient on top o& " h"l&-%"4ed c"4e. 'on?t end "n



ess"y with " smiley &"ce, The ;nd,9 or dr"m"tic sign"ture. These gi#e the impression you "retrying to get %y on person"lity inste"d o& 4nowledge.

AP US History F! " #$! Writing

Guide%ine Pac&et To be a successful writer in AP US History you must follow certain guidelines.

I have compiled a collection of tips, rules, and must dos for you to use in thewriting process and assist you in your !uest to develop into an accomplishedwriter.

Use this as a chec"list on every #$% & '(% we do in class to insure thatyouve done everything you must do. It will eventually become second natureand with practice become much easier. This will help all of you, evenaccomplished writers, become better at writing for all of your classes.

1)Answer the Prompt' This is the absolute number one rule. If you donot answer the prompt you will not score on the #$% or '(% standards. )ouare simply eliminated. Also, be sure you answer all parts of the prompt.Prompts often have multiple sections, so ma"e sure to underline parts of the

prompt li"e "ey words or areas to address.

2)Assume a Position(Attitude' Ta"e a side. *f course you maydiscuss the virtues of both sides of an issue, thats simply good debating,but you must ultimately choose a side and support it in your paper. If you

do not choose a side you are simply being undecided and you will scoreeither not at all or poorly.

3)What are you pro)ing*' )ou must prove a point in your #$%s &'(%s. If you go bac" and read your thesis does it tell you e+actly whatyoure proving. ot your introductory paragraph, but your thesis. If it doesnot you need to alter your thesis to ma"e it easier for your writer to followwhat you are proving and easier for them to read. The less the reader hasto wor" at reading your paper and searching for meaning the higher yourscore will be. Thin" about it, they read hundreds of papers and if you ma"ethem wor" hard they will doc" you points for it. -now the system in which

you will be tested and wor" the system.

4)#e)e%op a Strong Thesis' A thesis statement in an essay is asentence that e+plicitly identies the purpose of the paper. This is thelynchpin to any good paper. It will tell the reader in one sentence what youare proving and what they are to loo" for in the paper. 'o not list in yourthesis, thats what your introductory paragraph is for /paraphrasing whatyou will use to support your thesis.0 Bottom line, if you have a weak



thesis, you have a weak thesis you have a weak paper. Prove a point!!!

5)#ump +our $rain ,ut ,n Paper' 1hen you rst see the #$% or'(% !uestion simply write down on a scratch sheet of paper everything you"now about the sub2ect. )ou may then use that to 3steal4 information for

later while you are writing your outline or essay. This is e+tremely helpfulwhen you are stuc" while writing or to 2og your memory about facts that youmay not recall while writing. There also may be parts of this you simplydont use and thats o". It gets your mind wor"ing and helps preventwriters bloc".

6),ut%ine- ,ut%ine- ,ut%ine' After reading, underlining important parts,and dumping your brain out on paper the ne+t step is to create an outline.Start with your thesis and develop an outline li"e I showed you in class.5verything on it must support your thesis or it doesnt belong. Use specicdetails, facts, and support information to prove your point. 1hen done, itsuseful because you can loo" at the information on one page and see that itall ts. )our prewriting should not ta"e more than 6 minutes for #$%,reading the material and prewriting 76 minutes for '(% so you do not leaveyourself short of time to write the actual essay. 'oing an outline well willhelp eliminate an+iety and allow you to concentrate on your writing.

)Po%itica%- Economic- .u%ture /PE.0' $eaders are loo"ing for you toaddress all three areas in your essay, because all three put together providethe reader with a sense that you completely understand and are able toanaly8e the topic from multiple perspectives.

)Use Transitions' The use of strong transitions lin"s ideas, sentences,and paragraphs together. They will greatly add to the 9ow and readabilityof your essay. It will ma"e the essay more en2oyable to the reader, ma"e iteasier to read, and increase your score. :ary your use of these words andavoid using the same transitions over and over.

")$e Specic /$S0' In your thesis and within your answers. Site specicinformation to aid in your analysis and support your thesis. 'evelop adetailed outline, within the time frame, that you may use later to write from.

1#) Trans%ate- ,rgani1e- Thesis- Essay /T,TE0' $ ranslate;underline "ey words. 1hat do they want to "now< Put the !uestions in yourown words. %rgani8e; 6 minutes to brainstorm & outline. $ hesis; 6 minutes,be specic and use words from your outline. &ssay; => minutes to write.

11) Audience- 2oice- 3essage- Signicance /A23S0' 'uthor. ( oice? perspective or viewpoint. essage? 1hat does it say< 1hatdoes it suggest< *ignicance? 1hy is it important< $hese tips are



e+tremely helpful when e+aminin -ouments for your /B0s.

12) #efend- Ana%ysis- $ac& to !uestion- Answer ThePrompt' In your body paragraphs defend your position. $efer bac" to the!uestion. These both ma"e it easier for you to prove your point and remindthe reader what you are proving. (rie9y, and in some way, refer bac" to the

!uestion. This allows you and the reader to maintain focus on what you areproving, your analysis, and your supports. @onsistently throughout thepaper chec" bac" and ma"e sure that you are answering all parts of theprompt and what it is as"ing, not what you want it to as".

13) A)oid #irect !uoting' Use paraphrasing, and incorporate the!uotes within your thoughts. The readers are loo"ing for your ability toanaly8e, not dictate.

14) A)oid 4aundry 4isting' 3In document A..., and document (...4

ust say what youre going to say and prove what youre going to prove.

15) 5e)er Stop Writing #uring the Exam6

16) #ou7%e Space so you can go 7ac& and edit6

1) 8f you ma&e an error put one %ine through it- a)oidscri77%ing it out6

1) Assume the readers &now the documents6

A!" AnalysisA / Author 00 $denti*y the source o* the document

1 / 1oice 00 %hat is the author2s !ers!ective.Slave #ner. President. )riminal.

3 / 3essage 00 (rie* summary o* the contents

$n your o#n #ords / do not ,uote4

S / Signi*icance 00 %hy is the message im!ortant.Ho# does it !rove your thesis.



AP ;ss"y u%ric

5 0 6

• H"s " cle"r well-de#eloped thesis th"t K"nswersK the prompt "nd which guides the ess"y throughout. • 'emonstr"tes underst"nding o& the comple7ity o& the topic. • ;&&ecti#ely uses "ll or " su%st"nti"l num%er o& documents "nd interprets them correctly C'()D: uses m"ny

"ccur"te &"cts "nd det"ils &rom the time period CD. • ;&&ecti#ely anal$%es, interprets, "nd maes in"erences &rom the in&orm"tion.

• Supports thesis with m"ny rele#"nt &"cts "nd interprets th"t in&orm"tion correctly.

• M"y cont"in insigni&ic"nt errors th"t do not hinder "rgument or org"ni"tion.

7 0 8

• H"s " thesis which "ddresses the ess"y prompt. • Fle"rly e7pl"ins the di&&erences or simil"rities o& the issue: some im%"l"nce is "ccept"%le. • ;&&ecti#ely uses some o& the documents C'()D or uses some &"cts to support interpret"tion CD. • 2ncludes some outside &"cts with little or super&ici"l interpret"tion.

•

M"y cont"in minor errors th"t do not inter&ere with comprehension.

9 0 :

• H"s " limited, con&used, or poorly de#eloped thesis, m"y rest"te the prompt, or h"s we"4 org"ni"tion "nd

writing. • 'escri%es di&&erences or simil"rities in " gener"l or simplistic m"nner: m"y co#er only p"rt o& the topic. • (rie&ly cites documents Csometimes in " Kl"undry listKD or uotes documents C'()D, interprets documents

or outside &"cts incorrectly C'() D, simply mentions &"cts without interpret"tion CD. • Font"ins &ew &"cts or cont"ins &"cts th"t "re irrele#"nt or in"ccur"te.

• M"y cont"in m">or historic"l errors.

; 0 <

• H"s no thesis or " thesis th"t does not "ddress the topic. • Shows in"deu"te or in"ccur"te underst"nding o& the uestion.

• Font"ins little or no underst"nding o& the documents or ignores them completely. • Font"ins in"ppropri"te &"cts or no outside &"cts.

• 2ncludes numerous errors, %oth m">or "nd minor.

TTE %riting Process

T / Translate / $denti*y #hat the ,uestion is asking

Put it into your o#n #ords



/ rganie 00 =ist the historical to!ics you rememberthat are relevant to the ,uestion)ategorie to!ics>ey %ords nly4$nclude documents on ?(@2s

T / Thesis 00 Ans#er all !arts o* the ,uestion in one !aragra!h(e S!eci*ic and )onciseRE1$SE444

E / Essay 00 "ollo# the outline you created

?escribe the history you kno#And %hy it is signi*icant to your thesis

Technic"l ;ss"y @riting CT;@DAn Appro"ch to Te"ching Timed AP ;ss"y @riting

'ne o" the more di""icult things to teach $oung students in () *+ #istor$, ho o"ten "ind

themsel-es in their "irst (d-anced )lacement class, is e""ecti-e essa$ riting ithin a

time restricted en-ironment! +ometimes e-en the .rightest students are una.le to riteessa$ in the mid/range 0 1 2 categor$ ithin the time limit! 3echnical Essa$ Writing is

not a sil-er .ullet approach to that di""icult$, .ut it is an approach that has ored ell

"or me and "or m$ students, and 4 hope it gi-es $ou some success!

TE% *or the "ree Res!onse Essay

2n this testing situ"tion, the student h"s /0 /$ minutes choose %etween two ess"yuestions, tr"nsl"te the uestion into &"mili"r terms, &r"me "n outline o& speci&ic historyto write "%out, "nd then to construct "n ess"y. <o e"sy t"s4 &or most *+ ye"r olds. 2 &indth"t this "ppro"ch helps them to %etter m"n"ge their time while t"4ing the test, "ndstudents end up writing more org"nied ess"ys th"t meet the criteri" &or the gr"dingru%ric.



TTE

Translate < minuteB The most common error we &ind on AP ess"ys when we gr"dethem in Te7"s is th"t the student &und"ment"lly &"ils to "nswer the uestion. 2 h"#e "llo& my students rewrite the uestion in their own words "t the top o& the ess"y, to

continu"lly remind them o& wh"t the ess"y uestion is "s4ing &or. 2& the student h"strou%le underst"nding the uestion, "nd is un"%le to tr"nsl"te9, 2 simply h"#e themrewrite it #er%"tim.

utline 7 minutesB 2?m " %ro4en record on this with my students. 2& theoutlineJ%r"instorm is well constructed, the rest o& the ess"y writes itsel&. Here thestudents list "s m"ny speci&ic e#ents, people, court c"ses, etc. th"t pert"in to the uestion"s they c"n remem%er. (y e"rly 'ecem%er "t le"st, they should %e org"niing the itemson the outline "s they write them down into use&ul c"tegories. or the we"4er writers,;conomic, Soci"l "nd Politic"l will do. Although clichN, they need to st"rt somewhere.

2 "lso tell my students to use the c"tegory guidelines pro#ided with m"ny ess"yuestions. or e7"mple, the &ollowing ess"y uestion &rom the *66$ '()3

5(nal$%e the changes that occurred during the 6789’s in the goals, strategies andsupport o" the mo-ement "or ("rican/(merican ci-il rights!:

2nste"d o& using ;, S, P on this ess"y, "ll student should use Eo"ls, Str"tegies "ndSupport. (y using the c"tegories pro#ided in the uestion itsel&, you minimie the ris4th"t students will ignore " m">or portion o& the uestion Cwhich is commonly doneD.

As writers %ecome more "d#"nced throughout the ye"r, 2 encour"ge them to cre"te theirown more sophistic"ted c"tegories when the uestion does not pro#ide them.

The Butline techniue is "lso " good $-minute entry t"s4 &or " cl"ss, "s well "s "di"gnostic tool to "ssess whether or not students "re m"stering the m"teri"l "s youprogress throughout " unit.

Thesis 7 minutesB 00 The AP Er"ders "re " uic4 re"d.@hile they "re c"re&ully normed to st"nd"rds "nd monitored &or gr"ding

inconsistencies, e"ch re"der spends on "#er"ge "%out / 1 minutes one"ch ess"y. @hile 2 h"#e p"rticip"ted m"ny times in this process, "nd h"#e &"ith in its"ccur"cy, 2 "lso tr"in my students to pl"ce the thesis in the &irst p"r"gr"ph o& the ess"y,"nd to speci&ic"lly "nswer the uestion with det"ils &rom their outline. 2t minimies theris4 th"t the re"der will miss the student?s m"in "rgument, "nd ensures th"t the studentwill not &orget to include " well-de#eloped thesis l"ter in the ess"y.

2n this portion o& TBT;, 2 encour"ge my students to spend " &ull &i#e minutes writing "



one-p"r"gr"ph thesis to st"rt their ess"y with. This is "lso " good entry t"s4 or pr"cticee7ercise to help de#elop their writing s4ills. 2 remind them th"t the thesis sets the tone&or the ess"y, "nd mentions speci&ic"lly wh"t they "re going to discuss in the ess"y. 2t"lso "llows me to co"ch them tow"rds writing " thesis in " more speci&ic "nd directed&"shion inste"d o& the gener"l theses we so o&ten re"d.

Essay <6 / 9: minutesB Students "re most ner#ous "%out this "spect o& the ess"y test,%ut using the T;@ writing method, the "ctu"l %ody o& the ess"y is the e"siest to write i&they h"#e m"de "n "ccur"te "nd complete outline.

At this point, the &irst p"r"gr"ph o& the %ody should %e written str"ight &rom the outlineo& the &irst c"tegory. 2n the c"se o& our ci#il rights uestion, "g"in3

5(nal$%e the changes that occurred during the 6789’s in the goals, strategies andsupport o" the mo-ement "or ("rican/(merican ci-il rights!:

th"t &irst p"r"gr"ph should discuss the Eo"ls o& the mo#ement. T"4e the &irst 4ey wordin the outline "nd e7press it in &ull sentences &orm"t, e7pl"ining the ide" completely, "ndthen lin4ing it %"c4 to the thesis. epe"t this process, in the e7"ct order o& the outline,thus w"sting no time "t "ll considering the order o& wh"t is to %e written ne7t. epe"tthe process with new p"r"gr"phs &or Str"tegies "nd Support. Their pencil ne#er stopsmo#ing during this process, "nd students who h"#e "lw"ys struggled to write " timedess"y well &ind they c"n gener"te / or more p"ges o& good historic"l m"teri"l on " reeesponse.

Fonclusions "re &ine "nd c"n "dd to the strength o& "n ess"y. Th"t %eing s"id, 2 te"ch mystudents not to write them &or two re"sons. irst, " common mist"4e is th"t the thesis"nd the conclusion dis"gree with e"ch other or do not complement e"ch other, le"#ingthe re"der con&used "s to the o#er"ll intent o& the ess"y. Secondly, e"ch re"der is gi#ingthe ess"y "n "#er"ge o& two minutes "t the gr"ding. 2t?s not th"t they don?t re"d thewhole ess"y, %ut the p"rt they will p"y less "ttention to is the conclusion, "s no newe#idence is introduced.

This gi#es the students " &ew e7tr" minutes "t the end o& the timed write th"t "llows

them to "dd to or rewor4 their thesis, correct errors, proo&re"d, etc.

2MPBTA<T3 The re"ders do not gr"de down &or punctu"tion, gr"mm"r "ndmisspellings, "s long "s they do not inter&ere with the comprehension o& the ess"y. Poorh"ndwriting is BG, "s long "s it is legi%le Cyou would %e surprised wh"t we c"n re"dD."ther th"n w"sting time on spelling, the student should concentr"te on m"4ing sure theide"s "nd content "%out the uestion "re there. A single line through " sentence youw"nt to "dmit inste"d o& " m"ss o& scri%%les or er"sing is more e&&ecti#e "nd less



distr"cting. Students c"n e#en l"%el the thesis or underline it to highlight &or the re"der,or, i& they w"nt to edit the order o& p"r"gr"phs, they c"n num%er them in order. (e surethey write the l"%el thesis9 in %ig letters i& they &eel the need to do th"t.

Some te"chers tell their students to underline the thesis e#ery time, "nd e#en to

underline documents or speci&ic pieces o& e#idence they w"nt the re"ders to notice. 2c"n?t s"y it will m"4e " di&&erence to e#ery re"der "t the gr"ding, %ut it surely doesn?thurt to use these techniues.

Covels commonly *ound on the AP Exam

*ncle 3om’s Ca.in %y H"rriet (eecher Stowe &iction"l description o& sl"#ery?s e#ils, widere"dership, credited with in&luencing more to the "%olitionist c"use

4n"luence o" +ea )oer %y Al&red T. M"h"n *860?s %oo4 which predicts th"t the ne7t m">or w"r%etween empires will %e won or lost on the oce"ns

( Centur$ o" Dishonor %y Helen Hunt "c4son ;"rly *860?s no#el criticiing go#ernment policiestow"rds <"ti#e tri%es. She sent " red le"ther %ound, signed copy to e"ch mem%er o& Fongress.

3he 'ctopus %y r"n4 <orris e7empli&ies "nd criticies the monopoly held %y the r"ilro"ds "nd howit str"ngled the Americ"n &"rmer.

#o the 'ther #al" ;i-es %y "co% iis photo>ourn"lism %oo4 portr"ying the horros o& tenementhousing "nd inner city conditions. Sometimes criticied &or st"ging some o& thephotosJmuc4r"4ingJyellow >ourn"lism

3he <ungle %y Upton Sincl"ir somewh"t sens"tion"lied "ccount o& the me"tp"c4ing industry inFhic"go "nd the uns"nit"ry conditions there. Fontri%utes to Teddy oose#elt?s signing o& the Me"t2npection Act, %ut &"ils to con#ince the popul"ce o& its soci"list mess"ge.



3he Great Gats.$ %y . Scott itger"ld e7empli&ies "nd su%tly criticies the r"mp"nt m"teri"lism "ndgreed o& the *60?s post @orld @"r 2 gener"tion.

3he +un (lso Rises %y Hemingw"y "n "nti-w"r %oo4 contri%uting to the popul"r %elie& th"t @orld@"r 2 w"s " tr"gedy th"t could not %e repe"ted

3he Grapes o" Wrath %y ohn Stein%ec4 story o& " 'ust (owl &"mily?s migr"tion to F"li&orni" "nd theh"rdships o& the Ere"t 'epression

+ilent +pring %y "chel F"rson considered %y m"ny to %e the %eginning o& the modern en#ironment"lmo#ement, her %oo4 l"mented the e&&ects o& pesticides on the "nim"l popul"tion "nd the d"ngers o&''T in p"rticul"r

AP US History and Related Websites

<B htt!+DDa!centralcollegeboardcomD / The )ollege (oard %ebsite / has some good lesson!lans- test details- teaching ti!s and course syllabi Generally good in*ormation- but the )(

guards s!eci*ic test material #ith *ierce co!yright !rotections #ownside$ you must register to usethe site% and some of the information is used for mar&eting research for publishers.

9B htt!+DD###a!studentcomD 00 An inde!endent site #ith a #ealth o* AP study guides-in*ormation about the test- document databases- and a *orum *or students and teachers toexchange ideas and issues on #ownside$ 'pdates are sometimes infre(uent% and a little of the testinfo is out of date. )nformation overload in the notecard section.

FB htt!+DD###yaleeduDla##ebDavalonDavalonhtm 00 The Avalon Proect / lots and lot o*!rimary source documents Great *or having the students create their o#n ?(@ assignment- orto use as a resource *or document analysis exercises #ownside$ "ometimes tedious pic&ing

through the e*tensive archive to find what you need or want.

:B htt!+DDmemorylocgovDammemD 0 The American 3emory Proect The =ibrary o*)ongress maintains this site- so it is extensive- accurate and #ell organied Get everything *romsheet music to !am!hlets to lesson !lans on this site #ownside$ As with many internet lesson plans% hard to find ones that are both valuable and interesting to &ids.

7B htt!+DD###historymentorcomD"R3AT / AP Site *rom (isho! 1erot High School- 3r IHamann- $nstructor Site has a nice concise descri!tion o* the test- but most valuable is a list o*

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/

http://www.apstudent.com/

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/

http://www.historymentor.com/#FORMAT

http://www.apstudent.com/

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/

http://www.historymentor.com/#FORMAT

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/



recent ?(@ to!ics *or the !ast several years Gives you an idea o* the !attern o* testing the)ollege (oard uses Has some use*ul links to other AP related to!ics #ownside$ +one

JB htt!+DD###orangek<9ohusDteachersDohsDTIordanDPagesDAPSyllabushtml 0 range HighSchool History site / TCS o* links to research sites- class sites- historical sites- you name it Aclearinghouse *or history #ownside$ about ,- of the lin&s no longer wor&.

