A.P. United States History

Unit 6/3rd 9-Weeks Test

Pocahontas

John Smith saved Jamestown from starving, John Rolfe saved the colony financially by introducing the cultivation of tobacco.

Separatist Puritans a/k/a Pilgrims settled in Plymouth in 1620. Theyestablished the Mayflower Compact In which the settlers consented to be Governed.

Quakers led by William Penn established Pennsylvania. They had good relations with the Native Americans, disagreed with slavery and allowed more rights for women. Church and state were separated in Pennsylvania. They paid taxes to the State but were not required to pay Tithes to the Church.

In 1732, James Oglethorpe was given a charter from King George II to create a new colony which he would name Georgia. This was located between South Carolina and Florida. It had two main purposes: to serve as a place where debtors in prison could go to start anew and it served as a barrier against Spanish expansion from Florida

Mercantilism

Mother Country #1, More exports than Imports, Collect all gold

The Navigation Acts were efforts to put the theory of mercantilism into actual practice. Under the provisions of this legislation, trade with the colonies was to be conducted only in English or colonial ships and trade destined for nations outside the empire had to go first to England.

The Articles of Confederation were Americas first government. This government gave the states more power than the central government.

Alexander Hamilton, Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury was the leader of the Federalist party which believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution. Washington eventually identified himself with the Federalist party.

Thomas Jefferson, Washington’s Secretary of State was the leader of the Democratic-Republican party which believed in Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring DebtCHART

The War of 1812 resulted in a rise of U.S.

pride but did not result in new lands for

the U.S. The Federalists party died due to their opposition to the war.

Henry Clay’s AMERICAN SYSTEM

A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams.

The System included:

-Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government

-Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue

-Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks

-Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. .

No candidate received enough electoral party votes in 1824 to win the presidency so the election was decided by the House of Reps. The speaker of the House, Henry Clay, threw is support to John Quincy Adams who won. Later Clay was appointed Secretary of State. This was seen as some as a “Corrupt Bargain.

Immigrants are generally seen as competition for jobs.

William Lloyd Garrison (1805 –1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.

After the Mexican-American War and the gold rush of 1849, California applied for statehood as a free statehood. No other state was applying to keep the free state-slave state balance as in 1820 so an omnibus bill was agreed to called the Compromise of 1850. The Compromise included:

CA entered as a free state

Utah/NM Territories entered under the concept of popular sovereignty

There was to be no sale of slaves in Washington, DC

MOST CONTROVERSIAL--A reinforced Fugitive Slave Act was

The Kansas-Nebraska Act was suggested by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois in order to allow the transcontinental railroad to be built through Illinois. It allowed popular sovereignty north of the 36x30 line to get the vote of the Southern senators, the Kansas Nebraska Act nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820 causing great controversy and the establishment of the Republican Party.

After the Battle of Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation The Proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free“ as of January 1, 1863. Making Emancipation an official objective of the war prevented the Europeans from supporting the Confederacy.

Most freedmen had limited skills so had to enter into sharecropping (farmed land and shared crops with owner of land) or crop lien agreements (paid rent to farm the owners land) with their former master which put them into a cycle of debt which they could not escape.

With the arrival of the settlers taking advantage of the Homestead Act in 1862, there began to be violence between the Plains Tribes and the Homesteaders. To solve this problem the government put the Native Americans on limited reservations and told them to farm. The Plains Tribes were nomads who followed the buffalo and did not want to farm.

To assimilate the Plains tribes into American society the Dawes Act or General Allotment Act,1887, was passed which divided the reservations into individual plots of land for each Native American head of household. Once the reservations were divided 65% was left over for American settlement.

The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act,] July 2, 1890, requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act.

It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government.

However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to enforce this law until Teddy Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1909).

Social Darwinism

Any attempt to provide welfare for the poor is a mistake.

Feeding or housing the poor simply permits them to survive and to transmit their unfitness to their children, who in turn would pass it on to their children thus weakening society and the human race.The wealthy entrepreneur must

assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to good use (i.e. universities, libraries, etc).

V.

The Populist Party:

-originally the People's Party was established in 1891

-advocated: *the public ownership of transportation esp. the railroads *the free and unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism) *the abolition of national banks *tariff reduction *a system of graduated income tax *the direct election of United States Senators.

At the 1896 Democratic Convention, William Jennings Bryan gave his “Cross of Gold” Speech

“… You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold…”

Booker T=work hard and prove worthy of equal rights (Tuskegee Institute)

W.E.B. Dubois=Equal rights NOW (NAACP)

The New Immigrants were those immigrants who came to the United States between 1880 and 1920 mainly from Southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

Jacob Riis was a journalist and photographer who photographed the immigrants and the conditions in which they lived.

