Pre-Columbian Societieso Early inhabitants of the Americas

the arrival of peoples from northeastern Asia during the last Ice Age when land linked Siberia and Alaska (Bering Land Bridge)

hundreds of independent tribes early civilizations

Aztecs o known as “Mexica” at the timeo migrated from the north during the thirteenth century and settled on the shore

of Lake Texcoco as subjects of the local inhabitants.o overthrew rulers in 1428 and went on to conquer other cities around the lake

and extended their domain to the Gulf Coasto four year drought in the 1450’s

Aztecs interpreted it as a sign that the gods, like themselves, were hungry

priests maintained that the only way to satisfy the gods was to serve them human blood and hearts

conquering Aztec warriors sought captives for sacrifice in order to nourish the gods

o to support the nearly two hundred thousand people residing in and around Tenochtitlan (capital) the Aztecs maximized the production of food

drained swampy areas and added rich soil from the lake bottom called chinampas or artificial islands

developed highly elaborate irrigation systemo rebellions constantly flared within their realm

they had surrounded and weakened, but not subjugated, one neighboring rival, while another blocked their westward expansion

o 1519 - Spanish Conquistadores invaded and brought the Aztec Empire to an end disease played important role

Incaso capital is Cuzcoo conquered and subordinated societies over much of the Andes and adjacent

regions after 1438o key to the expansion was the ability to produce and distribute a wide range of

surplus crops including maize, beans, potatoes, and meats

o constructed terraced irrigation systems for watering crops on uneven terraino perfected freeze-drying and other preservation techniqueso built vast storehouseso vast network of roads and bridgeso still expanding when violently crushed in the sixteenth century by the Spanish

Anasazio located in the Four Corners area

where Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meeto by around 700 A.D., the Anasazi people were harvesting crops, living in

permanent villages, and making pottery.

o expanded over a wide area and became the most powerful people in the Southwest

o architecture villages consisted of extensive complexes of attached apartments and

storage rooms, along with kivas (partly underground structures in which men conducted religious ceremonies)

Anasazi-style apartments and kivas are central features of Pueblo Indian architecture in the Southwest

o height of Anasazi culture occurred between 900 and 1150 during an unusually wet period in the Southwest

built perfectly straight roads, even carving footholds or stairs in cliffs by controlling rainwater runoff through small dams and terraces, the

towns fed themselves as well as the satelliteso overriding cause of the decline of the Anasazi was drought

Mayano Yucatan Peninsulao developed advancement in the arts, literature and writing, developed the

calendar as well as a fully developed written language, numerical system that included zero

o The Mayan religions are heavily based on the cyclical nature of time. They viewed celestial and other events in nature and practiced religious ceremonies for those events. Mayan priests were used to translate these events and say what type of ceremonies should be practiced. Like the Aztecs the Mayan also practiced human sacrifice

o Unlike the Aztecs the Mayan empire took nearly 170 years before the Conquistadors gained entire control of the region.

o influenced by the Teotihuacan Ohio River Valley

o mound builders o Mississippi river settlementso created the “Mississippian culture” 700 ADo religious ceremonies focused on the sun, as a source of agricultural fertility

chief = to be related to the sun if died, wives and servants were killed to accompany him into

the afterlife0o after 900 AD Mississippian centers formed extensive networks based on river

born trade and shared religious beliefso Cahokia

major, most powerful center Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492 – 1690

o Africa extended families

matrilineal religion

animism – polytheistic, nature spirits

o interior of Africa Islam

o founded on the coasto Muslims enslaved those of the interior of Africa, converted them

tradeo brought Islam to Africao gold and salt are precious commoditieso important cause of the slave trade

Ghana gold

o inflation caused by discovery Mali

arose from the Ghana Empire Songhai

700-1400 CEo Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer first person to reach India from Europe

by sailing around the coast of Africa used Lateen sails

o Henry the Navigator Portuguese explorer ignored the treaty of Tordesillas

divided South America between Spain and Portugalo Portugal was Brazil and East

sugaro Spain was west of Brazil

silver and goldo Christopher Columbus

discovered America thought he was in India, but was really in the Caribbean

sailed for Spain after being denied by the Portuguese he is Portuguese

Columbian Exchange brought disease and manufactured goods to the New World brought new crops and slaves to the Old World

o Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztecs in 1521 from Spain

o Picasso Pizarro conquered the Incas from Portugal

o Elizabethan Era religion

Angelicans Puritans

Englando state religion =Anglicanso emperor = both religious and monarch (political power)

lutherism-prussia Calvinism-france

o stressed predestination god is omnipotent/omniscient

o humanity is sinful puritans

o didn’t believe prests/popes are importanto believed in direct relationship with godo more militant

not allowed to vote, education important, cater to second class citizenso test act – proved to be a true Anglicano Separatists

don’t want to be part of English church move to America

o Non Separatists okay with state church anti-catholic

foreign policy “bloody” mary married to King Phillip of Spain

o if she died, he gets everything Elizabeth 1st took over

o encourages immigration to the new worldo wants to counter Spanish expeditions

o Spanish Colonization Motives

economic spread religion – Catholic

Conquer Vast Lasts/Establish empire enslave natives to work fields encomiendas- grants awarding Indian land, labor, and tribute to weathly colonists

earliest were gold minds conquistadors – Spanish explorers sent viceroy to administer/rule colonies

o French/Dutch Colonization build small colonies trade fur for weapons

for hats do not try to make precious societies

Frencho settle in Quebec o protestantso friends with Indians – Iroquois

o Hurons – enemies major battle between Hurons and French ????? battle of Lake Champlain

French and Iroquois won Dutch

o settled in New Amsterdamo English Colonies

failed settlements Roanoke - 1587

Virginia Company of London issued charter by queen Elizabeth the first, was not financed by monarch but by joint

stock company Jamestown

o 1st successful settlemento settle by gentry

gentlemen educated commoners, no manual labor died of disease/starvation

o john smith sets up military discipline wrote the starving time anglo-powhatan wars “no work =no food”

o challenges – disease (dysentery, malaria, etc.), and mal nutritiono john Rolf – marries Pocahontas

grew tobacco Plymouth

o 1622o Plymouth companyo separatists puritans

wanted to be separated from English churcho mayflower compact

promised they would from a separatist puritan gov’t and abide by it. example of American desire for gov’t

Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 non separatists (Congregationalists)

o want to reform church/government unified absorbs Plymouth Winthrop’s utopian vision – “City upon a Hill” church and state separate became too successful and generations later began to loss sight of their goal

1625: European built colonies on the St. Lawrence to Rio Grandeo Slavery

vast majority went to plantations in the Caribbean and north American colonies

depopulation and uprooting of native Americans in the 1500s warfare epidemics

o regions New England, Chesapeake, Carolina, Middle Colonies

o 1630: Puritan lead great migration to new England colony based on religious ideal first utopian or ideal society bishops made services according to book of common prayer

Puritan minister refused so courts fined and excommunicated them established Massachusetts bay

non separatists was different from Plymouth advocated reform rather than separation from church

John Winthrop rich had an obligation to look after the poor poor should accept social superiors as rulers

Period of Starvationo Pequot War – 1637

Massachusetts Bay prohibited North Americans from practicing own religions encouraged them to convert to Christianity praying towns

o taught North Americans Christianity and English Ways established Connecticut

Indians were unhappy o violence broke out

Settlers won established New Haven

o Dissent and Orthodoxy Puritans emphasized education, literacy, and Orthodoxy

Harvard, Yale, Princeton – colleges that trained religious officials to become ministerso Power to the Saints

“saints” saved people only saints could vote/choose minister

general court became bicameral (two chambers)

lawmaking body town meetings decentralized authority saints had power over political and economic issues

o New England families nuclear patriarchal

o Halfway Covenant

permitted children of baptized adults, non-saints too, to receive baptism, opted for worldly power of spiritual purity

eventually ruins original Puritan idealso Salem Witchcraft

mostly charged females who lived in the outskirts of village decreased the already nonexistent power of women

o Chesapeake Bay in Virginia and Maryland produced tobacco society

dominated by a few wealthy planters mostly white indentured servants a small growing number of black slaves poor white farmers

legislature split into two chambers 1650 – House of Burgesses and Governor’s council

first government body members held lifetime appointments

Virginia adopted England’s county court systems state church = church of England

loyalists each parish had six vestrymen

chosen from wealthy planters handled church finances decided who was deserving of poor relief investigated complaints against the minister