Test Tips for the Week of the Mock Exam

<B Slee! 00 Sure, you l"ugh, %ut it?s pro%"%ly the single %est thing you c"n do. !ou might %e "%leto pic4 up " couple more o& pieces o& in&orm"tion, or pr"ctice " &ew %r"instorms, "nd youshould %ut "ll night study sessions "nd cr"m studying don?t wor4. There?s rese"rch to pro#eth"t too. The m">ority o& the content you c"n le"rn &or this test you "lre"dy 4now Cor don?t4nowD "nd " &ew hours o& studying won?t ch"nge th"t. Eet some sleep scheduled into your li&e.

9B Eat / <ot >un4 &ood, %r"in &ood. F"&&eine is " test enemy. So is sug"r. Eet " #ery good%re"4&"st on test d"ys eggs, or"nge >uice, or o"tme"l "nd some pot"toes. They will gi#e your%r"in morning &ood to run on "nd you won?t c"&&eineJsug"r high out in the middle o& the test.Also st"rt drin4ing more w"ter th"n usu"l your %r"in runs on it, "s does e#erything else. Thewee4 "&ter the test, it?s %"c4 to %urritos "nd mount"in dew. Bh, "nd one other thing peppermint stimul"tes %r"in &unction more studies pro#e th"t "lso.

FB The day o* 0- run through your notec"rds during %re"4&"st, "nd t"4e " loo4 "t the triggeruestion list you?#e m"de. Loo4 o#er one or two o& the more di&&icult %r"instorm topics &oryou. <othing much else will help you on the "ctu"l test d"y.

:B Tonight- 3onday and %ednesday/ i#e %r"instorms tonight "nd &i#e Mond"y night, "nother&i#e on @ednesd"y. Pic4 the themes you 4now the le"st. Try to %r"instorm themes inste"d o&uestions. Use this list to help you3

a Settlementb Religionc Economic ?evelo!mentd Slaverye <8JF0<887

http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/TJordan/Pages/APSyllabus.html

http://www.orange.k12.oh.us/teachers/ohs/TJordan/Pages/APSyllabus.html



* Revolution / )- )- R g Articles o* )on*ederationh )onstitutioni <86;2s 3ani*est ?estinyk Ie**erson and 3adison

l Trans!ortation Revolutionm Abolitionn <5;;2s Re*ormerso %ar o* <5<9! Iacksonian ?emocracy, The 3exican %ar / )- )- R r <57;2ss )ivil %ar / )- )- R

t.

AP Revie#DCotecard Terms

9:;;<s• amestown, :irginia

• Plymouth Plantation

• Bay9ower @ompact

• ohn SmithCPowhatan

• @ash crops

• Indentured servants

• The middle passage

• 1est Indies

• Anne Hutchinson

• $oger 1illiams

• PuritansCSeparatists

• Halfway @ovenant

• (loody tenant of Persecution

• Baryland Act of Toleration

• Single ProprietorshipC$oyalC@harter

• Dord (altimore

• @alvinism

• The Iro!uois @onstitution

• Triangular Trade

• 1illiam Penn

• $ice and Indigo

• Harvard and )ale

•

Salem• %ua"ers

• (acons $ebellion

9=;;<so @olonial Social Pyramid

o Scots?Irish Immigrants

o onathan 5dwards

o 3Sinners in the hands of an Angry Eod4

o The Ereat Awa"ening



o Peter Fenger

o EeorgeC*glethorpe

o #rench and Indian 1ar

o Albany Plan of Union

o Treaty of Paris /7G0

o Proclamation of 7G

o Bercantilism

o

avigation ActsCSalutary eglecto Sugar ActC(oycott

o Stamp ActCcongressCriots

o %uartering Act

o ) Degislature #ired

o Townsend 'uties

o (oston Bassacre

o Sons of libertyCPropaganda

o @ommittees of @orrespondence

o Tea act

o (oston Tea Party

o The @oerciveCIntolerable Acts

o De+ington and @oncord

o *live (ranch Petitiono (un"er Hill

o Samuel Adams

o Patric" Henry

o Thomas eJerson

o 'eclaration of Independence

o -ing Eeorge III

DoyalistsCTorieso Thomas Paine

o Common Sense

o ohn Adams

o (en #ran"lin

o Eeorge 1ashingtono Trenton

o Bolly Pitcher

o SaratogaCTreaty of Alliance

o )or"town

o Treaty of Paris /7GK0

o Dand *rdinance

o udiciary Act of 7GKL

o Shays $ebellion

o Articles of @onfederation

o @ontinental @ongress

o Darge StateCSmall State Plan

o (icameral Degislature

o Separation of Powers

o #ederalists

o Anti?federalists

o Ale+ander Hamilton

o orthwest *rdinance

o The (ill of $ights

o C6 @ompromise

o @hec"s and (alances

o ays Treaty

o Pinc"neys Treaty



o Hamiltons #inances

o 1ashingtons eutrality Proclamation

o Alien and Sedition Acts

o M)F AJair

o -entuc"y N :irginia $esolutions

9>;;<s $evolution of 7KOO 1ar with Tripoli Pirates

Marbury vs. Madison

Douisiana Purchase

Banifest 'estiny

3*utfederali8ing and #ederalists4

Dewis and @lar"

The 5mbargo Act

7KOK Slave import ban

on?Intercourse Act

Impressment

1ar of 7K7=

The Hartford @onvention

ames Badison

Treaty of Ehent

McCulloch vs. Maryland

$ush?(agot Treaty

#loridaCac"sonCSeminole

5ra of Eood #eelings

@umberland $oad

Transportation $evolution

Second Ereat Awa"ening

Bissouri @ompromise

#ugitive Slave Act

Bonroe 'octrine

American @oloni8ation Society

@ompensated 5mancipation

at Turner

5lections of 7K=> and 7K=K

The Spoils system

(roo" #armC*neida @ommunity

ohn @. @alhoun

3ullication4

Indian $emoval Act

ac"sonian vs. eJersonian 'emocracy

1illiam Dloyd Earrison

Henry @lay

Trail of Tears Te+as 1ar of Independence

Sam Houston

Alamo

Eoliad

San acinto

Erim"e Sisters

Amistad @ase

-now othing Party

6> >O or ght



Te+as Anne+ation

$io ErandeCueces

1ilmot Proviso

*stend Banifesto

Be+ican?American 1ar

#ree Soil Party

Spot $esolutions

Treaty of Euadalupe Hidalgo

Seneca #alls @onvention

Temperance Union

Eold $ush

'orothea 'i+

*regon Trail

Bormon Bigration

-ing @otton

@ompromise of 7K6O

Eadsden Purchase

Popular sovereignty

3(leeding -ansas4

Harriet TubmanCUnderground $ailroad

Pottawatomie @ree"

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

ohn (rownCHarpers #erry

Uncle Tom’s cabin

(roo"s?Summer incident

ames (uchanan

5lection of 7KO

Secession

orthernCSouthern Advantages

(order States

#ort Sumter

Bary @hesnutt

Anaconda Plan (ull $un ICBanassas

Antietam

5mancipation Proclamation

5M Parte Billigan

Eettysburg

7O Plan

Horace Ereeley

Bonitor vs. Berrimac"

:ic"sburg

AtlantaCTotal 1ar

Prisoner 5+change

Barch to the sea (loc"ade $unners

Technology vs. Tactics

5lection of 7K>

@opperheads

Andersonville

Appomatto+

<5J70<6;;



*0O Pl"n

"dic"l epu%lic"ns

Th"ddues Ste#ens

Fonuered Pro#ince Theory

edeemer9 Eo#ernments

Hir"m e#elsJederic4 'ougl"s

'"#is (endJSouth F"rolin" Se" 2sl"nds

10 "cres "nd " mule9

Amnesty Act

(l"c4 Fodes

reedmen?s (ure"u

Tenure o& B&&ice ActJ2mpe"chment

*8+8JEr"ntJ(loody Shirt

Sh"recroppers

Ten"nt "rmers

F"rpet%"ggers

Sc"l"w"gs

Sew"rd?s ollyJ*8+5

Tr"nscontinent"l "ilro"dJL"%or

Promontory PointJ@edding o& the "ils

Fredit Mo%ilier

;lection o& *85+

Fompromise o& *855

(oss TweedJS"muel Tilden

Tenement HousesJSwe"tshops

Erowth o& the cities

Gnights o& l"%orJH"ym"r4et Su"re

A o& LJS"m Eompers

2ntern"tion"l @or4ers o& the @orld C2@@DJ9@o%%lies9

Pin4ertons

(oo4er T. @"shingtonJAtl"nt" Fompromise

Plessy #s. erguson

@.;.(. 'u(oisJ<AAFP o%%er ("rons3

ohn '. oc4e&eller

Andrew F"rnegie

Fornelius "nder%ilt

"y Eould

P Morg"n

@illi"m "ndolph He"rst

Eospel o& @e"lth

Soci"l '"rwinism

Study Terms / <6;; / Present

AP US History

(o7er e%ellion

Ere"t white leet

oose#elt Foroll"ry CMonroe 'octrineD

P"n"m" F"n"l

Philippines 2nsurrection

;mili"no Aguin"ldo

Bpen 'oor PolicyJohn H"y

usso-"p"nese @"r CT?s in#ol#ementJsigni&ic"nceD



The ungle

Me"t 2nspection Act

Pure ood "nd 'rug Act

8J8J8

Upton Sincl"ir

F"#e"t emptor9

Muller #s. Bregon

The Su"re 'e"l

Trust%ustingJT"&t

;lection o& *6*

@ilson?s <eutr"lity

Merch"nts o& 'e"th9

U-(o"t w"r

;lections o& *6*+

F"uses o& US entry into @@2

Qimmerm"n Telegr"m

;usitania sining

ussi"n e#olution

irth o" a =ation C*6*$D

Fommittee &or Pu%lic 2n&orm"tion CProp"g"nd"DJEeorge Freel

@ilson?s ourteen Points

+chenc -s! *nited +tates

*+th "mendment

Tre"ty o& ers"illes

Lodge #s. @ilson

*8th "mendment

olste"d Act

Spe"4e"sies

(ootleggers

*6th "mendment

The irst ed Sc"re

P"lmer r"ids

@"rren E. H"rding Te"pot 'ome Sc"nd"l

F"l#in Foolidge

(usiness is Ging9JL"isse-"ire

Renopho%i"

S"cco "nd "netti

;mergency )uot" Act

<"tion"l Brigins Act

Scopes Mon4ey9 tri"l

M"teri"lism

3he Great Gats.$

Henry ord

Speci"lied l"%or Assem%ly line

Tin Liie

Luc4y Lindy

("%e uth

The it9 EirlJFl"r" (ow

2n#entions

T"l4iesJThe " Singer

@omen in the wor4pl"ce

l"ppers



H"rlem en"iss"nce

L"ngston Hughes

@"shington <"#"l Fon&erence

Gellog-(ri"nd p"ct

@ho didn?t prosper

Her%ert Hoo#er

(l"c4 Tuesd"y

M"rgin %uying

F"uses o& Ere"t 'epression

Hoo#er (l"n4ets

Hoo#erilles

econstruction in"nce Forp.

The %onus "rmy

Unemployment

'e&l"tion

;lection o& *6/

'?s &irst in"ugur"l "ddress

Tric4le-down theory CGeynesi"n economicsD

The (r"in trust

The <ew 'e"l CThree ?sD

("n4 holid"yJEl"ss Ste"g"ll Act

FFF

TA

P@A

("y o& Pigs

F"mp '"#id Accords

Fhi"ng G"i She4

Fold @"r

Fu%"n Missil Frisis

'ien (ien Phu

'omino Theory

'ougl"s M"cArthur

'wight ;isenhower idel F"stro

Eeorge Genn"n

Eul& o& Ton4in esolution

Henry Gissinger

Ho Fhi Minh

2r"n-Fontr" A&&"ir

2r"n Host"ge Frisis

immy F"rter

ohn oster 'ulles

oseph St"lin

Lyndon ohnson

M"o Qedong M"rsh"ll Pl"n

M"ssi#e ret"li"tion

<go 'inh 'iem

<SF-+8

<i4it" Ghrushche#

<orth Atl"ntic Tre"ty Brg"ni"tion

Pe"ce&ul coe7istence

ich"rd <i7on

Str"tegic Air Fomm"nd





Su!reme )ourt )ase Revie#AP US History

3R Trost

All o& the &ollowing "re court c"ses which h"#e "ppe"red on p"st AP US History e7"ms. 2 h"#e "ddedsome o& the more modern ones which m"y %e in this ye"r?s e7"m. or e"ch one, identi&y the ruling inthe c"se "nd the signi&ic"nce. !ou will not need to 4now the speci&ies o& the c"se itsel&, only thedecision "nd the result.

<B 3arbury vs 3adison <5;FB9B 3c)ulloch v 3aryland <5<6BFB Gibbons v gden <59:B:B ?red Scott v San*ord <578B7B Ex Parte 3illigan <5JJBJB Reynolds v United States <586B8B The )ivil Rights )ases <55FB5B Plessy v "erguson <56JB6B 3uller v regon <6;5B<;B %eeks v United States <6<:B<<B Schenck v United States <6<6B<9B lmstead v United States <695B<FB Po#el v Alabama <6F9B<:B >orematsu v United States <6::B<7B Everson v (oard o* Education <6:8B<JB ?ennis v United States <67<B<8B (ro#n v (oard o* Education <67:B<5B Gris#old v )onnecticut <6J7B<6B 3iranda v Ariona <6JJB9;B Roe v %ade <68FB9<B United States v Cixon <68:B99B Gregg v Georgia <68JB



Covels commonly *ound on the AP Exam

'ncle Tom/s 0abin %y H"rriet (eecher Stowe-&iction"l description o& sl"#ery?s e#ils, wide re"dership,credited with in&luencing more to the "%olitionist c"use.

)nfluence of "ea Power %y Al&red T. M"h"n *860?s %oo4 which predicts th"t the ne7t m">or w"r%etween will %e won or lost on the oce"ns.

A 0entury of #ishonor %y Helen Hunt "c4son ;"rly *860?s no#el criticiing go#ernment policiestow"rds n"ti#e tri%es. She sent " red le"ther %ound, signed copy to e"ch mem%er o& congress.

The Octopus %y r"n4 <orris e7empli&ies "nd criticies the monopoly held %y the r"ilro"ds "nd howthey str"ngled the Americ"n &"rmer.

1ow the Other 1alf 2ives %y "co% iis photo>ourn"lism %oo4 portr"ying the horrors o& tenement

housing "nd inner city conditions. Sometimes criticied &or st"ging some o& thephotosJmuc4r"4ingJyellow >ourn"lism.

The 3ungle %y Upton Sincl"ir somewh"t sens"tion"lied o& the me"tp"c4ing industry in Fhic"go "ndthe uns"nit"ry conditions there. Fontri%utes to teddy oose#elt?s signing o& the me"t inspection "ct, %ut&"ils to con#ince the popul"ce o& its soci"list mess"ge.

The 4reat 4atsby %y . Scott itger"ld e7empli&ies "nd su%tly criticies the r"mp"nt m"teri"lism"nd greed o& the *60?s post world w"r * gener"tion.

The "un Also 5ises %y Hemingw"y "n "nti-w"r %oo4 contri%uting to the popul"r %elie& the @orld

@"r * w"s " tr"gedy th"t could not %e repe"ted.



>ey #ords in essay ,uestionsEnumerate- n"me o#er, one "&ter "nother: list in concise &orm. ;numer"te the gre"t 'utch p"inters o&the se#enteenth century.Evaluate0 gi#e the good points "nd the %"d ones: "ppr"ise: gi#e "n opinion reg"rding the #"lue o&: t"l4o#er the "d#"nt"ges "nd limit"tions. ;#"lu"te the contri%utions o& te"ching m"chines.)ontrast0 (ring out the points o& di&&erence. Fontr"st the no#els o& "ne Austen "nd @illi"mH"4epe"ce Th"c4er"y.Ex!lain0 M"4e cle"r: interpret: m"4e pl"in, tell how9 to do: tell the me"ning o&.;7pl"in how m"n, "t times, trigger " &ull-sc"le r"instorm.?escribe0 gi#e "n "ccount o& tell "%out: gi#e " word picture o&. 'escri%e the pyr"mids o& Ei".?e*ine0 gi#e the me"ning o& " word or concept: pl"ce it in the cl"ss to which it %elongs "nd set it o&&&rom other items in the s"me cl"ss. 'e&ine the term "rchetype9.)om!are0 (ring out points o& simil"rity "nd points o& di&&erence. Fomp"re the legisl"ti#e %r"nches o&the st"te go#ernment "nd the n"tion"l go#ernment.?iscuss0 t"l4 o#er: consider &rom #"rious points o& #iew: present the di&&erent sides o&. 'iscuss the useo& pesticides in controlling mosuitoes.)riticie0 St"te your opinion o& the correctness or merits o& "n item or issue: criticism m"y "ppro#e ordis"ppro#e. Friticie the incre"sing use o& e7ecuti#e "greement in intern"tion"l negoti"tions.Iusti*y0 Show good re"sons &or: gi#e your e#idence: present &"cts to support your position. usti&y theAmeric"n entry into @orld @"r 22.Trace0 ollow the course o&: &ollow the tr"il o&: gi#e " description o& progress. Tr"ce the de#elopmento& tele#ision in school instruction.$nter!ret0 m"4e pl"in: gi#e the me"ning o&: gi#e your thin4ing "%out: tr"nsl"te. 2nterpret the poeticline, the sound o& co%we% sn"pping is the noise o& my li&e9.Prove0 est"%lish the truth o& something %e gi#ing &"ctu"l e#idence or logic"l re"sons. Pro#e th"t in "&ull-employment economy " society c"n get more o& one product only %y gi#ing up "nother product.$llustrate0 use " word picture, " di"gr"m, " ch"rt, or " concrete e7"mple to cl"ri&y " point. 2llustr"te theuse o& c"t"pults in the "mphi%ious w"r&"re o& Ale7"nder.Summarie0 Sum up, gi#e the m"in points %rie&ly. Summ"rie the w"ys in which m"n preser#es &ood.



)reate Revie# Sheets Examining the (ig Pictures

3ake one sheet o* !a!er *or each o* the *ollo#ing ideas"irst try to *ill out the in*ormation by memoryThen *ill in the blanks #ith your notes and the book$* you are really rough in one area- use APEK tutorials to revie# the material

)olonial Society

<ew ;ngl"nd Middle Southern CFhes"pe"4eD

@hen@h"t Folonies

@hy they settledGey PeopleEo#ernment Brg"ni"tioneligion;conomicsThin4 "%out their rel"tionshipJconnection toJor respect &or the home country

(ritish )ontrol

How did they try to control the colonies @hy Time Line

Merc"ntilism @h"t is going on in (rit"inHow does this correspond with(ritish Policy with the Folonies

S"lut"ry <eglect

Road to Revolution

Eo through "nd descri%e the e#ents th"t led to the e#olution

Post Revolution+ Ce# Cation

Loo4 "t the Articles o& Fon&eder"tionPowers

@e"4nesses



Accomplishments

2ssues occurring with @estern Territories, oreign powers, 2nter "nd intr" st"te commerce

@hy did these issues le"d to the Fonstitution eder"list #s. Anti&eder"lists(ill o& ights

%ar o* <5<9

@h"t is going on %etween ;ngl"nd "nd r"nce "t the turn o& the century2mpressmentsAmeric"n e"ction

F"uses

esults o& the @"r

Fonnection to 'emocr"cy "nd @estw"rd ;7p"nsion.

Study the Themes3 Politics, <"tion"lism, 'emocr"cy, Section"lism, @estw"rd ;7p"nsion

Themes3

Politics Cationalism ?emocracy Sectionalism %est#ard Ex!ansioneder"list #s. Anti&eder"list udici"l e&&erson ;#ents, opinions led tow"rds @"r o& *8*H"milton #s. e&&erson ;conomic "c4son @h"t e#entsJpeopleJcompromises <"ti#esSt"tes? ights #s. eder"l Power Politic"l 4ept the Union together Louisi"n" Purch"se

Ad"m?s Presidency Liter"ture, "rt, "rchitecture ;conomic Lewis Fl"r4Fultur"l e&orms etc. ole o& @"r o& *8*Tre"tiesM"ni&est 'estiny2ndustri"l e#olution

M"4e the connections with these themes2nclude 4ey terms Cpeople, e#ents, etc.D in chronologic"l orderThin4 "%out how they imp"cted the theme

;7pl"in how m"ni&est destiny "nd e7p"nsion led to "ttempts to e7p"nd outside o& the continent"l U.S.Csteps tow"rds imperi"lismD

Fonnect the themes to Section"lism "nd the ro"d to the Fi#il @"r



3r Trost

A?1AC)E? P=A)E3ECT UC$TE? STATES H$STR'RE1$E% ASS$GC3ECTS "R "$CA= EKA3$CAT$C

AC? A?1AC)E? P=A)E3ECT EKA3

*. "ting the Presidents-"te the top &i#e "nd %ottom &i#e presidents in U.S. History.