Due to the jobs available in the north in World War I there was a “Great Migration” of African Americans from the south to the north.

One of the results of the Great Migration was a flowering of African American art and literature known as the Harlem Renaissance.

Because of the corruption in the Warren G. Harding administration such as the Teapot Dome Scandal Harding is often compared to U.S. Grant.

Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line made cars available to the average American.

The Flappers of the 1920’s became the icon of the 1920’s.

The Klan rose again in the 1920’s but expanded it’s focus from just African Americans to immigrants, Jews, and Catholics.

The main issue of the Scopes Trial was whether Darwinism could legally be taught in schools. This trial illustrates the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism.

Prohibition resulted in the rise in organized crime.

President Hoover’s approach to the depression emphasized the importance of relying on local government and private charities instead of relying on the Federal government.

-1924, a grateful Congress voted to give a bonus to World War I veterans - $1.25 for each day served overseas, $1.00 for each day served in the States but payment would not be made until 1945. -

By 1932 the nation had slipped into the dark days of the Depression and the unemployed veterans wanted their money immediately.

-May 1932 15,000 veterans, many unemployed and destitute, descended on Washington, D.C. to demand immediate payment of their bonus.

-10,000 veterans, women, and children made shanty towns (Hoovervilles) around Washington DC.

-A month after Congress voted down the immediate payment the Bonus army was ordered to evacuate all government property.

-Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two marchers killed.

-President Hoover then ordered the army (led by Douglas MacArthur) to forcefully clear out the veterans.

Shanty towns were often called Hoovervilles.

FDR’s First Hundred Days aka First New Deal-Emergency Banking Relief Act

-Economy Act

-Unemployment Relief Act (Civilian Conservation Corps)

-Agricultural Adjustment Act (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)

-Federal Emergency Relief Act

-Tennessee Valley Authority

-Federal Securities Act

-Home Owners Refinancing Act

-Farm Credit Act

-Banking Act of 1933 (FDIC)

-National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA, PWA)

FDR’s Second New Deal

-Civil Works Administration

-Civil Works Emergency Relief Act

-Home Owners’ Loan Act

-Securities and Exchange Act (SEC)

-Communications Act (FCC)

-Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act

-National Housing Act (FHA)

-Emergency Relief Appropriations

Act (WPA)

-National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

-Revenue Act of 1935

-Social Security Act

-Public Utilities Holding Company Act

-Banking Act of 1935

-Resettlement Administration

-Fair Labor Standards Act

-Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

-Rural Electrification Act

-National Housing Act of 1937

-Bankhead-Jones Farm

-Tenancy Act

When the Supreme Court declared some of his New Deal programs unconstitutional, FDR attempted to add justices to the Court. This was called the Court Packing scheme.

Hitler becomes Prime Minister of Germany and later takes full power after the death of Hindenberg and the burning of the Reischtag.

In response to Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland (belonging to Czechoslovakia), England entered the Munich Pact in which Hitler was given the Sudetenland for his promise not to invade any other land. This policy is called Appeasement.

Hitler later breaks his promises and invades the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

Hitler enters a non-aggression Pact (not a treaty) with the USSR. They agreed to split Poland and not go to war with each other.

England and France declare war on Germany when the Nazis invade Poland on Sept. 1, 1939.

1940, Germany invades western Europe

1940-1941, Germany bombs England in preparation of a cross-channel invasion that never comes.

Summer 1941, Hitler breaks the Non-Aggression Pact and invades the USSR.

Due to overpopulation and lack of resources, Japan began to expand their empire in Asia during the 1930’s.

Japan’s invasion of China (Manchuria) brought them into conflict with the United States

The U.S. entered World War II after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941

During World War II, Japanese immigrants and American civilians of Japanese descent living on the West Coast were put in internment camps. This action was argued in the Supreme Court (Korematsu v. U.S). It was deemed legal because the Japanese in America may have been a “clear and present danger”.

World War II was the first war in which America drafted prior to the entering the war.

During World War II women were encouraged to work in the factories to increase war production.

1942, Allied invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch)

1943, Allied invasion of Italy

The Battle of Midway was the turning point in the war against the Japanese. From this point forward Japan was on the defensive.

The Soviet Union wanted the Allies to invade western Europe (France) in order to force the Nazis to fight a two front war.

June 6, 1944 (D-DAY) the Allies invaded France (Normandy)

Yalta

Feb 1945, FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta in which Stalin agreed to: -formation of the UN

-3 month deadline for USSR to enter Pacific War

-“representative” govs in E. Europe

April 1945

May 1945

To defeat the Japanese, Truman had 3 choices:

-D-Day style invasion of the Japanese home island

-demonstration of the a-bomb on an deserted island in the Pacific

-use it on the Japanese with warning

The Japanese surrender in August 1945 after the dropping of the A-bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.