Virginia taxpayers were legally obligated to pay fixed rates to the Anglican church shortage of clergymen

many communities without functioning congregations Maryland

meant to be a haven for Catholicso unsuccessful

crown gave land instead of joint stock companies Lord Baltimore

o obtained a grant from the Virginia Company o established a head right

for people who brought settlerso he had English Catholic worship at his home

1642 – conflict between Catholics and protestants o lord Baltimore made Act for Religious Toleration

made Maryland the second colony after Rhode Island to affirm liberty of worship

did not bring peace even though this was an act for religious toleration, it was only

for Christians 1654 – protestants bar the Catholics from voting

o ousted governor William Stone repealed the Toleration Act

Battle of Severn Rivero governor fights back but looses

has an assemblyo made up of landowners

divided by towns not counties people did not attend church that often

o because of locationo priests did not want to leave England

men wrote wills, giving wives perpetual or complete control of the estates tobacco shapes the region (1630-1670) Bacons Rebellion (1675-1676)

tensions between Natives and settlers Nathaniel Bacon, of the backcountry of Virginia

o won settlers support o killed friendly Indians in April, 1676o June of 1676, Bacon wanted to wage war against all Indianso governor forced to agree and a new law was made

Indians that left their villages without English permission were enemies lands forfeited and troops could take whatever they wanted,

even people as slaveso governor Berkley changes his decision and rebels attack and wino Bacon dies in 1676 of Dysentery, followers disperse

shows rich coast people vs. poor interior backcountry people idea Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny

o Indian Removal Act Indians pushed from land and forced west by the colonists

created future tension opened up land for the colonists

o Irish nativism – hatred towards Irish coming to America and taking American jobs small land owners mostly poor Catholics with a few rich protestants Anti-Catholicism – hatred of Catholics immigrate due to Great Potato Famine Irish competed with blacks and hated abolitionists

o Germans more independent than Irish own isolated societies skill laborers favored by Americans

o territorial acquisitions Americans settle in Texas in 1835

white rebellion in Texas o Hayden Edwards led a revolt against Mexico in 1826

Texas revolution in 1836o Stephen Austin wanted to restore the Mexican constitution of 1824

empresarios – peaceful Americans encouraged by Mexican government to settle

had silver and catholic missions southern farmers wanted slaves in Texas, not allowed because Mexico was a slave free

country 1836-1845 – Texas is independent 1845 – Texas annexed as a slave state

o accompanied by a joint resolution of both houses of congress 1845 - santé fee trail

Americans have settlements in California, new Mexico, and Oregon California

o needed manufactured goods from Mexicoo had gold and cattle hideso californios – Hispanics born in California

Mexico was eager to trade with them new Mexico

o settlers cut off from countryo wagon trains (Oregon trail)

high death rateso traded with western states

Oregon o abundant farmland

many settlers moved west (manifest destiny)o divided at the 49th parallel between the Americans and Britisho Oregon trail

James K. Polk democrat talked about expansion supported the re-annexation of Texas big on tariffs and independent treasury challenged the British for Oregon

increased amount of land for American settlerso John Deere – farmingo Charles River Bridge Case

granted in 1785 a charter by the state of Massachusetts to operate a toll bridge. The state later authorized in 1828 a competing bridge that would eventually be free to the

public, so the Charles River Bridge Company brought suit against the competing company, claiming that the state charter had given it a monopoly

The court upheld the state's authorization to the other company, holding that since the original charter did not specifically grant a monopoly, the contract would operate in favor of the public, allowing bridge to be completed

o Cyrus McCormick – created the reaper in 1831o Manifest Destiny

Expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean “area of freedom” Invoked God and Nature Whigs – thought Democrats were spreading slavery Sullivan – against expanding because sink to level of British Herald focused on anxieties of working class – wanted to expel British from Oregon, keep slavery Bennet’s telegraph would help communication

o Webster-Ashburton Treaty Created the border between New Brunswick and Maine

o “54-40 or Fight”/Oregon Treaty 1846

negotiations with the British after Polk's inauguration - the boundary between the U.S. and British Canada was established at 49°

The exception to the 49th parallel boundary is that it turns south in the channel separating Vancouver Island with the mainland and then turns south and then west through the Juan de Fuca Strait.

o Mexican War US hated Mexico due to large debt Mexico feared that if US got Texas, they would not stop there may 1846 – Zachary Taylor beat Mexicans in two battles

sent by Polk captured Monterrey

march 1847 – US captured Mexico city treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo

1848 ended the war Mexico ceded Texas with re-agreeing boundary US paid Mexico $15 million to Mexico treaty ratified march 10, 1848

o John Slidell served as agent to Mexico in the months preceding the outbreak of war between that nation

and the United States close ally of James K. Polk

o American Exceptionalism idea of American identity new world = Eden Monroe doctrine

America is not to be corrupted by foreign affairs and ideas manifest destiny is an example of this America = best

The Crisis of the Uniono slavery disputes

Missouri Compromise opened debate on slavery in territories

Wilmont Proviso reopened the debate of slavery in territories like the old Missouri Compromise passed in the house but not the senate

o because Polk did not endorse it 3/5 compromise fugitive slave act

angers north slaves get no jury judges were corrupt, got money for every slave returned impact

o north fired up against slavery vigilance and personal liberty laws

o union would surrender slaves or be prosecuted for helping slaves Anthony Burns

o runaway slave taken back south Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 written by Harriet Beecher Stowe created anti-slavery feelings

The Impending Crisis of the South Written by Hinton Rowan Helper

Strongly attacked slavery as a barrier to the economic advancement of whites Dred Scott case

Dred Scott vs. Sandfordo debate over the northwest ordinanceo Dred Scott couldn’t sue for freedomo slaves could not become US citizenso the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it violated the fifth

amendment, which did not allow Congress or territorial governments to exclude slavery from any area

o Scott lost due to the case, Lecompton Constitution in 1857

o protected the rights of slaveholders in Kansas regarding their slave property never went through congress because Kansans (people of Kansas) voted

against ito Nashville Convention

Only 9/15 slave states sent delegateso compromise of 1850

omnibus bill makes California a free state new Mexico and Utah are organized without the mention of slavery

Texas established as slave state no slave sales in D.C. Texas debts are to be paid by federal government

o Popular Sovereignty Territories decision to enter as a free or slave state

o Gadsden Purchase Land south of Gila River

o Stephen Douglas Democrat Sponsored Kansas-Nebraska Act Largely responsible for the compromise of 1850

o Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 – began with Stephen Douglas on the expansion of railroads from East to West south said the railroads would go through non-slave land and Nebraska would be a free state,

therefore upsetting balance got rid of Missouri Compromise

states would decide by popular sovereignty led to the collapse of the Whig party

created territories without restrictions of slavery divided on the issue

o Free Soil Position and Party Did not want slavery to expand Supported Wilmot Proviso nominated Martin Van Buren on a platform of opposition to any kind of slavery Although they were unable to carry any state, they had enough influence in North to convey

their point.o Ostend Manifesto

Take Cubao Know nothing party

against slavery came from the secret organization called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner – 1849

wanted to get rid of immigrants and Catholics in the US

saw Catholicism and slavery as evil protestants to hold office

dispersed in 1856o republicans

made up of former Whigs and no nothings and free soilers 1854 were against slavery

in the presidential election of 1860, the extension of slavery should b e prohibited by the Federal Government, but protected in the States where it already existed

built organizations on the state levelo bleeding Kansas

civil war in Kansas in 1856 between pro slavery and free soilers due to the Kansas Nebraska Act ruffians vs. abolitionists Lecompton vs. Topeka

free state government brooks vs. Sumner

Charles Sumner, a senator from Massachusetts, made a speech titled, "The Crime Against Kansas," denouncing slavery, and, at the same time, ridiculing the South Carolina senator, Charles Butler, in 1856.

Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew came into the Senate chamber and hit him on the head, making Brooks a hero in the South.

brooks beats Sumner with a cane northwest Ordinance

how a territory becomes a state Lecompton vs. Topeka set constitution

o to settle the Kansas problem about whether to prohibit or allow slaveryo Kansas is admitted as a free stateo constitution was crushed because the pro slavery people did not follow ito Lecompton backed by democrats

o Abraham Lincoln south did not like Lincoln

they feared North was exerting control through him his personal views clashed against those of the South

Lincoln – Douglas debates contrast each other ideologically and physically Lincoln joins republicans, Douglas joins democrats both wanted to keep slavery out of the way of white settlement both candidates agreed that popular sovereignty would keep slavery out of territories Douglas wins debate, but Lincoln and supporters definitely made their mark

o John Brown and Harpers Ferry October 16, 1859 at Harpers Ferry

John Brown led 21 men to get slaves to rise up did not give his men food and forgot to tell the slaves

Lee overpowered Brown and hanged him Brown put ideas of rebellion in slaves minds

o Election of 1860 republicans knew that if they wanted to win election they needed to come up with an economic

program tariffs, internal improvements, and 163 acres of public land for settlers Lincoln is candidate

democratic problems split between North and South due to Dred Scott case

Lincoln won

o secession south was not happy about the election results south secedes from Union on December 20, 1860

South Carolina secedes first makes the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis is the first president were not united, just a loose confederation of states

o search for compromise south Carolina senator Crittenden proposed government to compensate for runaway slaves to

avoid secession did not work because Lincoln was against the free soil ideals

Civil Waro advantages

north naval ships to go through rivers industrialized better railroads more people enrolment Act of 1863 – draft that forced 20-45 year old whites into Union Army Ulysses S. Grant - generals

south political advantage home front battle Robert E. Lee – general impressments Act of 1863 – allowed army officers to take food from farmers at

prescribed rates conscription Act

o finances north

legal tender of paper money 50 million greenback war bonds

south war bonds confederacy inflation

o border states north

habeas corpus – keep secessionalists in jail major rivers

o Ohio and Mississippi ex parte Merryman

o court caseo Habeas Corpuso put in jail in Maryland

because he was a secessionist o arms and strategy

trench warfare guerilla warfare long range strategy – anaconda plan

north blockade of the southern coastline invented by Winfield Scott works but takes forever

rifles and machine gunso Fort Sumter

Lincoln sending supplies and food not ammunition to fort, to gain the military advantage of attacking fort Sumter before the arrival of relief ships, Confederate batteries began to bombard the fort shortly before dawn on April 12.

o foreign affairs Trent Affair

Mason and Slidell boarded British ship Britain is pro-union

Laird Rams ships specifically designed to break blockades the English prevented them from being sold to the South

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty British and U.S. agreed to:

o Not to seek exclusive control of the canal or territory on either side of such a canal

o Not to fortify any position in the canal area o Not to establish colonies in Central America

o Bull Run first major battle confederates won show that there will be a long bloody war

o Antietam bloodiest battle union victory Lee’s troops invaded Maryland because they needed supplies and hoped for Europe’s help

o confiscation Acts the Union right to seize all property used in military aid of the rebellion (South) including slaves freedom for slaves who join Union armies law gave the president the right to employ blacks as soldiers

o Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in rebellion states, not loyal states issued by Lincoln transformed Union’s war aims lays the groundwork for the 13th amendment which abolishes slavery

o Vicksburg union victory won control of the city

o Gettysburg very bloody battle Pickett attack the union Confederacy defeated, Union victory

o copperheads – northern democratso Sherman’s March

marched through Atlanta, Savanna, and Columbia burned, killed, looted, and pulled up railroad tracks and roads on his way

o Appomattox Lee retreated from Petersburg with low amounts of men and supplies surrendered at Appomattox courthouse in 1865 end of Civil War

o Seward’s Ice Box Seward's Icebox was Alaska when William Seward purchased it for the United States

o Lincoln shot and died by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865o 600,000 casualties, the largest American casualty rate evero Economic effects of the war

North pacific railroad Act – transcontinental railroad USMRR – united states military railroads industrialization increased = huge economic growth federal government strengthened and centralized

south output declined decreased yield land ruined does not really recover until 1950

o Social effects of the war dissent

loyalty to the Union states rights activists are strongest in border states and mid-west democrats had supported medical-war open hospitals

o women nurses had prison camps

o most died Vallandighan

o “peace democrat” Ex Parte Milligan (1866) – example

women’s’ rights north

o women were rewarded for war services o women’s’ loyal national league was created

Reconstructiono Lincoln’s plan

proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction 1863 – outlined the path for rejoining the Union

Wade Davis Bill 1864 – said former confederate states would be ruled by military governor

o Lincoln pocket vetoed it 10% plan

1863 – Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction o offered full pardons to the people living in confederate states who would take

an oath of allegiance excluded former confederate military officers and civilian authorities

o once 10% of the citizens of the state took the oath, the state could rejoin the union

radical republicans felt it was too leniento Johnson and his plan

did not want freed slaves to have voting rights pardon to any southerner who swears allegiance to the Union opposed amnesty for individuals with over $20,000 worth of property he was impeached for the tenure of office law

law prohibited the removal of civil officers without senate consent breaks law when he fires radical republicans he is impeached but not removed

wanted to end the planter aristocracy

he was a democrat added to the republican / national union ticket in 1864 he created the black codes

restricted black behavioro segregation in publico no racial intermarriageo no jury service by blackso no testimony of blacks against whites

were used to replace the slave codes and undermine the 13th amendment radical republicans hated this because they were pro black rights freedmen bureau

o suspended the enforcement of the lawso created schools for blackso reunited separated families

o 14th amendment 1868 – gave all persons born in the US citizenship all citizens are guaranteed equal treatment under the law

o 15th amendment 1870 – guaranteed the right to vote to all black men

o reconstruction Act of 1867 passed by congress former confederate states were militarily occupied by US troops except Tennessee states could reenter the Union once the 14th amendment was ratified

Origins of the New Southo scalawags

southern Whigs that became republicans and cooperated with the government in the Southo carpetbaggers

northerners who came down to meddle in southern business affairso KKK

no officially linked to the democrat party white supremacy group (terrorists)

o Boss Tweed example of bossism

which is where the boss provides jobs and housing to secure votes used to manipulate elections corrupt machine politics in the North

o especially NYo share cropping / crop lien system

plantations broken people work on land and share ½ of crops with the land owner

live there independent from the owner

crop lien was for credit no money, issued credit based on crops

o Panic of 1873 lasted 4 years people lose money

because money is used for railroads and houses banks are losing money

brings up the question of what money should be used? greenback party

o 1875-1890o print money to keep economy going

inflation bad for long term, good for short term

o Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873 proposed by the federal government to protect basic rights; such as, freedom of speech and

religion brought up the idea that the 14th amendment could only protect on a national basis, not state

o U.S. v. Reese A Kentucky electoral official had refused to register an African American's vote in a municipal ‐

election and was indicted under two sections of the 1870 act: section 2 required that administrative preliminaries to elections be conducted without

regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude section 3 forbade wrongful refusal to register votes where a prerequisite step “required

as aforesaid” had been omitted. Reese lost

o U.S. v. Cruikshank limited the ability of the federal government to protect the civil rights of newly-freed African