2nclude e#"lu"tions "nd re"sons.

. History o& A&ric"n-Americ"ns- Unit %y Unit in outline &orm. Att"ch notes where needed.

/. History o& Americ"n @omen- Unit %y Unit in outline &orm. Att"ch notes where needed.

1. 2ntern"tion"lJoreign Policy Fontinuum Lines C/D Ten e#ents &or e"ch line sp"nning U.S. History &rom the coloni"l period to the

present. 2nclude line pl"cements, descriptions, "nd re"sons.

$. 'omestic Fontinuum Lines C$D S"me directions "s in 1. emem%er there "re &i#e lines, ten e#ents in e"ch line.

+. Fourt 'ecisions-Twenty most import"nt Supreme Fourt decisions in U.S. History Butcomes "nd re"sons &or import"nce.

5. Time Period 2denti&ic"tion-2nclude descriptions "nd contro#ersies o& e"ch o& the m">ortime periods studies in the course.

8. Liter"ture %y Unit or Time Period-2nclude &i#e m">or wor4s o& liter"ture &or e"ch timeperiods with description "nd genre.

6. Person"l Timelines- !our own timelines including m">or e#ents "nd in&luences.

*0. Soci"l History-Li#es o& the poor "nd un4nown throughout U.S. History-" re#iew.

<ote3 2tems 1 "nd $ ARE RE@U$RE? you m"y choose "ny &i#e o& the rem"ining eight items. !ou mustcomplete " tot"l o& 5 o& the *0 items listed.

@ith "c4nowledgement "nd "ppreci"tion to 'r. P"ul 'ic4ler, <esh"miny High School L"nghorne, P".



CONTINUUM LINESA?1AC)E? P=A)E3ECT US H$STR'

$CTERCAT$CA=D"RE$GC P=$)'

2sol"tionism-----------------------------------------------------------------2nter#entionism

2mperi"lism-----------------------------------------------------------------Anti-2mperi"lism

Use o&-----------------------------------------------------------------------<o Use o& Milit"ryMilit"ry orce orce

?3EST$) )CT$CUU3S

St"tes ights----------------------------------------------------------------<"tion"l Power

2ndi#idu"l ights-----------------------------------------------------------M">ority ule

2mmigr"tion-----------------------------------------------------------------<"ti#ism

L"isse-"ire----------------------------------------------------------------Eo#ernment"l control o& (usiness

L"%or-------------------------------------------------------------------------M"n"gement

%omen2s Rights

Loo4 these up3

;u"l ights Amendment C;AD;u"l Bpportunity ActTitle 2R

Title 22 o& the ci#il ights Act o& *6+1Iloo4 up "nd re"dA&&irm"ti#e Action



The (un) Official

United StatesHistory

Cram Packet• This is not intended "s " su%stitute &or regul"r study . (ut it is " !o#er*ul tool &or re#iew.



*1613 Tre"ty o& Tordesill"s di#ides world %etween Portug"l "nd Sp"in

• *1653 ohn F"%ot l"nds in <orth Americ".

• *$*/3 Ponce de Leon cl"ims lorid" &or Sp"in.

• *$13 err""no e7plores <orth Americ"n Fo"st.

• *$/6-*$13 Hern"ndo de Soto e7plores the Mississippi i#er "lley.

• *$10-*$13 Foron"do e7plores wh"t will %e the Southwestern United St"tes.

• *$+$3 Sp"nish &ound the city o& St. Augustine in lorid".

• *$563 Sir r"ncis 'r"4e e7plores the co"st o& F"li&orni".

• *$81 *$853 o"no4e the lost colony

• *+053 (ritish est"%lish "mestown Folony %"d l"nd, m"l"ri", rich men, no gold

- He"dright System l"nd &or popul"tion people spre"d out

• *+083 rench est"%lish colony "t )ue%ec.

• *+063 United Pro#inces est"%lish cl"ims in <orth Americ".

• *+*13 To%"cco culti#"tion introduced in irgini". %y ol&e

• *+*63 irst A&ric"n sl"#es %rought to (ritish Americ".

• irgini" %egins represent"ti#e "ssem%ly House o& (urgesses

• *+03 Plymouth Folony is &ounded.

- M"y&lower Fomp"ct signed "greed rule %y m">ority

• *+1 <ew !or4 &ounded %y 'utch

• *+63 M"ss. ("y &ounded Fity Upon " Hill9

- Eo#. @inthrop- (i-c"mer"l legisl"ture, schools

• *+/03 The Purit"n Migr"tion

• *+/3 M"ryl"nd &or pro&it proprietorship

• *+/1 oger @illi"ms %"nished &rom M"ss. ("y Folony

• *+/$3 Fonnecticut &ounded

• *+/+3 hode 2sl"nd is &ounded %y oger @illi"ms

• H"r#"rd Follege is &ounded

• *+/8 'el"w"re &ounded *st church, *st school

• *+16 M"ryl"nd Toler"tion Act &or Fhrist"ins l"tter repe"led

• *+$0-*+6+3 The <"#ig"tion Acts "re en"cted %y P"rli"ment.

- limited tr"de, put t"7 on items

• *++0 H"l& @"y Fo#en"nt get people %"c4 into church erosion o& Purit"nism

• *+503 Fh"rles 22 gr"nts ch"rter &or F"rolin" colonies estor"tion Folony

• *+53 (lue L"ws3 Fonnecticut de"th codes &or dis"greeing with p"rents or %i%le

• *+5+3 ("cons e%ellion irgini" ("con w"nts &rontier protection &rom roy"l Eo#. (er4eley

put down- &irst uprising "g"inst (ritish

• *+83 Pennsyl#"ni" is &ounded %y @illi"m Penn. )u"4er *st li%r"ry center o& thought

<orthSet up l"ws J codes(rought &"miliesLess l"nd V closeness

South'ependent on crop 4ills l"ndLess ur%"nied

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Soci"l "nd economic mo%ilityPurit"n wor4 ethic(etter rel"tions with 2ndi"ns

Poorer communic"tion, tr"nsport"tion2ndi"n pro%lemsSlower de&ense

• *+8+3 'ominion o& <ew ;ngl"nd roy"l Eo#. Andros "ttempt to uni&y <orthern colonies to

cur% independence - Suspended li%erties town meetings- "iled Andros le&t

• *+86-*5*/3 Ging @illi"mWs @"r CThe @"r o& the Le"gue o& Augs%urgD.

• *+63 The S"lem @itchcr"&t Tri"ls.

• *+6+3 P"rli"ment"ry Act.

• *+66-*5$03 estrictions on coloni"l m"nu&"cturing.

• *500?s ;nlightenment re"son, n"tur"l rights, diesm Cgod m"de uni#erse %ut doesn?t control

itD- ohn Loc4e, Ad"m Smith, ousse"u

Colony Characteristics(i-c"mer"l legisl"ture @hite, m"le,l"ndowners #oteTown meetings <o (ritish TroopsMo%ocr"cy to oppose "uthority Legisl"ture go#ernor is puppetFourts J l"w Sm"ll, ("l"nced,;lected<o st"nding "rmies

• *50-*5*/3 )ueen AnneWs @"r C@"r o& the Sp"nish SuccessionD.• *50 *5103 Ere"t Aw"4ening Eeorge @hite&ield, ;dw"rds, Ei%%ens thre"tning

- s"l#"tion &or "ll, e7treme piety, 'i#ine Spirit

• *5//3 Eeorgi" Folony is &ounded. %u&&er st"te

• Mol"sses Act import t"7 on mol"sses, sug"r, rum

to cur% tr"de with rench @est 2ndies not strictly en&orced

• *5/$3 Qenger Tri"l #ictory &or &reedom o& the press truth is not li%el

• *510-*5183 Ging EeorgeWs @"r C@"r o& the Austri"n SuccessionD.

• *5$1-*5+/3 The rench "nd 2ndi"n @"r

- B#er Bhio i#er "lley tr"de J settlement

- rench %uild &orts ort 'uuesne "nd "re &riendly with the 2ndi"ns- ;nglish Eo#. 'unwittie h"s stoc4 in Bhio L"nd Fomp"ny sends Eeorge@"shington to e7pel the rench

- (ritish decl"re w"r

• *5$1 Al%"ny Pl"n o& Union - &or de&ense &"ils "nd shows disunity o& colonies

Colonies RejectT"7"tion %y colony, crown, "nd coloni"lgo#.

Crown’s RejectionFolonies m"4e own l"wsFolonies h"#e own protection

Historiography(onomi "w"4ening w"s" contest %etween;nlightenment "ndPietism

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Southern st"ted don?t w"nt to p"rticip"tein

<orthern w"rsepresent"tion %"sed on hom muchmoney e"ch

colony gi#es

(ritish should %e responsi%le &orprotectionPresident not elected

Folonies h"#e right to decl"re w"r

• *5+* writs o& "ssist"nce se"rch w"rrents to en&orce <"#ig"tion "cts "mes Btis opposes

• *5+/3 Tre"ty o& P"ris ends the rench "nd 2ndi"n @"r - rench loose "ll territory

• P"7ton (oys e%ellion diss"tis&ied "%out &rontier protection in PA

• Procl"m"tion o& *5+/ restricts settlement west o& the App"l"chi"ns

• Ponti"c?s e%ellion tri%es org"nie "g"inst (ritish mo#ement

• SALUTB! <;EL;FT ;<'S

• *5+13 The Sug"r to r"ise re#enue ;ngl"nd in de%t

- cut Mol"sses Act in h"l&- o%>ection *st direct t"7 <o t"7"tion without represent"tion9

• Furrency Acts pre#ents printing o& coloni"l money

• *5+$3 The St"mp Act t"7 on printed m"teri"ls to 4eep troops in colonies9

- colonists don?t w"nt st"nding "rmy- Sons o& Li%erty en&orce non-import"tion

• St"mp Act Fongress Protests St"mp Act

- @e %uy only &rom ;ngl"nd, "nd deser#e eu"l pri#ileges

• *5++3 )u"rtering Act colonies must support troops

• *5+53 The Townshend Acts t"7 le"d, p"int, p"per, gl"ss, te"

- colonies re"ct %y non-import"tion, S"muel Ad"ms Fircul"r letter- Eo#ernor o& M"ss suspends legisl"ture

• *5503 The (oston M"ss"cre.

• Eolden Hill M"ss"cre in <!

• *553 S"muel Ad"ms org"nies the Fommittees o& Forrespondence.

• E"spee 2ncident (ritish ship %urned "ttempted to collect t"7es

• *55/3 The Te" Act - reduces price to te" gi#es ;ngl"nd " monopoly

• (oston Te" P"rty dump te" into se"

• *5513 The 2ntoler"%le Acts to punish (oston

• (oston Port Act closes ports

• M"ss"chusetts Eo#ernment Act no town meetings, no tri"l %y >ury, milit"ry rule,)u"rtering Act

• )ue%ec Act )ue%ec "dded to Bhio i#er "lley

- (rit"in supports people in )ue%ec F"tholic, don?t h"#e tri"l %y >ury, no election

• The irst Fontinent"l Fongress con#enes in Phil"delphi"

irst Continental CongressModer"te don?t w"nt to split &rom ;ngl"nd

Side <ote3Admir"lty Fourts roy"lcourts th"t were p"id &or

con#ictions.- Folonists

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'em"nd rights o& ;nglishmenoseph E"llow"y )lan o" *nion council with deleg"tes &rom colonies, president %yFrown re>ected'ecl"r"tion o& ights "nd esol#es re>ect 2ntoler"%le Acts, ultim"tum no tr"de;st"%lish Fontinent"l Associ"tion to en&orce

.

•

*55$3 ("ttles o& Le7ington "nd Foncord• The Second Fontinent"l Fongress con#enes.

Secon! Continental CongressMore r"dic"l2ssued 'ecl"r"tion o& F"uses "nd <ecessity o& T"4ing up Arms9Appoint Eeorge @"shington "s comm"nderBli#e (r"nch Petition l"st "ttempt to reconcile- re>ected

• *55+3 .H. Lee?s esolution should %e independent st"tes9

or In!epen!enceMilit"ry "d#"nt"gesLoss o& n"tur"l rights tri"l %y >ury, t"7"tion withoutrepresent"tion,

u"rtering, ch"rters, no "ssem%lyLimited currencyighting &or home rule(ritish go#ernment impr"ctic"l(est time to unite

"gainst In!epen!ence<o milit"ryL"ws were %ro4en we "re %eing punished'emocr"cy h"sn?t wor4ed %e&ore<o cert"in &oreign supportFonseuences o& losing<ot uni&iedT"7"tion &or protection

• *55+3 Americ"n 'ecl"r"tion o& 2ndependence

• Thom"s P"ineWs Common +ense

• ("ttles o& Long 2sl"nd "nd Trenton

• *5553 ("ttle o& S"r"tog" turning point in e#olution

• Fongress "dopts the Articles o& Fon&eder"tion - 'ic4inson

"rticles o# Con#e!eration2ndependent, &ree, so#ereign st"tes Union &or de&ense

H"#e s"me duties "nd restrictions 'eleg"tes "ppointed"nnu"lly;"ch st"te one #ote reedom o& speech "ndde%"te2ndi#idu"l st"tes c"n?t enter into "lli"nces F"n?t w"ge w"r withoutconsent with &oreign st"tes Money in tre"surydepends on #"lue o& l"ndF"n?t enter "lli"nce or hold tre"ties without F"n?t control tr"de



consent o& congress

• ermont ends sl"#ery.

• *5583 Tre"ty o& Alli"nce %etween the United St"tes "nd r"nce sends n"#y "nd "rmy

• *5563 Sp"in decl"res w"r on ;ngl"nd.

• *58*3 (ritish surrender "t !or4town - Fornw"llis looses

• *58/3 Tre"ty o& Pe"ce is signed #iol"ted Articles o& Fon&eder"tion we"4- 2ndependence recognied- Er"nted &ishing rights- Loy"list restitution o& property- (rit"in withdr"ws &rom &orts C<ot re"llyD- ree <"#ig"tion o& Mississippi

• *58$3 L"nd Brdin"nce o& *58$. go#ernment responsi%le

o#er territory

• Tre"ty o& Hopewell - ends hostilities with Fhero4ee

• *58+3 Sh"yWs e%ellion depression, no m"r4et, no h"rd

currency, &"rmers poor- w"nt M"ss. Eo#ernment to print more money- re%ellion put down %y don"tions Articles o& Fon&eder"tion &"ils- no "rmy

• Ann"polis Fon#ention "greement %etween st"tes - &"ils

• *5853 Fonstitution"l Fon#ention in Phil"delphi". to re#ise Articles

.

Constitution2. House o& epresent"ti#es sole power to impe"ch, %ill &or re#enue Sen"te try impe"chments Fongress t"7, e7cese, duties, commerce regul"tion, decl"re w"r, r"ise "rmy

22. ;7ecuti#e comm"nder, m"4e tre"ties with consent, "ppoint >udges222. Supreme Fourt origin"l >urisdic"tion2. Protection "g"inst in#"sion, domestic "nd &oreign. J/ o& %oth houses to "mend constitution

• Ere"t Fompromise %i-c"mer"l legisl"ture Ceu"lity in Sen"te, popul"r in HouseD

• /J$ Fompromise

• <o import"tion o& sl"#es "&ter *808

• "mes M"dison de#elops principles &or the US Fonstitution

• <orthwest Brdin"nce prohi%its sl"#ery in west, pro#ides &or st"tes to %e "dmitted on

eu"l st"tus• *5863 Eeorge @"shington is in"ugur"ted &irst President.

• udici"ry Act est"%lish courts %ene"th Supreme Fourt

• rench e#olution don?t help r"nce

• *56*3 The (ill o& ights is r"ti&ied

$ill o# Rights

Historiogr"phy("ncro&t uest &or li%erty(eer, Andrews, Eipson constitution"l issuesFh"rles (e"rd economic con&lict o&cl"sses(oorestine preser#e tr"dition"l rights

@ASH2<ETB<

*586*56+

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2. reedom o& speech, press, religion, "ssem%ly22. ight to 4eep "nd %e"r "rms222. <o u"rtering without consent2. Ag"inst se"rch "nd seiure. <ot su%>ected to s"me o&&ense twice, %e depri#ed o& li&e, li%erty, or property2. ight to speedy tri"l

22. Eu"r"nteed tri"l %y >ury222. <o e7cessi#e %"il, &ines or cruel "nd unusu"l punishment2R. ights not con&ined to wh"t is writtenR. Powers not deleg"ted to U.S. "re reser#ed to st"tes

• irst ("n4 o& the United St"tes is est"%lished

• H"milton?s Progr"m de%t is good, tie interests o& rich, promote home m"nu&"cturing,

"lli"nce with (rit"in

Ha%iltonPeople chec4ed %y eliteStrong centr"l go#ernment

<"tion"l de%t(ritish go#ernment is model;7ecuti#e in &or li&e@e"4 st"te go#ernment

&e##ersonEo#ernment run %y peopleFentr"l go#ernment too oppressi#e "nd

e7pensi#e(ritish go#ernment corrupt;7ecuti#e not perpetu"lAg"inst st"nding "rmy

• *56/3 ;li @hitney in#ents the Fotton Ein.

• *5613 The @his4ey e%ellion poor &"rmers don?t w"nt to p"y e7cise t"7 @"sh. uses troops

to put down

• *56$3 "y Tre"ty - with (rit"in US will not tr"de with ports opened during w"r time th"t were

closed .

during pe"ce time (rit"in will le"#e &orts C<ot re"llyD "nd will "llow US to tr"de inAsi"

• Pinc4ney?s Tre"ty with Sp"in &ree n"#ig"tion o& Mississippi i#er, right o& deposit in

<ew Brle"ns.

• *56+3 @"shingtonWs "rewell Address strong centr"l go#ernment "nd &oreign neutr"lity

• *56+3 ohn Ad"ms Ceder"listD elected : e&&erson CepD P

• R!Q A&&"ir3 r"nce "tt"c4s Am. Ships "nd m"4es unre"son"%le dem"nds no money, no

w"r

• *5683 Alien "nd Sedition Acts illeg"l to pu%lish "nything "g"inst go#ernment or president

• *568-*5663 irgini" "nd Gentuc4y esolutions g"#e st"tes right to nulli&y i&

unconstitution"l "nti-Alien "nd Sedition Acts

• *5663 ries Uprising oppose &eder"l t"7 on property put down

• Log"n Act citien c"n?t represent go#ernment - Eeorge Log"n "ttempts to negoti"te with

r"nce

• *8003 Fon#ention o& *800 H"milton negoti"te with r"nce, we p"y to Am. "tt"c4ed %y r"nce

• Thom"s e&&erson elected go#ernment ch"nges to 'emocr"tic-epu%lic"n

• *80/3 Louisi"n" Purch"se eder"lists oppose est"%lish loose construction o& the Fonstitution

• Mar.ur$ -s! Madison / Supreme Fourt decl"res p"rts o& the udici"ry Act o& *586

Supreme Fourt could decl"re l"w unconstitution"l "nd powers o& Fourt only gi#en in

A'AMS*56

;;SB<



Fonstitution

• *8013 <ew ersey ends sl"#ery.

• *th Amendment sep"r"te %"llots &or President "nd ice President

• ;sse7 unto eder"list org"ni"tion in <ew ;ngl"nd "ttempts to seceed

• *801-*80+3 Lewis "nd Fl"r4 ;7pedition.

• *80$3 Tipoli w"r ends de&e"t o& ("r%"ry pir"tes

• *8053 o%ert ulton %uilds his &irst ste"m%o"t.

• US ship ;eopard sun4 %y (r. &or re&us"l to %e se"rched

• ;m%"rgo Act stop e7ports no w"r, no impressment eder"list o%>ect to cut o&& tr"de

• *8083 A&ric"n Sl"#e Tr"de ends.