Americans

the Court concluded that punishment for the offenses committed in the Colfax Massacre lay with the state

o Election of 1876 Rutherford Hayes (republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (democrat) neither had enough votes to win

undecided votes go to Hayeso focused on Florida, SC, and Louisianao upset democrats and Tilden

compromise = compromise of 1877o Compromise of 1877

because Hayes won by the manipulated votes, a deal was made with the democrats democrats would gain control of SC and Louisiana troops would also be removed from said states democrats “forget” to treat southern freedmen fairly

o plains Indians nomadic follow buffalo with horses Americans tried to convert Indians into white culture each Indian head of household received 160 acres to farm and 320 acres for grazing

each additional family members received 40 acres land was held in trust by the government for 25 years participation was mandatory speculators took advantage of the land and sold it for profit

impact 2/3 of tribal land was lost land was left over following the allotments of native Americans and became open to

white settlemento destruction of buffalo

whites wanted the hides and horns to sell mass murdering of buffalo buffalo population declines, Indian source of food declined William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody killed 4300 in a year to feed the crews building the union pacific

railroad in 1867-1868o Sand Creek Massacre

standard white invasion of Indian land

after battle US needed a new Indian policyo Battle of Little Bighorn

Indians refused to go to reservations Custer lead 600 troops in June 1876

wanted to search for gold, coverup = wanted to civilize Indians divided his men taking 211 of them thinking to stop the Indians of their retreat were defeated/killed from the other side

half of the Indians (over 100-3000) were wiped out significance

people questioned the current policy towards Indianso reservation system

put Indians in white schools and taught them white crap tried to convert Indians into models of white society attempted to force Christianity onto them to protect their land the Indians raided non-indian settlements and intimidated federal agents Indian agencies were supposed to keep the Indians on the reservation “kill the Indian, save the man”

o Dawes Act 1887 designed to reform the weaknesses of Indian life which were – lack of private property and

nomadic style wanted to treat Indians as individuals, not as part of the tribe

o Wounded Knee Massacre December 29, 1890 300 indians and 29 US soldiers were killed Indians were slaughtered Indians were “ghost dancing”, soldiers mistook it for battle significance

decline of Indian populationo Ft. Laramie Treaty

1868 powder river war ended and land was set aside for the Sioux Indians

Indians do not like ito Helen Hunt Jackson

supported the Dawes Act

Knights of Laboro founded in 1969 by nine Philadelphia tailors led by Uriah H. Stephens o secret society modeled after the Masonic ordero welcomed all wage earners or former wage earners, excluded only bankers, doctors, lawyers,

stockbroker, professional gamblers, and liquor dealerso demanded equal pay for women, the end of child labor, the end of convict labor, the cooperative

employer-employee ownership of factories, mines, and other businesses, called for a tax on all earnings, graduated so that the higher income earners would pay more.

o in the 1880’s Terence V. Powderly replaced Stephens and the member total grew rapidlyo preached temperance for all memberso accepted black memberso opposed to strikes

many members disagreed and formed sections of radical local branches Pullman Strike

o 1894

o strike against Pullman Palace Car Companyo when the depression hit, George Pullman slashed workers wages but kept the rent the sameo union members working for the nation’s largest railroads refused to switch Pullman cars, paralyzing rail

traffic in and out of Chicagoo the General Managers’ Association (made of railroad executives) imported strikebreakers from jobless

easterners and asked US attorney for a federal injunction against the strikers for allegedly refusing to move railroad cars carrying US mail

o when the union refused to order its members back to work, Debs (leader) was arrested and federal troops poured in

700 freight cars were burned, 13 people died, 53 woundedo most systematic use of troops to smash union power

Homestead Strikeo 1892o at the Carnegie Steel Company Plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, managers cut wages and locked out

the workers to destroy the uniono workers responded by firing on the armed men from the Pinkerton Detective Agency who came to

protect the planto seven union members and three Pinkertons diedo a week later the governor sent 8000 National Guardsmen to restore uniono the union was crushed and the mills resumed full operation a month later

Haymarket Bombingo 1886o Chicago police shot and killed 4strikers at the McCormick Harvester plant on May 3o at a protest rally the next morning in the city’s Haymarket Square, someone threw a bomb from a

nearby building, killing or fatally wounding 7 policemen in response, the policemen fired wildly into the crowd, killing 4 demonstrators

injunction - a court order that requires somebody involved in a legal action to do something or refrain from doing something

Pinkertons Terrence Powderly

o young Pennsylvanian machinist of irich catholic immigrant originso successor of Uriah H. Stephens of the Knights of Laboro his eloquence coupled with a series of successes in labor clashes brought thousands of new memberso opposed to strikes, which he viewed as a “relic of barbarianism”o he organized producer and consumer cooperatives o he was a teetotaler and pressed temperance on all members

Chinese Exclusion Acto To prevent an excess of cheap labor, Congress in 1882 enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act, designed to

exclude Chinese immigrants from the U.S. and to provide for the deportation of those adjudged illegally resident in the country.

yellow dog contractso contracts that business owners and managers had workers and employees sign stating that they would

not join any unions or workers’ strikes Eugene V. Debs

o Leader of the American Railway Uniono vowed “to strip the mask of hypocrisy from the pretended philanthropist and show him to the world as

an oppressor of labor”o arrested in the Pullman Strike

In re Debs Henry George Progress and Poverty

o 1879

o noted that speculators reaped huge profits from the rising price of land that they neither developed nor improved

by taxing this the government could obtain the funds needed to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization

o preached the benefits of socialism without the stifling of individual initiativeo Georges program was so popular that he lectured around the country and narrowly missed being

elected mayor of New York in 1886 Edward Bellamy Looking Backward

o 1888o expressed a vision of harmonious industrialized societyo novel that offers a vision of the future with a completely centralized, state run economy, and a new

religion of solidarityo nearly 500 Bellamyite organizations, called Nationalist Clubs, sprang up to try to turn Bellamy’s dream

into a reality Gospel of Wealth

o published in 1889 by Andrew Carnegieo justified the laissez-faire by applying the evolutionary theories of British scientist Charles Darwin to

human society “the law of competition”

o praised an unregulated competitive environment as a source of positive long-term social benefits Social Darwinism

o “a drunkard in a gutter is just where he ought to be… the law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. we can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest”

o the state owed its citizens nothing but law, order, and basic political rights Horatio Alger

o Unitarian minister turned dime novelisto recounted the adventures of poor but honest lads who rose through ambition, initiative, and self-

disciplineo Andrew Carnegie was a perfect example of the types of tales that Alger wrote

Jane Addams/Hull Houseo American social settlement established in 1889 in Chicagoo established primarily as a welfare agency for needy families and also to combat juvenile delinquency by

providing recreational facilities for children living in slumso sought to assist immigrants, then a large proportion of the Chicago population, to learn the English

language and to become American citizens.o Funds for Hull House were provided entirely by voluntary contributions of private citizens and grants by

other social welfare agencies Louis Sullivan

o American architecto argued a building’s form should follow its functiono led to modernismo his early designs for the steel-framed skyscraper construction led to the skyscraper as the distinctive

American building type Social Gospel

o liberal movement in American Protestantismo sought to apply Christian principles to a variety of social problems engendered by industrializationo tried to counteract the effects of expanding capitalism by teaching religion and human dignity to the

working classo opposed the tacit support given by organized religions to unrestrained capitalism

o The Social Gospel movement's views were formally expressed in 1908 when the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America (a forerunner of the National Council of Churches) adopted a “social creed of the churches.”

This creed called for the abolition of child labor, improved working conditions for women, a day off each week, and the right of all workers to a living wage.

Cult of Domesticityo idealized the home as “the woman’s sphere”o praised the home as a protected retreat where females could express their special maternal gifts

including sensitivity toward children and an aptitude for religiono women became the directors of the household and were expected to foster an artistic environment that

would nurture her family’s cultural improvement upper-class women took this to heart, middleclass women had mixed feelings regarding this

Victorian moralityo human nature was malleable

people could improve themselveso Victorian Americans were intensely moralistic and eager to reform practices they considered evil or

undesiredo emphasized the social value of worko stressed the importance of good manners and the value of literature and the fine arts as marks of a truly

civilized society

Muckrakerso coined by Theodore Roosevelto muckrakers were magazine writers who emphasized facts rather than abstractionso awakened middle-class readers to conditions in industrial Americao examples include McClure’s and Collier’s

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)/Atlanta Compromise (1895)o African-American who proposed patience and emphasis on manual skills for other blacks to gradually

earn civil rightso ompromise was based on the intermarriage of science and agriculture

W. E. B. Du Boise (1868-1963)/ NAACP (1909)o African-American who demanded full racial equality, including the same educational opportunities open

to whites, and called on blacks to resist all forms of racismo “Niagara Movement” formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People which

the new organization called for vigorous activism, including legal challenges, to achieve political equality for blacks and full integration into American life; attracted urban black middle class