• *8063 <onintercourse Act resumes tr"de with "ll %ut r"nce "nd (rit"in

• *8*03 Fletcher -s! )ac - "ction o& st"te c"n %e decl"red unconstitution"l

• *8**3 Fh"rter &or ("n4 o& U.S. re>ected

• ("ttle o& Tippec"noe3 H"rrison de&e"ts 2ndi"n Tecumseh who m"de "lli"nce with 2ndi"ns &or

de&ense

• *8*-*8*13 The @"r o& *8* to protest tr"de, stop impressment, protect merc"ntilism

- @"r H"w4s w"nt F"n"d" to >oin- eder"list "g"inst w"r

• *8*13 Tre"ty o& Ehent ends w"r with " st"tus-uo

• ;r" o& Eood eelings %egins

• H"rt&ord Fon#ention eder"lists "g"inst @"r o& *8* "nd merc"ntile pr"ctices o& M"dison

• *8*+3 nd ("n4 o& U.S. cre"ted

• *st protecti#e t"ri&&

• Americ"n Foloni"tion Society &ounded to reloc"te &ree %l"c4s to Li%eri"

• ;lection o& M"dison CepD #s. Ging CedD

• Henry Fl"y?s Americ"n System &eder"lly &ounded domestic impro#ements "nd protecti#e

t"ri&&

• *8*5 eto o& (onus (ill %y M"dison (onus %ill &or domestic impro#ements

• ush- ("got 'is"rm"ment %etween US "nd (r. to get &ishing rights

• *8*83 Fon#ention o& *8*8 en&orcement o& &ishing rights <. Louisi"n" %ound"ry "t 16

p"r"llel

• *8*63 Tr"nscontinent"l Tre"ty - Eet lorid" &rom Sp"in "c4son in#"des, remo#e Sp"nish

thre"t

• P"nic o& *8*5 l"nd specul"tion, %"n4s c"n?t p"y lo"ns o& ("n4 o& US V %"n4 runs

• McCulloch -s! Mar$land ;n&orced constitution"lity o& nd ("n4 o& US "nd the power to

t"7 is the power to destroy9

• Dartmouth College -s. Woodard/ (ro"d interpret"tion o& contr"ct• *803 Missouri Fompromise M"in "dmitted "s &ree st"te "nd Missouri " sl"#e st"te %ut no

sl"#ery northMissouri

• L"nd Act reduce price o& l"nd encour"ge de#elopment

• *83 Fum%erl"nd o"d (ill to %uild ro"d Monroe #etoes

• *8/3 Monroe 'octrine decl"red <o &uture coloni"tion o& this hemisphere

• Tre"ty with ussi" get e#erything under $1 p"r"llel

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• *813 ;lection ohn )uincy Ad"ms CepD de&e"ts Andrew "c4son CepD, Fl"y CepD

- "c4sons Forrupt ("rg"in9

• Gi..ons -s! 'gden interst"te tr"de controlled %y &ed. courts

• *8$3 The ;rie F"n"l is opened.

• *8+3 P"n"m" Fon&erence CPA< Americ"nD - Fongress doesn?t send "m%"ss"dor to "#oid

sl"#ery issue

• *883 T"ri&& o& A%omin"tions protecti#e South opposes• +outh Carolina Exposition and )rotest %y F"lhoun

re"&&irms right o& st"te to nulli&y

• ;lection o& *883 "c4son promises to limit e7ecuti#e

power, intern"l impro#ements, lower de%t

• *883 emo#es "ppointies trusts &riends 4itchen c"%inet9

• *863 M"ys#ille o"d (ill eto only within Gentuc4y

• @e%ster Cn"tion"listD H"yne Cst"tes rightsD 'e%"tes %eg"n o#er T"ri&& o& A%omin"tions

• *8/0s3 The Second Ere"t Aw"4ening.

• *8/03 ("ltimore "nd Bhio "ilro"d %egins oper"tion.

• *8/*3 3he ;i.erator %egins pu%lic"tion. "%olitionist %ecome #oc"l• <"t Turner e%ellion

• Fyrus McFormic4 in#ents the re"per.

• *8/*-*8/83 The Tr"il o& Te"rs--Southern 2ndi"ns "re remo#ed to B4l"hom".

• *8/ T"ri&& o& *8/ r"ises t"ri&&s "g"in F"lhoun resigns

• orce (ill "llows president to do wh"t is necess"ry to en&orce t"ri&&

• 'rdinance o" =ulli"ication 1 South F"rolin" nulli&ies t"ri&&

Fl"y negoci"tes "nd reduces t"ri&&

• eto o& ("n4 o& U.S. re-ch"rter

• 'ep"rtment o& 2ndi"n "&&"irs est"%lished

• Seminole @"r with 2ndi"ns %egins

• Cheroee =ation -s! Georgia eder"l go#ernment h"s control, not Eeorgi"

• Agreement with (rit"in to open @est 2ndies ports

• *8//3 oger T"ney remo#es &eder"l &unds &rom ("n4 o& U.S. %y order thin4s %"n4 is

unconstitution"l

• *8/$-*8/+3 Te7"s @"r &or 2ndependence Lone St"r epu%lic9

• *8/+3 The E"g ule

• Specie Fircul"r western l"nd must %e p"id %y h"rd currency

• ;lection o& *8/+ H"rrison C@higD de&e"ted %y "n (uren C'emocr"tD

• *8/53 US recognies the epu%lic o& Te7"s.

• B%erlin Follege enrolls its &irst women students.

• Charles ridge -s! Warren ridge/ only strict interpret"tion o& contr"ct

• P"nic o& *8/5 in p"rt due to "c4son?s withdr"w"l o& &unds &rom ("n4 o& U.S.

- "n (uren does nothing

• *6/8 *8/63 Aroostoo4 @"r9 %loodless %ound"ry dispute %etween M"ine "nd <ew

(runswic4

• *8103 2ndependent Tre"sury System constructs #"ults to hold &eder"l money

• ;lection o& *810 H"rrison C@higD de&e"ts "n (uren

A'AMS*81

HistoriographyP"rton "c4son w"nted todomin"teTurner "c4son triumph o&democr"cy "nd represent"tiono& people uni#ers"l m"nhoodsu&&r" e "nd two "rt s stem

AFGS

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- H"rrison c"tches pneumoni" "nd dies, P ohn Tyler %ecomes president

'e%ocrats"c4son, F"lhoun, "n (uren, (entonepu%lic"ns9Ag"inst monopolies "nd pri#ilege

'ecre"se t"ri&&or st"te rights

(higsFl"y, @e%ster, ohn )uincy Ad"ms,H"rrisoneder"lists9

or n"tion"l power: ("n4 o& US2ncre"se in t"ri&&s2ntern"l 2mpro#ements

• *81*3 2ndependent Tre"sury Act epe"led

• Tyler #etoes re-ch"rter o& ("n4 o& U.S.

• Preemption (ill to distri%ute money &rom s"le o& western l"nds to st"tes %ill de&e"ted

• *813 T"ri&& (ill r"ised t"ri&&s %"c4 to *8/ st"tus

• 'orr e%ellion3 hode 2sl"nd re%ellion "g"inst l"nd u"li&ic"tions &or #oting Tyler puts

down

•

*8/63 @e%ster Ash%urton Tre"ty ends %ound"ry dispute• *81/3 Bregon Tr"il - migr"tion

• *8113 ;lection o& *811 Pol4 C'emD de&e"ts Fl"y C@higD "nd (irney CLi%erty "nti-sl"#eryD

• *81$3 T"7es "nne7"tion (ill %y Tyler permits "dmission o& Te7"s "nd lorid"

• Anne7"tion o& Te7"s

• *81+3 ;li"s Howe in#ents the sewing m"chine.

• *81+-*8183 Me7ic"n-Americ"n @"r- Een. T"ylor pro#o4es Me7ic"ns %y mo#ing into disputed

io-Er"nde J <euces i#er- Three p"rt pl"n to t"4e o#er Me7ico decide "g"inst

• Slidell Mission Slidell sent to negoti"te re>ected %y Me7ico

•

*81+,*8153 @ilmont Pro#isto no sl"#ery in new st"tes &ormed &rom Me7ic"n l"nd re>ected

• $19 10? or ight Eet Bregon %elow 16 th p"r"llel

• eest"%lish 2ndependent Tre"sury System #"ults

• @"l4er T"ri&& (ill lowered t"ri&&

• *815 Pol4 'octrine resurrection o& Monroe 'octrine concerning "dmitting new st"tes into

union

• B%t"in Bregon %elow 16 p"r"llel

• *8183 Trist Mission Trists negoti"tes Tre"ty o& Eu"delupe Hid"lgo

- Eet territory o& Arion", F"li&orni", Folor"do, <e#"d", <ew Me7ico, Ut"h, "nd @yoming

•

Eold is disco#ered "t SutterWs Mill in F"li&orni".• @omenWs ights Fon#ention is held in Senec" "lls, <! he"ded %y Mott "nd St"nton

• ;lection o& *818 T"ylor C@higD de&e"ts F"ss C'em. &"ther o& pop. so#ereigntyD "nd

"n (urenCree-Soil "%olitionistsD T"ylor dies C*8$0D Mil"rd illmore P

• *8$03 Fl"y?s Fompromise o& *8$0 p"sses "s sep"r"te "cts during illmore %ut #iol"ted

- F"li&orni" &ree st"te- Bther "re"s popul"r so#ereignty- US t"4es Te7"s de%ts- Sl"#e tr"de %"nned in @"shington

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- ugiti#e Sl"#e L"w strengthened

• Fl"yton (ulwer Tre"ty U.S. "nd (rit"in "gree to neutr"lity o& " c"n"l in Fentr"l Americ"

• *8$3 Fommodore M"tthew Perry opens "p"n to US tr"de.

• ;lection o& *8$3 Pierce C'emD de&e"ts Scott C@higD

• *8$/3 E"dsden Purch"se %uy l"nd &rom Me7ico to %uild

• *ncle 3om’s Ca.in - Stowe

• *8$13 The G"ns"s-<e%r"s4" Act - p"ssed to cre"te two st"tes &or " to go to west sl"#eryin st"tes

determined %y popul"r so#ereignty <orth &e"rs o#erturn o& Missouri Fompromise

• <ew ;ngl"nd ;migr"nt Aid Society into Gens"s J <e%r"s4" territory

• *8$1-*8$6 (leeding G"ns"s Tope4" Cree SoilersD go#ernment #s. LeFompton Csl"#eryD

go#.

• Bstend M"ni&esto %y (uch"n"n to t"4e Fu%" re>ected

• @"l4er e7pedition @"l4er r"ises "rmy, t"4es <ic"r"gu", Pierce recognies new

go#ernment

• *8$+3 L"wrence Mo% iolency3 "%olitionist m"teri"ls %urned

• Pott"w"tomie M"ss"cre3 ohn (rown 4ills &our pro-sl"#ery people• ;lection o& *8$+3 (uch"n"n C'emD de&e"ts remont Cep ree SoilD "nd illmore CGnow

<othingsD

• *8$53 The 'red Scott decision.

- sl"#es "re property to %e t"4en "nywhere "llows &or sl"#ery in <orth- Missouri Fompromise unconstitution"l

• LeFompton Fonstitution re>ected

• P"nic o& *8$5 depression (uch"n"n does nothing

• *8$8 Lincoln 'ougl"s 'e%"tes on e7tension o& sl"#ery into new territories

• ree Port 'octrine 'red Scott decision h"s to %e en&orced i& not popul"r so#ereignty

rules• A House 'i#ided9 "g"inst itsel& c"n?t st"nd Lincoln?s speech

• *8$6 ohn (rown?s "id H"rpers erry to &ree sl"#es

• *8+03 Frittenden Fompromise l"st "ttempt "t "mendment "g"inst %"rring sl"#ery %elow /+? /0

line - &"ils

• *8+03 ;lection o& *8$0 Lincoln CepD de&e"ts 'ougl"s C'emD

- Lincoln not "%olitionst

or Seccession<orth #iol"tes rights doesn?t en&orce

&ugiti#e l"wsHistory right to "%olish " destructi#ego#ernmentMoney &rom tre"sury goes &or <ortherninterestsEo#ernment &or the northEo#. t"4ing "w"y property<o m">ority rights t"4en "w"y

"gainst Seccession<ot truly &ree "nd independent st"te

Agreed to &ollow m">orityE"#e up rights to >oin union&orm " more per&ect union9Fontr"ct "mong people not st"tes

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• *8+0-*8+$3 The Fi#il @"r

• *8+03 South F"rolin" secedes.

• (eginning o& 2ndustri"l e#olution Euilded Age9

• *8+*3 The Fi#il @"r %egins "t ort Sumter (e"ureg"rd CSD

&ires &irst shot

• <ecessity Gnows no L"w9 Lincoln incre"ses "rmy,

n"#y, *st income t"7, green %"c4s, no &reedomo& press or speech, ill"ndigh"m CFopperhe"d Pe"ce 'emD >"iled

• Fon&eder"cy est"%lished '"#is President: Stephens - P

Con#e!erate Constitution<o protecti#e t"ri&&s <o &eder"l &undedimpro#ementsSt"tes could impe"ch &eder"l o&&icers St"tes supremeSl"#ery protected J/ o& house to "ppropri"temoney CPro%lemD

• *8+* G"ns"s "dmitted "s " &ree st"te

• Ex )arte Marr$man Lincoln suspends h"%e"s corpus "nd

p"sses m"rti"l l"w in M"ryl"nd T"ney s"ys only Fongress c"nSuspend h"%e"s corpus

• (ull un South wins Fi#il @"r %ecomes long

• *8+3 P"ci&ic Act p"rti"lly &ed. &unded g"#e l"nd &or

• Homeste"d Act *8+ go#. l"nd gr"nts &or "gricultur"l college

• *8+/3 ("ttle "t Antiet"m

• ("n4ing Acts C*8+/, *8+1D est"%lish &eder"lly ch"rted %"n4s

•

'r"&t iot - <!• The ;m"ncip"tion Procl"m"tion.

• ("ttle o& Eettys%urg turning point

• Lincoln "nnounces K*0 Percent Pl"n.K lenient pl"n

must pl"n "llegi"nce to US

• *8+13 ;lection o& *8+1 Lincoln CepD de&e"ts McFlell"n C'emD

• @"de '"#is (ill3 South di#ided into milit"ry units until m">ority pledges "llegi"nce "nd

%"ns sl"#ery

• @"de - '"#is M"ni&esto3 Fongress controls econstruction

• Pullm"n F"r "nd e&riger"ted F"r in#ented

•

S"nd Free4 M"ss"cre Fhi#ington "tt"c4s de&enseless 2ndi"n #ill"ge• *8+$3 Fi#il @"r ;nds Lee surrenders to Er"nt "t Appom"tto7, A

• *8+$3 reedm"nWs (ure"u is est"%lished educ"tion "nd &ood

• Lincoln is "ss"ssin"ted Andrew ohnson %ecomes president

• ohnson?s "mnesty pl"n p"rdons "lmost "ll Fon&eder"tes

• Thirteenth Amendment "%olishes sl"#ery

• *8++3 Ex )arte Milligan 1 Milit"ry courts c"n?t try ci#ili"ns when ci#il courts "re open

• Fi#il ights Act is p"ssed o#er ohnsonWs #eto g"#e %l"c4s eu"l rights

Historiography@oodw"rd South uniue, di&&erent,"gric.Eo#en section"l di&&erencese7"gger"ted(eringer Fon&eder"cy de&e"ted%ec"use o& loss o& will poor

BH<SB<

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HistoriographySt"mp econstructionsuccess&ul economic

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• <"tion"l L"%or Union &ormed short li#ed "ttempted politic"l in#ol#ement Cwomens

rights, temper"nce, 8hr d"y, cooper"ti#esD

• etterm"n M"ss"cre troops 4illed

• *8+53 Al"s4" Purch"sed.

• Er"nge org"ni"tion &ormed %y Gelly &or soci"l "nd educ"tion"l re&orm &or the &"rmer

"rmers &"ce de&l"tion, de%t, drought, depression

• econstruction Acts di#ide South into $ milit"ry units, protect %l"c4 #oting, est. newconstitutions

• *8+83 Tenure o& B&&ice Act Pres. F"n?t remo#e "ny "ppointed o&&ici"l without Sen"te consent

- decl"red unconstitution"l Fongress c"n?t t"4e "w"y powers o& Pres.

• *1th Amendment All persons %ornJ n"tur"lied within US "re citiens eu"l protection

• Gu Glu7 Gl"n %egins.

• @"shit" i#er Fuster destroys Fheyenne #ill"ge

• F"rnegie Steel Fomp"ny is &ormed.

• ;lection o& *8+83 Er"nt CepD de&e"ts Seymore C'emD

• *8+63 Tr"nscontinent"l completed &rom Union P"ci&ic "nd Fentr"l P"ci&ic

• Gnights o& L"%or &ormed - secret• *8503 i&teenth Ammendment is r"ti&ied right to #ote c"n?t %e determined %y r"ce, color, etc.

• orce Acts - to protect the constitution"l rights gu"r"nteed to %l"c4s %y the *1 th "nd *$th

Amendments

• St"nd"rd Bil Fomp"ny is &ormed.

• *853 Fredit Mo%ilier Sc"nd"l stoc4 holders o& construction

comp"ny o#erch"rge go#. &or >o%

• ;lection *853 Er"nt re-elected

• *85/3 +laughterhouse Cases *1th Am doesn?t pl"ce &ed go#?t under

o%lig"tion to protect %"sic rights concerning monopolies

• *8513 ed i#er @"rs l"st "ttempt to resist reser#"tionis• "rmers Alli"nces "nti- pools, re%"tes, p"ss Er"nger l"ws

• *85$3 Fi#il ights Act g"#e %l"c4s eu"l rights

• Pe"rl H"r%or "cuired.

• *85+3 ("ttle o& Little (ighorn. Fuster 4illed

• *!+! -s! Reese- "llows #oting u"li&ic"tions liter"cy test, poll t"7, gr"nd&"ther cl"use

• Ale7"nder Er"h"m (ell in#ents the telephone.

• ;lection *85+3 H"yes CepD de&e"ts Tilden C'emD

• *8553 Munn -s! 4llinois 2& in interest o& pu%lic good, th"n st"tes c"n regul"te prices re"son"%ly

• Fompromise o& *855 H"ys %ecomes president, troops withdr"w &rom South

• *8583 #all -s! DeCuir "llowed segreg"tion

• (l"nd Allison Act coined " limited num%er o& sil#er

• Tre"ty o& *858 get rights to P"go- P"go, S"mo"

• *8563 Thom"s ;dison in#ents the electric light.

• Gnights o& L"%or go pu%lic Pres. Powderly no stri4e st"nd %oth s4illed "nd uns4illed

too di#erse

• *880?s 'ust (owl %egins

• *8803 ;lection o& *8803 E"r&ield CepD de&e"ts H"ncoc4 C'emD: E"r&ield dies .P. Fhester

EA<T

*8+8*85+

HA

!;S*85

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*88

HistoriographyTipple o%%er ("rons thre"tened tr"dition"l%elie&s, destruction o&competitionFh"ndler entrepreneurs

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Arthur

• *88*3 Tus4eegee 2nstitute is &ounded.

• Helen Hunt "c4son writes ( Centur$ o" Dishonor

• *883 Fhinese ;7clusion Act

• ;urope"n estriction Act

• *88/3 (roo4lyn (ridge is completed.

• Fi#il ights F"ses3 "llowed indi#idu"l discrimin"tion

• More im Frow l"ws p"ssed

• *8813 ;lection o& *8813 Fle#el"nd C'emD de&e"ts (l"ine CepD

• *88+3 The Americ"n eder"tion o& L"%or is &ounded %y Eompers &or s4illed only Cno womenJ

%l"c4sD de"lt only with l"%or used stri4es

• 2nterst"te Fommerce Act regul"te "nd pri#"te %usinesses

• H"ym"r4et 2ncident *88+ pe"ce&ul turned #iolent

people thin4 unions "re r"dic"l

• *8853 2nterst"te Fommerce Fommission - &or%id long h"ul J short

h"ul pr"ctices

• Americ"n Protecti#e Associ"tion Anti-F"tholic• '"wes Se#er"lty Act go#ernment %re"4 up l"nd indi#idu"lly

%re"4 up &"rms - &"iled

• *8883 ;lection o& *888- H"rrison CepD de&e"ts Fle#el"nd C'emD

• *8863 "ne Add"ms &ounds Hull House

• (erlin Fon&erence US, (rit"in "nd Eerm"ny "gree to >oint protection o& S"mo" doesn?t

wor4

• *st P"n Americ"n Fon&erence tr"de "greement

• (ering Se" Fontro#ersy o#er se"ls

• *8603 <orth Americ"n @omenWs Su&&r"ge Associ"tion is &ounded.

• The Sherm"n Antitrust Act. Trusts in restr"int o& tr"de "re illeg"l9• *860-*6003 (l"c4s "re depri#ed o& the #ote in the South.

• @ounded Gnee 2ndi"ns re#olt to outl"wing the s"cred ghost d"nce L"st 2ndi"n w"r

• Sherm"n Sil#er Purch"se Act go#?t %uys sil#er %ut doesn?t coin cur% in&l"tion

• McGinley T"ri&& Act r"ises t"ri&&s

• *863 The Homeste"d Stri4e "t F"rnegie Steel Pin4erton gu"rds "nd troops put down stri4e

• Miners stri4e - 2d"ho

• Eener"l ;lectric Fomp"ny &ormed.

• Populist Bm"h" Pl"t&orm 8hr wor4 d"y, n"tion"li"tion o& ,

in&l"tion, coin"ge o& sil#er, "nti-rich c"pit"list, decre"se t"ri&&

• ;lection o& *863 Fle#el"nd CepD de&e"ts H"rrison C'emD "nd@e"#er CPopulistD

• *86/3 'epression

• Sherm"n Sil#er Purch"se Act repe"led de#"lued gold

• *8613 The Pullm"n stri4e Pullm"n Fo. controls prices %ut

&ires wor4ers Am "ilw"y Union stri4es

• Fo7ey?s Army m"rches on @"sh. &or unemployment relie&

• *86$3 *!+! -s! E! C! Aight Compan$! di&&erence %etween

Historiography

Eoodwyn populist "re democr"tic Acti#ists - re"ction"ryHic4s populists "re r"tion"lpeople

re"cting to h"rsh l"isse-&"ire

HA2

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*86

HistoriographyL"urie l"%or r"dic"l w"ntgo#?t regul"tion, pu%lic

FL;;LA

<'



m"nu&"cturing "nd commerce m"nu&"cturing doesn?t &"ll under "nti Trust Act

• )ollac -s! Farmers’ ;oan and 3rust Co! income t"7 is unconstitution"l

• 4n reDe.s stri4es "re " restr"int o& tr"de under the Sherm"n Anti-Trust Act

• (oo4er T. @"shingtonWs Atl"nt" Fompromise Speech %oth r"ces must "ccept "nd help

e"ch other %l"c4s h"#e to e"rn rights

• *86+3 Plessy #s. erguson Sep"r"te %ut ;u"l9

• ;lection o& *86+3 McGinley CepD de&e"ts (ry"n C'emD• Cross o" Gold +peech %y (ry"n

• *8653 'ingley T"ri&& r"ises t"7 on duties

• *8683 Sp"nish Americ"n @"r %ec"use o& election ye"r "nd yellow >ourn"lism CPuliter "nd

He"rstD

• Maine e7plodes emem%er the M"ine9

• 'eLome Letter criticies McGinley

• Williams -s! Miss! Upheld liter"cy test

• Eet H"w"ii

• Pe"ce o& P"ris3 Ei#es Fu%" 2ndependence "nd US gets

Puerto ico, Philippines, "nd Eu"m• *8663 S"mo" di#ided %etween US "nd Eerm"ny

• Teller Amendment g"#e Fu%" &reedom

• Bpen 'oor <otes H"y "gree to territori"l integrity o& Fhin"

• *6003 <"tion"l <egro (usiness Le"gue &ounded %y (oo4er T. @"shington

• Eold St"nd"rd Act gold st"nd"rd unit o& #"lue

• Progressi#e ;r" cure corruption, "nti-monopolies, temper"nce, help immigr"nts "nd l"%or,

%uilding codes, pu%lic utilities

• (o7er e%ellion Fhinese n"tion"list re%el &oreign n"tions unite to put down re%ellion

• *60*3 US Steel Forpor"tion &ormed.

• Pl"tt Amendment g"#e US " %"se in Fu%" "nd permission &or troops to inter#ene "ndconsent to tre"ties

• 4nsular Cases Fonstitution does not &ollow the &l"g

• *60 Fo"l Stri4e

• *60/3 'ep"rtment o& Fommerce "nd L"%or cre"ted

• H"y-Herr"n Tre"ty &or P"n"m" c"n"l re>ected %y Folum%i"

• H"y (uen" "rill" Tre"ty gi#es US l"nd in P"n"m"

• ;l4ins Act de"lt with re%"tes p"rt o& Su"re 'e"l9

• *6013 P"n"m" F"n"l Qone "cuired.

• The <"tion"l Fhild L"%or Fommittee is &ormed.

• oose#elt Foroll"ry3 "ddition to Monroe 'octrine m"de US " police &orce

- T"4e o#er 'ominic"n customs duty- Ar%itr"tes in eneuel" dispute with Eerm"ny

• *60$3 2ndustri"l @or4ers o& the @orld is &ormed.

• *60+3 Upton Sincl"ir writes 3he <ungle me"t p"c4ing re&orm resulted in Me"t 2nspection

Act

• Eentlem"n?s Agreement "p"nese c"n return to school i& "p"n limits immigr"tion

• T. oose#elt negoti"tes Tre"ty o& Portsmouth o& usso-"p"nese @"r recei#es <o%el

MFG2<L;!

*86

+*60

BBS;;LT

*600

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Pe"ce Prie

• Hep%urn Act - strengthened the powers o& the 2nterst"te Fommerce Fommission

• Pure ood "nd 'rug Act - ;st"%lished ood "nd 'rug Administr"tion

• *6053 'r"go 'octrine 2n#est in L"tin Americ" "t own ris4

• ("n4 P"nic

• *6083 Muller -s! 'regon limited num%er o& hours &or women

• oot-T"4"hir" Agreement "p"n will honor Bpen 'oor <otes

• *6063 <AAFP is &ounded.

• T"&t %egins implement"tion o& 'oll"r 'iplom"cy CH"iti, <ic"r"gu"D

• P"yne-Aldrich T"ri&& lowered t"ri&&s

• ("llinger - Pinchot Fontro#ersy ("llinger, Sec. o& 2nterior, dismissed ch"rged with not

&ollowing n"tion:s conser#"tion policy

• *6**3 +tandard 'il Co! -s! *+ court determines wh"t?s " re"son"%le trust St"nd"rd Bil Fo.

%ro4en up

• *6*/3 The Si7teenth Amendment "uthoried income t"7es

• The Se#enteenth Amendment direct popul"r election o& Sen"te

• Underwood T"ri&& lowered duties

• eder"l eser#e Act cre"ted &eder"l reser#e system

• *6*13 The eder"l Tr"de Fommission is est"%lished.

• The Fl"yton Antitrust Act "mendment to Sherm"n Anti-Trust Act strengthed "nti-

monopolistic re&orm

• eder"l Tr"de (ill.

• United St"tes in#"des er"cru in Me7ico US soldiers "rrested

• *6*$3 The USS Lusit"ni" is sun4 %y " Eerm"n su%m"rine

• troops sent to H"iti

• *6*+3 Ad"mson Act "llowed go#ernment to t"4e o#er - "dministered %y McAdoo

• troops sent to 'ominic"n epu%lic

• @"r 2ndustries (o"rd coordin"te production "nd mo%ilie he"ded %y (eruch

• ood Administr"tion he"ded %y Hoo#er

- Lei#er Act set prices &or "gricultur"l products

• uel Administr"tion he"ded %y E"r&ield control &uel prices

• *6*53 US enters @@2

• Ere"t Migr"tion %l"c4s mo#e &rom South to <orth c"uses r"ce riots H"rlem

en"iss"nce E"r#ey %"c4 to A&ric" mo#ement

• Freel Fommittee3 Pu%lic 2n&o. spre"d prop"g"nd" &ormed Li%erty Le"gues

or (ar Su%m"rine w"r&"re'estroying tr"deiol"ting rights;spion"ge "nd s"%ot"geQimmerm"n <oteGeep %"l"nce o& powerM"4e world s"&e &or democr"cy

"gainst (ar He Gept Us But o& @"r9Bnly %ene&it the we"lthy(ritish #iol"ted our rights tooEerm"ny tried to "#oid Lousit"ni"Prop"g"nd"

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• *6*83 <"tion"l @"r L"%or (o"rd Under T"&t pre#ented stri4es

• Armistice '"y

• Tre"ty o& ers"illes Eerm"ny "ccepts &ull %l"me, demilit"rie hinel"nd, Eer. Looses "ll

colonies

• *6*83 @ilsonWs ourteen Points.

I%portant )ointsBpen co#en"nts reedom o& se"s "ndtr"de'is"rm"ment e%uilding o& (elgiumorm Pol"nd Le"gue o& <"tions

• ;spion"ge "nd Sedition Act.- suppress criticism, c"n?t inter&ere with dr"&t

• *6*63 The P"lmer "ids.

• +henc -s! *+ cle"r "nd present d"nger9

open opposition to w"r will undermine w"r e&&ort• (.rahms -s.*+ upheld Sedition Act

• Americ"n Protecti#e Le"gue pro-w"r "cti#ists,

prosecuted "nd censored

• Sen"te re>ects ers"illes Tre"ty "nd Le"gue o& <"tions

- 2reconcil"%les (or"h dis"gree with Article R V in#ol#ement in &oreign "&&"irs- eser#"tionist Lodge "ccept tre"ty i& Article R is cl"ri&ied only Fongress c"n

commit troops

• ;ighteenth Amendment is r"ti&ied prohi%iting "lcoholic %e#er"ges.

• "ce riots - Fhic"go

•

olste"d Act en&orced *8

th

Amendment• *603 <ineteenth Amendment gr"nts @omens Su&&er"ge.

• @omen #ote *st time

• G'GA *st r"dio st"tion

• Sincl"ir Lewis writes Main +treet

• irst Fommerci"l r"dio %ro"dc"st.

• *6*3 M"rg"ret S"nger &ounds the Americ"n (irth Fontrol Le"gue.

• e#enue Act decre"ses t"7es

• @"shington 'is"rm"ment Fon&erence limit n"#"l "rms

• Post @"r 'epression

• 2mmigr"tion Act restricts immigr"tion• *63 Sincl"ir Lewis writes a..it

• ordney McFum%er T"ri&& high incre"se in duties

• *6/3 Te"pot 'ome Sc"nd"l Sec. o& 2nterior "ll sells oil reser#es to pri#"te industry

• H"rding dies

• *613 Mc<"ry H"ugen (ill #etoed help &"rmers %y %uying surplus

• '"wes Pl"n helped Eerm"ny with rep"r"tion pro#ided lo"n

• Pe"4 o& GGG

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• *6$3 The Scopes KMon4eyK Tri"l.

• Great Gats.$ %y itger"ld

• 3he =e =egro %y Loc4e

• *6+3 Wear$ lues %y Hughes

• *653 Fh"rles Lind%ergh &lies &rom <ew !or4 to P"ris solo.

• 2mmigr"tion L"w

• S"coo "nd "nitte e7ecuted

• The " Singer9 *st t"l4ie

• *663 Gellog (ri"nd P"ct3 Pe"ce "lli"nce

• The Ere"t Stoc4 M"r4et cr"sh

Causes o# Crash'ur"%le goods Pro&its incre"se: w"gesst"y s"me;"sy credit eder"l eser#e doesnothing

B#erproduction Specul"tion "ndm"rgin %uying'e%t

• Agricultur"l M"r4et Act est"%lish eder"l "rm (o"rd "ssist"nce to &"rmers

• T"7 Fut

• !oung Pl"n reduced rep"r"tion p"yments, no longer in#ol#ed in Eerm"n economy

• *6/03 The Smoot-H"wley T"ri&& high protecti#e t"ri&&

• London <"#"l Tre"ty decre"se num%er o& ships

• *6/*3 "p"n in#"des M"nchuri"

• *6/3 Stimpson 'octrine• eder"l Home Lo"n ("n4 Act "ssist with morg"ges

• Pu%lic @or4s Pro>ect

• The econstruction in"nce Forpor"tion p"rt o& tric4le down economics lent money to

%"n4s

• (onus Army m"rches on 'F to recei#e #eter"ns %onus Hoo#er sends in troops

• r"n4lin '. oose#elt is elected President.

• *6//3 <ew 'e"l %egins

• @PA @or4s Progress Administr"tion employed "rtists, writers, photogr"phers

• FFF Fi#ili"n Fonser#"tion Forps

• <2A- <"tion"l 2ndustri"l eco#ery Act sets up <A %usiness men m"4e codes &or minw"ges, hr.

• El"ss Steg"ll ("n4ing Act 4ept us on gold st"nd"rd "nd cre"ted '2F "g"inst %"n4

runs

• S;F Securities "nd ;7ch"nge Fommission w"tched m"r4et prices

• AAA Agricultur"l Ad>ustment Associ"tion p"id &"rmers not to o#erproduce

• TA Tennessee "lley Authority %ring electricity competes with pri#"te industry

• F@A Fi#il @or4s Administr"tion

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• <!A <"tion"l !outh Administr"tion

• HBLF Home Bwners Lo"n Forp.

• Eood <eigh%or9 Policy epudi"ted oose#elt Foroll"ry

• "p"n "nd Eerm"ny withdr"w &rom Le"gue o& <"tions

• 0th Amendment Presidenti"l term st"rts on "n. 0

• *6/13 <!; 2n#estig"tion3 determines c"use o& @@2

• 2ndi"n eorg"ni"tion Act - restored tri%"l ownership o& l"nds, recognied tri%"l

constitutions "nd go#ernment, "nd pro#ided lo"ns &or economic de#elopment.

• Sh"re the @e"lth society &ounded %y Huey Long c"lled &or distri%ution o& we"lth

• *6/$3 +chechter )oultr$ Corporation -s! *+ <A unconstitution"l put legisl"ti#e power

under e7ecuti#e "dministr"tion

• @"gner Act3 set up <"tion"l L"%or el"tions (o"rd

• "ir L"%or St"nd"rd Act set min. w"ge "nd hours

• F2B Fongress o& 2ndustri"l Brg"ni"tion l"%or union &or s4illed "nd semi-s4illed

• Soci"l Security Acts pro#ided %ene&its to old "nd unemployed

• e#enue Act *6/$ t"7 the we"lthy

• *st <eutr"lity Act stop selling munitions to %elligerents Am. c"n?t tr"#el on %elligerent

ships

• *6/+3 utler -s! *+ - AAA unconstitution"l put t"7es on processing

• nd London Fon&erence on dis"rm"ment

• nd <eutr"lity Act no lending money to %elligerent n"tions

• *6/53 /rd <eutr"lity Act3 F"sh n? F"rry Cp"y &or it "nd tr"nsport it yoursel&D doesn?t "pply to

L"tin Americ" "nd Fhin"

• )u"r"ntine Speech isol"te %elligerent n"tions

• P"n"y 2ncident- "p"nese %om% Am. ship U.S dem"nds only "pologies "nd rep"r"tions

• "p"n mo#es into ;"st Fhin" US does nothing

• *6/83 ;nd o& <ew 'e"l e&orms.

or New 'ealegul"tion o& &eder"l institutions(ene&its to l"%orHelp unemployedestored con&id"nce

"nti * New 'ealSoci"listic progr"mUnconstitution"l'e&icit spendingEo#?t competes with Pri#"te industryMonopolistic@orthless cre"tes dependency

• ohn Stein%"c4?s Grapes o" Wrath• *6103 Selecti#e Ser#ice pe"ce time dr"&t

• 'estroyers &or ("ses 'e"l

• Smith Act &inger printing o& "liens

• *61*3 "p"nese "tt"c4 Pe"rl H"r%or

• Lend Le"se - lend m"teri"ls &or w"r

• US enters @@22.

• eloc"tion F"mps &or "p"nese

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• *613 Fongress o& "ci"l ;u"lity pre#ent segreg"tion "nd discrimin"tion

• e#enue Act o& *61 - e&&ort to incre"se t"7 re#enues to co#er the cost o& @@22

• *61/3 B&&ice o& Price Administr"tion se"ls prices, r"tions &ood

• 'etroit r"ce riots - go#ernment does nothing

• F"s"%l"nc" Fon&erence - ' "nd Fhurchill met in Morocco to settle the &uture str"tegy o&

the Allies

• F"iro Fon&erence - con&erence o& the Allied le"ders to see4 "p"nWs uncondition"l surrender.

• Tehr"n Fon&erence - ', St"lin, Fhurchill to discuss str"tegy "g"inst Eerm"ny

• *6113 E2 (ill - %ene&its &or #eter"ns money &or educ"tion, mortg"ge cre"tes middle cl"ss

• '-'"y uly +, *611

• *61$3 !"lt" Fon&erence Allies meet to decide on &in"l w"r pl"ns

• ("ttle o& (ulge L"st Eerm"n o&&ensi#e

• B4in"w" - de"dly milit"ry c"mp"ign on P"ci&ic isl"nd

• US >oins the United <"tions

• <"tionwide stri4es due to in&l"tion BPA dis%"nded

• A-(om% dropped on Hiroshim" "nd <"g"s"4i

• Eerm"ny "nd "p"n surrender ending @orld @"r 22

• oose#elt dies Trum"n P

• Potsd"m Fon&erence - Trum"n, Fhurchill, "nd St"lin meet in Eerm"ny to set up ones

• *61+3 Genn"n cont"inment pre#ent spre"d o& communism

• ;mployment Act go"l to h"#e &ull employment

• Atomic ;nergy Act est"%lish Atomic ;nergy Fommission de#elop %etter %om%s

• President?s commission on Fi#il ights "d#oc"te rights

• Philippines get independence

• FhurchillWs K2ron FurtonK speech in response to ussi"n "ggression.

•

*6153 The M"rsh"ll Pl"n economic "id to ;urope "&ter @@22• T"&t H"rtley Act 80 cooling period not to stri4e l"%or le"ders must sign <on-

Fommunist o"th

• Trum"n 'octrine &in"nci"l commitment to n"tions &ighting Fommunism

• eder"l ;mployee Loy"lty Progr"m "nti-communistic o"ths

• <"tion"l Security Act cre"ted F2A

• "c4ie o%inson %re"4s color %"rrier

• *6183 ;lection o& *818- Trum"n de&e"ts 'ewey "nd Thurm"nC'i7iFr"tD

• Trum"n desegreg"tes "rmed &orces

• (erlin (loc4"de - (erlin Airli&t

•BAS Alli"nce o& <orth Americ" "nd South Americ"

• Alger Hiss F"se con#icted o& purgery

• <urem%erg tri"ls

• *6163<ATB &ormed

• Fommunistic ictory in Fhin"

• ussi"?s *st A-(om%

• 'ep"rtment o& 'e&ense cre"ted

• @est "nd ;"st Eerm"ny cre"ted

TUMA<

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• "ir 'e"l3 most don?t p"ss: Housing Act Cconstruction incre"sesD: minimum w"ge incre"ses

• Brwell, =inteen Eight$/Four

• *6$03 Gore"n @"r %egins enter %ec"use o& cont"inment

• McF"rren 2ntern"l Security Act illeg"l to contri%ute to Fommunism

• McF"rthyism &e"r o& communism wide spre"d

• <"tion"l Security Founcil Memo +8 %eginning o& m"ssi#e de&ense spending

• *6$*3 nd Amendment President c"n only ser#e terms or *0 ye"rs

• Denis -s! *nited +tates- upheld Smith Act under cle"r "nd present d"nger cl"use9

• Catcher in the R$e S"linger

• US "p"nese Tre"ty %"ses in "p"n

• A<QUS Austr"li", <ew Qe"l"nd, "nd US "lly

• M"cArthur &ired %y Trum"n in#"des Fhin"

• *6$3 ;lection o& *6$3 ;isenhower C@ill end w"rD #s. Ste#enson

• *6$/3 osen%ergs e7ecuted

• termin"te reser#"tions &or <.A.

•

Armistice in Gore" /8

th

p"r"llel• Sh"h o& 2r"n returns to power in coup to 4eep 2r"n &rom going Fommunistic

• Grushche# in control o& ussi"

• *6$13 Army McF"rthy he"rings %rought down oseph McF"rthy

• ron -s! oard o" Education o#erturns )less$ -s! Furguson decision

• S;ATB "lli"nce Tur4ey, US, 2r", "nd 2r"n

• "ll o& 'ien (ien Phu rench loose in ietn"m

• Eene#" Fon&erence reduction o& nucle"r we"pons, di#ide ietn"m "long *5 th p"r"llel

elections in " ye"r

• M"o %om%s T"iw"n ;isenhower thre"tens to send troops in "nd the A-%om% -

%rin4m"nship• Fhin" %om%s T"iw"n ;isenhower sends in troops Fhin" %"c4s o&&

• *6$$3 Montgomery %us %oycott %egins os" P"r4s

• AL "nd the F2B merge

• @"rs"w P"ct3 USS "nd ;"stern ;urope"n "llies unite to counter <ATB

• *6$+3 ;lection o& *6$+3 ;isenhower re-elected3 ended Gore"n @"r9 "nd %"l"nced %udget

• Sue Frisis ;gypti"n President n"tion"lies c"n"l

• #ol %y Allen Eins%erg %ohemi"nism (e"t Eener"tion

• 2nterst"te Highw"y Act - %uilding &eder"l ro"ds: mo#ement into rur"l "re": cre"tion o&

su%ur%s

•

Hung"ri"n e#olution re%el "g"inst Fommunism US doesn?t support• US puts 'iem in power in South ietn"m

• ;lection *6$+3 ;isenhower de&e"ts Ste#enson "g"in

• *6$53 ;isenhower 'octrine e7tends to Trum"n 'octrine to Middle ;"st help &ight Fommies

• 'omino Theory - i& one country &ell to Fommunism, it would undermine "nother th"t one

would &"ll, producing " domino e&&ect.