Birth of a Nation (1915)o D.W. Griffith was a film producer of the racist movie that helped regenerate the KKKo inspired lynchings of blacks

John Deweyo advocate of progressive education; education reformer who wanted to teach social moralities like

honesty and respect within public schools William James

o philosopher who proposed pragmatism, that truth emerges from experienceo people need to be practical

Charles and Mary Beardo Charles-historian who saw the framers of the constitution as capitalist property ownerso Mary-historian who wrote about workers and womeno basically, they were progressive historians

Herbert Crolyo author of The Promise of American Life and founder of The New Republic

o he called for an activist federal government that would protect all citizenso he wanted to reform for the poor in order to progress in a nation as a whole

Jacob Riiso photographer and journalist who published How the Other Half Lives in the 1890s to show how poor

people lived Robert LaFollette

o progressive governor and originator of the “Wisconsin Idea,” later Senatoro one of the Insurgents against Taft’s presidential term, which divided the Republican Party into two-

Conservatives (traditionalists) and Progressivists (reformers) “White Slavery”/Mann Act (1910)

o prostitution came to symbolize the larger moral dangers of cities, especially ones filled with immigrantso act made it illegal to transport a woman across a state line “for immoral purposes”o racism, anti-immigrant prejudice, fear of the city, and anxieties about changing sexual mores all fueled

the antiprostitution crusade Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

o widened the rift between Taft and the progressive Republicanso Taft’s interior secretary, Richard Ballinger, disliked federal controls and favored private development of

natural resourceso Ballinger approved the sale of several million acres of public lands in Alaska containing ocal deposits to a

group of businessmen in 1909o they in turn sold the land to a consortium of New York bankers including J. P. Morgano Department of the Interior official protested and was firedo significant because divided the Republican Party

Bull Moose Partyo Theodore Roosevelt’s new political party, also the Progressive Party, that was running against Wilson,

Taft, and Debs The Jungle (1906)

o Upton Sinclair was the author of the novel that offered socialism as a solution to conditions in the meat-packing industry

o he focused on immigrant and meat-packing issues but Americans ignored the immigrants but directed their attention to the meat-packing industry

o influenced the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act (1906)

o imposed strict sanitary rules on meatpackers and set up a federal meat-inspection systemo the more reputable food-processing, meatpacking, and medicinal companies, eager to regain public

confidence, supported these regulatory measures Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

o outlawed the sale of adulterated foods or drugs and required accurate ingredient labels Northern Securities Case (1904)

o Supreme Court upholds antitrust suit against Northern Securities Company, a railroad conglomerate Federal Trade Commission (1914)

o created FTC as federal watchdog agency over corporationso investigated suspected violations of federal regulations, require regular reports from corporations, and

issue cease-and-desist orders (subject to judicial review) when it found unfair methods of competition Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

o specifies illegal business practices IWW (Industrial Workers of the World, nicknamed the Wobblies)

o union that targeted the most exploited workers; leader was William “Big Bill” Haywoodo most members were western miners, lumbermen, fruit pickers, and itinerant laborerso led mass strikes of Nevada gold minerso Minnesota iron minerso and timber workers in Louisiana, Texas, and the Northwest, greatest strike was in Massachusetts

Federal Reserve System (1913)o restructures U.S. money and banking systemo law created twelve regional Federal Reserve banks under mixed public and private controlo each regional bank could issue U.S. dollars, called Federal Reserve notes, to the banks in its district to

make loans to corporations and individual borrowerso significant because stands as Wilson’s greatest legislative achievement

“Open Door”o competition for the market in chinao American aim was not territorial wexpansion but protection of US commercial opportunitieso spheres of influenceo called “informal empire”

Roosevelt Corollaryo an addendum to the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, in response to European nations that were trying to force

Venezuela to repay its debts. Roosevelt threatened to send naval ships to Venezuela if those nations sought to forcibly collect the debt. Stability must be preserved, Roosevelt said in his 1904 annual message to Congress, even if it requires an “exercise of international police power.” The Roosevelt Corollary, based on the 1901 Platt Amendment, became the cornerstone of U.S. policy in Latin America

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Agreemento Panama signed a treaty with the United States giving permission for the canal project. The Panamanians

had authorized Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French citizen and longtime official of the French canal company, to negotiate the terms and sign the agreement. Bunau-Varilla gave the United States even more than it had asked for: a perpetual lease on a section of central Panama 16 km (10 mi) wide, where the canal would be built; the right to take over more Panamanian land if needed; and the right to use troops to intervene in Panama. The United States agreed to guarantee Panama’s independence and pay $10 million, plus an annual fee of $250,000. In exchange for their independence, then, Panamanians were forced to accept the treaty, which no Panamanian ever signed, that virtually gave away the canal zone to the United States

“gentlemen’s agreement”o 1908o Tokyo pledged to halt Japanese emigration to Americao racist attitudes continued to poison US-Japanese relations, and in 1913, the California legislature

prohibited Japanese aliens from owning land Great White Fleet

o Roosevelt thought it wise to implement diplomacy with displays of U.S. power. In 1907 he ordered a world tour by the U.S. fleet. It was intended particularly to impress the Japanese, who, however, received the Great White Fleet, as it was called, with enthusiasm.

Dollar Diplomacyo Taft encouraged U.S. bankers and industrialists to invest abroad and used diplomatic pressure to force

U.S. capital into regions where “it would not go of its own accord.” One of the first regions he chose was China, where he persuaded U.S. bankers to finance

railroad construction. To safeguard the Panama Canal, Taft intensified dollar diplomacy in Latin America. He promoted

U.S. investments in the Caribbean, arranged it so that Americans were in charge of Latin American finances whenever possible, and used U.S. Marines when persuasion failed to accomplish his objectives.

Insular Cases Pancho Villa

o January 1916o murdered 16 US mining engineerso his gang burned Mexico City and killed 19 inhabitantso Wilson dispatched a punitive expedition into Mexico

o when Pancho eluded and staged another cross-border raid, Wilson ordered 150,000 national guardsmen to the Mexican border

Sussex/Arabic Pledgeso 1916o a German U-Boat sank a French passanger ship in the English Channel, injuring several Americanso Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations

a step toward war Zimmerman Telegram

o Before the United States entered World War I, the German government tried to provoke a war between the United States and Mexico. On January 19, 1917, the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmermann, sent an encoded telegram to his diplomatic representatives in Mexico, asking them to propose a secret alliance with the Mexican government. But British intelligence officers intercepted and quickly decoded the message, sending it on to President Woodrow Wilson. A huge public outcry ultimately resulted in an American declaration of war against Germany.

Selective Service Act, 1917o In May 1917 Congress enacted conscription through the Selective Service Act to draft men into the

armed forces. Within a few months over 10 million American men had registered for military duty. Bernard Baruch & War Industries Board

o The War Industries Board urged manufacturers to use mass production techniques and increase efficiency.

o The National War Labor Board sought to resolve thousands of disputes between management and labor that resulted from stagnant wages coupled with inflation.

Herbert Hoover and Food Administrationo The Food Administration urged families to observe “meatless Mondays,” “wheatless Wednesdays,” and

other measures to help the war effort. George Creel and Comm. of Public Info.

o George Creel, a progressive journalist, headed the Committee on Public Information, which enlisted progressive writers to explain war aims to the nation.

Jeanette Rankino American legislatoro leader of woman suffrage movemento first woman of the House of Representativeso A Republican, she was one of 50 House members to vote against the declaration of war against

Germany. She was subsequently active in promoting legislation benefiting women and was also active in the pacifist movement. Serving again in the House, in 1941 she was the only member of Congress to oppose the declaration of war against Japan; Rankin was thus the only House member to vote against both wars. After completing her term of office in 1943, she remained active in civic affairs and the peace movement.