• ("%y (oom pe"4s

• Fi#il ights Act- cre"te perm"nent ci#il rights commission super#ise #oting

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• Little oc4 school desegreg"tion

• ussi"ns l"unch Sputni4 sp"ce r"ce

• *st nucle"r power pl"nt

• 'n the Road "c4 Gerou"c

• *6$83 <"tion"l 'e&ense ;duc"tion Act- &unding to m"th, science, "nd l"ngu"ge progr"ms

• <ASA &ormed

• *6$63 Fu%"n e#olution F"stro in#"des

• L"%or e&orm Act protect employees

• Al"s4" "nd H"w"ii "dmitted "s st"tes

• *6+03 U- incident US spy pl"ne goes down in USS con#ert oper"tion disco#ered

• Ereens%oro sit -in

• Fi#il ights Act &eder"l go#ernment registers %l"c4 #oters

• ;lection *6+03 Gennedy C'emD de&e"ts <i7on CepD *st T de%"te

• <"tion"l Lier"tion ront iet Fong &ormed

• *6+*3 ("y o& Pigs3 "ttempt to o#erthrow F"stro &"ils

•

Tr"de ;m%"rgo on Fu%"• Alli"nce &or Progress - to %uild up Third @orld n"tions to the point where they could

m"n"ge their own "&&"irs.

• (erlin w"ll %uilt to stop crossing

• Pe"ce Forps encour"ged US citiens to help third world countries

• Foup regime in ietn"m 'iem "ss"ssin"ted

• Brg"ni"tion o& Petroleum ;7porting Fountries CBP;FD - "n Ar"% m">ority - oil tr"de -

>oined together to protect themsel#es.

• *6+3Fu%"n Missle Frisis USS sends missiles to Fu%" US remo#es missiles &rom Tur4ey

"nd USS &rom Fu%".

• aer -s! Carr end o& gerrym"ndering m"nipul"ting #oting districts

• Engel -! Bitale / pr"yer in pu%lic schools were %"nned on #iol"tion the irst Amendment.

• +ilent +pring "chel F"rson on pollution

• Students &or " 'emocr"tic Society CS'SD - condemned "nti-'emocr"tic tendencies o& l"rge

corpor"tions, r"cism "nd po#erty

• *6+/3 Gennedy "ss"ssin"ted %y Bsw"ld ohnson %ecomes President

• Test ("n Tre"ty no testing in "tmosphere or oce"n US, USS, (r

• M"rch on @"shington3 M"rtin Luther Ging r. 4 ha-e a Dream +peech

• 3he Feminine M$stiue , (etty erd"n

• *6+13 1th Amendment outl"ws poll t"7

•

US enters ietn"m @"r - Ton4in Eul& * %ullet &ired "t US ship c"uses w"r3• Eul& o& Ton4in esolution - ohnson c"n police ietn"m

• @"r Powers Act restr"ined president?s "%ility to commit troops o#erse"s

• ;conomic Bpportunity Act3 o% Fore &or youth tr"ining: olunteers in Ser#ice to Americ"

C2STAD: B&&ice o& ;conomic Bpportunity est"%lish ;u"l Bpportunity L"ws

• Fi#il ights Act3 pu%lic "ccommod"tions could not %e segreg"ted "nd th"t no%ody could %e

denied "ccess to pu%lic "ccommod"tion on the %"sis o& r"ce.

• T"7 reduction

• Ere"t Society- Pl"t&orm &or L(Ws c"mp"ign, it stressed the $ PWs3 Pe"ce, Prosperity, "nti-

G;<<;

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Po#erty, Prudence "nd Progress.

• *6+$3 Medic"re "nd Medic"id "id to elderly

• Higher ;duc"tion Act eder"l Schol"rships

• "lph <"d"rWs *nsa"e at an$ +peed -criticied poor construction "nd design o& "utomo%iles

• @"tts, 'etroit r"ce riots - "rmy sent in

• oting ights Act - it "llowed &or super#isors to register (l"c4s to #ote in pl"ces where they

h"d not %een "llowed to #ote %e&ore.• *6++3 'ep"rtment o& Housing "nd Ur%"n 'e#elopment est"%lished

• 'ep"rtment o& Tr"nsport"tion cre"ted

• <"tion"l Tr"&&ic "nd Motor ehicle S"&ety Act promote c"r s"&ety reuirements

• Miranda -s! (ri%ona the "ccused must %e re"d hisJher rights

• <"tion"l Brg"ni"tion &or @omen C<B@D - "d#oc"te eu"l rights

• *6+53$th Amendment Allowed P who %ecomes Pres. to pic4 " new P

• *6+83 ;lection o& *6+8 G shot: <i7on elected

• <i7onWs K<ew eder"lismK - returning power to the st"tes

• ietn"mi"tion %egins w"r e7tends

• T;T iet Fong "tt"c4s during ietn"mese holid"y

• @"r e7tended to L"os "nd F"m%odi"

• Fi#il ights Act - "ttempted to pro#ide (l"c4s with eu"l-opportunity housing.

• *6+63 ietn"mi"tion %egins slow withdr"w"l o& troops &rom ietn"m

• <i7on 'octrine reducing num%er o& troops "%ro"d %y helping n"tions economic"lly "nd

milit"rily

• Armstrong w"l4s on the moon

• @"rren ;. (urger "ppointed - " conser#"ti#e to &ill ;"rl @"rrenWs li%er"l spot.X

• U.S. %om%ed <orth ietn"mese positions in F"m%odi" "nd L"os. Technic"lly illeg"l

%ec"use F"m%odi" "nd L"os were neutr"l

• *6503 Gent St"te Protest w"r troops sent in 1 die

• *65*3 Reed -s! Reed outl"wed se7u"l discrimin"tion

• 'esegreg"tion 4ids %used into %l"c4Jwhite schools

• <ew ;conomic Policy3 w"ge "nd price controls to cur% in&l"tion

• *653 ;lection o& *653 <i7on re-elected de&e"ting McEo#ern in l"rgest l"ndslide #ictory

• <i7on #isits ed Fhin" "nd ussi"3 e"ses tensions

• SALT*3 <ucle"r "rms limit"tion "greement

• @"terg"te Sc"nd"l %egins3 %urgl"riing "nd wiret"pping the n"tion"l he"du"rters o& the

'emocr"tic P"rty- in#estig"tion he"ded %y ("4er

• ;u"l ights Amendment C;AD - proposed the 5th Amendment, c"lling &or eu"l rights

&or %oth se7es

• *65/3 P Agnue resigns3 ord repl"ces him

• Tre"ty o& P"ris3 ;nds ietn"m troops withdr"wn / ietn"m temp. di#ided "g"in

• Gideon -s! Wainright - court decided th"t st"te "nd loc"l courts must pro#ide counsel &or

de&end"nts in &elony c"ses

• Roe -s! Wade - restricting "%ortion is unconstitution"l.

• *6513 <i7on resigns

<2RB<

*6+8*651

B'*65



• ord p"rdons <i7on

• ietn"m %ecomes Fommunistic

• G"her roge ruthless regime est"%lished in F"m%odi"

• *65$3 US ship Ma$aue% "tt"c4ed %y F"m%odi" - crew rescued

• South ietn"m %ecomes Fommunist

• *65+3 ;lection o& *65$3 F"rter de&e"ts ord

• *6553US gi#es up rights to P"n"m" F"n"l in *666

• *6583 Fhin" "nd US "gree to est"%lish diplom"tic rel"tions

• *6563 Fre"te 'ep"rtment o& ;nergy "nd 'ep"rtment o& ;duc"tion

• uel short"ge

• F"mp '"#id Accords3 Pe"ce %etween 2sr"el "nd ;gypt

• Sh"h e7pelled &rom 2r"n3 Americ"n em%"ssy t"4en host"ge3 F"rter?s rescue mission &"ils

• SALT 22 - Str"tegic Arms Limit"tion Tre"ty with ussi" - remo#ed "&ter ussi" "tt"c4ed

A&gh"nist"n

• Three Mile 2sl"nd - power pl"nt &"ilure emits r"di"tion in Pennsyl#"ni"

• *6803 ;lection o& *6803 e"g"n wins with his e"g"nomics9 progr"m o& reducing t"7es "nd

spending -Ksupply-sideK "nd Ktric4le-downK economics

• 2r"n host"ges rele"sed

• Blympic (oycott - The U.S. withdrew &rom the competition held in Moscow to protest the

So#iet in#"sion o& A&gh"nist"n

• *68*3 Air Tr"&&ic Fontrollers Sti4e

• Ass"ssin"tion "ttempt on e"g"n

• ;conomic eco#ery T"7 (ill3

• S"ndr" '"y BWFonnor %ecomes &irst wom"n Supreme Fourt >ustice

• *68/3 Milit"ry in#"sion o& Eren"d" CF"ri%%e"n isl"ndD to stop Fommunism

• Americ"n pe"ce4eeping &orce in Le%"non "tt"c4ed %y terrorists - 1* de"d

• *6813 T"7es incre"se

• *68+3 US %om%s terrorist t"rgets in Li%y"

• *6883 2ntermedi"te-"nge <ucle"r orces Tre"ty C2< Tre"tyD limiting intermedi"te-r"nge

nucle"r missiles with ussi"

FAT;*65+

;AEA<*680*68

8





U.S. Eovernment Structure

*. Sep"r"tion o& powers / %r"nches

)ongress Houses p"ss l"ws wor4 %y committee

*5 deleg"ted powers Y el"stic cl"use

Senate p"sses tre"ties CJ/D, tries impe"chment CJ/D "ppro#es "ppointments to courts

"nd e7ec

House impe"ches, st"rts &in"nce %ills, chooses Pres i& no m">ority

President e7ecutes the l"ws with c"%inet "nd dep"rtments

comm"nder in chie&

chie& o& st"te

sets &oreign policy

wins %y m">ority o& elector"l college unit"ry rule

)ourts &eder"l "nd st"te court system

6 on Supreme Fourt

c"n &ind l"ws unconstitution"l M"r%ury #. M"dison

. eder"lism ole &or st"tes reser#ed powers

oles &or &eder"l go#ernment deleg"ted powers, limited power

/. Fhec4s "nd %"l"nces impe"chment

udici"l re#iew

Appointments must %e "ppro#ed

Houses

eto

1. Unwritten constitution-

term-limit &or President Cwritten9 "s o& *6$*D

President responsi%le &or economy since '

Politic"l p"rties

$. Ad"pt"%ility o& Fonstitution-

Amendments

;l"stic cl"use

udici"l interpret"tion

Agencies

+. Am%iguities-

@"r power

oreign policy

2nterpret"tion o& &eder"lism

;7ecuti#e pri#ilege

5. Amendments

(ill o& ights

;7p"nsion o& #oting *8, poll t"7 &or%idden, %l"c4s, women @"shington 'F, direct ;lection o&Sen"te.

President elector"l college #otes &or Pres "nd P sep"r"tely, terms, dis"%ility,

shorten l"me duc4

2ncome t"7

(l"c4s */, *1, *$

*1th eu"l tre"tment &or "ll %y &eder"l "nd st"te go#ernment.

8. P"rties - prim"ries, con#entions

President3 he"d o& his p"rty

Daws

Amendments to the @onstitution /$aticationdates01-10: Bill of Rights, ratified 1791

1: freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion (includes separation of church andstate) freedom to petition the go!ernment"

#: Right of militia to bear arms"

$: %o &uartering of soldiers in citi'ens homes ithout consent"

*: +rotection from search and sei'ure of property ithout a arrant : rand .ury indictment re&uired no double .eopardy Right to not incriminate oneself

cant be depri!ed of life, liberty, or pri!ate property ithout due process"

/: Right to speedy trial by .ury of peers specific charges re&uired accused must bepresent during itness testimony Right to a layer and to compel itnesses to testify onones behalf"

7: Right to a .ury trial" : %o cruel or unusual punishment reasonable bail hile aaiting trial"

9: his listing of rights doesnt mean one doesnt ha!e other rights, or that those

unmentioned rights are any less important"

10: +oers not gi!en to federal or 2ept by state go!ernment belong to state go!ernmentsand the people"

11: 3iti'ens of another state or country cant sue a state in federal court ithout itspermission (179)

1#: 4eparated out electoral college !ote for !ice president to a!oid a repeat of the electionof 100 deadloc2 (5efferson and Burr tied)

Civil War Amendments: 13-151$: abolished sla!ery, 1/

1*: establish e&uality under the la for 6frican-6mericans, 1/1: established suffrage for former sla!es, and all 6frican-6mericans

1/: established go!ernments poer to collect income taes from indi!iduals, 191/

17: 4itched 8"4" senate selection to direct election by people (instead of by the statelegislatures), 191/

1: stablished go!ernments right to enforce prohibition, 1919

19: stablished oman suffrage, 19#0

#0: lame duc2; amendment mo!ed up presidential inauguration and 3ongress meetings to5anuary (from <arch)

#1: Repealed prohibition, 19$$

##: <ade the to-term limit on presidency part of the 3onstitution (as opposed to theunritten constitution,; 191

#$: representation and right to !ote in =ashington, >"3", 19/1

#*: 6bolished the poll ta, a charge for the right to !ote, 19/*

#: stablished 3ongressional poer to legislate a process for presidential succession, in thee!ent of the presidents incapacity to go!ern, 19/7

#/: ?oered suffrage to age 1 (loered from age #1), 1971

#7: 3ongress cant !ote itself a raise to ta2e effect during the same term, 199#

Agricu%ture'Homeste"d Act, *8+3 *+0 "cres &ree i& resident &or $ ye"rs

Agricultur"l Ad>ustment Acts, *6//, *6/8. "rmers p"id not to grow crops "s price supports.These h"#e only recently %een curt"iled in the *660s.

$usiness( 4a7or'

2nterst"te Fommerce Fommission, C2FFD *88+. egul"tes r"ilro"ds

Sherm"n Antitrust Act, *8603 or%ids "ll com%in"tions in restr"int o& tr"de

Fl"yton Antitrust Act, *6*13 or%ids interloc4ing director"tes holding comp"nies, tie-in contr"ct.Prohi%its use o& "ntitrust l"ws "g"inst unions

eder"l eser#e System Cthe ed9D, *6*+3 est"%lishes " n"tion"l %"n4 &or %"n4s, to regul"te the moneysupply %y setting reser#e, discount r"te, "nd open m"r4et s"le or purch"se o& go#ernment %onds. un %yregion"l %o"rds. Furrently ch"ired %y Al"n Ereensp"n..

4ecurities and change 3ommission (43), 19$*: 19$*, regulates stoc2 echanges (e"g"buying on margin) and monitors trading for unfair manipulation of stoc2 echanges"<"tion"l 2ndustri"l eco#ery Act *6//3 Fodes o& %usiness th"t set w"ges, hours "nd prices.

<"tion"l L"%or el"tions Act, *6// Eu"r"ntees the right to org"nie "nd %"rg"in collecti#ely,&or%ids %l"c4lists

Soci"l Security Act, *6/$3 Bld "ge pension "nd unemployment insur"nce. Medic"re &or "ged includedin *6+$.

T"&t H"rtley Act *615 or%ids closed shop, permits st"tes to %"r union shop, "llow tempor"ryin>unctions o& stri4es "&&ecting n"tion"l wel&"re.

T"ylor Act, *6+5, &or%ids stri4es in <ew !or4 St"te o& pu%lic employees Cpolice, &ire&ighters,te"chers, etc.D. Se#ere &ines &or #iol"tions. M"ny other st"tes h"#e simil"r l"ws.

8mmigration'

1882 3hinese clusion 6ct 4uspended immigration of all 3hinese"

6nother la prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers, and @mentally defecti!e@persons"

1891 By this year the federal go!ernment had established full control of immigration"Regulations no forbid the immigration of:

A @persons suffering from a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease"@A t also included earlier pro!isions hich 2ept out criminals, prostitutes,

paupers, and @mentally defecti!e@ persons"A t re&uired that an immigrant pro!e to officials that he or she ould not become a

burden on society"

1892 llis sland opens in %e Cor2 3ity as a federal immigration inspection station

1894 mmigration Restriction ?eague formed" Beteen 19/ and 191, this group ageda half do'en attempts to pass a literacy re&uirement for entry to the 8"4"

1901 3ongress bars anarchists from entry, after +resident <cDinley is assassinated by a

man professing to be an anarchist"

1908 entlemenEs 6greement +resident heodore Roose!elt made a deal in hich 5apanagreed to deny passports to its laborers ho ished to come to the 8nited 4tates"

1917 ?iteracy est is finally enacted" !ery immigrant aged 1/ or older must be able toread" t 2eeps out !ery fe immigrants"

1921 mergency Fuota 6ct set temporary &uotas hich fa!ored northern and estern

uropeans" <aimum annual total set at $,000" t offered no entry to 6fricans or6sians"

1924 %ational Grigins 6ct reduces the annual total to 1/*,000" t also drasticallyreduced the number of southern and eastern uropeans alloed entry" talyEs &uota, foreample, as reduced from *#,000 to *,000 persons"

1929 otal limited to 10,000 annually, ith specific &uotas for each country these erebased on the number of people from each country li!ing in the 8"4" in 19#0

1930s Refugees from the %a'is are barred entry to the 8"4" >espite the fact that thesepeople sought to escape persecution or e!en death, the &uota system 2ept most of therefugees H principally 5eish H from coming to the 8"4"

1952 he <c3arran-=alter 6ct retained the &uota system and slightly amended eisiting las"Gn the one hand, it permitted 6sians li!ing in the 8"4" to become citi'ens and alloed #,0006sians to enter the country each year" 6lloed the go!ernment to deport aliens consideredsub!ersi!e" (ruman 6dministration)"

1965 he mmigration and %ationality 6ct eliminated the &uota system" t 2ept a limit on

the annual total, but alloed anyone to enter on a first come, first ser!ed basis" Ior thefirst time, anyone from southern urope, 6frica, or 6sia recei!ed the same consideration assomeone from Irance or ermany" i!es preference to professionals and s2illed or2ers,and those related to 8"4" citi'ens" (?B5 6dministration)

1979 %e las alloed an additional 0,000 refugees to be accepted annually, although thepresident as granted the poer to admit more refugees as the need arose" 6 refugee isanyone escaping persecution or ha!ing a ell-founded fear of persecution" (3arter6dministration)

1986 mmigration Reform and 3ontrol 6ct imposes fines against employers ho hire illegalaliens" mployers must no chec2 documents hich pro!e citi'enship" t has not sloed theentry of illegal immigrants from ?atin 6merica !ia the <eican border" (Reagan6dministration)

African Americans1/ 1$th 6mendment ratified, abolishing sla!ery

1// 3i!il Rights 6ct grants citi'enship to the freedmen, but is o!erturned in court"

1/ 1*th 6mendment ratified, granting e&ual citi'enship and rights under the la,regardless of race or color

170 1th 6mendment ratified, grants the right to !ote to all, regardless of race orcolor

17/ he contested presidential election of 17/ results in a deal in hich 8nion troops areremo!ed from the 4outh, thus ending Reconstruction enforcement of the @3i!il =ar 6mendments@comes to an end" By 190 in the 4outh, de .ure segregation is legally-enforced in schools, hotels,

buses, trains, train stations, restrooms, restaurants, ater fountains" Jirtually e!ery public andpri!ate facility K is segregated" n the %orth, de facto segregation (segregation in fact) meansthat in practice, blac2s are not hired, sold houses, or admitted entrance to many pri!ate institutionsand clubs"

19/ +lessy !" Ierguson ruled that "separate, bt e!al@ facilities do not !iolate the1*th 6mendment segregation is therefore considered constitutional"

191# he %ational 6ssociation for the 6d!ancement of 3olored +eople (%663+) isformed by =""B" >uBois and a group of hite and blac2 citi'ens to fight for thepolitical e&uality of all races"

1917 he reat <igration; begins, hich continues through the 19/0s, originally aresponse to demands for additional labor during artime" he north begins toeperience de facto racial segregation, race riots"

19#0s <arcus ar!ey founds the 8ni!ersal %egro mpro!ement 6ssociation, and its Blac24tar shipping line" ar!ey promotes pride in 6frican heritage, and blac2 nationalism: a !erydifferent approach to blac2 ci!il rights in 6merica"

19$$ I>R establishes a group of 6frican-6merican ad!isors, 2non as the blac2cabinet"; %e >eal programs pro!ide .obs and assistance to blac2s as ell ashites"

19*1 6" +hillip Randolph leads the <arch on =ashington <o!ement, urging e&ualopportunity legislation in federally-contracted defense industries" ecuti!e Grder 0#"

19* +resident ruman orders the desegregation of the 6rmed Iorces, against hisgenerals ishes"

19* Bron !" Board of ducation: @separate is inherently une&ual"@mmet ill tortured and 2illed in <ississippi, creating nationide shoc2 at hite4outhern hostility and !iolence upon blac2s"

19- Rosa +ar2s, %663+ <ontgomery Bus boycott, <artin ?uther Ding, 5r"19/ <ontgomery Bus Boycott a success city bus system desegregated 6frican-6merican bus dri!ers hired" he 4upreme 3ourt rules segregation in publictransportation is unconstitutional"

19/-7, ?ittle Roc2 %ine at ?ittle Roc2 3entral Ligh" +resident isenhoer sends 8"4" 6rmyto desegregate ?ittle Roc2, 6r2ansasEs 3entral Ligh 4chool the @?ittle Roc2 %ine@ are alloedto attend" 3ongress passes the ea2 3i!il Rights 6ct of 197, but it has little impact on !otingrights"

19/0 ?unch 3ounter 4it-ins, %ash!ille %" ?ed by college students in the 4tudent%on!iolent 3oordinating 3ommittee (4%33, pronounced snic2;)" 6dults turned toboycott %ash!ille stores for employment" 6chie!ed integration in the city"

3ongress passes a ea2 3i!il Rights 6ct of 19/0 again, little impact

19/0-/1, 100 other cities held sit-ins" 0,000 6mericans participated" $,/00 arrested"

19/1 Ireedom Rides, 3ongress Gf Racial &uality(3GR) led an integrated ci!ildisobedience bus tour through the 4outh, led to !iolence, firebombs, beatings, allnationally tele!ised" ?ed to federal inter!ention by 5ID and RID as attorney general"

19/$ DDD bomb 2ills four blac2 schoolgirls in a Birmingham, 6labama church" Birmingham 6nti-4egregation 3ampaign" +olice 3hief Bull 3onnorEs !iolent retaliation against peaceful protestorsresults in riots" Riots spread to other 8"4" cities north and south" <?D, 5r" arrested: @?etterIrom Birmingham 5ail"@

5une: <edgar !ers, %663+ officer, shot to death in <ississippi by un2nongunman

6ugust: <arch on =ashington, more than #00,000 blac2s and hites demonstrate, Ding

gi!es @ ha!e a dream@ speech"

19/* Ireedom 4ummer <assi!e !oter registration dri!e in <ississippi, organi'ed andstaffed by hite and blac2 college students, many from the %orth" hree ci!il

rights or2ers, to hite and from the north are murdered by the DDD"



3i!il Rights 6ct of 19/*" hese murders stir aareness and condemnation by much of thenation, including +resident 5ohnson, and leads directly to his successful initiation and push forthe 3i!il Rights 6ct of 19/* hich 3ongress passes" he 6ct outlas .ob discrimination, and allforms of segregation"

#*th 6mendment does aay ith poll taes ar on po!erty; declared by +resident5ohnsons @reat 4ociety@ +rogram launched" ?B5 declares a @ar on po!erty"@conomic Gpportunity 6ct, <edicareM<edicaid, school aid, L8>,

19/ Joting Rights 6ct eliminates literacy testsRobert 3" =ea!er, first blac2 appointed to the 3abinet<alcolm N assassinated

19/7 Riots in many 8"4" cities" *$ dead in >etroitEs riot" %ational uard troops called in tohelp" 6ffirmati!e 6ction programs established, re&uiring businesses and colleges recei!ingfederal funding to increase .ob opportunities and admissions for omen and minorities"

19/ 6pril *, <artin ?uther Ding, 5r" assassinated in %ash!ille, ennessee"Riots again erupt around the country"

197 Regents of the 8ni!ersity of 3alifornia !" Ba22e ruled that the schoolEs affirmati!eaction @&uota system@ as unconstitutional and that Ba22e, a hite applicant, should beadmitted" Loe!er, it also ruled that race could be one factor in determining admission toa college"

#00$ 6ffirmati!e action case is heard by the 4upreme 3ourt to determine hether8ni!ersity of <ichigan affirmati!e action policies, hich consider race as one of manyfactors, but dont use a &uota, is constitutional (see Ba22e case abo!e)"



Ba2or #igures in the Struggle for African?American@ivil $ights

Boo2er " =ashington - turn of century accommodate to present conditions, donEt insiston social e&uality or pushing for political rights, emphasis on economic self sufficiency,!ocational education, dignity, and self respect" Iounder of the us2egee nstitute"

=""B" >uBois - arly 1900s historian and acti!ist founder of the %663+, circa 1909"

+rotest all ine&ualities, bring la suits for rights, educate the @talented tenth@ for theprofessions as a !anguard integrate" =rote first re!isionist history of reconstruction" "

da B" =ells(-Barnett) O +rogressi!e era acti!ist from the south school teacher at age 1/, .ournalist and anti-lynching +rogressi!e-era acti!ist" Ler or2 for omens suffrage asrebuffed by many hite oman suffragettes" =ells as fiercely determined and remainedacti!e despite death threats"

<arcus ar!ey - 19#0s colorful founder of the 8nited %egro mpro!ement 6ssociationblac2 pride promote blac2 businesses solidarity ith blac2s orld ide bac2 to 6frica

steamship company for repatriation goes ban2rupt" 4candal led to con!iction for mail fraud,eile"

6" +hillip Randolph - Grgani'er of Brotherhood of 4leeping 3ar +orters" Grgani'ed and canceleda <arch on =ashington in 19** to protest discrimination in the defense industry" ainedecuti!e Grder 0# from I>R hich fulfilled this demands" ?ed the 19/$ <arch ith Ding"

hurgood <arshall %663+Es lead layer arguing the 19* Bron !" Bd" of d" case" ?aternamed as 4upreme 3ourt 5ustice (1st blac2 e!er) by +resident ?yndon B" 5ohnson"

>r" <artin ?uther Ding, 5r" - 4outhern 3hristian ?eadership 3onference founder, boycotts, sit-ins, protests, marches, la suits non !iolent direct action, his !ery effecti!e strategy, to raiseconsciousness, press for las to dismantle 5im 3ro las and establish !oting rights his !ision:a fully integrated society"

<alcolm N - 190s, early 19/0s leader of Blac2 <uslims, contempt for hite society, blac2nationalist, separatist, unity ith blac2s orldide, discipline and self respect, full ci!il rightsfor blac2s" ?ed rallies, international protests" Re.ected non!iolence and assimilation, butaltered !ies upon return from <ecca"

4to2ely 3armichael - arises from 4%33" Griginates slogan of @blac2 poer,@ intimidation,blac2 pride, full rights and control of blac2 communities: Blac2 +anthers, 6ngela >a!is, e"g"

5essie 5ac2son - ran for +resident in 19* ith the Rainbo 3oalition, emphasis on sol!ingpo!erty problems, loer military budget ith money di!erted to domestic problems,affirmati!e action, increase blac2 !oter participation"

?ouis Iarra2han - leader of the %ation of slam, blac2 nationalist, separatist" Dnon forderogatory statements against hites, particularly 5es" ?ately has nudged himself a bittoard center ith the @<illion <an <arch@ hich brought together a more di!erse, but

solely blac2 and male, leadership and folloing, and called for blac2 male responsibility"

6l 4harpton - Iormerly: raise consciousness of racism ith marches, and protests, distrustof legal system" +resently shifting to electoral politics" Ran for 8"4" 4enator from %C in1990Es, and presidential candidate in #00*"

3larence homas - career at first outside ci!il rights community, opposes affirmati!e actionand special programs for minorities, .ust enforce present las, hard or2 and self discipline,a!oid self pity and self image of underdog" %o a Reagan appointee on the 4upreme 3ourt"

5"3" =atts Republican Louse representati!e from G2lahoma, =atts opposes affirmati!eaction and supports other conser!ati!e social and political !ies" Le supports conser!ati!eactions to help the poor, but not blac2s specifically, such as the 3ommercial Re!itali'ationa 6ct (199)"

Women

1* Iirst national omenEs suffrage con!ention meets in 4eneca Ialls, %C" 6ttendeesinclude li'abeth 3ady 4tanton, 4usan B" 6nthony, and Irederic2 >ouglass" ssued the@>eclaration of Rights and 4entiments@ hich called for political e&uality, specificallyproperty and !oting rights for omen"

1/9-19/ Iour ne =estern states are the first to grant omen suffrage (=C, >, 8, 3G)

190 %6=46, 3arrie 3hapman 3att (begun by 4tanton, 6nthony) Lighly organi'ed,centrally managed, grassroots group" he =inning +lan; state campaigns topressure congress for an amendment"

1910-

191# Ii!e additional =estern states follo suit 191/ %ational =omanEs +arty, 6lice +aul, militant faction splits off from %6=46, uses3">" 6rrests embarrass =ilson ho urges passage of amendment to 3ongress"

19#0 +resident =ilson finally endorses suffrage, in part for omens crucial role duringthe ar" he 19th 6mendment gi!es omen suffrage, but it has little impact on reformpolitics"

19#1 4heppard-oner <aternity 6ct"

4timulated by high maternity and infant mortality rates"+ro!ided states ith funds for maternal education and public health nurses"Iirst federal elfare funding in 8"4" history"Ruled unconstitutional by the 4upreme 3ourt in 19#9"

19# Iirst 3ongressional hearing on the &ual Rights 6mendment (R6)@&uality of rights under the la shall not be denied or abridged by the 8"4" or by any state onaccount of se"@

19/$ he Ieminine <ysti&ue by Betty Iriedan, challenged the notion that omen ere the

@ea2er se"@ 6d!ocated that omen be admitted to the professions and high-le!elbusiness positions" he opening sal!o of the modern omenEs rights mo!ement"

19/* 3i!il Rights 6ct forbids gender discrimination in employment"

19// %ational Grgani'ation for =omen (%G=) is formed by Betty Iriedan and otherfeminists to increase aareness of discrimination against and domination o!er omen bymen, as ell as to pass antidiscrimination legislation and push for e&ual pay and day-carecenters"

197# 3ongress passes R6 and sends it out to the states for possible ratification" hree&uarters or $ states needed to ratify" (4ee 19# abo!e, and 19# belo")

Higher 5ducation Act forbids discrimination in admission to colleges anduniversities. *ne section, Title IM, states that Qo person in the U.S. shall, onthe basis of se+, be e+cluded from participation in, be denied the benets of,or be sub2ected to discrimination under any education program or activityreceiving

#ederal nancial assistance.Q Public schools and colleges greatly increasedfunding of womenRs sports programs as a result.

197$ Roe !" =ade, etremely contro!ersial, ruled that las prohibiting abortion in the firstsi months of pregnancy are unconstitutional because the first amendment implies a right to

pri!acy, hich in this matter applies to a omanEs choices regarding her on body" his rulinghas been narroed in recent years by further 4upreme 3ourt challenges"

197 he +regnancy >iscrimination 6ct bans employment discrimination against pregnantomen"

191 he 8"4" 4upreme 3ourt rules that ecluding omen from the draft isconstitutional"

Dirchberg !" Ieenstra, o!erturns state las designating a husband head andmaster; ith unilateral control of property oned .ointly ith his ife"

19# >eadline for state ratification R6 falls short of $ states by $"

19* n Roberts !" 8"4" 5aycees, se discrimination in membership policies oforgani'ations, such as the 5aycees, is forbidden by the 4upreme 3ourt, opening manypre!iously all-male organi'ations (Dianis, Rotary, ?ions) to omen"

he state of <ississippi belatedly ratifies the 19th 6mendment, granting omen the

!ote"

19/ n <eritor 4a!ings Ban2 !" Jinson, *77 8"4" 7 (19/), the 8"4" 4upreme 3ourt heldthat a hostile or abusi!e or2 en!ironment can pro!e discrimination based on se"

197 5ohnson !" 4anta 3lara 3ounty: he 8"4" 4upreme 3ourt rules that it is permissible tota2e se and race into account in employment decisions e!en here there is no pro!en historyof discrimination but hen e!idence of a manifest imbalance eists in the number of omen orminorities holding the position in &uestion"

199 n =ebster !" Reproducti!e Lealth 4er!ices, *9# 8"4" *90 (199), the 4upreme3ourt affirms the right of states to deny public funding for abortions and to prohibitpublic hospitals from performing abortions"

199* ender &uity in ducation 6ct: trains teachers in gender e&uity, promotes mathand science learning by girls, counsels pregnant teens"

he Jiolence 6gainst =omen 6ct funds ser!ices for !ictims of rape and domestic !iolence,allos omen to see2 ci!il rights remedies for gender-related crimes, pro!ides training toincrease police and court officials sensiti!ity and a national #*-hour hotline for batteredomen"

199/ 8nited 4tates !" Jirginia, affirms that the male-only admissions policy of the state-supported Jirginia <ilitary nstitute !iolates the Iourteenth 6mendment"

1997 laborating on itle N, the 4upreme 3ourt rules that college athletics programsmust acti!ely in!ol!e roughly e&ual numbers of men and omen to &ualify for federalsupport"

199 <itsubishi <otor <anufacturing of 6merica agrees to pay P$* million to settle an""G"3" lasuit contending that hundreds of omen ere seually harassed"

Burlington ndusries, nc" !" llerth: he 4upreme 3ourt rules that employers are liable forseual harassment e!en in instances hen a super!isors threats are not carried out, but nothen the employer too2 steps to pre!ent or promptly correct any seually harassing beha!iorandMor hen the employee did not ta2e ad!antage of a!ailable opportunities to stop thebeha!ior"

#000 3B4 Broadcasting agrees to pay P million to settle a se discrimination lasuit bythe ""G"3" on behalf of #00 omen"

8nited 4tates !" <orrison: he 8"4" 4upreme 3ourt in!alidates those portions of the

Jiolence 6gainst =omen 6ct permitting !ictims of rape, domestic !iolence, etc" to suetheir attac2ers in federal court"

5ati)e Americans

17/$ +roclamation ?ine of 17/$ by British go!ernment to protect ndians"

1# 3hero2ee %ation !" eorgia: n 1# the 3hero2ee, a @ci!ili'ed@ tribe ho had li!ed inpeace or2ing as farmers, building houses and roads found gold on their land" 6s a result hitesettlers mo!ed in and the 4tate of eorgia claimed .urisdiction o!er the 3hero2ee" he3hero2ee sued claiming they ere independent from eorgia" he 4upreme 3ourt ruled in fa!orof the 3hero2ee" he !ictory as short li!ed, hoe!er, as +resident 6ndre 5ac2son refusedto enforce the 3ourts decision"

1$0 ndian Remo!al 6ct pushes the Ii!e 3i!ili'ed ribes est of the <ississippi Ri!er"

1$ rail of ears: Iorced remo!al of the 3hero2ee est of <ississippi"

10-/0 3aliforniaEs ndian population: from 100,000 to $,000

11 Iort ?aramie reaty grants ndians their territory fore!er ndians, in turn,guarantee safe passage of Gregon rail tra!elers"

1/0s Iirst 4iou =ar" ranscontinental railroad construction and estard mo!ementof 6mericans begin idespread encroachment on +lains ndian lands"

1/* 4and 3ree2 <assacre: $00 peaceful ndian men, omen Q children attac2ed andslaughtered by 8"4" 6rmy under 3olonel 3hi!ington"

1/7 Reser!ation policy established for the Blac2 Lills Q G2lahoma"

170-10s 4econd 4iou =ar, %e' +erc, 6pache ndian =ars ith 8"4"

171 nd of treaty-ma2ing by 8"4" ndians sub.ect to 8"4" policy"

17/ 3usterEs ?ast 4tand: #/* soldiers 2illed by #,00 4iou Q 3heyenne at ?ittle BighornRi!er, <ontana"

177 he 4iou surrender 3ra'y Lorse 2illed" he %e' +erc captured at3anadian border after 1,700 mile flight under 3hief 5oseph"

1 Gf an original /0 million, only 1,000 buffalo remain in the 8"4"

1/ 6pacheEs eronimo surrenders"

17 >aes 6ct brea2s up remaining tribal lands enforces @6mericani'ation@ policyof settlement on reser!ations"

190 =ounded Dnee, 4outh >a2ota massacre of %ati!e 6mericans"

19#* 3ongress passes a la granting ndians full citi'enship ho hadnt alreadyrecei!ed it"

19$# +resident Loo!er reorgani'es the Bureau of ndian 6ffairs increases its budget"

19$* =heeler-Loard 6ct: nded land allotments, restored unsold surplus lands to tribalonership, authori'ed tribes to form councils ith significant poers o!er their people"I>REs %e >eal; for ndians"

19$ isenhoers ermination; policy established to assimilate %ati!e 6mericans" 6dramatic re!ision of federal policy that ended the Bureau of ndian 6ffairs and all of itsprograms (later reestablished)" t di!ided tribal property among its members" ?imited tribalself go!ernment and relocated many ndians to the cities here .obs ere a!ailable" heermination policy also ended federal responsibility and social ser!ices (health, education, andelfare)"

197$ 4it-in at >"3" Bureau of ndian 6ffairs to protest conditions" ndian rightsmo!ement gathers momentum, especially in organi'ations such as the 6merican ndian

<o!ement (6<)"

197* Gglala ci!il ar, =ounded Dnee, 4">" siege by I"B"" agents

190s- %ati!e 6merican tribes granted eceptions to state anti-gamblingpresent las in %e Cor2, 3onnecticut, and other states, opening casinos onreser!ations" %ati!e 6merican and other human remains in 6merican museums arereturned to tribes for burial"

Po%itics(Go)ernment'

Pendleton Act3 Fre"ted the Fi#il Ser#ice e7"ms where%y you get " go#ernment >o% %y t"4ing "ne7"m inste"d o& %y &"#or.

eder"l F"mp"ign e&orm Act o& *651. ollowing @"terg"te, m"tching &unds to Presidenti"l c"ndid"tes upto m"7imum o& Z$ million in prim"ry, "nd Z0 million in the election, limits spending %y Sen"te "nd Housec"ndid"tes, "nd limits contri%ution %y indi#idu"ls "nd politic"l org"ni"tions.

@"r Powers Act, *6513 The President c"n send troops into com%"t must in&orm congress within 18 hours.Fongress m"y then order the troops home i& it wishes. Hostilities must termin"te within 60 d"ys unless

Fongress gi#es e7plicit permission &or them to continue.



5conomic History

Lamiltons Iinancial +lans, 1790s

Iederal payment of state and national debts incurred during re!olution 3reation of a national ban2 (Ban2 of the 8nited 4tates)

nstitute tariffs to protect 6merican industries from foreign competition





>iffering economies in %orth, 4outh Q =est caused sectionalism and political conflict,100-/0

%orth: ndustry and trade ere dominant due to poor soil, ecellent seaports, greatri!ers for transport and for factory aterpoer, Roads and canals ere built ithstate money to epand this capability"

=est: (Gld %orthest: =isconsin, <ichigan, llinois, ndiana, Ghio) 6griculturedominated due to ecellent farmlands here also, but primarily in grains due to colderclimate, shorter groing season" 4la!ery is uneconomical, so it essentially didnt eisthere" he =est e!entually aligns ith the %orth"

4outh: 6griculture dominated due to ecellent farmlands, ri!ers best for transport only (notaterpoer), n!ention of cotton gin leads to cottons dominance of economy, groth ofsla!e trade and use, and desire for estard epansion (especially to eas)" he sla!eissue becomes di!isi!e and leads to sectionalism as abolition becomes a political mo!ement"he tariff issue also leads to sectionalism" he 1# ariff of 6bominations leads to 5ohn3alhoun of 43 to rite his %ullification >octrine, a theory that states may nullify las hich

it determines to be unconstitutional" his, in turn, leads to the belief that states maysecede (lea!e) the 8nion, hich e!entually leads to 3i!il =ar"

ndustrialism (1/-19#0) >uring and after the 3i!il =ar (1/1-/), northern industries gre enormously"he corporation, a legal entity, and the issuing of stoc2s, led to nationidebusinesses ith enormous factories" his also led to the concentration of ealth ina !ery fe hands, hich led, in turn, to poltical corruption by the robber baron;

business leaders"

o!ernment maintained a laisse'-faire policy: go!ernment ould not interfere iththe economy, e!en in the e!ent of a depression" Lypocritically, hoe!er, thefederal go!ernment did send in the 8"4" army to brea2 or2ers stri2es"

+rogressi!e ra: o!ernment mo!ed aay from laisse' faire ith heodoreRoose!elts 4&uare >eal policy of mediating disputes beteen or2ers andmanagement, and trustbusting"

he =elfare 4tate

%e >eal: Iran2lin Roose!elts policy of mild pro-unionism, and inter!ention ineconomy toard relief, reco!ery, and moderate reforms"

he reat 4ociety: ?yndon 5ohnsons program to age the =ar on +o!erty; in the19/0s" stablished <edicaid (health care co!erage for the poor), federal educationsubsidies (Leadstart e"g"), .obs programs (J46, e"g")" %e!er fully funded due to themassi!e cost of the Jietnam =ar"

4upply-side economics (Reaganomics): 3ut corporate and indi!idual taes, cut social

spending by go!ernment in order to encourage pri!ate in!estment leading to economicgroth, and eliminate some federal business regulations to increase profits"

his top-don approach to economic inter!ention, meant to create groth, assometimes referred to as tric2le-don economics; because it as asserted thatadditional ealth in corporations and the upper class ould tric2le don to the loerclasses"

%6I6: %orth 6merican Iree rade 6greement, 199*: tariffs remo!ed amongst

3anada, 8nited 4tates and <eico to stimulate greater trade and economic grothcritics belie!e it is resulting in feer 6merican eports and .obs in the 8nited 4tates"(Bush, 3linton)

6: eneral 6greement on ariffs and rade, 199*: li2e %6I6, this economicagreement see2s to encourage free trade by reducing tariffs and other traderestrictions" t is enforced by the =orld rade Grgani'ation (=G)" (3linton)

(oth o& the two "greements "%o#e concern the o#erriding issue o& glo%"li"tion9 o& the world?seconomy.