Liberty Loanso series of five government bond drives that financed about two thirds of the war debt

Randolph Bourneo the war’s most incisive critico rejected Dewey’s prowar position and dissected his arguments in several penetrating essays.o dismissed the belief that reformers could direct to war to their own purposes

Espionage Act, 1917o principal U.S. legislation prohibiting espionage for a foreign country and providing heavy penalties for

such activity. As amended in 1940 and 1970, it is still in force.o The 1917 law provided steep fines and imprisonment for collecting and transmitting to a foreign power

information related to U.S. national defense and for interfering with the recruitment or loyalty of the armed forces. Use of the U.S. mail for material urging treason or resistance to U.S. laws was prohibited; sabotage, especially of trading ships, was subjected to severe penalties; the movement of neutral ships in U.S. waters was regulated (an attempt to stop such vessels from shipping arms or supplies to an

enemy country); and the fraudulent use of passports as well as the unauthorized representation of a foreign government were prohibited. An important amendment to the law, usually called the Sedition Act, was passed in 1918 but repealed in 1921; it forbade spoken or printed attacks on the U.S. government, Constitution, or flag.

Schenck v. U.S.o US supreme court upheld the Espionage Act convictions of war criticso Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., writing for a unanimous court, justified such repression in cases

where a person’s exercise of the First Amendment right of free speech posed a “clear and present danger” to the nation

Fourteen Pointso name given to the proposals of President Woodrow Wilson designed to establish the basis for a just and

lasting peace following the victory of the Allies in World War I. The 14 proposals were contained in Wilson's address to a joint session of the U.S. Congress on January 8, 1918. The idealism expressed in them was widely acclaimed and gave Wilson a position of moral leadership among the Allied leaders. Opposition to various points on the part of the European Allies, however, developed at the conclusion of hostilities, and the attempt at practical application of the 14 points exposed a multilateral system of secret agreements between the European victors. In order to secure support of his 14th, and most important, point, which called for the creating of an “association of nations,” Wilson was compelled to abandon his insistence upon the acceptance of his full program. Wilson's 14th point was realized in the League of Nations, established as a result of the Paris Peace Conference (1919).

Meuse-Argonne campaigno major battle of World War I, fought in the fall of 1918 between the United States First Army, which

included the XVII French Corps, and strong units of the German army. Also called the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the battle was part of a general Allied offensive against the Hindenburg line, the highly fortified German defense positions in western Europe. To weaken these positions in the Argonne region of France was the immediate objective of the First Army; the secondary objective was to capture the chief German supply line, extending through Sedan and Mézières (both in France).

o The battle caused the final breakdown of German resistance and helped bring about the German request for an armistice, which was granted on November 11, 1918.

Treaty of Versailleso Treaty of Versailles, peace treaty signed at the end of World War I between Germany and the Allies. It

was negotiated during the Paris Peace Conference held in Versailles beginning January 18, 1919. Represented were the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy; the German Republic, which had replaced the imperial German government at the end of the war, was excluded from the parley. Included in the first section of the treaty was the Covenant of the League of Nations, the world's first peacekeeping body, which was given the responsibility for executing the terms of the various treaties negotiated after World War I. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. (The U.S. did not ratify the agreement but signed a separate Treaty of Berlin with Germany on July 2, 1921.)

League of Nationso international alliance for the preservation of peace. The league existed from 1920 to 1946. The first

meeting was held in Geneva, on November 15, 1920, with 42 nations represented. The last meeting was held on April 8, 1946; at that time the league was superseded by the United Nations (UN). During the league's 26 years, a total of 63 nations belonged at one time or another; 28 were members for the entire period

o US was not a membero Never truly effective as a peacekeeping organization, the lasting importance of the League of Nations

lies in the fact that it provided the groundwork for the UN. This international alliance, formed after World War II, not only profited by the mistakes of the League of Nations but borrowed much of the organizational machinery of the league.

Henry Cabot Lodgeo senator that rejected the League of Nationso became a member of the UN

Reservationistso demanded amendments to the League covenant as a condition of their supporto believed the 10th article limited America’s freedom of action in foreign affairs and infringed on

congress’s constitutional right to declare war Irreconcilables

o opposed the League absolutely Red Scare & Mitchell Raids

o heightened concerns about foreign sabotage and internal security led to the “Red Scare” of 1919 and 1920. In 1919 Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer created the General Intelligence Division (GID) to investigate American radicals. Led by a Justice Department attorney named J. Edgar Hoover, the GID targeted anarchists, Communists, trade union activists, civil rights activists, and foreign resident agitators. In the so-called Palmer Raids of January 2 and 6, 1920, special agents and local police arrested thousands of Communists and suspected sympathizers across the country. However, the bureau came under sharp criticism when an independent review uncovered a range of abuses during the raids, including illegal searches and seizures, warrantless arrests, denial of legal counsel, and poor detainment conditions.

McNary-Haugen Billo a price support plan under which the government would annually purchase the surplus of six basic farm

commodities at their average price o the government would then sell these surpluses abroad at prevailing prices and make up any resulting

losses through a tax of domestic sales Teapot Dome

o notorious government scandal in the early 1920s over the leasing of government-owned oil reserves. President Warren G. Harding transferred the administration of two naval oil reserves located at Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to the Department of the Interior soon after his inauguration in 1921. The Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall secretly leased these oil reserves to private oil companies in 1922. In return for the Elk Hills leasing deal, Fall received $100,000 as an interest-free “loan” from Edward L. Doheney, president of the Pan-American Petroleum Company. Harry Sinclair, president of the Mammoth Oil Company, gave Fall more than $300,000 in cash and bonds for Teapot Dome. In October 1923 the Senate Public Lands Committee began an investigation into the oil reserves leases (President Harding had died two months earlier). Congress agreed to file a lawsuit to cancel the leases and in 1927 won the suit. Fall, who had resigned his office in 1923 and joined the Mammoth Oil Company, served a year in prison and paid a fine of $100,000 following his conviction in 1929 of accepting a bribe.

Washington Naval Conferenceo meeting of representatives of Belgium, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,

Portugal, and the United States, called by the U.S. and convening in Washington, D.C., from November 12, 1921, to February 6, 1922. The conference was held to limit naval armaments generally and to promote better relations among nations with conflicting interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.

o limited the number of ships in the pacific Kellogg-Briand Pact

o also called the Pact of Paris and, more formally, the Treaty for the Renunciation of War, multilateral treaty signed by 15 nations in Paris on August 27, 1928, and later almost universally ratified. The treaty was sponsored and drafted by U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and Foreign Minister Aristide Briand of France. Kellogg was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize.

o The Kellogg-Briand Pact had its genesis in the international antiwar and disarmament conferences held in the 1920s in the aftermath of World War I. In 1927 Briand suggested that the U.S. and France abolish the possibility of war between them. Kellogg expressed the U.S. desire to cast the proposal in a general treaty among all world powers. As a result of the negotiations that followed, the pact bound its signatories to renounce war as an instrument of national policy and to settle international disputes by peaceful means.

o As a practical instrument for preventing war the treaty was totally useless; it failed to halt aggression in the 1930s—by Japan in Manchuria (1931) and by Italy in Ethiopia (1935)—and was thus discredited by

the time World War II broke out. In international law, however, the treaty was an important step toward establishing the 20th-century concept of war as an outlaw act by an aggressor state on a victim state—in contrast to the older view that war is a legitimate act of state and the initiation of hostilities is of no concern to neutral nations.