3a?or Po%itica%Partieseder"lists3 Pro ;ngl"nd, m"nu&"cturing, strong n"tion"l go#ernment, "rmy, (US, limited &ree

speech. H"milton, Ad"ms

e&&ersoni"n

C'emocr"ticD

epu%lic"ns3 Pro rench, &"rmers, strong st"te go#ernments, low t"7es, indi#idu"l rights, sm"ll"rmy, sm"ll n"tion"l go#ernment "nti n"tion"l intern"l impro#ements, "nti m"nu&"cturing.e&&erson, M"dison, Monroe

P"rties &"ll "p"rt "s epu%lic"ns %ecome more li4e the eder"lists when in o&&ice, "ndeder"lists "re t"inted %y the H"rt&ord Fon#ention.

@higs3 "ssumed to %e the p"rty o& the we"lthy, Fl"y?s Americ"n pl"n Ct"ri&&, intern"limpro#ements, "nd (USD, city oriented, n"tion"list, est"%lished %usiness, "nti "c4son. Fl"y,@e%ster, Tyler

'emocr"ts3 "ssumed to %e the p"rty o& the common m"n, "nti high t"ri&&, e7p"nsionist, "nti (USinheritors o& e&&erson?s concern &or &"rmer, rising %usinessmen, "c4son, "n (uren, F"lhoun,Pol4.

P"rties &"ll "p"rt during the *8$0s when they c"n?t deep their southern "nd northern wingstogether.

epu%lic"ns3 Pro northern %usiness, high t"ri&&, Homeste"d Act, help to .., hold union together, &reethe sl"#es, h"rd money, pro imperi"lism. Lincoln, Er"nt, McGinley, T. oose#elt. There "reconser#"ti#e "nd progressi#e-re&orm wings.





Americ" (ecomes A Elo%"l Power3 *600-*60s

MAB TH;M;S31 Organize U. S. foreign policy from 1870-1920 by: (1) geographic regionar !a"#$ %a#in

&merica$ 'aribbean$ !rope (2) &merican mo#i*e" economic$ moral$ +onroe ,oc#rine$ balance ofpoer among !ropean na#ion"$ ominance in #he 'aribbean (/) inflence of ome"#ic policie" onforeign policy.2 mperiali"m: charac#eri"#ic"$ "orce"$ na#re$ ca"e"$ impac#$ re"l#"$ compare #o !ropeanimperiali"m./ %in econ"#rc#ion$ 3opli"m$ an mperiali"m.4 'ompare an con#ra"# #he ol an #he ne +anife"# ,e"#iny.5 oo"e*el#6" foreign policy. il"on6" foreign policy.7 U. S. policy #oar +eico an 'ba$ 1890"-19/0".8 'a"e" of U. S. en#ry in#o orl ar an i#" a##emp#" #o remain ne#ral.

9 ,efea# of #he er"aille" ;rea#y: immeia#e an long-#erm con"e<ence".10 ar an #he #hrea# of ar ni#e an i*ie &merican" in #he 1898-1920" perio.11 'ompare an con#ra"# #he 3opli"# an 3rogre""i*e mo*emen#".12 'ompare 3rogre""i*i"m an =ac"oniani"m.1/ >oal" of 3rogre""i*i"m: "cce""e"$ failre".14 3rogre""i*e" a" #he ne eerali"#": 'ompare ?amil#on6" program an 3rogre""i*i"m.15 3rogre""i*i"m a" #he @ha*e-no#"A again"# #he @ha*e"A: role of labor nion"$ immigran#"$ Blac"$omen$ an rban poor.1 'orpora#ion" an nion" bo#h an#e go*ernmen#al pro#ec#ion b# no# go*ernmen#alregla#ion.17 ;race #he regla#ion of big b"ine"" an cor# in#erpre#a#ion" from #he n#er"#a#e 'ommerce &c##o U. S. v. U. S. Steel Corp. in 1920.18 ;race #he long hi"#ory of a reform "ch a" prohibi#ion$ omen6" righ#"$ or baning.

19 Spreme 'or# in#erpre#a#ion" an changing economic an "ocial coni#ion"$ 1890-1920.20 Significan# elec#ion": 1900$ 1912$ 1920.21 'ompare an con#ra"# #he program" an amini"#ra#ion" of ;heoore oo"e*el#$ ooroil"on$ an illiam ?oar ;af#: baning$ railroa"$ #r"#"$ #ariff"$ e#c.22 orl ar bo#h helpe an hr# Blac" an labor.2/ 'ompare #he ome"#ic impac# of #he ir"# an Secon orl ar".24 3rogre""i*i"m a liberal or con"er*a#i*e mo*emen#C



T;MS TB G<B@3- =ame" >. Blaine - 3an-&mericani"m

- @Dello Eornali"mA - Eingoi"m

- &lfre ;hayer +ahan - U. S. S. Maine - 'ommoore +a##he 3erry - 'ommoore ,eey

- Feen %ilioalani - ogh ier"- ;rea#y of 3ari" (1898) - al#er ee

- n"lar 'a"e" - ;eller &menmen#- 3la## &menmen# - pro#ec#ora#e

- &ginalo - =ohn ?ay$ Secre#ary of S#a#e- Open ,oor Go#e" - Boer ebellion

- e#ra#erri#oriali#y - mo"#-fa*ore-na#ion cla"e- ;ey oo"e*el#6" @Big S#icA policy - 'lay#on-Bler ;rea#y

- ?ay-Bna-arilla ;rea#y - 3anama 'anal- oo"e*el# 'orollary #o +onroe ,oc#rine - @'olo""" of #he Gor#hA

- ""o-=apane"e ar - ;rea#y of 3or#"mo#h- >en#leman6" &greemen# - >rea# hi#e lee#

- +craer" - =acob ii" HHow the Other Half LivesI- ;hor"#ein eblen HThe Theory of the Leisure - %incoln S#effen" HThe Shame of the CitiesI

ClassI - ran Gorri" HThe OctopusI

- a ;arbell HHistory of Standard Oil Co.I - =ohn ,eey HThe School and Society I- +argare# Sanger - 1#h$ 17#h$ 18#h$ 19#h &menmen#"

- ;riangle Shir#ai"# 'o. fire - &n#i-Saloon %eage- S<are ,eal - Gelan" eclama#ion &c# (1902)

- ore"# e"er*e &c# (1891) - &n#hraci#e 'oal S#rie (1902)- ?epbrn &c# (190) - @;r"#b"#erA

- +ea# n"pec#ion &c# - Up#on Sinclair HThe JungleI- 3re oo an ,rg &c# - 3anic of 1907

- i"con"in$ @%abora#ory of ,emocracyA - Bob %aolle##e- Ballinger-3incho# con#ro*er"y - @,ollar ,iplomacyA

- Bll +oo"e 3ar#y - oo"e*el#6" O"aa#omie$ JS "peech- Ge reeom - Ge Ga#ionali"m- Sociali"# 3ar#y - H@obblie"AI

- @Big BillA ?ayoo - eeral e"er*e &c# (191/)- Uneroo-Simmon" ;ariff - =one" &c# (3hilippine")$ 191

- =one" &c# (3er#o ico)$ 1917 - 3ancho illa- >eneral =ohn @BlacEacA 3er"hing - ;riple !n#en#e

- ;riple &lliance - 'en#ral 3oer"- Lusitania - Kimmermann Go#e

- ar n"#rie" Boar - ?erber# ?oo*er$ oo &mini"#ra#ion- !"pionage &c# (1917) - Sei#ion &c# (1918)

- "elec#i*e "er*ice - or#een 3oin#"- er"aille" ;rea#y - Big or

- collec#i*e "ecri#y - Sena#or ?enry 'abo# %oge- e Scare - 3almer rai"

2MPBTA<T SUP;M; FBUT FAS;S3L nsular Cases H1901$ 190/$ 1904I con"#i##ional righ#" in #erri#orie"L !orthern Securities Case H1904I an#i#r"# la"L Lochner v. !ew "or# H1905I e proce"" an "#a#e police poer

L Schenc# v. U. S. H1919I raical" an #he 1"# &menmen#L $%rams v. U. S. H1919I raical" an #he 1"# &menmen#

The $oaring =Os & the 'epression; 7L=O?7L>O

BA*$ TH5B5S;1 ?aring an #he 1920" a" #he en of 3rogre""i*i"m.2 ha# a"pec#" of 3rogre""i*i"m "r*i*e in#o #he 1920"C/ ere #he 1920" @golenA or @roaringA for farmer"$ labor$ an b"ine""C4 'oolige: The man who %uilds a factory %uilds a temple& the man who wor#s there worshipsthere. 5 ;he 1920" a" an age of nonconformi#y: Blac"$ femini"#"$ li#erary cri#ici"m$ ne "ealfreeom". ;he ar "ie of #he 1920": an#i-immigra#ion$ JJJ$ Scope" ;rial$ prohibi#ion.7 &liena#ion a" a li#erary #hem in #he 1920" . Sco## i#zgeral6" 'reat 'ats%y H#he @%o"#>enera#ionAI.8 'a"e" of #he >rea# ,epre""ion.9 'ompare #he cri#ici"m" of &merican "ocie#y ri#er" mae in #he 1920" i#h #ho"e mae in #he19/0".10 'ompare ?oo*er6" an ,6" re"pon"e #o #he ,epre""ion.11 'ompare #he role of #he feeral go*ernmen# in #he economie" of #he 1920" an 19/0".

12 The twenties were pro(%usiness& the thirties were anti(%usiness. 1/ 'ompare 3rogre""i*i"m an #he Ge ,eal.14 'ompare an con#ra"# #he ir"# an Secon Ge ,eal".15 ;he Ge ,eal a" re*ol#ionary.1 ;he Ge ,eal a" a con"er*a#i*e program.17 ;he Ge ,eal helpe #he rich more #han #he neey.18 Scce""e" an failre" of #he Ge ,eal.19 ;he Spreme 'or# an #he Ge ,eal.20 mpac# of *ario" Ge ,eal program" an agencie" on &merican "ocie#y.21 i"e of #he elfare "#a#e.22 Big go*ernmen# an big labor chece big b"ine"".2/ !plain #he cri#ic" of #he Ge ,eal: ;on"en$ 'oghlin$ ?ey %ong$ lef#i"#"$ con"er*a#i*e".24 ha# ene #he reform effor# by #he la#e 19/0"C

25 eform ol ha*e come i#ho# a epre""ion beca"e reform in &merican hi"#ory i" #heperioic reaE"#men# of a"pec#" of #he economy.2 'ompare #he labor mo*emen# of #he 19/0" i#h #he labor mo*emen# of #he la#e 19c.27 hy i #he Sociali"# 3ar#y fail #o become a "erio" fac#or in &merican poli#ic"C



T5$BS T* -*1;- @e#rn #o GormalcyA - ;eapo# ,ome Scanal

- +"cle Shoal" - Secy. of #he ;rea"ry +ellon (#a c#")- !lec#ion of 1924 - 3rogre""i*e 3ar#y

- eeral arm Boar - @;he %o"# >enera#ionA- ;heoore ,rei"er H $n $merican Tragedy I - !rne"# ?emingay H $ )arewell to $rmsI

- ;. S. !lio# HThe *aste Land I - prohibi#ion Hol"#ea &c#I- fnamen#ali"#" - mmigra#ion &c#" (1921$ 1924)

- Billy Snay - Scope" ;rial- ?enry or H+oel ;I - The Ja++ Singer H1"# #aling mo*ieI

- flapper" - #he @Ge omanA- ?arlem enai""ance - %ang"#on ?ghe"

- +arc" >ar*ey - 3an-&frican mo*emen#- 'harle" %inbergh - @Spiri# of S#. %oi"A

- ;en#y-One ,eman" - a"hing#on Ga*al 'onference- 5:5:/:1.75:1.75 na*al ra#io - ,ae" 3lan

- Dong 3lan - Jellogg-Brian ;rea#y

- Smoo#-?aley ;ariff (19/0) - econ"#rc#ion inance 'orpora#ion (')- Bon" &rmy - @?oo*er*ille"A

- >oo Geighbor 3olicy - Gorri"-%a>aria &c# (19/2)- elec#ion of 19/2 - 20#h M 21"# &menmen#"

- ban holiay - ?nre ,ay"- !mergency Baning elief &c# (19//) - @elief$ eco*ery$ eformNA

- >la""-S#eagall Baning eform &c# (19//) - eeral ,epo"i# n"rance 'orp. (,')- Ga#ional n"#rial eco*ery &c# (G&) - Ga#ional n"#rial eco*ery &mini"#ra#ion

- #he @Ble !agleA (G&)- &gricl#ral &E"#men# &c# (&&&) - 'i*ilian 'on"er*a#ion 'orp" (''')

- eeral !mergency elief &min. (!&) - 'i*il or" &mini"#ra#ion ('&)- 3blic or" &mini"#ra#ion (3&) - or" 3rogre"" &mini"#ra#ion (3&)

- ?arry ?opin" - eeral &r#" 3roEec#- ?ome Oner"6 %oan 'orpora#ion (?O%') - eeral ?o"ing &#hori#y (?&)

- Secri#ie" an !change 'ommi""ion (S!') - =o"eph Jenney$ Sr.- ;enne""ee alley &#hori#y (;&) - ral !lec#rifica#ion &mini"#ra#ion (!&)

- Ga#ional Do#h &mini"#rai#on (GD&) - nian eorganiza#ion &c# (19/4)- agner &c# (19/5) - Ga#ional %abor ela#ion" Boar (G%B)

- air %abor S#anar" &c# - 'ongre"" of n"#rial Organiza#ion ('O)- =ohn %. %ei" - ,"# Bol- Oaie" - =ohn S#einbec HThe 'rapes of *rathI

- rance" 3erin"$ Secy. of %abor - !leanor oo"e*el#- Jeyne"ian economic" - ?ey %ong H#he @Jingfi"hAI

- @Share #he ea#hA - a#her 'harle" 'oghlin- !lec#ion of 19/ - Social Secri#y &c#- @'or# 3acingA - 'hief ="#ice 'harle" !*an" ?ghe"

- ?a#ch &c# (19/9)

IBP*$TAT SUP$5B5 @*U$T @AS5S;

L Schechter ,oultry Corp. v. U. S. H19/5I con"#i##ionali#y of Ge ,eal program"

America (ecomes A Superpower; 7L>O?7LO

BA*$ TH5B5S;1 'ompare i"ola#ioni"m af#er orl ar i#h leaer"hip of #he e"#ern orl af#er orl ar .2 'ompare an con#ra"# &merican foreign policy in #he 1920" an 19/0" i#h &merican foreignpolicy in #he fif#een year" af#er orl ar ./ ;he impac# of commni"m pon bo#h foreign an ome"#ic affair" in #he #o ecae" af#erorl ar .4 a" #he 'ol ar ine*i#ableC5 'ompare an con#ra"# #he foreign policie" of ;rman an !i"enhoer. ?o con"i"#en# a" U. S. policy #oar 'hina from 1900-1949C7 mpac# of #he Spani"h-&merican ar$ orl ar $ an orl ar on or commi#men#" an"ecri#y in &"ia an #he 3acific Ocean.8 &merican foreign policy from 1945-190 a" con#rolle by #he gho"# of ooro il"on.9 'ompare an con#ra"# #he eperience" of *ario" grop"labor$ Blac"$ b"ine""$ farmer"folloing #he ir"# an Secon orl ar".10 ,i"p#e" among blac leaer" o*er goal"$ me#ho"$ an #he egree of in#egra#ion.11 1950" a" an era of "ocial anie#y.

12 ea"on" for an con"e<ence" of blac migra#ion from #he rral So#h #o #he rban Gor#h in#he 20c.1/ 'i*il righ#" mo*emen# #o 190.14 hy i" , rane a" a grea# 3re"ien#C



T5$BS T* -*1; - +on#e*ieo 'onference - io e =aneiro 'onference (19//)

- Beno" &ire" 'onference (19/) - %ima 'onference (19/8)- Spani"h 'i*il ar (19/-19/9) - ranci"co ranco

- &olph ?i#ler - Beni#o +""olini

- =o"eph S#alin - 'hiang Jai-"he- 3anay ncien# - >eneral ;oEo- %en %ea"e - &#lan#ic 'har#er (1941)

- 3earl ?arbor (12P7P41) - ar 3roc#ion Boar- Office of 3rice &mini"#rai#on (O3&) - genocie

- ?oloca"# - @inal Sol#ionA- ,-,ay (P4P44) - S#alingra

- in"#on 'hrchill - 'a"ablanca 'onference (194/)- ;eheran 'onference (194/) - @nconi#ional "rrenerA

- Ba##le of #he Blge - +anha##an 3roEec#- =. ober# Oppenheimer - ?iro"hima

- Gaga"ai - -! ,ay- -= ,ay - +anzinar

- reloca#ion - Dal#a 'onference- 3o#"am 'onference - 'hrchill6" @ron 'r#ainA "peech

- Jorean ar - >eneral ,ogla" +ac&r#hr- >anhi - ,ien Bien 3h

- ?o 'hi +inh - Bricer &menmen#- =ohn o"#er ,lle" - m#al a""re e"g#rc#ion (+.&.,.)

- brin"man"hip - Gii#a Jhr"hche*- ?ngarian e*ol# (195) - 'ommon +are#

- Organiza#ion of &merican S#a#e" (O&S) - U-2 ncien#- Bay of 3ig" - &lliance for 3rogre""

- 'ban +i""ile 'ri"i" - 'B+- >. . Bill of igh#" (1944) - Baby Boom

- ;af#-?ar#ley &c# - Sena#or ober# &. ;af#- ,iiecra#" - Sena#or S#rom ;hrmon

- ?enry allace - air ,eal- Ga#ional Secri#y &c# (1947$ 1949) - +c'ar#hyi"m

- Sena#or =o"eph +c'ar#hy - &lger ?i""- =li" an !#hel o"enberg - +c'arran n#ernal Secri#y &c# (1950)- 22n &menmen# - &yn an HThe )ountainhead I

- +c'arran-al#er mmigra#ion &c# (1952) - n#er"#a#e ?ighay &c#- ,ep#. of ?eal#h$ !c. M elfare (?!) - S#. %arence Seaay

- =immy ?offa - &%-'O merger- Sp#ni - Ga#ional ,efen"e !ca#ion &c# (G,!&)

- @mili#ary-in"#rial compleA - e"egrega#ion- @Separa#e B# !<alA - ;hrgoo +ar"hall

- o"a 3ar" - +on#gomery$ &% b" boyco##- e*. +ar#in %#her Jing$ =r. - %i##le oc$ & e"egrega#ion cri"i"

- 'i*il igh#" &c# (1957) - 'i*il igh#" &c# (190)- poll #ae"

IBP*$TAT SUP$5B5 @*U$T @AS5S; L -orematsu v. U. S. H1944I ar poer" an ci*ilian"L rown v. oard of /ducation0 Tope#a0 -S H1954I blac"$ eca#ion an #he e<al pro#ec#ioncla"e.

Documents

AP Us History Survival Guide