National Origins Act/quotaso Restricted annual immigration from any foreign country to two percent of the total number of persons

of the “national origin” in the US in 1890 F. Scott Fitzgerald

o “This Side Paradise (1920), The Great Gatsby (1925)o part of the Jazz Age

Sinclair Lewiso Satirized the smugness and cultural barrenness of a fictional Midwestern farm in Main Street (1920), and

wrote about a real estate agent trapped in middle class conformity in Babbitt (1922) Harlem Renaissance

o It was above all a literary movement Langston Hughes (a poet) – The Weary Blues (1926) Jean Toomer – Cane (1923)

o It offered sensuality, eroticism, and escape from taboos – had prostitutes, speakeasies, and cocaineo Ended with the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depressiono Monument to black cultural creativity

Marcus Garvey/UNIAo The Garvey Movemento Marcus Garvey – Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)o Glorified all things black, urged black economic solidarity, and summoned

blacks to return to “Motherland Africa” to establish a great nationo About 80000 blacks joinedo Parades, uniforms, flags = popularityo Critics – white America and middle-class leaders of the NAACP and black

churches, like W.E.B. Du Boiso Garvey was convicted of fraud in the Black Star Steamship Line

Deported to Jamaica UNIA collapsed

First mass movement in black America Modernism

o Should know what this is fundamentalism

Named after The Fundamentals – series of essays from 1909-1914 Insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, rejected evolution theory

o Scopes Trialo Media sensation

Aimee Semple McPherson – theatrical sermons, mass-entertainment techniques

Scopes Trial The Scopes trial

o ACLU offered to defend any teacher willing to challenge the Tennessee law barring the teaching of evolution in 1925

o John T. Scopes took up offero Although the jury found Scopes guilty, the trial exposed

fundamentalism to ridicule Billy Sunday/Aimee Semple McPherson

o an American athlete who after being a popular outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist during the first two decades of the 20th century.

o Aimee Semple McPherson – theatrical sermons, mass-entertainment techniques

H.L. Menkeno an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, acerbic critic of American life and cultureo a student of American English.o Mencken, known as the "Sage of Baltimore"o regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the first half of the 20th century

Alice Paulo an American suffragist leadero she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Al Capone

o 1929 alcohol consumption about 70 percent of prewar levelo Organized crime

o Rival gangs battled to control the liquor businesso Ex: Al Capone in Chicago

Sacco and Vanzettio Nativism and Anti-Radicalismo Sacco-Vanzetti case – anarchists and Italian immigrants – electrocuted even though there was a

complete lack of evidence Black Thursday/Crash

o There was extreme prosperity in the 1920’s.o Prices were steadily rising and the stock market was values at $27 billion.o Some 9 million Americans were playing the stock market, borrowing most of what the stock was worth. o Margin buying - the use of credit, in which stockbrokers lent speculators up to 75% of the stock’s actual

cost. o Black Thursday - October 24, 1929 - there was an unexpected volume of selling on Wall Street, and stock

prices plunged. Bonus March

o In the summer of 1932, a thousand unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington D.C. to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised to them in 1945. They were eventually joined by thousands more veterans and their families. Congress failed to pass the bill they sought. Hoover ordered the army to break up the march. This caused many Americans to regard Hoover as heartless and uncaring.

Reconstruction Finance Corp. Federally funded government corporation designed in 1932 to prop up faltering railroads, banks, life

insurance companies, and other financial institutions. The idea was to benefit big business and then have the benefits “trickle down” to smaller businesses to bring

a huge recovery. Emergency Banking Act

o was an act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It was passed on March 9, 1933. The act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

FDIC The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) - Guaranteed individual bank deposits of up to $5,000.

Fireside Chat

A series of radio talks in which the president insured the trusting of banks. New Deal

o The Three R’s: Relief for people out of work. Recovery for business and the economy as a whole. Reform of American economic institutions.

Brain Trusto A group of advisors that Roosevelt entrusted to work with him on the New Deal.o Francis Perkins - First woman cabinet member, worked as the industrial commissioner. o Harold L. Ickes - Organized liberal Republicans.o Henry A. Wallace - Secretary of agriculture. o Harry Hopkins - Worked with relief programs. o John Maynard Keynes - A British economist who dealt with financial policies. o Mary McLeod Bethune - Dealt with African American issues and civil rights.o Goal = improve the economyo Roosevelt chose people that had many different beliefs and ideas so that he could make a good decision

having heard the sides of different groups of people and their views. Keynesian Economics

o The use of deficit spending, like “priming the pump” in order to increase investment and create jobs.o With this belief, Roosevelt’s spending on public works and relief went up and so did employment and

industrial production. CCC

o The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums.

TVAo The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - A huge experiment in regional development and public planning,

hiring thousands of people to help one of the nation’s poorest regions. NRA

o The national recovery administrationo came into being through a significant measure in 1933. The NRA attempted to revive industry by raising

wages, reducing work hours and reining in unbridled competitiono After two year the National Recovery Administration was declared unconstitutional in the case Schechter

v. U.S (1935). WPA

o Works Progress Administration (WPA) - Spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs. 3.4 million men and women were employed in the first year.

AAAo Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - Encouraged farmers to reduce production by offering to

pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under. The AAA was also declared unconstitutional.

Federal Securities Act/SECo The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Created to regulate the stock market and to place strict

limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929. Huey Long

o Proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program that promised a minimum annual income of $5,000 for every American family, to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. He was considered to be the most dangerous challenge to Roosevelt.

Charles Coughlino Through radio broadcasts and the founding of the National Union for Social Justice, he called for issuing

an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks, becoming very anti-Semitic and Fascist until his superiors in the Catholic Church ordered him to stop

Second New Deal

Set off in the summer of 1935, largely focused on relief and reform. A. Relief Programs

Works Progress Administration (WPA) - Spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs. 3.4 million men and women were employed in the first year.

National Youth Administration (NYA) - Provided part-time jobs to help young people stay in high school and college or until they could get a job with a private employer.

Resettlement Administration (RA) - Provided loans to sharecroppers, tenants, and small farmers. It also established federal camps where migrant workers could find decent housing.

B. Reform Programs

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act - Replaced the labor provision of the NIRA, guaranteeing a worker’s right to join a union and a union’s right to bargain collectively. It also outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Empowered to enforce the law and make sure that workers’ rights were protected.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA) - Provided loans for electrical cooperatives to supply power in rural areas.

Federal Taxes - A revenue act of 1935 that significantly increased the tax on incomes of the wealthy.

The Social Security Act - Created a federal insurance program bases upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people’s working careers. The Social Security trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65.

Social Security Acto Created a federal insurance program bases upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and

employers throughout people’s working careers. The Social Security trust fund would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age of 65.

Missing stuff Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

o measure passed by the Congress of the United States on August 7, 1964, which gave President Lyndon Johnson the power to initiate an air war against North Vietnam and subsequently to send ground forces to South Vietnam. The resolution was passed after the United States claimed that North Vietnam had attacked two American naval vessels, the USS Maddox and the USS Turner Joy, in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of North Vietnam. Not repealed until 1970, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution provided the basis for much of the United States military involvement in the Vietnam War.

Rolling Thunder SDS, Port Huron Statement Roe v. Wade

o court case of 1973 in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a woman has a constitutional right to an abortion during the first six months of pregnancy. Before the Court’s ruling, a majority of states prohibited abortion, although most allowed an exception when pregnancy threatened the woman’s life. The Court overturned these state prohibitions in Roe v. Wade. The Court ruled that states could restrict abortions only during the final three months of pregnancy, a stage when medical experts considered the fetus capable of “meaningful life” outside the womb.

Tet offensiveo military campaign of the Vietnam War (1959-1975), in which almost every major city and province in

South Vietnam was attacked by the Communist forces of the National Liberation Front (NLF), with support from the North Vietnamese Peoples’ Army of Vietnam (PAVN). Although the Communist forces failed to hold the cities, the Tet Offensive helped undermine American public support for the U.S military involvement in Vietnam.

George Wallaceo United States political figure, governor of Alabama and presidential candidate known for his

antidesegregation platform. Wallace was born in Clio, Alabama, and educated at the University of Alabama. After serving as an assistant attorney general of Alabama, a member of the state legislature, and a district court judge, Wallace was elected governor, serving from 1963 to 1967. As governor, he personally blocked the door of the University of Alabama to black students in 1963, but backed down when faced with federal troops. Ineligible to succeed himself, he had his wife, Lurleen Burns Wallace, run for governor in his place in 1966, and she was elected. Wallace sought the U.S. presidency in 1968 as candidate of the American Independent Party, running on antidesegregation issues, respect for law and order, and freedom from excessive federal control; he received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from five southern states.

OPEC oil embargoo The 1973 war also marked the first successful use of oil as a political weapon in the Arab-Israeli conflict.

From October 1973 to November 1974, the oil-producing Arab countries maintained an embargo on oil exports to Western nations friendly to Israel, causing gasoline shortages and inflated oil prices. The embargo had a particularly negative effect on the U.S. economy.

Watergate crisiso designation of a major United States political scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of

the Democratic Party’s campaign headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts, and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president.

SALT I & IIo The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), between the U.S. and the USSR led to an agreement in 1971

fixing the number of ICBMs that could be deployed by the armed forces of the two nations. One year later, a second treaty discouraged the continued development of antiballistic missile systems that might have made the existing ICBM forces obsolete.

Camp David Accordso framework for peace in the Middle East signed by United States president Jimmy Carter, Egyptian

president Anwar al-Sadat, and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, in Washington, D.C. Although the accords led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, they did not result in peace between Israel and other Arab states. For their efforts to resolve their long-standing conflict, Sadat and Begin received the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize.

Iran Hostage Crisiso As radical students vie for a political voice in the new Islamic Republic of Iran, they decide to take over

the United States Embassy in Tehrān. They hold 53 Americans captive for 444 days. The Carter administration suffers a setback when it fails in an attempt to rescue the hostages. Negotiations finally succeed where war tactics failed.

New Right Reganomics ERA

o proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States to provide for the equality of sexes under the law. The central language of the amendment states: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” The ERA would have made unconstitutional any laws that grant one sex different rights than the other.

SDIo United States military research program for developing an antiballistic missile (ABM) defense system,

first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in March 1983. The Reagan administration vigorously sought acceptance of SDI by the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies. As initially described, the system would provide total U.S. protection against nuclear attack. The concept of SDI marked a sharp break with the nuclear strategy that had been followed since the development of the armaments race. This strategy was based on the concept of deterrence through the threat of retaliation (see Arms Control). More specifically, the SDI system would have contravened the ABM

Treaty of 1972 (see Strategic Arms Limitation Talks). For this reason and others, the SDI proposal was attacked as a further escalation of the armaments race.

Moral Majority Three Mile Island

o A maintenance error and a defective valve led to a loss-of-coolant accident. The reactor itself was shut down by its safety system when the accident began, and the emergency core cooling system began operating as required a short time into the accident. Then, however, as a result of human error, the emergency cooling system was shut off, causing severe core damage and the release of volatile fission products from the reactor vessel. Although only a small amount of radioactive gas escaped from the containment building, causing a slight rise in individual human exposure levels, the financial damage to the utility was very large, $1 billion or more, and the psychological stress on the public, especially those people who live in the area near the nuclear power plant, was in some instances severe.

o The official investigation of the accident named operational error and inadequate control room design, rather than simple equipment failure, as the principal causes of the accident. It led to enactment of legislation requiring the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to adopt far more stringent standards for the design and construction of nuclear power plants. The legislation also required utility companies to assume responsibility for helping state and county governments prepare emergency response plans to protect the public health in the event of other such accidents.

Iran-Contra scandalo American political scandal of 1985 and 1986, in which high-ranking members in the administration of

President Ronald Reagan arranged for the secret sales of arms to Iran in direct violation of existing United States laws. Profits from the $30 million in arms sales were channeled to the Nicaraguan right-wing “contra” guerrillas to supply arms for use against the leftist Sandinista government. This, too, was in direct violation of U.S. policy. The chief negotiator of these deals was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, a military aide to the National Security Council. North reported his activities initially to National Security Adviser Robert C. McFarlane, the council's head, and subsequently to his successor, Vice Admiral John M. Poindexter. The sale of arms to Iran was initiated at the suggestion of the Israeli government with the dual goal of bettering relations with Iran and of obtaining the release of American hostages held in Lebanon by pro-Iranian terrorists. North was instrumental in setting up a covert network for providing support to the contras, with its own ship, airplanes, airfield, and secret bank accounts.

“peace dividend” Noriega

o general and former dictator of Panama (1983-1989). o In 1986 allegations emerged that Noriega was involved in drug trafficking, money laundering, and acting

as a double agent for both the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Cuba’s intelligence agency. Panamanians staged protests demanding Noriega’s resignation, and he responded by cracking down on civil liberties in 1987. The U.S. Senate urged the government of Panama to remove Noriega from office and investigate his activities, and the United States suspended aid to Panama. In 1988 a U.S. grand jury in Florida indicted Noriega on charges of violating racketeering and drug laws and money laundering. The United States put greater economic and diplomatic pressure on Panama to force Noriega from power, while protests and violence within Panama increased. In December 1989 U.S. forces invaded Panama and arrested Noriega, who was taken to Florida to stand trial.

Desert Stormo Persian Gulf War, conflict beginning in August 1990, when Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait. The

conflict culminated in fighting in January and February 1991 between Iraq and an international coalition of forces led by the United States. By the end of the war, the coalition had driven the Iraqis from Kuwait.

NAFTAo pact that calls for the gradual removal of tariffs and other trade barriers on most goods produced and

sold in North America. NAFTA became effective in Canada, Mexico, and the United States on January 1, 1994. NAFTA forms the world’s second largest free-trade zone, bringing together 365 million consumers in Canada, Mexico, and the United States in an open market. The largest free-trade zone is the European

Economic Area (which includes the members of the European Union and the European Free Trade Association), which also became effective in 1994.

Contract with America ADA

o legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1990 to prohibit discrimination against people with disabilities and to guarantee them equal access to employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. Unlike earlier laws that were much more limited in scope, the ADA forbids unequal treatment of people with disabilities in a broad variety of circumstances.

Bosnia Kosovo

o The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) initiates a campaign of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). The strikes are launched after FRY—a federation comprised of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro—refuses to accept an international peace plan for the Serbian province of Kosovo. NATO charges that Serbian forces are systematically terrorizing and killing ethnic Albanians, who make up an estimated 90 percent of the Kosovo population, in an effort to force the Albanians from the province. The air strikes mark the first time in NATO's 50-year history that the alliance mounted an uninvited military assault on a sovereign nation.

Million Man Marcho In 1995 Farrakhan organized the Million Man March in Washington, D.C., to draw attention to the plight

of black men in the United States. In 1999 Farrakhan battled prostate cancer. In February 2000 he returned to the public stage when he reconciled with his longtime rival Warith Deen Mohammed. Their reconciliation was part of a reported effort by Farrakhan to move the Nation of Islam closer to the mainstream of Islamic belief and practice.

Oklahoma City bombingo The bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995 was one of the worst acts of

terrorism in United States history, killing 168 people and injuring 850 others. In June 1997 former U.S. soldier Timothy McVeigh was found guilty of the bombing and given a sentence of death.

World Trade Center bombingo New York was remarkably free of terrorism over its centuries-long history until 1993. In February of that

year, a car bomb exploded in an underground garage below the 110-story World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. Six people were killed, and more than 1,000 people were injured in the blast, which caused about $600 million worth of damage to the building. In 1994 ten individuals opposed to U.S. support for Israel were convicted of conspiracy in connection with the bombing and were sentenced to long prison terms.

o On September 11, 2001, a clear and cloudless day, a coordinated terrorist attack struck at the heart of New York City (see September 11 Attacks). At 8:46 AM a hijacked Boeing 767 carrying thousands of gallons of explosive jet fuel slammed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in lower Manhattan. A second Boeing 767, traveling at an even greater speed, struck the south tower 16 minutes later. As the towers burned, tens of thousands of men and women ran for their lives, flooding the surrounding streets. On a typical day, more than 50,000 people worked in the World Trade Center complex itself, while another 50,000 people could be found in the adjacent skyscrapers. At 9:59 AM, the south tower suddenly collapsed in a huge roar, and at 10:28 AM the north tower did the same. The largest office complex on earth was reduced to smoldering steel, broken concrete, and a whitish dust that coated lower Manhattan.

o The human toll, about 2,800 victims in New York, made the September 11 attack easily the worst terrorist incident in all of U.S. history.

Welfare Reform Act, 1996o signed in August by President Bill Clinton. The new law, which ended guaranteed federal cash assistance

to individuals and substituted block grants to states, contained many features pioneered by states,

including a lifetime limit on welfare benefits and a requirement for recipients to find work within a specified time. Similar rules were in effect or requested under waivers of earlier federal law in more than 30 states. In another provision similar to one in many states, the federal act required unwed parents under age 18 to live with an adult and attend school if they were to receive welfare benefits